Статті в журналах: "Sensitisation to allergens"

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Brand, Paul L. P., Richard M. Brohet, Olof Schwantje, and Lambert D. Dikkeschei. "Association between allergen component sensitisation and clinical allergic disease in children." Allergologia et Immunopathologia 50, no. 2 (March 1, 2022): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15586/aei.v50i2.598.

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Background: Allergen component sensitisation testing is becoming increasingly important in the diagnosis of peanut allergy. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between sensitisation and symptoms of allergic disease in children by testing a large panel of inhalants, food allergens, and allergen components. Methods: For 287 children visiting our laboratory for allergy testing, symptoms of allergic disease were recorded by standardised validated questionnaires. Specific IgE to 11 whole allergens was assessed by ImmunoCAP, and to 112 allergen components by ISAC ImmunoCAP assay. We used latent class analysis (LCA) to distinguish clinical phenotypes. Results: Inhalant and food allergen sensitisation was common, irrespective of the children’s allergic symptom type. Less than 10% of the variance in symptom scores was explained by variations in the number of allergens (components) that the child was sensitised to. In LCA, 135 children (50.2%) had mild allergy, with few symptoms and sensitisation to no or few allergens, 74 children (27.5%) had more symptoms and sensitisation to inhalant allergens (respiratory allergy) and 60 children (22.3%) showed polysensitisation to a median of six allergens and had more severe symptoms of different organ systems. Adding allergen component test results to LCA failed to result in identifiable classes of allergic disease in children. Conclusions: In this group of children with allergic symptoms, referred for allergy testing by their physician, broad screening for allergen component sensitisation did not contribute to distinguishing phenotypes of allergic disease.

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Ribeiro, J. C., B. Sousa-Pinto, J. Fonseca, S. Caldas Fonseca, and L. M. Cunha. "Edible insects and food safety: allergy." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 7, no. 5 (August 13, 2021): 833–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2020.0065.

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Edible insects are a unique food source, requiring extensive allergenic risk assessment before its safe introduction in the food market. In a recent systematic review, crustacean allergic subjects were identified as a risk group due to cross-reactivity mainly mediated by tropomyosin and arginine kinase. Immunologic co-sensitisation to house dust mites (HDM) was also demonstrated, but its clinical significance and molecular mechanisms were unclear. Furthermore, case reports of food allergy to insects were also analysed but lack of contextual information hindered the analysis. The main goal of this review is to provide an update of new information regarding food allergy caused by insects, covering relevant topics considering the guidelines for allergic risk assessment in novel foods. Newly published studies have further confirmed the role of tropomyosin as a cross-reactive allergen between edible insects and crustaceans, although there are some questions regarding the immunoglobulin E (IgE)-reactivity of this allergen in mealworm species. Furthermore, only specific treatments (enzymatic hydrolysis combined with thermal treatments) were able to eliminate IgE-reactivity of edible insects. Primary sensitisation (e.g. to Tenebrio molitor) has also been shown to be an important pathway for the development of food allergies, with responsible allergens being dependent on the route of sensitisation. However, more studies are necessary to better understand the potential of primary sensitisation causing cross-reactivity with other insect species, crustaceans or HDM. The clinical significance and molecular mechanisms involved in cross-reactivity between edible insects and HDM are still unclear, and a major focus should be given to better understand which allergens cause co-sensitisations between HDM and edible insects and what is the risk of HDM-only allergic subjects consuming edible insects. Contextual information about the reported cases of allergic reactions to insects have further demonstrated that insect-rearing workers and subjects with allergic diseases (in particular, food allergy to crustaceans) are the major risk groups.

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Zhang, Wei, Biao Xie, Meina Liu, and Yupeng Wang. "Associations between sensitisation to allergens and allergic diseases: a hospital-based case–control study in China." BMJ Open 12, no. 2 (February 2022): e050047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050047.

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ObjectivesTo assess the associations of sensitisation to common allergens with atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma in adults.DesignCase–control study.SettingData were collected from the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University in Harbin, China.ParticipantsCases were 5111 patients with physician-diagnosed atopic dermatitis (n=2631), allergic asthma (n=1320) and allergic rhinitis (n=1160) recruited from the department of allergy from March 2009 to December 2017. Controls were 2576 healthy adults who underwent physical examination at the same hospital during the same period.Main outcome measuresSpecific IgE levels to 16 common food, indoor and outdoor allergens were assessed in all participants. Adjusted ORs and 95% CIs for the association between allergen sensitisation and allergic diseases were estimated using multivariate logistic regression.ResultsThe prevalence of allergen sensitisation was higher in patients with atopic dermatitis (indoor=17.14%, outdoor=12.85%, food=21.44%), allergic rhinitis (indoor=23.18%, outdoor=26.81%, food=8.94%) and allergic asthma (indoor=24.65%, outdoor=16.46%, food=14.31%) compared with controls (indoor=11.03%, outdoor=6.84%, food=5.83%). After adjustment for potential confounding variables, there was a dose–response relevance between the levels of allergen-specific IgE and allergic diseases (p trend <0.0001). The number of allergens to which a patient was sensitised increased the risk of allergic diseases (atopic dermatitis: highest adjusted OR=4.28, 95% CI 2.57 to 7.11; allergic rhinitis: highest adjusted OR=13.00, 95% CI 3.76 to 45.00; allergic asthma: OR=2.37, 95% CI 1.67 to 3.37).ConclusionThere was a dose–response relevance between levels of allergen-specific IgE and allergic diseases’ prevalence, and multiple sensitisations increased the risk of allergic diseases. This study provides evidence for the prophylaxis of allergic diseases.

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Tiew, Pei Yee, Fanny Wai San Ko, Sze Lei Pang, Sri Anusha Matta, Yang Yie Sio, Mau Ern Poh, Kenny J. X. Lau, et al. "Environmental fungal sensitisation associates with poorer clinical outcomes in COPD." European Respiratory Journal 56, no. 2 (April 27, 2020): 2000418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00418-2020.

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IntroductionAllergic sensitisation to fungi such as Aspergillus are associated to poor clinical outcomes in asthma, bronchiectasis and cystic fibrosis; however, clinical relevance in COPD remains unclear.MethodsPatients with stable COPD (n=446) and nondiseased controls (n=51) were prospectively recruited across three countries (Singapore, Malaysia and Hong Kong) and screened against a comprehensive allergen panel including house dust mites, pollens, cockroach and fungi. For the first time, using a metagenomics approach, we assessed outdoor and indoor environmental allergen exposure in COPD. We identified key fungi in outdoor air and developed specific-IgE assays against the top culturable fungi, linking sensitisation responses to COPD outcomes. Indoor air and surface allergens were prospectively evaluated by metagenomics in the homes of 11 COPD patients and linked to clinical outcome.ResultsHigh frequencies of sensitisation to a broad range of allergens occur in COPD. Fungal sensitisation associates with frequent exacerbations, and unsupervised clustering reveals a “highly sensitised fungal predominant” subgroup demonstrating significant symptomatology, frequent exacerbations and poor lung function. Outdoor and indoor environments serve as important reservoirs of fungal allergen exposure in COPD and promote a sensitisation response to outdoor air fungi. Indoor (home) environments with high fungal allergens associate with greater COPD symptoms and poorer lung function, illustrating the importance of environmental exposures on clinical outcomes in COPD.ConclusionFungal sensitisation is prevalent in COPD and associates with frequent exacerbations representing a potential treatable trait. Outdoor and indoor (home) environments represent a key source of fungal allergen exposure, amenable to intervention, in “sensitised” COPD.

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Al-Tamemi, Salem, Shafiq-Ur-Rehman Naseem, Munira Tufail-Alrahman, Mahmood Al-Kindi, and Jalila Alshekaili. "Food Allergen Sensitisation Patterns in Omani Patients with Allergic Manifestations." Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal [SQUMJ] 18, no. 4 (March 28, 2019): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.18295/squmj.2018.18.04.009.

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Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between food allergen sensitisation patterns and allergic manifestations in Omani patients and highlight the importance of specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) testing. Methods: This retrospective study included all patients referred due to allergic manifestations to the Sultan Qaboos University Hospital (SQUH), Muscat, Oman, from November 2012 to November 2016. Specific IgE blood testing was performed to determine sensitisation to common foods known to cause allergic reactions. Results: A total of 164 patients were referred to SQUH over the study period, with 35.4% presenting with one allergic manifestation, 48.8% with 2–3 and 15.9% presenting with more than three manifestations. There was a familyhistory of allergies in 70.7% of patients. Eosinophil counts and total and specific IgE levels were elevated in 18.9%, 54.9% and 73.2% of patients, respectively. Patients demonstrated sensitisation to cow milk (47.6%), wheat (41.5%),chicken eggs (34.8%), mixed tree nuts (34.1%), lentils (33.5%), peanuts (32.9%), soy (32.3%), shrimp (23.2%) and fish (15.2%). Overall, 19.5% were sensitised to a single allergen, 14% were sensitised to 2–3 and 39.6% were sensitised to more than three allergens. Almost one-third (29.3%) of patients suffered from food-induced anaphylaxis, of which 85.4% were prescribed self-injectable adrenaline. Conclusion: To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to describe food allergen sensitisation patterns among Omani patients with allergic manifestations. In conjunction with clinical symptoms, the correct interpretation of specific IgE levels is important to diagnose food allergies and make safe decisions about reintroducing foods.Keywords: Hypersensitivity; Food Allergies; Anaphylaxis; Urticaria; Atopic Dermatitis; Asthma; Immunoglobulin E; Oman.

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Sadaf Munir, Hammad Ahmad, Tayyib Ayub Alvi, Adnan Yousaf, Shahzad Akhter Kazi, and Tayyeba Manzoor. "Incidence of food and aero allergies among patients visiting Allergy center National Institute of Health (NIH), Islamabad." Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 72, no. 4 (April 5, 2022): 654–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.47391/jpma.1372.

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Objective: To identify the most common allergy type among patients visiting an urban allergy centre. Methods: The descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Allergy Centre of the National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan, from December 2019 to June 2020, and comprised subjects of either gender aged 20-50 years. Skin prick test was used to determine the skin reactivity for 11 common allergen extracts. Patients with a wheal diameter >3mm were considered positive. Data was analysed using SPSS 22. Results: Of the 100 patients, 55(55%) were males and 45(45%) were females. The overall mean age was 34.03±8.16 years. Majority of the respondents 93(93%) were sensitive to aeroallergen, 7(7%) to food allergens, and 2(2%) exhibited sensitivity against both types of allergens. Poly-sensitisation was found among 86(86%) respondents. Conclusion: Aeroallergens were found to be the main triggering factor for allergies compared to the food allergens. Continue...

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Bergmann, Christoph, Rainer Ehmann, Galateja Jordakieva, Hans-Joerg Koehler, Dirk Straub, Eva Untersmayr, Ralph Dollner, and Annette Sperl. "Targeted micronutrition for allergic patients—possible applications of a food for special medical purposes." Allergo Journal International 30, no. 4 (May 19, 2021): 150–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40629-021-00172-8.

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SummaryA novel and recently launched food for special medical purposes was discussed by a multidisciplinary expert panel as an option for allergic patients. The newly developed lozenge contains the whey protein beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) as well as the micronutrients iron, zinc and vitamin A. BLG loaded with ligands (holo-BLG) is discussed as one factor of the allergy-protective farm effect in numerous scientific studies. Further studies reveal that holo-BLG shuttles its ligands specifically to immune cells, where it balances the specific nutrient demand and can thus lead to immune resilience. Based on the scientific background, the experts see a broad range of possible applications for holo-BLG in the form of a lozenge, for example in patients suffering from multiple allergies, with sensitisation to rare allergens (including occupational allergens), tree pollen-associated food allergies or in general difficult treatment situations (e.g. allergies to animal dander or refusal of allergen immunotherapy). The expert panel describes the holo-BLG lozenge as an innovative and additional option for allergic patients.

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Mason, Howard J., Ian Smith, Siti Marwanis Anua, Nargiz Tagiyeva, Sean Semple, and Graham Devereux. "Levels of house dust mite allergen in cars / Razine alergena prašinskih grinja u automobilima." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 66, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aiht-2015-66-2684.

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Abstract This small study investigated house dust mite (HDM) allergen levels in cars and their owners’ homes in north-east Scotland. Dust samples from twelve households and cars were collected in a standardised manner. The dust samples were extracted and measured for the Dermatophagoides group 2 allergens (Der p 2 and Der f 2) and total soluble protein. Allergen levels at homes tended to be higher than in the cars, but not significantly. However, they significantly correlated with paired car dust samples expressed either per unit weight of dust or soluble protein (rho=0.657; p=0.02 and 0.769; p=0.003, respectively). This points to house-to-car allergen transfer, with the car allergen levels largely reflecting levels in the owner’s home. Car HDM allergen levels were lower than those reported in Brazil and the USA. Twenty-five percent of the houses and none of the cars had allergen levels in dust greater than 2000 ng g-1. This value is often quoted as a threshold for the risk of sensitisation, although a number of studies report increased risk of sensitisation at lower levels. This small study does not allow for characterisation of the distribution of HDM allergen in vehicles in this geographic area, or of the likely levels in other warmer and more humid areas of the UK. Cars and other vehicles are an under-investigated micro-environment for exposure to allergenic material.

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Kabulov, H. H. "Fungal sensitisation of asthma children in different climatic and geographic regions of Azerbaijan." PULMONOLOGIYA, no. 4 (August 28, 2007): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18093/0869-0189-2007-0-4-23-38.

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The aim of the study was to analyse sensitisation to fungal allergens in asthmatic children living in different climatic and geographic regions of Azerbaijan. This work was a part of the "ISAAC" international programme (International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood). We examined 233 school children aged 13 to 14 (119 boys and 114 girls) from 4 regions of the country. Fungal sensitisation was evaluated using prick-tests with fungal allergens. At the semi-desert climate, children living at cities were sensitised more often to Cladosporium herbarum (36.5 %) and Alternaria tenuis (33.8 %) and rarer to Phoma betae (13.5 %) and Penicillium notatum (18.9 %); rural children were sensitised more often to Epicoccum purpurascen (35.8 %) and rarer to Aspergillus fumigatus (15.1 %) and Candida albicans (17 %). The prevalence of sensitisation to Phoma betae in rural children was twice higher than in urban children. Fungal sensitisation in children living in the subtropical climate zone was more frequent compared to other regions; those children were sensitised more often to Epicoccum purpurascen (43.4 %), Alternaria tenuis (41.5 %), and Phoma betae (39.6 %) and rarer to Candida albicans (28.3 %). Children from mountainous regions were sensitised to the fungi relatively rare. Urban children from the semi-desert and subtropical regions had the most prominent sensitisation to Аlternaria tenuis, rural children from the semi-desert region were more sensitised to Epicoccum purpurascen and Phoma betae allergens. While worsening the asthma course, rate and severity of fungal sensitisation increase independently on the habitation region.

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Bastiaan-Net, Shanna, Manou R. Batstra, Nasrin Aazamy, Huub F. J. Savelkoul, Johanna P. M. van der Valk, Roy Gerth van Wijk, Marco W. J. Schreurs, Harry J. Wichers, and Nicolette W. de Jong. "IgE cross-reactivity measurement of cashew nut, hazelnut and peanut using a novel IMMULITE inhibition method." Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) 58, no. 11 (October 25, 2020): 1875–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2019-1083.

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AbstractBackgroundTree nut-allergic individuals are often sensitised towards multiple nuts and seeds. The underlying cause behind a multi-sensitisation for cashew nut, hazelnut, peanut and birch pollen is not always clear. We investigated whether immunoglobulin E antibody (IgE) cross-reactivity between cashew nut, hazelnut and peanut proteins exists in children who are multi-allergic to these foods using a novel IMMULITE®-based inhibition methodology, and investigated which allergens might be responsible. In addition, we explored if an allergy to birch pollen might play a role in this co-sensitisation for cashew nut, hazelnut and peanut.MethodsSerum of five children with a confirmed cashew nut allergy and suffering from allergic symptoms after eating peanut and hazelnut were subjected to inhibition immunoassays using the IMMULITE® 2000 XPi. Serum-specific IgE (sIgE) to seed storage allergens and pathogenesis-related protein 10 (PR10) allergens were determined and used for molecular multicomponent allergen correlation analyses with observed clinical symptoms and obtained inhibition data.ResultsIgE cross-reactivity was observed in all patients. Hazelnut extract was a strong inhibitor of cashew nut sIgE (46.8%), while cashew nut extract was less able to inhibit hazelnut extract (22.8%). Peanut extract showed the least inhibition potency. Moreover, there are strong indications that a birch pollen sensitisation to Bet v 1 might play a role in the observed symptoms provoked upon ingestion of cashew nut and hazelnut.ConclusionsBy applying an adjusted working protocol, the IMMULITE® technology can be used to perform inhibition assays to determine the risk of sIgE cross-reactivity between very different food components.

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Kanemitsu, Yoshihiro, Kensuke Fukumitsu, Ryota Kurokawa, Norihisa Takeda, Yoshiyuki Ozawa, Ayako Masaki, Junya Ono, et al. "Moulds and Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins are relevant allergens to affect Type 2 inflammation and clinical outcomes in chronic rhinosinusitis patients." ERJ Open Research 6, no. 4 (September 17, 2020): 00265–2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00265-2020.

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BackgroundSensitisation to moulds and Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins (SEs) is associated with the pathophysiology of both asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The purpose of this study was to clarify the contribution of sensitisation to these allergens to Type 2 inflammation in the blood, nose and the lower airways, and clinical outcomes in CRS patients.MethodsWe prospectively enrolled 56 CRS patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) (20 with comorbid asthma) and 28 healthy controls between October 2015 and December 2017. CRS patients were followed up for 12 months after surgery. Type 2 inflammation-related biomarkers were analysed using blood, resected tissue samples and sputum. 10 allergens including Alternaria, Aspergillus and SEs were measured. Type 2 inflammation-related biomarkers and clinical outcomes were compared in the stratification with the presence or absence of allergen sensitisation.ResultsSensitisation rate to moulds and SEs in asthmatic patients was increased when changing the cut-off value of specific IgE titre from 0.35 UA·mL−1 to 0.10 UA·mL−1 (1.7- and 4.5-fold, respectively). Moulds and SEs affected the prevalence of asthma and eosinophilic CRS by interacting with each other. All Type 2 inflammation-related biomarkers except for eosinophils in sinus tissue were significantly higher in patients with mould or SE (mould/SE) sensitisation (≥0.10 UA·mL−1) (n=19) than in those without (n=37) and healthy subjects (all p<0.05). Meanwhile, mould/SE sensitisation did not affect longitudinal changes in clinical outcomes after ESS. Changes in serum mould/SE-IgE levels after ESS remained unclear.ConclusionMould/SE sensitisation (≥0.10 UA·mL−1) may affect the development of Type 2 inflammation and clinical outcomes in CRS patients.

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Holt, P. G., C. McMenamin, and D. Nelson. "Primary sensitisation to inhalant allergens during infancy." Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 1, no. 1 (October 1990): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.1990.tb00002.x.

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Nugraha, Roni, Thimo Ruethers, Aya C. Taki, Elecia B. Johnston, Shaymaviswanathan Karnaneedi, Sandip D. Kamath, and Andreas L. Lopata. "Recombinant Tropomyosin from the Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) for Better Diagnosis." Foods 11, no. 3 (January 30, 2022): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11030404.

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The Pacific oyster is a commercially important mollusc and, in contrast to most other shellfish species, frequently consumed without prior heat treatment. Oysters are rich in many nutrients but can also cause food allergy. Knowledge of their allergens and cross-reactivity remains very limited. These limitations make an optimal diagnosis of oyster allergy difficult, in particular to the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), the most cultivated and consumed oyster species worldwide. This study aimed to characterise IgE sensitisation profiles of 21 oyster-sensitised patients to raw and heated Pacific oyster extract using immunoblotting and advanced mass spectrometry, and to assess the relevance of recombinant oyster allergen for improved diagnosis. Tropomyosin was identified as the major allergen recognised by IgE from 18 of 21 oyster-sensitised patients and has been registered with the WHO/IUIS as the first oyster allergen (Cra g 1). The IgE-binding capacity of oyster-sensitised patients’ IgE to purified natural and recombinant tropomyosin from oyster, prawn, and dust mite was compared using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The degree of IgE binding varied between patients, indicating partial cross-sensitisation and/or co-sensitisation. Amino acid sequence alignment of tropomyosin from these three species revealed five regions that contain predicted IgE-binding epitopes, which are most likely responsible for this cross-reactivity. This study fully biochemically characterises the first and major oyster allergen Cra g 1 and demonstrates that the corresponding recombinant tropomyosin should be implemented in improved component-resolved diagnostics and guide future immunotherapy.

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Dearman, Rebecca J., and Ian Kimber. "Characterisation of immune responses to food allergens in mice." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 64, no. 4 (November 2005): 426–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2005456.

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There is considerable interest in the development and evaluation of approaches for the safety assessment of novel foods, and in particular in methods for characterisation of allergenic potential. One strategy that has found favour is a tiered approach in which the potential of novel proteins to induce allergic sensitisation is assessed based on considerations of stability of the protein in a simulated gastric juice and homology with, or structural similarity to, known allergens. Linked to such an approach may be evaluation of serological identity with proteins known to cause allergic disease. With the aim of supplementing such approaches with a more direct measurement of potential allergenic activity, attempts have been made to characterise the quality of immune responses elicited in BALB/c strain mice. Such evaluations comprise measurement of IgG and IgE antibody production and (to a lesser extent) of induced cytokine expression patterns. Investigations to date suggest that in mice proteins provoke variable immune responses, those with the potential to cause allergic sensitisation stimulating IgE (and IgG) antibody production. In contrast, non-allergenic, but nevertheless immunogenic, proteins are associated with IgG antibody responses in the absence of marked IgE production. Consistent with the selective activation of selective type 2 T lymphocyte responses, exposure of mice to allergenic protein is associated with preferential expression of IL-4, -5, -10 and -13. Collectively these data suggest that characterisation of the nature of immune response induced in mice by proteins may provide a useful adjunct or alternative to current strategies for the assessment of allergenic potential.

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Topalušić, Iva, Asja Stipić Marković, Marinko Artuković, Slavica Dodig, Lovro Bucić, and Liborija Lugović Mihić. "Divergent Trends in the Prevalence of Children’s Asthma, Rhinitis and Atopic Dermatitis and Environmental Influences in the Urban Setting of Zagreb, Croatia." Children 9, no. 12 (November 22, 2022): 1788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9121788.

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Background: Previous studies have reported that the allergy epidemic in developed countries has reached its plateau, while a rise is expected in developing ones. Our aim was to compare the prevalence of allergic diseases among schoolchildren from the city of Zagreb, Croatia after sixteen years. Methods: Symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinitis (AR) and atopic dermatitis (AD) and risk factors were assessed using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire. An allergic profile was determined by a skin prick test. Results: The prevalence of current, ever-in-a-lifetime and diagnosed AR of 35.7%, 42.5% and 14.9% and AD of 18.1%, 37.1% and 31.1% demonstrated a significant increase. The asthma prevalence has remained unchanged. The allergen sensitivity rate has remained similar, but pollens have become dominant. Mould and dog exposure are risks for asthma (OR 14.505, OR 2.033). Exposure to cat allergens is protective in AR (OR 0.277). Parental history of allergies is a risk factor in all conditions. Conclusion: Over sixteen years, the prevalence of AR and AD, but not of asthma, have increased. The proportion of atopy has remained high. The AR/AD symptom rise is probably a consequence of increased pollen sensitisation united with high particulate matter concentrations. The stable asthma trend could be a result of decreasing exposures to indoor allergens.

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Rujeni, Nadine, David W. Taylor, and Francisca Mutapi. "Human Schistosome Infection and Allergic Sensitisation." Journal of Parasitology Research 2012 (2012): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/154743.

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Several field studies have reported an inverse relationship between the prevalence of helminth infections and that of allergic sensitisation/atopy. Recent studies show that immune responses induced by helminth parasites are, to an extent, comparable to allergic sensitisation. However, helminth products induce regulatory responses capable of inhibiting not only antiparasite immune responses, but also allergic sensitisation. The relative effects of this immunomodulation on the development of protective schistosome-specific responses in humans has yet to be demonstrated at population level, and the clinical significance of immunomodulation of allergic disease is still controversial. Nonetheless, similarities in immune responses against helminths and allergens pose interesting mechanistic and evolutionary questions. This paper examines the epidemiology, biology and immunology of allergic sensitisation/atopy, and schistosome infection in human populations.

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Hughes, Kira Morgan, Dwan Price, and Cenk Suphioglu. "Importance of allergen–environment interactions in epidemic thunderstorm asthma." Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease 16 (January 2022): 175346662210997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17534666221099733.

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Australia is home to one of the highest rates of allergic rhinitis worldwide. Commonly known as ‘hay fever’, this chronic condition affects up to 30% of the population and is characterised by sensitisation to pollen and fungal spores. Exposure to these aeroallergens has been strongly associated with causing allergic reactions and worsening asthma symptoms. Over the last few decades, incidences of respiratory admissions have risen due to the increased atmospheric concentration of airborne allergens. The fragmentation and dispersion of these allergens is aided by environmental factors like rainfall, temperature and interactions with atmospheric aerosols. Extreme weather parameters, which continue to become more frequent due to the impacts of climate change, have greatly fluctuated allergen concentrations and led to epidemic thunderstorm asthma (ETSA) events that have left hundreds, if not thousands, struggling to breathe. While a link exists between airborne allergens, weather and respiratory admissions, the underlying factors that influence these epidemics remain unknown. It is important we understand the potential threat these events pose on our susceptible populations and ensure our health infrastructure is prepared for the next epidemic.

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Pampura, A. N., N. G. Konjukova, E. S. Fedenko, A. I. Havkin, and T. S. Okuneva. "Assessment of Rosaceae sensitisation diagnostics in allergic children." Russian Journal of Allergy 9, no. 1 (December 15, 2012): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.36691/rja732.

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Background. Sensitization to the fruits of the family Rosaceae is widespread in children population, but its diagnostics is often difficult. Methods. The study included 190 children with suspected allergy to the fruit family of Rosaceae. Results. The presence of sensitization was found in 148 patients. Qualitatively, the results of in vitro and in vivo tests with allergens differed approximately one third of cases. Among children with sensitization to the fruits of a family Rosaceae specific IgE to rBet v 1 was identified approximately in 3/4, rPru p 3 — in 2/3, rBet v 2 — in 1/5 of patients. Conclusion. The results indicate a high informative determination of specific IgE (ImmunoCap, Phadia AB) to the fruits of Rosaceae (apple, pear, peach) and a recombinant allergens (rBet v 1, rBet v 2, rPru p 3).

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CUMBERBATCH, MARIE, REBECCA J. DEARMAN, CHRISTOPHER E. M. GRIFFITHS, and IAN KIMBER. "Epidermal Langerhans cell migration and sensitisation to chemical allergens." APMIS 111, no. 7-8 (August 2003): 797–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0463.2003.11107811.x.

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Goicoa, Ana, Luciano Espino, Isabel Rodríguez, Anna Puigdemont, Pilar Brazis, and Juan Rejas. "Importance of house dust and storage mites in canine atopic dermatitis in the geographic region of Galicia, Spain." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 56, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.56.2008.2.3.

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Sensitisation to mites is frequent in atopic dogs. The main mite genus involved in canine atopic dermatitis is Dermatophagoides . The importance of storage mite allergens in dogs has been controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitisation rates against storage mites ( Lepidoglyphus destructor and Tyrophagus putrescentiae ) and house dust mites ( Dermatophagoides farinae and D. pteronyssinus ) in atopic dogs from Galicia, a highly humid and temperate region of Spain, using a FcɛRIα-based immunoglobulin E (IgE) in vitro test. The study was performed on 95 dogs suffering from atopic dermatitis and presenting detectable specific serum IgE levels: 91.6% of the dogs tested positive for storage mites, whereas sensitisation to house dust mites was detected in 87.4%. These results indicate the importance of storage mites in this specific geographic area.

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Käck, Ulrika, Elisabet Einarsdottir, Marianne van Hage, Anna Asarnoj, Anna James, Anna Nopp, Kaarel Krjutškov, et al. "Nasal upregulation of CST1 in dog-sensitised children with severe allergic airway disease." ERJ Open Research 7, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): 00917–2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00917-2020.

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BackgroundThe clinical presentation of children sensitised to dog dander varies from asymptomatic to severe allergic airway disease, but the genetic mechanisms underlying these differences are not clear. The objective of the present study was to investigate nasal transcriptomic profiles associated with dog dander sensitisation in school children and to reveal clinical symptoms related with these profiles.MethodsRNA was extracted from nasal epithelial cell brushings of children sensitised to dog dander and healthy controls. Blood sample analyses included IgE against dog dander, dog allergen molecules, other airborne and food allergens, basophil activation and white blood cell counts. Clinical history of asthma and rhinitis was recorded, and lung function was assessed (spirometry, methacholine provocation and exhaled nitric oxide fraction).ResultsThe most overexpressed gene in children sensitised to dog dander compared to healthy controls was CST1, coding for Cystatin 1. A cluster of these children with enhanced CST1 expression showed lower forced expiratory volume in 1 s, increased bronchial hyperreactivity, pronounced eosinophilia and higher basophil allergen threshold sensitivity compared with other children sensitised to dog dander. In addition, multi-sensitisation to lipocalins was more common in this group.ConclusionsOverexpression of CST1 is associated with more severe allergic airway disease in children sensitised to dog dander. CST1 is thus a possible biomarker of the severity of allergic airway disease and a possible therapeutic target for the future treatment of airborne allergy.

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Zivanovic, Snezana, Radmila Mileusnic-Milenovic, Maja Slavkovic-Jovanovic, and Marija Conic. "Asthma severity in relation to allergenic risk factors in childhood." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 133, Suppl. 2 (2005): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh05s2101z.

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The majority of asthmatic patients are atopic - that is to say, they exhibit IgE-mediated sensitivity to common inhalant allergens. Exposure and sensitisation to allergens from the housedust mite has been established as an important risk factor in asthma in most parts of the world. The aim of our study was to assess total IgE and specific IgE on airborne allergens (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus - DP, Dermatophagoides farinae - DF, mould, and grass pollen) in relation to asthma severity. The study involved 64 children with atopic asthma. Statistical significance was present between groups of intermittent and moderately persistent asthma for IgE and specific IgE on DP and moulds. In mild and moderate asthma, statistically significant differences were present for all parameters except for DF.

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Sewekow, Eva, Diane Bimczok, Thilo Kähne, Heidi Faber-Zuschratter, Lars Christian Kessler, Andreas Seidel-Morgenstern, and Hermann-Josef Rothkötter. "The major soyabean allergen P34 resists proteolysis in vitro and is transported through intestinal epithelial cells by a caveolae-mediated mechanism." British Journal of Nutrition 108, no. 9 (January 16, 2012): 1603–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511007045.

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Soya is considered to be one of the eight most significant food allergens. Among the allergenic soya proteins determined to date, P34 has been identified as one of the immunodominant soya antigens. Sensitisation to a specific food antigen like P34 generally follows the transit of intact antigens across the intestinal barrier and usually occurs in infants, who are most susceptible to food allergies. In the present study, we used the intestinal epithelial cell line IPEC-J2, which was originally derived from the jejunum of a neonatal piglet, to recapitulate the infant intestinal epithelium and study the binding and uptake of P34 protein. P34 was partially resistant to degradation in an in vitro proteolysis assay. IPEC-J2 cells were able to endocytose intact P34, as shown by immunofluorescence and immunoelectronmicroscopy methods. P34 associated with lipid raft microdomains of IPEC-J2 cells, and disruption of caveolae/lipid raft microdomains using methyl-β-cyclodextrin abolished P34 endocytosis, indicating that the observed endocytosis was mediated by caveolae. Using IPEC-J2 cells grown on Transwell filters, we further demonstrated that P34 is transported through the epithelial monolayer by transcytosis. Piglets frequently show hypersensitivity to soya antigens, and in this study, we show that healthy adult pigs with dietary exposure to soya protein mount an antibody response to soyabean protein P34, suggesting that this protein has entered the body, probably through gastrointestinal uptake. In summary, our data suggest that soya P34 resists proteolysis in the gastrointestinal tract and is transported through the intestinal epithelial barrier, thereby allowing sensitisation of immune cells in the sub-epithelial compartment.

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Choina, Magdalena, Weronika Gromek, Klaudia Wilk, Magdalena Marzęda, and Roman Pukaliak. "The molecular diagnosis of house dust mite allergy: a short review." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 12, no. 8 (August 22, 2022): 707–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2022.12.08.071.

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Introduction: House dust mite (HDM) allergens are considered among the most essential elicitors of allergic rhinitis and asthma worldwide [1]. How can we determine the individual sensitization profile of a patient? Is there a way to monitor the development of allergic symptoms? Is it possible to tailor different forms of therapy based on the individual sensitization profile of a patient? Purpose: The study aims to show the benefits of molecular diagnostics of allergies based on the example of HDM allergy. Description of the state of knowledge: Clinical manifestation is the most important aspect of diagnosing HDM allergy. The determination of allergen specific immunoglobulins E (asIgE) against HDM extracts may be helpful in the identification of the cause of allergy symptoms. However, the diagnosis using allergen extracts cannot be established in all cases. What revolutionised the diagnosing process of HDM allergy is the molecular diagnostics of allergy. Based on the presence of asIgE against allergen molecules it is possible to identify the allergen responsible for the sensitisation as well as personalise the therapeutic recommendations. Summary: The molecular diagnostics of allergy significantly improved the specificity and sensitivity of HDM allergy diagnostics. Molecular diagnostics in individuals with HDM allergy make it possible to establish the individual patient’s allergy profile, and consequently personalise therapeutic recommendations. It is especially important regarding the selection of patients who may benefit from immunotherapy. The component-resolved diagnostics in allergology is a step toward personalised medicine.

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Uter, Wolfgang, Thomas Werfel, Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin, and Ian R. White. "Contact Allergy—Emerging Allergens and Public Health Impact." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7 (April 1, 2020): 2404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072404.

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Contact allergy (sensitisation) and allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) resulting from it have a considerable public health impact. For the present review, all pertinent articles were systematically searched via Medline and Web of Science™; additionally, all available issues of the journals “Contact Dermatitis” and “Dermatitis” were manually searched, covering the years 2018–2019, thereby extending and re-focusing a previous similar review. New allergens, or previously described allergens found in a new exposure context or of other current importance, are described in sections according to substance classes, e.g., metals, preservatives, fragrances. As a common finding in many investigations, a lack of information on product composition has been noted, for instance, regarding a newly described allergen in canvas shoes (dimethylthiocarbamylbenzothiazole sulfide) and, most notably, absence of co-operation from manufacturers of glucose-monitoring devices and insulin pumps, respectively. These latter devices have been shown to cause severe ACD in a considerable number of diabetic patients caused by the liberation of isobornyl acrylate and N,N’-dimethylacrylamide, respectively, as demonstrated by an international collaboration between dermatologists and chemists. Improved and complete ingredient labelling for all types of products, and not just as we have with cosmetics at present (apart from full listing of fragrance substances) in Europe, must be put on the legislative agenda.

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Okuneva, T. S., M. V. Kushnareva, A. N. Pampura, E. E. Varlamov, and N. G. Konyukova. "CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF DETERMINATION OF IGE ANTIBODIES TO STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND MALASSEZIA SPECIES IN SERUM OF CHILDREN WITH ATOPIC DERMATITIS." Rossiyskiy Vestnik Perinatologii i Pediatrii (Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics) 63, no. 4 (September 12, 2018): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2018-63-4-84-88.

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We studied the frequency of occurrence and concentration of allergen-specific IgE antibodies (asIgE) to enterotoxins A, B, C and TSST-1 of Staphylococcus aureus and Malassezia spp. in the serum of children with atopic dermatitis in the acute period of the disease. The determination of asIgE levels was performed in 84 children aged from 5 months to 17 years using the immunochemiluminescent method on the UniCAP 100 analyzer (Phadia, Sweden). The level of asIgE was evaluated on a scale of 6 classes.The sensitization to S. aureus enterotoxins was detected in 29 children with аsIgE concentration from 0.35 to 25.8 kU/L (I–IV classes). In 16 children were observed 8 polysensitization options to S. aureus allergens. Combinations of asIgE to A + B and A + B + C enterotoxins were most common – in every fourth and fifth child,respectively. Sensitization to Malassezia spp. was observed in 41 children with concentration from 0.38 to 98.9 KU/L (I–V classes). Polysensitization to both S. aureus and Malassezia spp. allergens was observed in one of two children. A higher degree of sensitisation to Malassezia spp allergens has been established compared to S. aureus.Conclusion. To improve the specific diagnostics of atopic dermatitis, it is advisable to examine the serum for a complete panel of recombinant S. aureus enterotoxins in combination with the determination of asIgE to Malassezia spp.

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Hunderi, Jon Olav Gjengstø, Leif Bjarte Rolfsjord, Karin C. Lødrup Carlsen, René Holst, Egil Bakkeheim, Teresa Løvold Berents, Kai-Håkon Carlsen, and Håvard Ove Skjerven. "Virus, allergic sensitisation and cortisol in infant bronchiolitis and risk of early asthma." ERJ Open Research 6, no. 1 (January 2020): 00268–2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00268-2019.

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BackgroundAcute bronchiolitis during infancy and human rhinovirus (HRV) lower respiratory tract infections increases the risk of asthma in atopic children. We aimed to explore whether specific viruses, allergic sensitisation or cortisol levels during acute bronchiolitis in infancy increase the risk of early asthma, using recurrent wheeze as a proxy.MethodsIn 294 children with a mean (range) age of 4.2 (0–12) months enrolled during hospitalisation for acute infant bronchiolitis, we analysed virus in nasopharyngeal aspirates, serum specific immunoglobulin E against food and inhalant allergens, and salivary morning cortisol. These factors were assessed by regression analyses, adjusted for age, sex and parental atopy, for risk of recurrent wheeze, defined as a minimum of three parentally reported episodes of wheeze at the 2-year follow-up investigation.ResultsAt 2 years, children with, compared to without, recurrent wheeze had similar rates of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (82.9% versus 81.8%) and HRV (34.9% versus 35.0%) at the acute bronchiolitis, respectively. During infancy, 6.9% of children with and 9.2% of children without recurrent wheeze at 2 years were sensitised to at least one allergen (p=0.5). Neither recurrent wheeze nor incidence rate ratios for the number of wheeze episodes at 2 years were significantly associated with specific viruses, high viral load of RSV or HRV, allergic sensitisation, or morning salivary cortisol level during acute bronchiolitis in infancy.ConclusionIn children hospitalised with acute infant bronchiolitis, specific viruses, viral load, allergic sensitisation and salivary morning cortisol did not increase the risk of early asthma by 2 years of age.

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Khosravi, Ali, Mahnaz Fatahinia, Hojjatollah Shokri, and Mohammad Yadegari. "Allergens from Fusarium solani Identified by Immunoblotting in Asthma Patients In Iran." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 63, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-63-2012-2155.

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Allergens from Fusarium solani Identified by Immunoblotting in Asthma Patients In IranWe extracted Fusarium solani antigens to evaluate specific anti-F. solani IgE in fifty-one patients with asthma (33 men and 18 women) and in 22 non-atopic healthy subjects (15 men and 7 women). F. solani strains were cultured in Sabouraud glucose agar and subjected to cell disruption using the freeze-and-thaw method. The obtained cytoplasmic extracts were analysed using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Sensitisation to F. solani antigens has been evaluated in asthmatic patients using the immunoblotting assay. The SDS-PAGE identified 29 protein bands in the cytoplasmic extracts of F. solani isolates, with molecular weights ranging from 24 kDa to 112 kDa. Immunoblotting detected specific anti-F. solani IgE antibody in all asthma patients, but not in the control group. The predominant reactive allergens in patients corresponded to the bands with molecular weights of 24 kDa, 58.5 kDa, 64.5 kDa, 69 kDa, 72 kDa, and 97 kDa. Our results suggest that various allergenic components of F. solani may produce symptoms of asthma in susceptible individuals and they call for further research.

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Crevel, René. "Industrial dimensions of food allergy." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 64, no. 4 (November 2005): 470–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2005454.

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Serious attempts to estimate the impact of allergic reactions to foods on public health did not begin until the 1980s. Until about 15 years ago food allergy was considered a minor aspect of food safety. Two developments probably prompted a radical re-appraisal of that situation. The first was the apparently inexorable rise in the prevalence of atopic diseases, of which food allergy forms a part, with its possible consequences highlighted by some well-publicised severe reactions. The second was the growth of genetic modification technology, manifested by the commercialisation of transgenic crops. Each of these developments impacted on the food industry in distinct ways. On the one hand, consumers with food allergies had to be enabled to avoid specific allergens in products formulated with existing ingredients. Food manufacturers therefore had to identify those specific allergens down to trace amounts in all the ingredients forming the product and label or remove them. On the other hand, the introduction of products using ingredients from novel sources required an assessment of the allergenicity of these ingredients as an integral part of safety assurance. The approaches used by the food industry to protect existing consumers who have food allergies and those at potential risk of sensitisation from novel proteins will be illustrated, emphasising how they need to be built into every stage of the life cycle of a product.

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Kimber, Ian. "Reduction, Refinement and Replacement: Putting the Immune System to Work." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 30, no. 6 (November 2002): 571–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119290203000603.

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Many chemicals are known to be, or have been implicated as, contact allergens, and allergic contact dermatitis is an important occupational and environmental health issue. It is the responsibility of toxicologists to identify those chemicals that have the potential to induce skin sensitisation, and to assess the conditions under which there will exist a risk to human health. This article describes progress that has been made in the development of new approaches to the toxicological evaluation of skin sensitisation, and the benefits to animal welfare that such developments have already produced, and are likely to produce in the future. In this context, the local lymph node assay is described with regard to hazard identification and risk assessment, and possible strategies for the development of in vitro approaches to safety assessment are discussed.

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Koskela, H. O. "Effect of farming environment on sensitisation to allergens continues after childhood." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 62, no. 9 (September 1, 2005): 607–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.2004.014852.

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Németh, Dominik. "Alteration among the patch test allergens in the environmental standard baseline series of the Allergology Laboratory of the National Dermatological and Venereological Institute and the Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology of Semmelweis University." Bőrgyógyászati és Venerológiai Szemle 97, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7188/bvsz.2021.97.1.4.

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The patch test has been the standard diagnostic tool of verifying contact hypersensitivity for decades. The test’s methodological elements and the tested allergen groups are the achievements of a dynamically changing process of the 20th century. Most commonly, the environmental standard baseline series is used in everyday clinical practice. Te frst environmental series in Hungary, which was recommended for national use, was created in the Allergology Laboratory of the National Dermatological and Venereological Institute in the 1970 years. It consisted of 21 allergens. Afer the Institute’s closure, the Semmelweis University, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology continued to perform the patch testing. Te number of the baseline series members became more than doubled by now. This review aims to summarise the alterations in the environmental standard baseline series of the Allergology Laboratory of the National Dermatological and Venereological Institute and the Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology of the Semmelweis University and the sensitisation frequencies registered from 1976 to 2016 per 10 year periods.

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Jedrychowski, Wieslaw, Frederica Perera, Umberto Maugeri, Marek Zembala, Barbara Hajto, Elzbieta Flak, Elzbieta Mroz, and Agata Sowa. "Validity of the interview on pets kept at home for predicting the actual domestic expsoure to their specific allergens. Krakow inner city area study." Open Medicine 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11536-008-0016-z.

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AbstractThe aim of the study was to describe the exposure to dog (Can f 1) and cat (Fel d 1) allergens within homes of very young children living with and without pets, and to assess the validity of the interview on pets for predicting the actual exposure to pet allergens in house dust. House dust samples were collected in 275 dwellings from the mattresses, children’s bedroom and kitchen floors. In the laboratory, dust samples were analyzed for Can f 1 and Fel d 1 using monoclonal antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The majority of households (79.3%) had neither a dog nor a cat living in the home over the past 6 months preceding the survey. Dog allergen above 2 μg/g dust were found in 22.5% of homes and 14.2% of homes contained dog allergen above 10 μg/g of house dust. In the total study sample, cat allergen above 1 μg/g of dust were found in 12.7% of homes, and 3.3% of homes contained Fel d 1 levels greater than 8 μg/g of dust. The majority of children (75.0%) with reported ownership of dogs were exposed to Can f 1 levels above 2 μg/g of house dust, and 73.1% of children with cats at home were exposed to Fel d 1 concentrations above 1 μg/g house dust. The results of the study showed that post-test probability of the true exposure to Can f 1 above 2 μg/g dust in houses with positive interview on indoor dogs was 75.0% (95%CI: 61.7–84.8%). On the other hand, the prediction of exposure estimated from the interview data on indoor dogs produced 12.6% of false negatives (95% CI: 9.9–15.8%). Similarly, the post-test probability of the true exposure to Fel d 1 above 1 μg/g dust in houses with positive interview on indoor cats was 73.1% (95%CI: 55.1–85.7%). On the other hand, the interview data produced 6.4% false negatives (95% CI: 4.6–9.0%). In conclusion, the study demonstrated that homes in Poland with pet ownership are important reservoir of Can f 1 and Fel d 1 allergens with levels that might induce allergic symptoms. Even in homes of children without a dog or cat indoors, there was a higher prevalence of pet allergens at the levels above allergic sensitisation thresholds. This may have an important implication for epidemiologic studies on pet related allergy and prevention practice.

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Basketter, David, Alan Poole, and Ian Kimber. "Behaviour of chemical respiratory allergens in novel predictive methods for skin sensitisation." Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 86 (June 2017): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.03.002.

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KOROSTOVTSEV, D. S., E. A. KORNIENKO, L. A. GALENKO, O. V. TRUSOVA, A. V. KAMAEV, and I. V. MAKAROVA. "GASTROINTESTINAL MANIFESTATIONS OF FOOD ALLERGY: PATHOGENESIS, CLINICAL FORMS AND CLUES TO THERAPY." Russian Journal of Allergy 11, no. 3 (December 15, 2014): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36691/rja488.

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Food allergies (fa), defined as an adverse immune response to food proteins, effect up to 3-5% of the popula- tion in westernized countries, and their prevalence appears to be rising. a variety of mechanisms underlie the allergic reactions, not all of them run through the IgE sensitisation. the absence of sIgE in peripheral circulation characterize a group of non-Ig-Emediated disorders, such as food protein-induced enterocolitis, enteropathy and prococolitis. In case of eosinophilic esophagitis, gastritis and enterocolitis IgE sensitization arises in nearly 50%, therefore these disorders are classified as mixed-type. In some cases of gastrointestinal fa local IgE production, when switching to IgE synthesis occurs only in one organ, have been proved. although systemic investigation of this phenomenon is still lacking. Immune inflammation coursed by food allergens can involve nearly all organs and systems. this review focuses on gastroenterological manifestations of food allergy, except of broad field of gluten intolerance that demands a separate thorough reviewing.

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Brisman, Jonas, Linnéa Lillienberg, Lars Belin, Mats Åhman, and Bengt Järvholm. "Sensitisation to occupational allergens in bakers' asthma and rhinitis: a case–referent study." International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 76, no. 2 (February 2003): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00420-002-0396-3.

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Dean, T., C. Venter, R. Kurukuralaatchy, B. Pereira, S. Matthews, J. Grundy, C. B. Clayton, M. Fenn, B. Higgins, and S. H. Arshad. "Trends in Sensitisation to Aero and Food Allergens-Comparison between different Birth Cohorts." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 119, no. 1 (January 2007): S110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2006.11.414.

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Decuyper, Ine Ilona, Athina Van Gasse, Margaretha Antje Faber, Christel Mertens, Jessy Elst, Hans-Peter Rihs, Vito Sabato, et al. "Occupational cannabis exposure and allergy risks." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, no. 2 (December 15, 2018): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-105302.

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ObjectivesCannabis allergy has mainly been described following recreational use but some cases also point to cannabis sensitisation as a result of occupational exposure. As a consequence, little is known on the prevalence and clinical phenotype of occupational cannabis allergy. Therefore, this study aims to explore the allergy-associated health risks of occupational cannabis exposure in Belgian police force personnel.Methods81 participants, active in the police force, reporting regular occupational cannabis exposure during the past 12 months, were included. History was combined with a standardised questionnaire on allergies and cannabis exposure.Basophil activation tests (BATs) with a crude cannabis extract and rCan s 3 were performed. In addition, specific (s)IgE rCan s 3 as well as sIgE to house dust mite, six pollen and three mould allergens were quantified.ResultsAlthough 42% of the participants reported respiratory and/or cutaneous symptoms on occupational cannabis exposure, all cannabis diagnostics were entirely negative, except one symptomatic case demonstrating a borderline result. Furthermore, there is no significant difference between the groups with and without symptoms on cannabis exposure in terms of allergenic sensitisations.ConclusionsThe origins of the reported respiratory and cutaneous symptoms during cannabis exposure remain elusive but are probably due to non-immune reactions. It should be noted that the study was volunteer-based possibly reflecting an excessive number of symptomatic individuals. Nevertheless, as only one participant reported using fully protective gear, much improvement is needed for reducing the number of symptoms reported on duty, independent of their origin.

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Palmer, Debra J., Thomas R. Sullivan, Dianne E. Campbell, Ralph Nanan, Michael S. Gold, Peter S. Hsu, Merryn J. Netting, et al. "PrEggNut Study: protocol for a randomised controlled trial investigating the effect of a maternal diet rich in eggs and peanuts from <23 weeks’ gestation during pregnancy to 4 months’ lactation on infant IgE-mediated egg and peanut allergy outcomes." BMJ Open 12, no. 6 (June 2022): e056925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056925.

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IntroductionClinical studies supported by immunological data indicate early life intervention strategies to be promising in reducing the growing global burden of food allergies. The events that predispose to food allergy, including the induction of allergen-specific immune responses, appear to be initiated early in development. Early exposure to food allergens in utero and via breast milk is likely to be important in initiating oral tolerance. We aim to determine the effectiveness of higher maternal food allergen consumption during pregnancy and lactation on infant food allergy outcomes.Methods and analysisThis is a multisite, parallel, two-arm (1:1 allocation), single-blinded (outcome assessors, statistical analyst and investigators), randomised controlled trial. Pregnant women (<23 weeks’ gestation) whose (unborn) infants have at least two biological family members (mother, father or siblings) with medically diagnosed allergic disease are eligible to participate. After obtaining written informed consent, pregnant women are randomised to either a high egg and peanut diet (at least 6 eggs and 60 peanuts per week) or standard (low) egg and peanut diet (no more than 3 eggs and 30 peanuts per week). The women are asked to follow their allocated diet from <23 weeks’ gestation to 4 months’ lactation. The primary outcome is food challenge proven IgE-mediated egg and/or peanut allergy in the infants at 12 months of age. Key secondary outcomes include infant sensitisation to egg and/or peanut and infant eczema. Our target sample size is 2136 women. Analyses will be performed on an intention-to-treat basis according to a pre-specified statistical analysis plan.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been granted from the Women’s and Children’s Health Network Human Research Ethics Committee (approval number HREC/18/WCHN/42). Trial results will be presented at scientific conferences and published in peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12618000937213.

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Hakim, E. A., D. W. Hide, S. Matthews, M. Stevens, L. Metthews, S. H. Arshad, and F. Lanpe. "314 Prevalence of Allergic Disorders and Sensitisation to Cannon Allergens at age Four Years." Pediatric Research 36, no. 1 (July 1994): 55A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-199407000-00314.

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Basinas, Ioannis, Vivi Schlünssen, Dick Heederik, Torben Sigsgaard, Lidwien A. M. Smit, Sadegh Samadi, Øyvind Omland, et al. "Sensitisation to common allergens and respiratory symptoms in endotoxin exposed workers: a pooled analysis." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 69, no. 2 (October 28, 2011): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.2011.065169.

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Henjakovic, Maja, Katherina Sewald, Simone Switalla, Tibor Veres, Kerstin Mätz-Rensing, Norbert Krug, and Armin Braun. "Precision cut lung slices (PCLS) for respiratory sensitisation potential testing of allergens and irritants." Toxicology Letters 172 (October 2007): S145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.05.376.

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Holt, P. "Development of long term tolerance versus sensitisation to environmental allergens during the perinatal period." Current Opinion in Immunology 9, no. 6 (December 1997): 782–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0952-7915(97)80178-1.

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Somoza, Maria Luisa, Natalia Pérez-Sánchez, Laura Victorio-Puche, Laura Martín-Pedraza, Angel Esteban Rodríguez, Natalia Blanca-López, Eva Abel Fernández González, et al. "Subjects develop tolerance to Pru p 3 but respiratory allergy to Pru p 9: A large study group from a peach exposed population." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): e0255305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255305.

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Peach tree allergens are present in fruit, pollen, branches, and leaves, and can induce systemic, respiratory, cutaneous, and gastrointestinal symptoms. We studied the capacity of peach fruit/Pru p 1, Pru p 3, Pru p 4, Pru p 7 and peach pollen/Pru p 9 for inducing symptoms following oral or respiratory exposure in a large group of subjects. We included 716 adults (aged 21 to 83 y.o.) exposed to peach tree pollen and fruit intake in the study population. Participants completed a questionnaire and were skin tested with a panel of inhalant and food allergens, including peach tree pollen, Pru p 9 and peach fruit skin extract. Immunoglobulin E antibodies (SIgE) to Pru p 1, Pru p 3, Pru p 4 and Pru p 7 were quantified. Sensitised subjects underwent oral food challenge with peach fruit and nasal provocation test with peach tree pollen and Pru p 9. The prevalence of sensitisation to peach fruit was 5% and most of these had SIgE to Pru p 3, with a very low proportion to Pru p 4 SIgE and no SIgE to Pru p 1 and Pru p 7. In only 1.8%, anaphylaxis was the clinical entity induced. Cases with positive skin tests to peach and SIgE to Pru p 3 presented a good tolerance after oral challenge with peach fruit. The prevalence of skin sensitisation to peach tree pollen was 22%, with almost half recognising Pru p 9. This induced respiratory symptoms in those evaluated by nasal provocation. In a large population group exposed to peach fruit and peach tree pollen, most individuals were tolerant, even in those with SIgE to Pru p 3. A positive response to Pru p 9 was associated with respiratory allergy.

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Calder, Philip C., Lefkothea-Stella Kremmyda, Maria Vlachava, Paul S. Noakes, and Elizabeth A. Miles. "Is there a role for fatty acids in early life programming of the immune system?" Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 69, no. 3 (May 13, 2010): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665110001552.

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There may be a causal relationship betweenn-6 PUFA intake and allergic disease and there are biologically plausible mechanisms, involving eicosanoid mediators of then-6 PUFA arachidonic acid, that could explain this. There is some evidence that high linoleic acid intake is linked with increased risk of atopic sensitisation and allergic manifestations. Fish and fish oils are sources of long-chainn-3 PUFA and these fatty acids act to oppose the actions ofn-6 PUFA. It is considered thatn-3 PUFA will protect against atopic sensitisation and against the clinical manifestations of atopy. All five epidemiological studies investigating the effect of maternal fish intake during pregnancy on atopic or allergic outcomes in infants/children of those pregnancies concluded protective associations. Epidemiological studies investigating the effects of fish intake during infancy and childhood on atopic outcomes in those infants or children are inconsistent, although the majority of the studies (9/14) showed a protective effect of fish. Fish oil provision to pregnant women is associated with immunologic changes in cord blood. Provision of fish oil during pregnancy may reduce sensitisation to common food allergens and reduce the prevalence and severity of atopic dermatitis in the first year of life. This effect may persist until adolescence with a reduction in prevalence and/or severity of eczema, hayfever and asthma. Fish oil supplementation in infancy may decrease the risk of developing some manifestations of allergic disease, but whether this benefit persists as other factors come into play remains to be determined.

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Varlamov, E. E., A. N. Pampura, and A. N. Asmanov. "Significance of the epidermal barrier and sensitisation to household allergens to the development of atopic march for primary prevention." Bulletin of Siberian Medicine 17, no. 2 (July 20, 2018): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2018-2-114-120.

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Atopic march is a variant flowing of atopia that begins in early childhood as atopic dermatitis, then developinto other allergic diseases (bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis) at an older age. The state of the epidermal barrier and sensitization to inhaled allergens are considered as predictors for the development of atopic march. Data on the importance of these factors in the development of atopic march and information about possible approaches to prevention are presented in this article.

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Ludwig, Hanna, Julia Gawryjołek, Ewa Łoś-Rycharska, Izabela Sardecka, and Aneta Krogulska. "Early risk factors for sensitisation to food allergens in children up to three years old." Pediatria Polska 93, no. 1 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/polp.2018.73099.

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Čelakovská, Jarmila, Josef Bukač, Radka Vaňková, Irena Krcmova, Jan Krejsek, and Ctirad Andrýs. "Sensitisation to molecular allergens of Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium herbarum, Aspergillus fumigatus in atopic dermatitis patients." Food and Agricultural Immunology 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 1097–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540105.2019.1660624.

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Bastidas-Parlanti, Jose Alessandro, Damian López-Sánchez, Maria Luisa Somoza, Elisa Haroun, Natalia Blanca-López, Laura Victorio-Puche, María Vazquez de la Torre, Maria Isabel Garcimartin, Miguel Blanca, and María Gabriela Canto. "Comparison of sensitisation to prevalent allergens in children vesus adolescents in the same geographical area." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 141, no. 2 (February 2018): AB69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.12.220.

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Venter, C., B. N. Pereira, J. Grundy, C. B. Clayton, B. Higgins, and T. Dean. "Food Hypersensitivity (FHS) And Sensitisation To Food Allergens Over The First Three Years Of Life." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 119, no. 1 (January 2007): S112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2006.11.419.

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