Дисертації з теми "Sénégal – Langues"
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Ndecky, Albinou. "Pratiques et représentations des parlers mancagnes de Goudomp (Sénégal)." Amiens, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AMIE0013.
Повний текст джерелаBassene, Alain-Christian. "Description du Joola Banjal (Sénégal)." Lyon 2, 2006. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2006/bassene_ac.
Повний текст джерелаThis dissertation presents a general description, as complete as possible, of Jóola Banjal, an Atlantic language spoken by almost 7,000 speakers in Casamance, in the South-west of Senegal. This description consists of a study of phonology, morphophonology, morphology, and syntax, in a typological and functional approach. Jóola Banjal has two types of vowels according to ±ATR feature and a syllabic structure of form (C)V(C(C)). It is a noun class language in which adjectives, pronouns, demonstratives, interrogatives and verbs agree in class with nouns. This agreement is marked by the prefixation of a class marker to every element in syntactic relation with the noun. The presence of the subject marker is generally obligatory, even when the subject noun is present. The syntactic part of the description is organized along the following topics: non verbal predication, changing valency, encoding location and motion, non-finite verb forms, complex constructions, topicalization, focalization, and interrogation. Generally speaking, Jóola Banjal does not present exceptional typological characteristics with regard to the best-known Atlantic languages. Nevertheless, its study provides information useful for a better knowledge of the Atlantic languages and for comparative studies
Gassama, Mamadou. "Enquête sociolinguistique sur les comportements et les attitudes linguistiques dans des lieux de Ziguinchor : processus de l'expansion du wolof au Sénégal." Paris 5, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05H021.
Повний текст джерелаThe present thesis is a sociolinguistic approach, which aims to explain the factors for the Wolof expansion in Senegal. This work addresses three problems have been treated: (1) the classification of the Senegalese languages into two groups: (a) the languages from northern and western Senegal (b) the languages from southern and eastern Senegal. (2) The Wolof expansion process during three periods: precolonial, colonial and postcolonial. (3) The linguistic politics practiced by the Senegalese government and by the educational establishments. (b) The linguistic behavior in which have been studied two topics: (1) the use of languages in the family environment. (2) The use of languages outside the family environment (c) the linguistic attitudes have enabled the study of different questions which have been put to the interviewees to obtain the answers to a certain number or subjects. This thesis has established that: (1) Wolof, French and Mandingues are the most fraquently used languages in Siguinchor. (2) Wolof is the most widely used language in Senegal
Dieye, El Hadji. "Description d'une langue Cangin du Sénégal : le laalaa (léhar)." Paris, INALCO, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INAL0014.
Повний текст джерелаLaalaa, which is the object of our study, is a language of the Cangin subgroup. The Cangin languages belong to the Northern branch of the Atlantic languages of the Niger -Congo family of languages. Laalaa is essentially spoken in a very restricted zone, situated on the We'st of Tivaouane (Lehar) town and is spoken by approximately 12000 speakers, Laalaa is an endangered language; threatened particularly, by the widespread of Wolof. Almost no scientific work has been done on this language Thus ; the prime objective of this thesis is to provide a first-hand description of the language which will serve as a starting point for future studies. The present description is based on the dialect of Mbaraglou : Moussa (Bargaro) village. In the first part, we deal with the phonetic and the phonological study of the language. At the phonetic level, Laalaa counts 10 short vowels and 10 long vowels divided into two classes according to the ATR feature (Advanced Tongue Root) which mainly governs the vowel harmony. A word cannot only contain vowels belonging to the same class. As for the consonant sounds, their study shows several phonological phenomena such as lenition, syncope, assimilation and neutralization. The second part is about the nominal classification and the morphosyntactic study of different categories of words. Laalaa has 10 nominal classes to which we can add a locative class d- whose purpose is to form the adverbs of place as well as the substitutes in the names of places. Laalaa, being a highly agglutinative language, has a very complex morphological system through which it enriches its lexicon but also marks its tenses, aspects and modalities (TAM). The third part, devoted to syntactic analysis, made it possible to reveal the language's organization of various constituents (nominal constituents and verbal constituents) in sentential units and the manner in which these latter are linked together to form complex utterances
Ly, Mouhamed Abdallah. "Langues et religions au Sénégal. Une étude sociolinguistique des attitudes linguistiques." Montpellier 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON30038.
Повний текст джерелаRelated to the senegalese matters, this research has achieved a trend reversal as it has been trying to connect two topics usually dissociated : Language and religion. However, this issue is merely based on a sociolinguistic matters and the senegalese liguistic behaviour has exclusively been brought up. The main theory is built on several questions : within the ongoing sociolinguistic framework, why the study of the religious variant has been obscured or under-estimated ? In a country strongly marked by a socioethnic, linguistic and confessional pluralism, what are the linguistic behaviours that has been uprising from various religious group's value system ? does the brotherhood aspect which is embedded over the majority of senegalese muslim's mentality, bring up specificity ? What are the behaviours that come along with arabic language within a non-arab nation that is predominantly muslim ? Can the speaker assume the characterisation of "sacred language" related to that idiom ? Can these judgements be an impact on the linguistic pattern ? If so, in what way ? What would explain the paradox between a positive symbolic capital about the arabic language and an unconventional sociolinguistic situation ?
Biagui, Noël Bernard. "Description générale du créole afro-portugais parlé à Ziguinchor (Sénégal)." Paris, INALCO, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012INAL0017.
Повний текст джерелаCreated by the contact between the Portuguese and the peoples of the West African Coast, today the Casamance Creole is a native language for nearly 10,000 people living in the Southwest region of Senegal in Ziguinchor. Granted that until now this Creole lacked a detailed linguistic description, the purpose of this thesis is to propose a general description (according to structuralism approach) based on first-hand data (collected from native speakers) and consisting of phonological, morphological and syntactic elements. The introduction sets a historical and sociolinguistic background explaining the existence of a lexically Portuguese-based Creole in Casamance. Phonology is devoted to the" inventory and the discussion of vowel and consonant phonemes, analysis of relevant prosodie units (word stress) and attested syllable types. Morphology deals with the delineation of different grammatical categories (nouns, verbs, adjectives. . . ) and the operating characteristics of the language's morphological units with synthetic type inflexions (plural nouns, verbal derivatives) or analytical type inflexions (aspect and time markers supported by the verb). Some elements of the syntax of Casamance Creole such as the order of sentence constituents (subject, verb, abject. . . ) and the study of phenomena involving word order in emphasis processes (topicalization and focus) are studied. Finally, in the conclusion, three points are retained: the challenge this description presented the limits of this thesis and the practical application of its contents
Ndiaye, Daouda. "L'enseignement des langues nationales à l'école primaire : le cas du wolof au Sénégal." Paris 8, 2009. http://octaviana.fr/document/143342959#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Повний текст джерелаThe basis of our thesis is the research in Senegal of effective strategies to establish a bilingual system (French, national languages) in primary schools. The lessons of experimentation, classes on television (French, Wolof), and the difficulties in implementing the blueprint on the testing of the national languages in 2002 led to the conclusion that the promotion of a national language is contradictory with social and educational practices in Senegal. The major interest of our work is to broaden the scope of research on the study of these paradoxes. Indeed, doctorial theses and articles devoted to them are essentially the work of linguists. But linguistics, as the scientific study of human language, in the Saussurienne sense, can not exhaust the subject matter. Moreover, it retains all of its importance in the educational aspects for teaching the national languages. However, language, as a social phenomenon, allows one to grasp the difficulties of establishing educational bilingual French- national languages in Senegal. In 2008, as the testing of bilingual classes were coming to an end, many contributors were dealing with the issue of teaching the national languages from a polemic, rather than a scientific perspective. However, they, the contributors, would benefit from using a conceptual apparatus based on the analysis of institutional and educational failures, which caused the failure of the experiment of national languages. The challenges of universal enrolment in primary school and the guaranty of 50% literacy rate by 2015 is heavily correlated on this multidisciplinary approach to language policy that we propose in the dynamics of education throughout life
Renaudier, Marie. "Dérivation et valence en sereer variété de Mar Lodj (Sénégal)." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO20058/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis dissertation deals with the phenomenon of verbal derivation and valency changing in Sereer, an Atlantic language of Senegal. Analyses are based on spontaneous data and elicitations collected during fieldwork. The study is organized in three parts. The first part focuses on some points of Sereer grammar, like the complex verbal flexional morphology including aspect, person or focalization, which is strongly grammaticalized in this language. The second part provides the background required by the study of valency changing operations. Thus, it deals with the many derivational verbal suffixes of Sereer and distinguishes those which affect valency from those which do not affect valency. Moreover, this second part focuses on theoretical issues and provides definitions for the notions of grammatical relations, valency or voice. In Sereer, half of the 30 derivational suffixes imply a valency changing operation on the verb. These 15 morphemes encode 7 operations (causative, applicative, possession, passive, middle, reciprocal and antipassive) described in specific chapters beginning with a theoretical and typological frame. Syntactic and semantic consequences of verbal derivation but also functional motivations and non canonical structures constitute essential points of my description. In some cases, analysis of valency changing operations in Sereer confirms typological literature. This is the case of the causative for example. But some chapters focus on rare phenomena such as the external possession morpheme or the antipassive morpheme particularly specialized
Sambou, Aly. "Traduction pédagogique et didactique des LVE en milieu multilingue : le cas du Sénégal : Implications sociolinguistiques." Caen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CAEN1616.
Повний текст джерелаConsidered on university space, this thesis focuses on pedagogic translation and foreign language teaching in a so multilingual context like Senegal. Without addressing in depth the issue of universality of a translation teaching method in language departments, this study proposes, among other things, to reconsider it in a context of important cultural and linguistic profusion. Assuming that this situation of multilingualism inevitably entails certain peculiarities in teaching and learning, we explore some ways and means conducive to the setting-up of an integrated approach to translation teaching, likely to assist Senegalese students to ensure linguistic productions with fewer interferences in vernacular language and culture. Thus, through a corpus consisting mainly of students’ translations from three English texts into French, research and analysis of the influence of local languages on performances in translation reveal the presence of three components with unequal impact: grammatical-syntactic, lexical and tropological. The latter are features of the various forms of interference frequently found out. With this plural observation, we intend to contribute in paving the way for an integrated teaching approach of translation in a undoubtedly complex sociolinguistic context
Bao, Diop Sokhna. "Description du baynunk guñaamolo, langue minoritaire du Sénégal : analyse phonologique, morphologique et syntaxique." Paris, INALCO, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013INAL0004.
Повний текст джерелаBaynunk guñaamolo, an Atlantic language of the Niger-Congo family, is spoken in southern Senegal, specifically in Niamone, in the region of Ziguinchor (Casamance). After a presentation of the language and its speakers, this work provides a detailed study of its phonological, morphological and syntaxic structures. It presents a series of 19 consonant phonemes and 10 vowel phonemes. These are governed by the laws of vowel harmony according to the +1/-ATR feature. The language presents also rules of amuïssement, weakening of intervocalic consonant, of epenthesis and assimilation. Nominal morphology presents a system of nominal classes with rich agreement class. We identified a total of 27 nominal prefixes, including 15 singular prefixes and 12 plural prefixes. They correlate between them according to singular / plural duality. Agreement marker prefixes appear only in the infinitive verb form. TAM markers are all suffixed to verbal theme but there is also are duplicated form of accomplished value. The derivational system by affixes adjunction contributes to the formation of new lexical units and in the transformation of verbal valence. Other grammatical categories were also visited : prepositions, adverbs and ideophones. Sentence constituents are constructed according to SVO order which can be modified only when highlighted. We also analyzed verbal and non-verbal predications, but also issues related to topicalisation and focalisation. Finally, the point on interrogation has the distinction of wearing focus marker
Diagana, Seydina-Ousmane. "Contact de langues : approche sociolinguistique des emprunts du soninké au français, à l'arabe et au pulaar." Paris 5, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA05H088.
Повний текст джерелаMilin, Rozenn. "Du sabot au crâne de singe : histoire, modalités et conséquences de l'imposition d'une langue dominante : Bretagne, Sénégal et autres territoires." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022REN20028.
Повний текст джерелаOne of the greatest changes that Western Brittany experienced in the 20th century is a complete change of language. In the space of a few decades, the Breton-speaking inhabitants of Finistère and the western half of Morbihan and Côtes-d'Armor ceased to pass on Breton to their children, thus endangering the future of their own mother tongue. This profound transformation, which today is often considered to be a natural phenomenon, nevertheless raises many questions. The purpose of this thesis is to try to determine the whys and wherefores of this process of linguistic substitution, which is not specific to Brittany. Schools played a fundamental role, and we will therefore begin by tracing the history of the imposition of dominant languages in the school environment, through practices such as the use of the signum in Latin schools, which later became the "symbole" and spread throughout Europe and beyond, as far as the former colonies of French-speaking sub-Saharan Africa. A case study conducted over several years in Brittany and Senegal will allow, thanks to the hundreds of testimonies gathered on both sides, to compare the methods implemented and their consequences. Comparisons will also be made with various places in the world, including countries under domination other than French, where similar methods have been observed. All of this data, historical and contemporary, in Brittany, Europe, Japan and Africa, will allow us to see that identical practices do not produce the same effects everywhere, the objectives pursued by the nation-state not being the same in metropolitan France and in the former colonies. As a matter of fact, the diversity of languages does not seem to be threatened in Senegal to this day, whereas the Bretons have been pushed to commit a real "linguistic suicide"
Diagne, Mbacke. "Le bayot : langue atlantique nord, groupe bak, sous group jóola." Paris, INALCO, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INAL0005.
Повний текст джерелаMost of the spoken languages in the southern part of Senegal are endangered and will disappear if an important action of linguistic documentation and description is not undertaken. Bayot is a bak language of the joola subgroup spoken by a community of more than ten thousand members. It evoluate in a linguistic ecosystem in which more dynamic languages limits its usage in family surroundings. The ATR feature and the marks of tenses, aspects and moods are important elements in understanding how the rules of this language work. Bayot is an SVO type. The data base of this analysis are collected with the help inormants from various erias: Nyassia, Dakar, Yeumbeul, Thiaroye, and Rufisque
Verrecchia, Elisa. "Français et italien, langues de l'immigration sénégalaise à Brescia ( Italie) : enquête sociolinguistique." Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100056.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis presents a sociolinguistic analysis of the role of French and Italian language in the migration context, notably in the community of Senegalese immigrants in Brescia (Italy). In the first part, the first chapter is dedicated to Senegal, which is described in its historical, cultural, ethnic and religious features and depicted as far as its current linguistic and sociolinguistic situation is concerned, referring to French, Wolof and other local languages. The evolution of the Senegalese diaspora in Europe and Italy, in its different stages, is treated as well. The second chapter focuses on Brescia, elective hometown of the Senegalese in Italy, because of its socio-economic features which make it a territory particularly favorable to the creation of solidarity networks between Senegalese and Italian people. The second part is entirely dedicated to the sociolinguistic analysis of the languages involved in this context, notably Wolof, along with other national languages of Senegal, French and Italian. The survey is based on twenty interviews made with a sample of Senegalese immigrants in Brescia, from which the linguistic practices and representations of the subjects, about the languages known and spoken, emerge. To expand the scope of the survey, a sample of Senegalese immigrated in Milan has been included as well, and their interviews have been inserted in the general analysis of the linguistic practices and representations under focus. In the conclusions of the thesis, a global view on the research carried out and on the method adopted for the survey will be given
Kébé, Abou Bakry. "Le rôle des radios privées dans les dynamiques des langues en Afrique francophone (Sénégal) : interaction entre situation sociolinguistique et processus de création lexicale." Rouen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ROUEL004.
Повний текст джерелаFor about twenty years, we have noticed in most Africa’s French-speaking states the emergence of independent medias (private radios, television channels, written press). While emerging in multilingual contexts where orality still takes precedence over writing, these new communication instruments legitimate, encourage and develop forms of speeches and/or writing, which tends to modify the status and function of the languages as well as the representations they are related, without decisions coming from the states. In this research, we study the case of Senegal where private radios appeared in the 1990’s and chose proximity by a large broadcasting in Wolof, a language spoken by more than 80% of the Senegalese. While taking charges of the official speech, which was up to a relatively recent period exclusively reserved for French, these enunciative instances involved the wolof in the “official circuits” and function like machines to scramble the glottopolitic data of this country. This situation has led to the emergence of a new vocabulary which we study the processes of creation
Dieng, Sady. "Etude contrastive des lexies du créole endogène "portugais" et du wolof." Lyon 2, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985LYO2A002.
Повний текст джерелаDione, Amadou. "Contacts et valorisation du sérère et du wolof, langues nationales du Sénégal : Pratiques langagières et usages en ligne." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAL023.
Повний текст джерелаThis work of thesis is situated in the continuity of the searches on the contacts of languages in Senegal, multilingual country. Senegal just like the other French-speaking African countries presents a sociolinguistic space characterized by contacts between national languages and the official language, French giving birth to a form to speak urban called "urban Wolof" or "franwolof".This study concerns the Wolof and the sérère, the national languages of Senegal, in touch with French, within the framework of uses which are made in the New information technologies and of the Communication still (NTIC). Analyses will be led compared to the oral practices and from the messages collected on Facebook and on discussion forums.How the national languages that are the Wolof and the sérère are valued in the linguistic practices and on the Internet ? This main interrogation will be associated with the following various questions of research : what relationships national languages (Wolof and sérère) they do maintain in the oral and with French in the on-line exchanges? / What differences with the oral practices? The Wolof and the sérère are they valued in the linguistic practices and in the electronic exchanges ? How the participants and the Internet users show their identities in their exchanges? How materialize the representations of the speakers with regard to (compared with) the languages which they speak ? What is the place of both national languages at the beginning of the 21th century in a Senegalese society marked by the multilingualism? What is the place of the languages in the definition of the identities of multilingual speakers? / What interests (in the material and symbolic point of view) are made by the use of these languages by the speakers? What roles for their valuation?To bring answers to these questions, the analysis will concern the notions of identity, representations, diglossia, the statutes of these three languages which coexist within the Senegalese territory, on the arrangement, the linguistic politics led to Senegal etc.This work will lean on an analysis of conversations realized with participants wolophones and schooled sérérophones or not and of data collected on Facebook and on discussion forums. This approach will allow to approach the manners the participants of which resort to both national languages in touch with French in the conversations and in the electronic papersKey words: sociolinguistics, multilingualism, New technologies of information and the communication, Codeswitching, Wolof language, serere language, valorization
Sarr, Birame. "Plurilinguisme et traduction au Sénégal : le rôle de la traduction pour la reconnaissance des langues nationales et la promotion d'une politique des échanges linguistiques." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU20094/document.
Повний текст джерелаOur research work falls within the field of both translation studies and sociolinguistics. The sociolinguistic environment in which it is carried out is particularly characterized by a great diversity of languages that are unequal in terms of status and use. This study focuses on two languages, french and wolof, and covers the entire postcolonial period (from the independance in 1960 to now) during which the main concern of the different linguistic policies is about the promotion of the national languages. The aim is to study translation as a means that contributes to the recognition of of Senegalese languages and also as a tool that favours exchanges between these languages and French that represents the only official language of the country. This thesis attempts to show the important place of translation in restoring linguistic and socio-cultural balances and the role it plays and has to plays in the devolopment of national languages and their written literature. Therefore, we will put emphasis on the notions of tranfer and mediation between the languages and cultures that coexist. Finally, this study is based on a parallel corpus of legal and health texts translated from French to Wolof
Nunez, Jospeh Jean François. "L'alternance entre créole afro-portugais de Casamance, français et wolof au Sénégal : une contribution trilingue à l'étude du contact de langues." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015INAL0016/document.
Повний текст джерелаCasamancese Afro-Portuguese Creole is still largely unknown. The present study is the first description of the language practices of Casamance Creole speakers. The study is based on a first-hand corpus collected during spontaneous discussions among Creole speakers in multilingual cities: Dakar, Thies and Ziguinchor. In this corpus, the main languages in contact are the Casamancese Creole, French and Wolof.This dissertation describes the changes induced by this contact in the corpus, especially the temporal deixis and phenomena specifically affecting noun groups (such as determiners and genitives). The study of these domains has led me to realize that all three languages involved both grammatical and lexical elements are provided by all these languages.Such a scenario is generally not taken into consideration in the theoretical approaches to language contact, which often posit a functional separation of the languages involved based on a dichotomy between matrix language and embedded language, and tend to ignore contact situations involving more than two languages.This dissertation is therefore a contribution to the study of language contact; more specifically, it allows for the possibility to take a fresh look at a trilingual contact situation involving a Creole language and two other languages typologically distant from the former. The inclusion of such a configuration is particularly innovative in the domain of Creole studies, where researchers interested in contact languages focus mainly on situations of contact between Creoles and their respective lexifier languages
Thiam, Ousseynou. "Didactique du français langue seconde au Sénégal : le cas du français dans les établissements moyen et secondaire." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM3030.
Повний текст джерелаReflexions on French language in Senegal are often considered from a historical, sociolinguistical or educational perspective. The orientation of this thesis is rather didactic. Its aim is to analyze the Teaching/Learning of French in college and secondary schools. The research deals with a specific problematic for an institutional system which aims at the mastery of French as a native language when this idiom is a second language. Does this expectation from the institution allow for an effective teaching activity an appropriation of the language, of the school culture and of the anthropological culture? The answer to this question has required the elucidation of the concepts of knowledge, know-how, skill, language, culture. We have characterized objects, tools, contents, and fundamental methods for teaching and learning. That, in a context where the language biographies and cultural identities of the learners are defined by multilingual and multicultural status. Didactic transposition and joint action are studied to describe teaching activities and the circulation of knowledge. This work has priviledged an ethnographical approach with videographs of classes, interviews, selfconfrontations, and a collection of written productions. The analysis of the results from this empirical study is presented around three poles: skills, teachers and learners. Eventually, it has confirmed the idea that the didactics of french as a second language helps to elaborate linguistic and cultural skills adapted to the Senegalese context, to overcome difficulties in teaching activity, to make learners the actors of their learning. This analysis is completed with didactic suggestions
Mendy, Dominique François. "La médiatisation des intellectuels dans les débats publics africains (1960-2000)." Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020018/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe assertion that the medias have become the “fourth power” seems to be part of the self-evident facts that the professionals of the medias as well some intellectuals need not always question. A truth that is all the more obvious because the medias regularly prove it through their capacity to mobilize people around an event or even a televised series. In order not to turn such an assertion into a “soft concept”, it has been worth putting it to the practical test within the context of Senegal during the period (1960-2000) by chiefly applying it to the particular group of the intellectuals. The advantage of such a group lies on its competences (knowledge and know-how) that have given it a symbolic “power”. Thus, in the Senegalese context the intellectuals have consolidated, in the long run, their “strength” through various means of publications (journals, novels, essays, etc.), as well as through public debates and important intellectual gatherings (congresses, symposiums, festivals etc.). Those various ways of official recognition and consecration, that have proven their level of commitment, have confronted the medias which, by growing in large numbers in the 80s, have developed influential strategies based on visibility and the increased use of the national languages. The consequent emerging effects have not only made new social legitimacies rise up, but have also caused new sociocultural, political, intellectual and public configurations come out, especially an intellectual figure that has been more attentive to the cultural creations
Diallo, Abdou Karim. "Le livre de langue française au Seńégal : 1960-1980." Lyon 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO31010.
Повний текст джерелаWhat role have books in the process of development in senegal? after meating the position of books in a traditionally oral society, the work shows the efforts which have been made since independance by the gouvernement of senegal to implement a cultural policy aimed at turning the country into a book-producing society. Indeed, the development at culture in senegal can only be made possible, by the setting-up of publishing houses, by the improvement of distribution networks and the use of the media, and finally by the encouragement at literary creation
Lex, Gloria. "Le dialecte peul du Fouladou (Casamance-Sénégal) : étude phonétique et phonologique." Paris 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA030159.
Повний текст джерелаThis phonetic study deals with the so-called glottalized consonants in fula. Seeing as theterm of glottalization is used throughout the phonetic linguistic literature with a wide range of meanings, physiological and acoustical analyses were conducted aimed at providing evidence for the phonetic nature of the consonants. It turned out that there is a series of voiced and voiceless implosive consonants, and it could be shown that they posses a number of characteristic traits which differenciate them from explosive consonants. The study of the vocalic and consonantal system of the fula dialect of fuladu shows there to be 10 vocalic and 27 consonantal phonemes. The consonantal system is organized into six correlations : a correlation of implosivity, a correlation of explosivity including a correlation of sonority and further the correlations of prenasality, nasality and fricativity. The vocalic system comprises two classes of place (front and back), three degrees of aperture and a correlation of quantity
Dreyfus, Martine. "Le plurilinguisme à Dakar : contribution à une sociolinguistique urbaine." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05H064.
Повний текст джерелаThis study, describes a multilingual situation, found in a changing urban society, characterized by complex interactions between languages, (French : official language ; wolof : lingua franca; vernacular languages which express particular identities), social groups and ethnic communities. This description can help to better adapt educational and training policies to the needs of the country, and to better make choices about language planning. The analysis of 1617 questionnaires and interviews with young scholars permitted the author to identify explanatory variables of linguistic maintenance and shift. The variables which contribute the most significantly : "linguistic endogamy", ethnic group, place of upbringing father's profession, places of residence, gender. The observation of interactions, the study of recorded conversations and discussions with the numbers of thirty families of different ethnic background, and with various lifestyles reflecting different levels of urgn integration, allowed the author to determine attitudes and perceptions regarding language as well as code-switching or code-miking practices. These express different strategies of linguistic adaptation in the town and also different "acts of identity"
Penna-Diaw, Luciana Deborah. "La musique vocale de trois religions du pays wolof au Sénégal. Etude comparative." Paris, EHESS, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EHES0348.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this work is to specify whether there is a Wolof music or several that would be from one of the three ancient kingdoms of Kajoor, Saalum and Walo. This study is both synchronic and diachronic. It relies on music records done at distinct periods. The latest are between 2000 and 2006 and the others between 1950 and 1970. This work is based on two complementary and essential approaches which are the musical systematic and the vernacular classification. It shows there is no difference to be noticed from one region to another anthropologically speaking. But there are disparities in the music. Most of the repertoire in the three regions are common to the Wolof and come from a sole and same musical idiom. Finally, if a few repertoire have sinked into oblivion, others survived through the centuries up to nowadays while renewing
Pezeril, Charlotte. "La communauté Baay Faal des Mourides du Sénégal : dynamiques de marginalisation, modes de construction et de légitimation." Paris, EHESS, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005EHES0258.
Повний текст джерелаThis doctoral thesis focuses on the Baay Faal community, which belongs to the Muslim Murid brotherhood. It attemps to understand how the Baay Faal have organised into and become a community and why they have been stigmatized since they emerged. Its founder Cheikh Ibra Fall (≈ 1858 -1930) has been condemned as a "fool", because of its beliefs that individual faith, submission to a shaykh and action are more important than Muslim rituals. Nevertheless, he has deeply influenced the Murids' social norms and has initiated an original and specific religious path. The baay Faal community has changed since the seventies : the internationalization, feminization and marginalization of its members have helped to diversify their ways of reaching religious attainment and have influenced contradictory processes of legitimization. Besides individualization of its members and internal divisions, the Baay Faal community remains a movement of believers devoted to God, rooted in giving and tolerance
Sylla, Yèro. "Universaux syntaxiques et structure du Pulaar." Paris 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA030094.
Повний текст джерелаAn adequate explanation of the syntactic phenomena of pulaar (fula) must necessarily take in account facts of semantics and pragmatics. The thesis evaluates some hypotheses claimed by different theories of language universals related to these linguistic levels
Bourlet, Mélanie. "Emergence d'une littérature écrite dans une langue africaine : L'exemple du poulâr (Sénégal/Mauritainie)." Paris, INALCO, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INAL0013.
Повний текст джерелаThe thesis considers the development of a written literature in an African language, focusing on pulaar (Senegal/Mauritania), one of the major dialectal variants of Fulani. The first part treats the interface between political context, linguistic changes and literary writing on the Latin alphabet. It is divided into two parts and (1960-1990s) centred on the appropriation of the languages by scholars seeking to integrate the culture into their nationalist claims. A second period, which extends to the present, witnesses the appearing of new and less politicised writers who, more interested to the status of individuals in a mutating society, appropriated the art of writing while refusing to use it to express ideologies. The second part considers literary creativity, using some sixty texts (mostly prose and poetry) identified during fieldwork in Senegal and Mauritania. Given the wealth of texts obtained and the author’s desire to reveal their riches, the choice was made to focus on prose, and on four novels from already well-known writers belonging to the second literary period: Yero Dooro JALLO, Nidkkiri Joom Moolo (Ndikkiri le Guitariste), 1981 ; Ibraahiima DEM, Sahre Goonga (Le Monde de la Vérité), 1997 ; Saydu Bah, Sammba Jallo. Moni fof et feccere mum (Sammba Jallo. Chacun sa destinée), 2005 ; Mammadu Abdul SEK, Ngayngu Gid’li (L’Amour-Haine), 2004. The appendix contains the detailed summaries of the four novels and a biobibliography of fifteen authors
Humery, Marie-Eve. "L' écriture du pulaar (peul) dans la vallée du fleuve Sénégal." Paris, EHESS, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHES0075.
Повний текст джерелаThe 1980-90's have been a golden age, that of the "Pulaar movement" where Fula language (Pulaar or Fulfulde), the fourth most widely spoken African language, has been the subject of extensive mobilization for his writing in adapted Latin script. This cultural and social movement surprises for two reasons : firstly , its relative magnitude, duration and popular involvement, on the other hand, the choice of the Latin script though Fula is written in Arabic script from at least the 18th century. The central question chosen to study this cultural nationalism reinvested by development actors was to understand what pulaar movement can reveal about haalpulaar society (or "toucouleur") and vice versa. Reading and writing in their mother tongue does change anything? How scriptural skills and practices are socially constructed? How do they participate in individual and collective construction? How do they affect social relationships? In response, Pulaar literacy should be l addressed in its pluriscriptural and digraphic context. The other two most common written languages in Fuuta Tooro have been therefore considered: the French, the official and public education language, facilitating social mobility and international migration, and Arabic, the religious language of a "power-knowledge" perpetuating social and political establishment but also the language of some commercial and migratory networks. Centred on social anthropology of writing close to New Literacy Studies, the approach chosen was global and multidisciplinary
Ndao, Abdou Wahab Boly. "L'enseignement de l'allemand en afrique noire francophone. L'exemple du senegal. Etude comparee." Paris 8, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA080260.
Повний текст джерелаWhat are the reasons which can urge black african states such as senegal, to learn occidental languages? the choices of our educational system are only political, cultural and economical. . . We do not learn foreign languages just for the pleasure of knowledge; talking is not an aim, but a mean for communication. . . In a world where the balance of power is one of the main aspects, the under-developped states have better to wide-spread and to multiplicate their friendship and to get protected by them. . . On the cultural theme, though it has a great importance, it doesn't appear for african peaple the major aim of learning the german language. If we have to recognize that economy is today the main aspect in our world, considering the economical power of the german nations and specially of the federal rep. Of germany, we can still say that the teaching of the german language is bound to a great devotion
Keïta, Abdoulaye. "La Poésie orale d'exhortation : l'exemple des Bakku des lutteurs Wolof (Sénégal)." Paris, INALCO, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INAL0011.
Повний текст джерелаIn Senegalese wrestling, the national sport, there is often a hidden aspect : the production of a rich poetry by the fighters : the bàkku, "self-praise, self-glorification, self-panegyric". The declamation of this poetry is preceded by that of the slogan, the bàkk, which is a call for action ; and another kind of of poetry is transplanted in this bàkku which legitimizes it, the tag, "the genealogy-panegyric". The studied texts are songs of exhortation of Wolof community : they are said in particular circumstances with the same purpose : to stir somebody and make him surpass himself, by telling him who he is. These texts are studied with a diachronic method. The main text, the bàkku, is exclusively said by a fighter whereas the two others are generally said by griots. These texts were collected in the wolof cultural area, in Senegal, particulary in the regions of Dakar, Thies and Louga. Wolof is an atlantic language. The collection of these texts would allow to define ideologically the literary speech with regard to the other types of speech and to develop a popular pedagogy
Fall, Ousmane Sow. "Les programmes de français dans l'enseignement moyen-secondaire au Sénégal de 1960 à la loi d'orientation 91-22 de 1991." Paris 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA030062.
Повний текст джерела1 - WHEN WE ASK THE ACTORS IN THE AFRICAN FRENCH SPEAKING EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM, THEY ALL SAY THAT THEY ARE VICTIMS OF THE WAY SCHOOL CURRICULA ARE ADMINISTRATED. 2 - IN FACT, THE ANALYSIS OF THE FRENCH SYLLABUS IN THE LONG RUN ALLOWS THE FOLLOWING REMARKS: - THE FRENCH SYLLABUSES ARE EXTROVERT ; - THE OPTION FOR LITERATURE TEACHING EXCLUDES IPSO FACTO NUMEROUS LEARNING MEDIUM USEFUL TO THE TRAINING OF CITIZEN ; - THERE IS PARADOXALLY NO COHERENT POLICY OF PROMOTING READING ; - PRE - SERVICE OR IN SERVICE TRAINING FOR TEACHERS DOES NOT EQUIP ITS AUDITORS with NECESSARY COMPETENCE TO MAKE STUDENTS BECOME EFFECTIVE READERS ; - THE STRATEGIES FOR LEARNING FRENCH REMAIN ON THE WHOLE A BIT OF ROUTINE ; - IN ADDITION, FRENCH, WHICH IS THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGE AND THE TEACHING IDIOMA, IS NOT, IN SENEGAL, THE LINGUA FRANCA FOR SOCIAL EXCHANGES. 3 - SAFEGUARD MEASURES MUST THUS BE ENVISAGED, IN THIS MULTILINGUAL CONTEXT FOR LEARNING FRENCH : - COORDONATE THE AUTHORITIES IN CHARGE OF MANAGING SYLLABUSES SO THAT THEIR CONSENSUAL DEFINITION COULD TAKE ACCOUNT REALLY AVAILABLE RESOURCES ; - MOVE FROM THE FORMULATION OF THE SYLLABUSES IN TERMS OF CONTENTS TO THE INDICATION OF THE LEVEB OF COMPETENCE WHICH CONFER USEFULL HABILITIES ; - ORGANIZE LEARNING AND EVALUATING DEVICES THAT PUT TEACHERS AND STUDENTS IN NETWORKS FOR EXCHANGE AND MUTUEL HELP TO LEARN HOW TO READ, WRITE, SPEAK AND LISTEN AT THE SAME TIME. . BECAUSE TEACHING FRENCH IN LARGE CLASSES IN AFRICA REQUIRES NEW LEGITIMACIES AND NEW WAYS OF DOING, IN THE BUILDING OF A FRENCH SPEAKING COMMONWEALTH
Smith, Étienne. "Des arts de faire société : parentés à plaisanteries et constructions identitaires en Afrique de l'Ouest (Sénégal)." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010IEPP0016.
Повний текст джерелаThis study calls for a historical and political science analysis of a classical category in anthropology, « joking relationships ». By focusing on joking relationships in Senegal it explores the fabrics of inter-community relations, the vernacular language of politics and the imagination of nationhood. It shows how the so-called pacifying function of joking relationships is questionable but also how these practices craft a culture of sociability and reveal the historicity of a common political culture in West Africa. The political instrumentalization of joking kinships in the context of the Casamance conflict in Senegal, and in some state-sponsored cultural nationalisms in West-Africa, are studied as neo-traditionalist endeavours that have succeeded in imposing this category in the public space and turning it into the cornerstone of national identities in the making
Dramé, Mansour. "L'évolution du personnage dans deux littératures d'expression française : le Sénégal et le Québec : 1930-1990." Paris 4, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA040037.
Повний текст джерелаWe propose, by means of a comparative study, to reflect on character development in two bodies of French-language literature. This study requires an analysis and synthesis of the two literatures since their origins. Character has evolved by representing social changes that have taken place historically. It is manifested in the diversity of themes and literary practices. Such an approach demonstrates that the development of the romantic genre just as much on the formal level as on the background level, owes much more to the development of character than is generally thought. The development of the two literatures in question is to be found through the development of their romantic characters: this is the major argument of this study. Relying upon examples borrowed from the corpus of works studied, we have been able to discern significant changes at the level of writing, the structure of the texts and the description of the characters. Concerning these three ideas, the novels demonstrate a real originality that we have tried to highlight. Seen from this perspective, the two bodies of literature resemble each other more than they differ
Ndiaye, Cheikh tidiane. "L’alternance codique wolof-arabe au Sénégal : approche sociolinguistique." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN20049.
Повний текст джерелаThe purpose of this study is to identify all the linguistic and extralinguistic facts that favor the code-switching wolof-arabic in Senegal. Being at the origin of the borrowing and code-switching, the contact of languages has always favored bilingualism in a given geographical area. The encounter of different languages and cultures has never been the product of chance ; it is the result of different historical phenomenon. In Senegal, the contact of wolof and arabic stems from the expansion of Islam. This is the story that we have approched before the third chapter of this work, the purpose of which is to show that, in Senegal, there are speakers who proceed to the alternation of linguistic codes (wolof and arabic) in there speeches. The desire to demonstrate the existence of this sociolinguistic phenomenon led us to carry out fieldwork through surveys and recordings of Senegalese speakers. The set of recorded discourses has led us to discover that multilingualism in Senegal is a factor that allows certain privileged individuals to carry out intelligently the code-switching wolof-arabic whose modes we have linguistically described and analyzed the processes. They alternate wolof and arabic in the same enunciation for several reasons that we have listed; according to the interlocutors or the public to whom their speeches are intended
Diouf-Keïta, Anta. "Création romanesque et mutations sociales au Sénégal : 1973-1983." Paris 12, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA120030.
Повний текст джерелаThe senegalese novel, written in the french language, came into being during the colonial era and, to a great extent, is conditioned by this context. The writings of the first generation of novels (1920-1930) which were largely influenced by the assimilationist ideas, have proven to closely adhere to that movement. "force bonte" by bakary diallo can be considered as its prototype. During the second world war, the anti-colonialist movements in certain countries of africa and asia, the negro renaissance proclaimed in the cultural movements, contributed to the birth of a second generation of writers towards the 1950's. This generation was able to assert itself by breaking away from the colonial mystification and by a militant style of writing the leader of this movement is ousmane sembene. The evolution of the historical context in 1960 was to instill a new dynamism in creative writing. Along with a thematic still based on "negritude", a new thematic developed, oriented to political and social criticism, since the promesses of independance soon vanished like a mirage. This change in perspective is accompanied by a "mutation of realism". While ousmane sembene pursues the tradition of "social rea
Dramé, Alioune. "La Francophonie au Sénégal, de la colonisation à la mondialisation : un enjeu identitaire." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30042.
Повний текст джерелаSenegal is a human and geographic crossroads where coexist and interfere three major civilizations: an African, an Arab-Muslim and Western. The francophone part of his identity is born of the cultural heritage left by the encounter between France and Senegal. If this cultural affinity partly explains the country's presence in the Francophone community, his commitment to the Francophonie is also linked to the emblematic figure of Leopold Sedar Senghor and his diplomatic and symbolic representation within Francophone institutions. Paradoxically, the Francophonie does not arouse enthusiasm in the Senegalese youth, often seen as rather old-fashioned or very useful in today's globalization. The percentage of french-speaking Senegalese hardly exceeds 20%. Without losing its importance, the Francophonie seems to lose its size, faces the progressive wolofisation and arabization of the society. The challenges of globalization continue to give its full place to the Francophonie in Senegal. Organized as a geocultural union, today's Francophonie, with its values of diversity, dialogue, solidarity, is a center into globalization. The country needs to preserve its identity in liberal globalization that tends to unify everything and in an Africa where the giants are Anglophone and where Francophone states are weakened by conflict and poor governance. This will require a lot of voluntarism on the part of the Senegalese government to promote it and on behalf of OIF which could be use Senegal as a bridgehead of the Francophonie in Africa, a continent that is the living heart of the francophone community
Sow, Papa Alioune. "Le français parlé dans le milieu du football au Sénégal : une pratique sociolectale." Paris 13, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA131013.
Повний текст джерелаLaying the groundwork for a reflection on the sociolect of Senegalese footballers means making a formal but also functional description of the speeches of speakers who make up this socio-sporting group. The objective of this thesis is therefore to manage to detect in daily language practices, specific features at the phonological, lexical, morphological and syntactic level. Moreover, the choice of this sport is far from accidental. Indeed, since in Senegal football has acquired a significant social dimension for a little more than a decade, it seemed necessary to focus on the nature of the interlocutions in a context of language contact that heavily affects the relationship between members of the group. The concept of sociolect being intimately linked to the notion of linguistic variation, a theoretical perspective of sociolinguistic variables proved essential to the analysis of the transcodic markers, which found the particularity of interactions. It was therefore about starting from a methodological framework of data collection from which the facts of language were observed, sampled and analyzed according to strictly social, cultural and institutional criteria. Thus language and discursive practices specific to the field of Senegalese football have been studied according to whether they proceed from the integration of Wolof linguistic units into a French statement or vice versa, of segments alternating between both languages or they result from a process of creation of new items
Thioune, Birahim. "L'initiation à la culture littéraire, dans les manuels de français langue seconde du primaire, en Guinée et au Sénégal : 1952-2002." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON30012.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this works is to situate the aesthetic, educational, moral, civic issues and peaceful coexistence which must subtend the conception of textbooks for a unified francophone cultural area, including the republics of Guinea and Senegal. Indeed, it seeks to establish the opportunity given by the theories of text, to implement some adapted principles and methods to support teaching of textbooks. In literary terms, the teaching of textbooks must, in this context, target the acquisition of linguistic, communicative and cultural in simultaneous introduction of French and national languages in Guinea and Senegal
Thiam, Mbaye Alassane. "L'histoire de l'enseignement et de la pédagogie coranique au Fuuta-Tooro : L'école de Cilon : son histoire et son influence (XVIIIe-XXe siècle)." Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA070137.
Повний текст джерелаIn this thesis, we have studied the history of the teaching and pedagogy of the coran. It's a method which is generally used in western africa and specifically in fuuta-tooro. Among the nine chapters of this thesis, we have just studied the classical system of the coranic education in fuuta-tooro, which is a republic of senegal. Chapter 1 deals with the islamic schools before the 18th. Chapters 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 are devoted to the history and the influence of the cilon school, and also to the followers of this latters foundator. As to the chapter 9, we have stressed on the used pedagogy in this type of teaching by insisting on the technical terms used in the fulani language
Ghegaglia, Hocine. "Francophonie et stratégie littéraire : la francophonie face à l'arabe et l'anglais : le cas de la Mauritanie, du Sénégal et du Mali." Cergy-Pontoise, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998CERG0028.
Повний текст джерелаBrou-Diallo, Ahou Clémentine. "Aspects des difficultés d'apprentissage du français langue étrangère par des étudiants anglophones africains." Montpellier 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON30077.
Повний текст джерелаThis research treats the problem of teaching and learning french to foreigners in the context where french is a second language. In this complex situation, the learners meet different difficulty. The first is that most of the learners speak several languages, as they come from multilingual countries, and this can be positive or negative for learning french. The second concerns the methods made in France. In these methods activities and exercises proposed are sometimes unsuitable for the environment where french is a second language. Finally, the third is manifested by the fact that the linguistic context in the countries where French is a second language is not always a facilitating factor for the formation of non-francophone learners
Sene, Mbaye. "Le développement de compétences narratives chez des élèves de collège au Sénégal : etude du rôle des médiations enseignante et textuelle au cours d’activités de lecture-écriture de récits de fiction." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO20039/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe researches on the process of acquisition and development of reading and writing skills agree on the idea that these are implemented by the pupils’ continuous contact and exposure to texts and discursive genres. This theory finds a particular echo when it comes to narrative fiction based on a conventional and recurring generic and textual structure, whose treatment of which should be facilitated by the activation of prior learning. It would be interesting to know where this prior knowledge comes from. The answer to this question brings us to examine the characteristics of the joint didactic action. Thus we focus on three forms of mediation: the pupils’ educational culture in and outside school, the textual and the teacher mediation. This choice finds its justification in the context of our research which concerns first and forth year students of a Senegalese secondary school. In this context, the acquisition of the reading and the writing is made in school and in French; official language, teaching language, but also and especially, second language. In order to analyze the combined effects of these semiotic mediations we use a corpus constituted by two types of data. On the one hand, we have at our disposal video recordings of sessions of learning organized around didactical activities openly directed to the development of narrative competences in the pupils. On the other hand, we have collected written productions of these students before and after the didactical sequence concerning the teaching of narrative fiction. Through a multifaceted approach, we describe how the co-action between the professor and the pupils around model texts explains the performances of the latter ones when they are placed in situation of autonomous production. Our approach allowed us to demonstrate that we can explain the effectiveness of the teaching act by the correlation of three variables. Firstly, a systematic teaching of an object of knowledge measured by their level of concentration in the action learning. Secondly, we have the organization system of the participation of the students, prepared in advance to play their role in the co-construction of the knowledge. Finally, we underline the importance of the shoring up of their actions through strategies centred on the procedural and pragmatic knowledge
Ndiaye, Mame Birame. "Représentations socio-économiques et culturelles des migrants seereer à Dakar et création de l'association Ndef Leng : Analyse sociologique et perspectives de développement." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA070006.
Повний текст джерелаSeereer traditional society is a peasant society based on subsistence farming. For a long time its main activity was millet, sorghum and corn farming, together with extensive livestock farming. Agricultural surpluses were made possible thanks to soil fertility and abundance of rain. Since the 1930's this society experienced profound social, economic and cultural mutations. First, through the introduction of cash crop peanut farming, then through the displacement of population policy from densely populated areas to less populated ones, and finally through the colonial legacy of independent Senegal. The progressive exhaustion of soils due to overexploitation combined with population pressure led to difficult access to land. The capital city of Senegal, Dakar, thus turned into the final destination of this population at risk. Despite harsh living conditions, leading to the creation of the federation of Seereer NGO's in Dakar, "Ndef Leng", which aims also at promoting the culture and endangered language of the Seereer, migration flows, involving all age groups, have not been stemmed
Landais, Clotilde. "La métatextualité du fantastique obvie nord-américain de l'extrême contemporain : la représentation littéraire de l'écrivain et de son double dans les romans de Stephen King et Patrick Sénécal." Paris 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA030012.
Повний текст джерелаThrough a study of the representation of the fictitious writer and his doppelganger in two works of fiction by the U. S. Author Stephen King, the novel The Dark Half and the novella “Secret Window, Secret Garden,” and in two novels by the Quebec author Patrick Senécal, Sur le seuil and Aliss, I examine the possible metafictionality of contemporary North-American horror fiction. Drawing upon methods in literary analysis and textual interpretation, I show that, in these four texts, these two horror fiction authors use the same writing techniques as mainstream authors do – autorepresentation, intertextual references, transgression of narrative levels, and highlighting of a text’s fictionality. Thus, King and Senécal conduct a literary reflection on the artistic identity of the writer, on writing, and on the genre itself, without abandoning the horrific descriptions which characterize horror fiction. Although critics do make a clear distinction between horror fiction and fantastic fiction, the line between them can sometimes be blurred. Indeed, my study points out that a strong level of horrific description does not necessarily exclude a strong level of metafiction. Moreover, since the emphasis on a text’s fictionality resulting from the metafictional reflection does not ruin the fantastic effect, I argue that, unlike horrific descriptions, which are limited to horror fiction, metafictionality is inherent to the fantastic genre as a whole