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Статті в журналах з теми "Sensory distortion"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 січня 2025

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1

Suranthiran, Sugathevan, and Suhada Jayasuriya. "Signal Conditioning With Memory-Less Nonlinear Sensors." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 126, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 284–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1766030.

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Proposed in this paper is an off-line signal conditioning scheme for memoryless nonlinear sensors. In most sensor designs, a linear input-output response is desired. However, nonlinearity is present in one form or another in almost all real sensors and therefore it is very difficult if not impossible to achieve a truly linear relationship. Often sensor nonlinearity is considered a disadvantage in sensory systems because it introduces distortion into the system. Due to the lack of efficient techniques to deal with the issues of sensor nonlinearity, primarily nonlinear sensors tend to be ignored. In this paper, it is shown that there are certain advantages of using nonlinear sensors and nonlinear distortion caused by sensor nonlinearity may be effectively compensated. A recursive algorithm utilizing certain characteristics of nonlinear sensor functions is proposed for the compensation of nonlinear distortion and sensor noise removal. A signal recovery algorithm that implements this idea is developed. Not having an accurate sensor model will result in errors and it is shown that the error can be minimized with a proper choice of a convergence accelerator whereby stability of the developed algorithm is established.

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2

Hwang, Alex D., and Eli Peli. "Stereoscopic Three-dimensional Optic Flow Distortions Caused by Mismatches Between Image Acquisition and Display Parameters." Journal of Imaging Science and Technology 63, no. 6 (November 1, 2019): 60412–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/j.imagingsci.technol.2019.63.6.060412.

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Abstract We analyzed the impact of common stereoscopic three-dimensional (S3D) depth distortion on S3D optic flow in virtual reality environments. The depth distortion is introduced by mismatches between the image acquisition and display parameters. The results show that such S3D distortions induce large S3D optic flow distortions and may even induce partial/full optic flow reversal within a certain depth range, depending on the viewer’s moving speed and the magnitude of S3D distortion. We hypothesize that the S3D optic flow distortion may be a source of intra-sensory conflict that could be a source of visually induced motion sickness.

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3

Cui, Bliss, and Peter Bex. "Facing Distortion." Journal of Vision 22, no. 14 (December 5, 2022): 3356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/jov.22.14.3356.

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4

Gardner, Rick M., Renee Martinez, and Yvonne Sandoval. "Obesity and body image: an evaluation of sensory and non-sensory components." Psychological Medicine 17, no. 4 (November 1987): 927–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700000738.

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SynopsisBody image in 38 obese and normal weight subjects was measured using a video TV monitor. Tasks included a continuous task where subjects manipulated the size of their body image on a TV screen, and a discrete task, where they judged the accuracy of their TV image which was presented as either too heavy or too thin. Subjects viewed their images in both regular street clothes and with minimal clothing.Results from the continuous task revealed that obese subjects overestimated body size. All subjects were more accurate on trials in which the initial image was adjusted in the heavier direction.On the discrete task, a signal detection analysis revealed sensory sensitivity differences between obese and normal weight subjects. Obese subjects were better at detecting distortion caused by a too thin image, but were inferior in detecting a too heavy distortion. No significant differences were obtained in response criteria or between clothing conditions.

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5

Саркисян, Н. В., and А. Ю. Сорокин. "Information and cybernetic model of the human sensory system." International Journal of Medicine and Psychology 7, no. 2 (March 28, 2024): 208–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.58224/2658-3313-2024-7-2-208-216.

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Анотація:

в настоящей статье рассматривается работа сенсорно-перцептивной системы в ключе проблемы искажения информации при коммуникации. Обоснована информационно-кибернетическая модель сенсорной системы, а также приведены подпроцессы при обработке информацией сенсорной системы, в которых возможно искажение информации. Приведены три составляющие на примере разговора двух людей в шумном торговом центре. В статье раскрывается вопрос соответствия информации озвученной первым субъектом и информации услышанной вторым. Подразумевается также информация в виде электрического сигнала, дошедшая до соответствующего отдела мозга второго субъекта. Поскольку все информативные сигналы внутри организма имеют электрическую природу, предлагается рассмотреть работу сенсорно-перцептивной системы с позиции информатики и кибернетики. Предполагается, что сенсорно-перцептивная система является прежде всего кибернетической системой и содержит все ее признаки. Проверке данной гипотезы, а также определению возможных механизмов искажения информации в сенсорной системе и посвящается настоящая статья. Применен системный анализ, предполагающий рассмотрение сенсорной системы и создание ее модели как взаимосвязанных структурных элементов, обрабатывающих информацию. Сравнительный анализ применен для сопоставления особенностей получившейся модели сенсорной системы с принципами кибернетики. Гипотетико-дедуктивный метод применен для анализа модели сенсорной системы в целях определения возможных механизмов искажения информации. Было установлено, что сенсорная система работает в полном соответствии с принципами кибернетики, а потому может справедливо рассматриваться как кибернетическая система. Сделан вывод о том, что сенсорно-перцептивною систему можно рассматривать как систему кибернетическую. Установлено междисциплинарное сопряжение между психофизикой, социальной психологией и кибернетикой. this article examines the work of the sensory-perceptual system in the context of the problem of information distortion during communication. The information-cybernetic model of the sensory system is substantiated, and subprocesses in the processing of sensory system information in which information distortion is possible are given. Three components are given using the example of a conversation between two people in a noisy shopping center. The article reveals the issue of correspondence between the information voiced by the first subject and the information heard by the second. This also means information in the form of an electrical signal that has reached the corresponding part of the brain of the second subject. Since all informative signals inside the body are of an electrical nature, it is proposed to consider the operation of the sensory-perceptual system from the perspective of computer science and cybernetics. It is assumed that the sensory-perceptual system is primarily a cybernetic system and contains all its characteristics. This article is devoted to testing this hypothesis, as well as identifying possible mechanisms of information distortion in the sensory system. System analysis was applied, which involves considering the sensory system and creating its model as interconnected structural elements that process information. Comparative analysis is used to compare the features of the resulting sensor system model with the principles of cybernetics. The hypothetico-deductive method was used to analyze the sensory system model in order to determine possible mechanisms of information distortion. It was found that the sensor system operates in full accordance with the principles of cybernetics, and therefore can rightly be considered as a cybernetic system. It is concluded that the sensory-perceptual system can be considered as a cybernetic system. An interdisciplinary connection has been established between psychophysics, social psychology and cybernetics.

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6

Sauer, Yannick, Siegfried Wahl, and Katharina Rifai. "Interocular transfer of distortion adaptation." Journal of Vision 20, no. 11 (October 20, 2020): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/jov.20.11.663.

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7

Aloimonos, Y., and C. Fermuller. "Chromatic induction and perspective distortion." Journal of Vision 5, no. 8 (September 1, 2005): 1026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/5.8.1026.

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8

Adamian, Nika, Stuart Anstis, and Patrick Cavanagh. "Motion-induced distortion of shape." Journal of Vision 23, no. 12 (October 30, 2023): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/jov.23.12.10.

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9

Martin, Glen K., Barden B. Stagner, Wei Dong, and Brenda L. Lonsbury-Martin. "Comparing Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions to Intracochlear Distortion Products Inferred from a Noninvasive Assay." Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology 17, no. 4 (May 26, 2016): 271–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10162-016-0552-1.

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10

Morgan, M. J., I. Mareschal, C. Chubb, and J. A. Solomon. "Perceived pattern regularity computed as a summary statistic: implications for camouflage." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1739 (March 21, 2012): 2754–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.2645.

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Анотація:

Why do the equally spaced dots in figure 1 appear regularly spaced? The answer ‘because they are’ is naive and ignores the existence of sensory noise, which is known to limit the accuracy of positional localization. Actually, all the dots in figure 1 have been physically perturbed, but in the case of the apparently regular patterns to an extent that is below threshold for reliable detection. Only when retinal pathology causes severe distortions do regular grids appear perturbed. Here, we present evidence that low-level sensory noise does indeed corrupt the encoding of relative spatial position, and limits the accuracy with which observers can detect real distortions. The noise is equivalent to a Gaussian random variable with a standard deviation of approximately 5 per cent of the inter-element spacing. The just-noticeable difference in positional distortion between two patterns is smallest when neither of them is perfectly regular. The computation of variance is statistically inefficient, typically using only five or six of the available dots.

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11

Brown, A. M., and D. T. Kemp. "Intermodulation distortion in the cochlea: could basal vibration be the major cause of round window CM distortion?" Hearing Research 19, no. 3 (January 1985): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5955(85)90138-8.

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12

Pazzaglia, Mariella, and Marta Zantedeschi. "Plasticity and Awareness of Bodily Distortion." Neural Plasticity 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9834340.

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Knowledge of the body is filtered by perceptual information, recalibrated through predominantly innate stored information, and neurally mediated by direct sensory motor information. Despite multiple sources, the immediate prediction, construction, and evaluation of one’s body are distorted. The origins of such distortions are unclear. In this review, we consider three possible sources of awareness that inform body distortion. First, the precision in the body metric may be based on the sight and positioning sense of a particular body segment. This view provides information on the dual nature of body representation, the reliability of a conscious body image, and implicit alterations in the metrics and positional correspondence of body parts. Second, body awareness may reflect an innate organizational experience of unity and continuity in the brain, with no strong isomorphism to body morphology. Third, body awareness may be based on efferent/afferent neural signals, suggesting that major body distortions may result from changes in neural sensorimotor experiences. All these views can be supported empirically, suggesting that body awareness is synthesized from multimodal integration and the temporal constancy of multiple body representations. For each of these views, we briefly discuss abnormalities and therapeutic strategies for correcting the bodily distortions in various clinical disorders.

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13

Preyer, Serena, Alexander Baisch, Dominik Bless, and Anthony W. Gummer. "Distortion product otoacoustic emissions in human hypercholesterolemia." Hearing Research 152, no. 1-2 (February 2001): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5955(00)00245-8.

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14

Johnston, Alan, Aurelio Bruno, Junji Watanabe, Ben Quansah, Natasha Patel, Steven Dakin, and Shin’ya Nishida. "Visually-based temporal distortion in dyslexia." Vision Research 48, no. 17 (August 2008): 1852–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2008.04.029.

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15

Abdala, Carolina, Tricia Benjamin, Samantha Stiepan, Ping Luo, and Christopher A. Shera. "Detection of mild sensory hearing loss using a joint reflection-distortion otoacoustic emission profile." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 156, no. 4 (October 1, 2024): 2220–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0030399.

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Measuring and analyzing both nonlinear-distortion and linear-reflection otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) combined creates what we have termed a “joint-OAE profile.” Here, we test whether these two classes of emissions have different sensitivities to hearing loss and whether our joint-OAE profile can detect mild-moderate hearing loss better than conventional OAE protocols have. 2f1-f2 distortion-product OAEs and stimulus-frequency OAEs were evoked with rapidly sweeping tones in 300 normal and impaired ears. Metrics included OAE amplitude for fixed-level stimuli as well as slope and compression features derived from OAE input/output functions. Results show that mild-moderate hearing loss impacts distortion and reflection emissions differently. Clinical decision theory was applied using OAE metrics to classify all ears as either normal-hearing or hearing-impaired. Our best OAE classifiers achieved 90% or better hit rates (with false positive rates of 5%–10%) for mild hearing loss, across a nearly five-octave range. In summary, results suggest that distortion and reflection emissions have distinct sensitivities to hearing loss, which supports the use of a joint-OAE approach for diagnosis. Results also indicate that analyzing both reflection and distortion OAEs together to detect mild hearing loss produces outstanding accuracy across the frequency range, exceeding that achieved by conventional OAE protocols.

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16

Giddon, Donald B., Carla A. Evans, Caroline E. Rains, and Ian K. Clemens. "Influence of Magnitude of Horizontal and Vertical Deformation on Preference for Morphed Faces." Perceptual and Motor Skills 85, no. 3_suppl (December 1997): 1303–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.85.3f.1303.

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The purpose of this study was to assess whether the magnitude of the extreme horizontal or vertical deformations of morphed facial features influenced judgments of acceptability or preference of the facial soft tissue profile. Twelve judges responded to 5 changing features of 2 faces with clinically divergent malocclusions under 3 stimulus conditions, i.e., the magnitudes of the distortions were biased in the direction of preferred change, equally distorted in both directions and opposite to preferred change. For each condition, judges responded by pressing a mouse button when the feature became “acceptable” and releasing it when no longer acceptable and by pressing the button when the most pleasing distortion appeared. A small significant shift in the mean acceptability and preference was found for some features. Differences between the faces, however, remained constant, indicating that magnitude of distortion has little effect on acceptability or preference for changes in soft-tissue profiles.

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17

Schmidt, Thomas, Steffen Werner, and Jörn Diedrichsen. "Spatial distortions induced by multiple visual landmarks: How local distortions combine to produce complex distortion patterns." Perception & Psychophysics 65, no. 6 (August 2003): 861–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03194820.

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18

Gao, Yi, Michael Crognale, Fang Jiang, and Michael Webster. "Interocular transfer of Flashed Face Distortion Effect." Journal of Vision 21, no. 9 (September 27, 2021): 2435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/jov.21.9.2435.

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19

Leaper, J., A. Sahraie, P. McGeorge, and D. P. Carey. "Perceptual size distortion: Expansion of left hemispace." Journal of Vision 5, no. 8 (March 16, 2010): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/5.8.184.

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20

Bex, P. "Sensitivity to spatial distortion in natural scenes." Journal of Vision 8, no. 6 (March 29, 2010): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/8.6.688.

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21

Simonet, P., B. Bourdoncle, C. Miege, and J. Gresset. "P 461 Distortion induced by ophthalmic lenses." Vision Research 35 (October 1995): S245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(95)90721-1.

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22

Gustavson, Carl R., Andres J. Pumariega, Jennifer Pate, Colleen Hester, Joan C. Gustavson, L. Herrera-Amighetti, and Monica P. Gabaldon. "Body-Image Distortion among Male and Female American and Costa Rican Students and Female Japanese Students." Perceptual and Motor Skills 76, no. 1 (February 1993): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.76.1.127.

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395 American male and female high school and college students, 286 Costa Rican male and female high school students, and 127 Japanese female college students were tested for body-image distortion using a computer-based body-image distortion task. A reliable negative relationship between stature and body-image distortion was observed. No reliable differences in body-image distortion were observed between different sex or cultural groups.

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23

Atchison, David A., and George Smith. "SPECTACLE LENSES AND THIRD-ORDER DISTORTION." Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 7, no. 3 (July 1987): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1313.1987.tb00747.x.

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24

Avan, Paul, Béla Büki, and Christine Petit. "Auditory Distortions: Origins and Functions." Physiological Reviews 93, no. 4 (October 2013): 1563–619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00029.2012.

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To enhance weak sounds while compressing the dynamic intensity range, auditory sensory cells amplify sound-induced vibrations in a nonlinear, intensity-dependent manner. In the course of this process, instantaneous waveform distortion is produced, with two conspicuous kinds of interwoven consequences, the introduction of new sound frequencies absent from the original stimuli, which are audible and detectable in the ear canal as otoacoustic emissions, and the possibility for an interfering sound to suppress the response to a probe tone, thereby enhancing contrast among frequency components. We review how the diverse manifestations of auditory nonlinearity originate in the gating principle of their mechanoelectrical transduction channels; how they depend on the coordinated opening of these ion channels ensured by connecting elements; and their links to the dynamic behavior of auditory sensory cells. This paper also reviews how the complex properties of waves traveling through the cochlea shape the manifestations of auditory nonlinearity. Examination methods based on the detection of distortions open noninvasive windows on the modes of activity of mechanosensitive structures in auditory sensory cells and on the distribution of sites of nonlinearity along the cochlear tonotopic axis, helpful for deciphering cochlear molecular physiology in hearing-impaired animal models. Otoacoustic emissions enable fast tests of peripheral sound processing in patients. The study of auditory distortions also contributes to the understanding of the perception of complex sounds.

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25

Gardner, Rick M., Renée Martinez, Tracy Espinoza, and Venice Gallegos. "Distortion of body image in the obese: a sensory phenomenon." Psychological Medicine 18, no. 3 (August 1988): 633–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329170000831x.

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SynopsisBody weight in 42 obese and normal weight subjects was measured using a video TV monitor. Tasks included a continuous task where subjects manipulated the width of their body image on TV, and a discrete task, where they judged the accuracy of their TV image which was presented as either normal, too heavy, or too thin. Subjects rated their full body, body regions which included face, waist, and thighs, and two inanimate control objects. Results from the continuous task revealed that obese subjects overestimated body size more than normals. There was also a significant difference in the ratings of the four body regions, with all regions overestimated. Judgements were more accurate for body regions and control objects on ascending trials where the subjects had to increase the width of the image. No differences were obtained between obese and normals on judgements of the control objects. On the discrete discrimination task, a signal detection analysis revealed sensory sensitivity differences between obese and normal weight subjects. Obese subjects were poorer at detecting size distortions of the body regions. The thin/normal discrimination was more difficult than the heavy/normal discrimination. No response criterion differences were found between obese and control subjects, although subjects adopted a more strict criterion with the thin/normal discriminations. Implications of these findings for clinical intervention in eating disorders are discussed.

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26

Tong, Zhen. "Image Sensory Experience of Artistic Design Based on the Role of Omnidirectional Vision Sensors." Journal of Sensors 2021 (October 6, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7166142.

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As a sensor with a wide field of view, the panoramic vision sensor is efficient and convenient in perceiving the characteristic information of the surrounding environment and plays an important role in the experience of artistic design of images. The transformation of visual and other sensory experiences in art design is to integrate sound, image, texture, taste, and smell with each other through reasonable rules, to create more excellent crossborder art design works. To improve the sensory experience that art design works bring to the audience, the combination of vision and other sensory experiences can maximize the advantages of multiple information dissemination methods and combine the omnidirectional visual sensor with the sensory experience of art design images. In the method part, this article introduces the omnidirectional vision sensor, art design image, and sensory experience modes and content and introduces the hyperbolic concave mirror theory and the Micusik perspective projection imaging model. In the experimental part, the experimental environment, experimental objects, and experimental procedures of this article are introduced. In the analysis part, this article analyzes the six aspects of image database dependency test, performance, comparison of different distortion types, false detection rate and missing detection rate, algorithm time-consuming comparison, sensory experience analysis, and feature point screening. Among the feelings of the art design image, for the first image, 87.21% of the audience’s feelings are happy, indicating that the main idea of this image can bring joy to people. In the second image, the audience’s feelings are mostly sad. For the third image, more than half of the audience’s feelings are melancholy. For the fourth image, 69.34% of the audience’s inner feelings are calm. It explains that the difference in the content of art design images can bring different sensory experiences to people.

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27

Avan, Paul, Fabrice Giraudet, Bertrand Chauveau, Laurent Gilain, and Thierry Mom. "Unstable distortion-product otoacoustic emission phase in Menière’s disease." Hearing Research 277, no. 1-2 (July 2011): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2011.03.006.

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28

Smith, S. B., K. Ichiba, D. S. Velenovsky, and B. Cone. "Efferent modulation of pre-neural and neural distortion products." Hearing Research 356 (December 2017): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2017.10.009.

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29

Moulin, A., L. Collet, and R. Duclaux. "Contralateral auditory stimulation alters acoustic distortion products in humans." Hearing Research 65, no. 1-2 (February 1993): 193–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5955(93)90213-k.

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30

Mills, David M., and Edwin W. Rubel. "Variation of distortion product otoacoustic emissions with furosemide injection." Hearing Research 77, no. 1-2 (June 1994): 183–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5955(94)90266-6.

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31

Farrimond, Thomas. "Subjective Comparisons of Auditory Distortion." Perceptual and Motor Skills 70, no. 1 (February 1990): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1990.70.1.32.

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32

Tong, Jonathan, Robert S. Allison, and Laurie M. Wilcox. "Slant perception in the presence of curvature distortion." Journal of Vision 19, no. 10 (September 6, 2019): 222a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/19.10.222a.

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33

Garaas, T., and M. Pomplun. "Distortion in perceived object size accompanies saccadic adaptation." Journal of Vision 9, no. 8 (September 3, 2010): 978. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/9.8.978.

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34

Meenderink, Sebastiaan W. F., and Pim van Dijk. "Temperature Dependence of Anuran Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions." Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology 7, no. 3 (May 25, 2006): 246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10162-006-0039-6.

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35

Meenderink, Sebastiaan W. F., and Marcel van der Heijden. "Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions Evoked by Tone Complexes." Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology 12, no. 1 (September 14, 2010): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10162-010-0233-4.

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36

Sarodo, Akira, Kentaro Yamamoto, and Katsumi Watanabe. "Adaptation-based duration distortion shows face category specificity." Journal of Vision 23, no. 9 (August 1, 2023): 4997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/jov.23.9.4997.

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37

Pumariega, Andrés J., Carl R. Gustavson, Joan C. Gustavson, Sandra A. Black, Andrew R. Gustavson, Dianne Reinarz, Lanelle Probe, and Todd Pappas. "Clinical Correlates of Body-Size Distortion." Perceptual and Motor Skills 76, no. 3_suppl (June 1993): 1311–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.76.3c.1311.

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Body-size distortion has been considered a central symptom of eating disorders. We studied 35 female eating-disordered patients and 85 controls using a computer-based body-size estimation technique. We have found almost identical linear relationships between body-size distortion and weight:height ratios in both groups. In the clinical group, distortion scores were not correlated with scores on the Eating Attitudes Test or Beck Depression Inventory but were negatively correlated with body dissatisfaction as measured on the Eating Disorder Inventory. These results raise further questions about the role of body-size distortion both as a diagnostic criterion and as a complicating phenomenon in eating disorders.

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38

Leibfried, Felix, and Daniel A. Braun. "A Reward-Maximizing Spiking Neuron as a Bounded Rational Decision Maker." Neural Computation 27, no. 8 (August 2015): 1686–720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00758.

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Rate distortion theory describes how to communicate relevant information most efficiently over a channel with limited capacity. One of the many applications of rate distortion theory is bounded rational decision making, where decision makers are modeled as information channels that transform sensory input into motor output under the constraint that their channel capacity is limited. Such a bounded rational decision maker can be thought to optimize an objective function that trades off the decision maker’s utility or cumulative reward against the information processing cost measured by the mutual information between sensory input and motor output. In this study, we interpret a spiking neuron as a bounded rational decision maker that aims to maximize its expected reward under the computational constraint that the mutual information between the neuron’s input and output is upper bounded. This abstract computational constraint translates into a penalization of the deviation between the neuron’s instantaneous and average firing behavior. We derive a synaptic weight update rule for such a rate distortion optimizing neuron and show in simulations that the neuron efficiently extracts reward-relevant information from the input by trading off its synaptic strengths against the collected reward.

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39

Cullari, Salvatore, and Roselyne S. Trubilla. "Body-Image Distortion in Normal-Weight College Women." Perceptual and Motor Skills 68, no. 3_suppl (June 1989): 1195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1989.68.3c.1195.

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20 normal-weight college women were tested for body-image distortion and given the Eating Disorder Inventory and the Tennessee Self-concept Scale. Body-image distortion was present in one-half of the sample and seemed to be related to cognitive factors. There was no evidence of perceptual abnormalities in the subjects, and body-image distortion was not correlated with body weight or low self-esteem.

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40

van Dijk, Pim, and Geoffrey A. Manley. "Distortion product otoacoustic emissions in the tree frog Hyla cinerea." Hearing Research 153, no. 1-2 (March 2001): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5955(00)00251-3.

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41

Ren, Tianying, Alfred L. Nuttall, and Josef M. Miller. "Electrically evoked cubic distortion product otoacoustic emissions from gerbil cochlea." Hearing Research 102, no. 1-2 (December 1996): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5955(96)00145-1.

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42

Clock Eddins, Ann, Marina Zuskov, and Richard J. Salvi. "Changes in distortion product otoacoustic emissions during prolonged noise exposure." Hearing Research 127, no. 1-2 (January 1999): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5955(98)00182-8.

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43

Bhagat, Shaum P., and Craig A. Champlin. "Evaluation of distortion products produced by the human auditory system." Hearing Research 193, no. 1-2 (July 2004): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2004.04.005.

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44

McAnally, Ken I., and Michael B. Calford. "Coherence of frequency modulation is encoded by cochlear-generated distortion." Hearing Research 58, no. 2 (March 1992): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5955(92)90130-f.

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45

Siegel, J. H., and E. T. Hirohata. "Sound calibration and distortion product otoacoustic emissions at high frequencies." Hearing Research 80, no. 2 (November 1994): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5955(94)90106-6.

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46

Engdahl, Bo. "Effects of noise and exercise on distortion product otoacoustic emissions." Hearing Research 93, no. 1-2 (April 1996): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5955(95)00197-2.

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47

Skellett, Ruth A., Jennifer R. Crist, Maureen Fallon, and Richard P. Bobbin. "Chronic low-level noise exposure alters distortion product otoacoustic emissions." Hearing Research 98, no. 1-2 (September 1996): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5955(96)00062-7.

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48

Mable, Harriett M., William D. G. Balance, and Richard J. Galgan. "Body-Image Distortion and Dissatisfaction in University Students." Perceptual and Motor Skills 63, no. 2 (October 1986): 907–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1986.63.2.907.

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The present study investigated body-image distortion and body-image dissatisfaction for a sample of 75 male and 75 female university students, in relation to personality variables implicated in the literature, such as sex-role orientation, self-esteem, locus of control, and depression. Women perceived their weight deviation from the norm at over 15% above their actual deviation, whereas men distorted less than 1%. In a multiple regression analysis, none of the personality measures correlated significantly with body-image distortion; however, sex of subject accounted for 25% of its variance. Body dissatisfaction was significantly associated with low self-esteem, externality, depression, and distortion. The relationship between body-image distortion and dissatisfaction, although significant, was surprisingly small Apparently, these two aspects of body-image disturbance represent quite distinct constructs.

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49

Bederson, Joshua B., and Charles B. Wilson. "Evaluation of microvascular decompression and partial sensory rhizotomy in 252 cases of trigeminal neuralgia." Journal of Neurosurgery 71, no. 3 (September 1989): 359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1989.71.3.0359.

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✓ Outcome after 252 posterior fossa explorations for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia was determined by a retrospective review. Patients with distortion of the fifth nerve root caused by extrinsic vascular compression underwent microvascular decompression, those with no compression underwent partial sensory rhizotomy, and those with vascular contact but no distortion of the nerve root underwent decompression and rhizotomy. The mean follow-up period was 5.1 years. An excellent (75%) or good (8%) clinical outcome was achieved in 208 patients; 13 patients (5%) experienced little or no pain relief. Thirty-one patients (12%) suffered recurrent trigeminal neuralgia an average of 1.9 pain-free years after operation; recurrence continued at a rate of approximately 2% per year thereafter. Reoperation for recurrent or persistent pain provided excellent or good results in 85% of reoperated patients, but partial sensory rhizotomy was required in most of these patients. Outcome was affected by previous surgical procedures. A previous percutaneous radiofrequency lesion was associated with a significantly greater incidence of fifth nerve complications and a worse outcome after posterior fossa exploration. Because of this finding, the authors recommend that percutaneous radiofrequency rhizolysis be reserved for patients who have failed posterior fossa exploration or who are not candidates for surgery. Patients with compressive nerve root distortion and a short duration of symptoms before surgery had a significantly better outcome than patients with a longer duration of symptoms. In contrast, there was no relationship between the duration of symptoms and outcome of patients without nerve root distortion. Vascular decompression may cause dysfunction of the trigeminal system in tic douloureux, but in patients who remain untreated for long periods an intrinsic abnormality develops that may perpetuate pain even after microvascular decompression. Posterior fossa exploration is recommended as the procedure of choice for patients with trigeminal neuralgia who are surgical candidates.

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50

Auchus, Mirella, Gary Kose, and Rhianon Allen. "Body-Image Distortion and Mental Imagery." Perceptual and Motor Skills 77, no. 3 (December 1993): 719–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.77.3.719.

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This study explored whether body-image distortion is a function of difficulties with imagery or problems with judgment. 49 subjects were given the Modified Video Camera Technique to measure body-image distortion. Mental imagery was measured by a modified version of the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire and the Spatial Relations subtest of the Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-educational Battery. Visual recall was assessed on the Meier Art Judgment Test. Judgment bias was assessed by the Stunkard Silhouette Method and the shape and weight subscales of the Eating Disorder Examination. Subjects who distorted body-image scored significantly more poorly on mental imagery than those who did not distort. No differences were found between groups on visual memory recall or in judgment bias.

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