Статті в журналах: "Semitransparent PV"

1

Gaur, Ankita, and G. N. Tiwari. "Performance of Photovoltaic Modules of Different Solar Cells." Journal of Solar Energy 2013 (September 5, 2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/734581.

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In this paper, an attempt of performance evaluation of semitransparent and opaque photovoltaic (PV) modules of different generation solar cells, having the maximum efficiencies reported in the literature at standard test conditions (STC), has been carried out particularly for the months of January and June. The outdoor performance is also evaluated for the commercially available semitransparent and opaque PV modules. Annual electrical energy, capitalized cost, annualized uniform cost (unacost), and cost per unit electrical energy for both types of solar modules, namely, semitransparent and opaque have also been computed along with their characteristics curves. Semitransparent PV modules have shown higher efficiencies compared to the opaque ones. Calculations show that for the PV modules made in laboratory, CdTe exhibits the maximum annual electrical energy generation resulting into minimum cost per unit electrical energy, whereas a-Si/nc-Si possesses the maximum annual electrical energy generation giving minimum cost per unit electrical energy when commercially available solar modules are concerned. CIGS has shown the lowest capitalized cost over all other PV technologies.

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2

Gaur, Ankita, and G. N. Tiwari. "Exergoeconomic and Enviroeconomic Analysis of Photovoltaic Modules of Different Solar Cells." Journal of Solar Energy 2014 (April 23, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/719424.

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The exergoeconomic and enviroeconomic analysis of semitransparent and opaque photovoltaic (PV) modules based on different kinds of solar cells are presented. Annual electricity and net present values have also been computed for the composite climatic conditions of New Delhi, India. Irrespective of the solar cell type, the semitransparent PV modules have shown higher net energy loss rate (Len) and net exergy loss rate (Lex) compared to the opaque ones. Among all types of solar modules, the one based on c-Si, exhibited the minimum Len and Lex. Compared to the opaque ones, the semitransparent PV modules have shown higher CO2 reduction giving higher environmental cost reduction per annum and the highest environmental cost reduction per annum was found for a-Si PV module.

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3

Li, Guiqiang, Gang Pei, Ming Yang, and Jie Ji. "Experiment Investigation on Electrical and Thermal Performances of a Semitransparent Photovoltaic/Thermal System with Water Cooling." International Journal of Photoenergy 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/360235.

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Different from the semitransparent building integrated photovoltaic/thermal (BIPV/T) system with air cooling, the semitransparent BIPV/T system with water cooling is rare, especially based on the silicon solar cells. In this paper, a semitransparent photovoltaic/thermal system (SPV/T) with water cooling was set up, which not only would provide the electrical power and hot water, but also could attain the natural illumination for the building. The PV efficiency, thermal efficiency, and exergy analysis were all adopted to illustrate the performance of SPV/T system. The results showed that the PV efficiency and the thermal efficiency were about 11.5% and 39.5%, respectively, on the typical sunny day. Furthermore, the PV and thermal efficiencies fit curves were made to demonstrate the SPV/T performance more comprehensively. The performance analysis indicated that the SPV/T system has a good application prospect for building.

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4

Liu, Huei-Mei, Chin-Huai Young, Der-Juinn Horng, Yih-Chearng Shiue, and Shin-Ku Lee. "Improving the Performance of a Semitransparent BIPV by Using High-Reflectivity Heat Insulation Film." International Journal of Photoenergy 2016 (2016): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4174216.

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Currently, standard semitransparent photovoltaic (PV) modules can largely replace architectural glass installed in the windows, skylights, and facade of a building. Their main features are power generation and transparency, as well as possessing a heat insulating effect. Through heat insulation solar glass (HISG) encapsulation technology, this study improved the structure of a typical semitransparent PV module and explored the use of three types of high-reflectivity heat insulation films to form the HISG building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) systems. Subsequently, the authors analyzed the influence of HISG structures on the optical, thermal, and power generation performance of the original semitransparent PV module and the degree to which enhanced performance is possible. The experimental results indicated that the heat insulation performance and power generation of HISGs were both improved. Selecting an appropriate heat insulation film so that a larger amount of reflective solar radiation is absorbed by the back side of the HISG can yield greater enhancement of power generation. The numerical results conducted in this study also indicated that HISG BIPV system not only provides the passive energy needed for power loading in a building, but also decreases the energy consumption of the HVAC system in subtropical and temperate regions.

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5

Dash, Amit Kumar, Sanjay Gairola, Sanjay Agrawal, and Shweta Shukla. "A Novel Investigation and Comparative Study on Building Integrated Photovoltaic Thermal (BIPVT) System." International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management Sciences 4, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 460–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33889/ijmems.2019.4.2-038.

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An analysis of BIPVT system has been carried out in this paper based on arrays named as solar cell tile array and semi-transparent array. Previously comparisons and performance analysis were carried out for opaque and semitransparent system in non-optimized way but in the present case it has been optimized to get better results. As far as energy efficiency and exergy is concerned semitransparent PVT has an edge as compared to others in all respect. Semitransparent PVT has higher useful energy gain by 2.5 KWH as compared to SCT. Further the electrical and thermal efficiency has been derived and a conclusion has been made that semitransparent PV cell has an edge in all respects as compared to SCT. The electrical efficiency has been increased to 17.17% from the previous 16% and overall exergy to 18.4% from previous 17.1%. i.e. an overall growth of 6.8% and 7.6% respectively.

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6

Ghosh, Aritra, Abdelhakim Mesloub, Mabrouk Touahmia, and Meriem Ajmi. "Visual Comfort Analysis of Semi-Transparent Perovskite Based Building Integrated Photovoltaic Window for Hot Desert Climate (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia)." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 17, 2021): 1043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14041043.

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Buildings consume considerable amount of energy to maintain comfortable interior. By allowing daylight, visual comfort inside a building is possible which can enhance the occupant’s health, mood and cognitive performance. However, traditional highly transparent windows should be replaced with semitransparent type window to attain a comfortable daylight inside a building. Evaluation of visual comfort includes both daylight glare and colour comfort analysis. Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) type windows are promising systems and can possess a range of semitransparent levels depending on the type of PV used. In this work, the semitransparent Perovskite BIPV windows was investigated by employing daylight glare analysis for an office building located in Riyadh, KSA and three wavelength dependent transmission spectra for colour comfort analysis. The results showed that the transmissions range between 50–70% was optimum for the comfortable daylight for south facing vertical pane BPV-windows. However, excellent colour comfort was attained for the transmission range of 90% which provided glare issues. Colour comfort for 20% transparent Perovskite was compared with contemporary other type of PV which clearly indicated that wavelength dependent transmittance is stronger over single value transmittance.

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7

Baxevanou, Catherine, Dimitrios Fidaros, Nikolaos Katsoulas, Evangelos Mekeridis, Chrisostomos Varlamis, Alexandros Zachariadis, and Stergios Logothetidis. "Simulation of Radiation and Crop Activity in a Greenhouse Covered with Semitransparent Organic Photovoltaics." Applied Sciences 10, no. 7 (April 8, 2020): 2550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10072550.

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A solution to the problem of reduction of available photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) due to the cover with conventional opaque photovoltaics (PV) of greenhouses is the use of semitransparent PV. The question is how dense the semitransparent PV should be and how dense the coverage should be in order not to burden plant growth. The present paper assesses the effect of the use of semitransparent organic photovoltaics (OPV) on the greenhouse roof cover on the available PAR inside the greenhouse. The method used is to simulate the transmission of radiation through the cover and into the greenhouse with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) using the discrete ordinates (DO) model. Three combinations of OPV/cover that give a normal (perpendicular) transmittance to PAR of 30%, 45%, and 60%, defining the required PV covering, were examined. Then the radiation transmission during eight indicative solar days was simulated. The results are given in terms of available PAR radiation inside the greenhouse and of crop photosynthesis rate, comparing them with the results of a polyethylene cover without OPVs and external conditions. The reduction observed to the mean daily PAR radiation integral for the cases with normal PAR transmittance of 30%, 45%, and 60% in relation to the bare polyethylene (PE) was 77%, 66%, and 52%, respectively while the respective simulated reduction to the daily average photosynthesis rate was 33%, 21%, and 12%, respectively. Finally, the yearly power production from the OPV per greenhouse length meter for the cases with normal PAR transmittance of 30%, 45%, and 60% was 323, 242, and 158 kWh m−1 y−1, respectively. The results of this work could be further used for the optimization of greenhouse design for maximizing the PAR at the crop level.

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8

Munir, Rahim. "Energy Focus: Semitransparent organic PV generates power while reducing heat." MRS Bulletin 43, no. 9 (September 2018): 646–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2018.217.

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9

Eensalu, Jako S., Atanas Katerski, Erki Kärber, Lothar Weinhardt, Monika Blum, Clemens Heske, Wanli Yang, Ilona Oja Acik, and Malle Krunks. "Semitransparent Sb2S3 thin film solar cells by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis for use in solar windows." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 10 (December 6, 2019): 2396–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.10.230.

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The integration of photovoltaic (PV) solar energy in zero-energy buildings requires durable and efficient solar windows composed of lightweight and semitransparent thin film solar cells. Inorganic materials with a high optical absorption coefficient, such as Sb2S3 (>105 cm−1 at 450 nm), offer semitransparency, appreciable efficiency, and long-term durability at low cost. Oxide-free throughout the Sb2S3 layer thickness, as confirmed by combined studies of energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and synchrotron soft X-ray emission spectroscopy, semitransparent Sb2S3 thin films can be rapidly grown in air by the area-scalable ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method. Integrated into a ITO/TiO2/Sb2S3/P3HT/Au solar cell, a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.5% at air mass 1.5 global (AM1.5G) is achieved, which is a record among spray-deposited Sb2S3 solar cells. An average visible transparency (AVT) of 26% of the back-contact-less ITO/TiO2/Sb2S3 solar cell stack in the wavelength range of 380–740 nm is attained by tuning the Sb2S3 absorber thickness to 100 nm. In scale-up from mm2 to cm2 areas, the Sb2S3 hybrid solar cells show a decrease in efficiency of only 3.2% for an 88 mm2 Sb2S3 solar cell, which retains 70% relative efficiency after one year of non-encapsulated storage. A cell with a PCE of 3.9% at 1 sun shows a PCE of 7.4% at 0.1 sun, attesting to the applicability of these solar cells for light harvesting under cloud cover.

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10

Skandalos, Nikolaos, Dimitris Karamanis, Jinqing Peng, and Hongxing Yang. "Overall energy assessment and integration optimization process of semitransparent PV glazing technologies." Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 26, no. 7 (April 6, 2018): 473–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pip.3008.

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11

Basher, Mohammad Khairul, Mohammad Nur-E. Alam, and Kamal Alameh. "Design, Development, and Characterization of Low Distortion Advanced Semitransparent Photovoltaic Glass for Buildings Applications." Energies 14, no. 13 (June 30, 2021): 3929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133929.

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Aesthetic appearance of building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) products, such as semitransparent PV (STPV) glass, is crucial for their widespread adoption and contribution to the net-zero energy building (NZEB) goal. However, the visual distortion significantly limits the aesthetics of STPV glass. In this study, we investigate the distortion effect of transparent periodic-micropattern-based thin-film PV (PMPV) panels available in the market. To minimize the visual distortion of such PMPV glass panel types, we design and develop an aperiodic micropattern-based PV (APMP) glass that significantly reduces visual distortion. The developed APMP glass demonstrates a haze ratio of 3.7% compared to the 10.7% of PMPV glass. Furthermore, the developed AMPV glass shows an average visible transmittance (AVT) of 58.3% which is around 1.3 times higher than that of AMPV glass (43.8%). Finally, the measured CIELAB values (L* = 43.2, a* = −1.55, b* = −2.86.) indicate that our developed AMPV glass possesses excellent color neutrality, which makes them suitable for commercial applications. Based on the characterization results, this study will have a significant impact on the areas of smart window glasses that can play a vital role in developing a sustainable environment and enhancing the aesthetical appearance of net-zero energy buildings (NZEB).

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12

Bhadra, Sheel, Niloy Sen, Akshay K. K, Harmeet Singh, and Paul G. O’Brien. "Design and Evaluation of a Water-Based, Semitransparent Photovoltaic Thermal Trombe Wall." Energies 16, no. 4 (February 6, 2023): 1618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16041618.

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Trombe walls are a passive solar technology that can contribute to the reduction of building heating loads. However, during warmer weather conditions, Trombe walls may cause overheating. In this work, we investigate the feasibility of using Trombe walls to perform multiple functions during warm weather conditions including (1) heating and storing water for building applications, (2) providing occupants with visibility to the outdoors, and (3) generating electric power. Experiments are performed on a small-scale prototype comprising a clear water storage container with a transparent window and a tinted acrylic sheet that is immersed in the water. Photovoltaic cells are placed on the bottom half of the front face of the water storage container. Results show that water at the top of the clear container can be heated to temperatures as high as 45 °C when subjected to solar-simulated radiation for five hours. Numerical simulations predict that similar temperatures can be reached if the Trombe wall is scaled to full size. Furthermore, the cooler water at the bottom of the water storage container acts as a heatsink that reduces the extent to which the temperature of the PV cells is elevated. Results show the temperature and open circuit voltage of the PV cells are about 50 °C and 0.66 V, respectively, when water is present. However, when the water is absent from the container, the temperature of the PV cells increases up to 90 °C and their open circuit voltage drops to 0.60 V. The results show that water-based, semitransparent photovoltaic thermal Trombe walls have the potential to operate as multifunctional building envelopes that simultaneously provide for daylighting, heated water and electric power, and further research in this area is warranted.

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13

Heim, Dariusz, Dominika Knera, and Anna Machniewicz. "Modelling of Thermo-optical Properties of Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Semitransparent PV Layer." Energy Procedia 78 (November 2015): 430–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.688.

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14

Saifullah, Muhammad, SeJin Ahn, Jihye Gwak, Seungkyu Ahn, Kihwan Kim, Junsik Cho, Joo Hyung Park, et al. "Development of semitransparent CIGS thin-film solar cells modified with a sulfurized-AgGa layer for building applications." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 27 (2016): 10542–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta01909a.

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The insertion of sulfurized-AgGa layer at CIGS/ITO interface reduced the bulk and back surface recombination and thus ameliorated the PV performance without adversely affecting the cell’s visible transmittance.

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15

Mishra, R. K., Gagan Chaudhary, Rajesh Tripathi, and Rajendra Prasad. "Exergoeconomic and enviroeconomic analysis of semitransparent and opaque photovoltaic (PV) panels: a comparative study." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 748 (February 25, 2020): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/748/1/012009.

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16

Domjan, Suzana, Lenart Petek, Ciril Arkar, and Sašo Medved. "Experimental Study on Energy Efficiency of Multi-Functional BIPV Glazed Façade Structure during Heating Season." Energies 13, no. 11 (June 1, 2020): 2772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112772.

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Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) is technology that can significantly increase the share of renewable energy in final energy supply and are one of essential technologies for the nearly zero-energy buildings (nZEB), new build and refurbished. In the article (a) an experimental semitransparent BIPV glazed façade structure with 60% of PV cell coverage is shown; (b) energy efficiency indicators were developed based on identified impact parameters using experimental data; and (c) multi-parametric models of electricity generation, preheating of air for space ventilation, and dynamic thermal insulation features that enable prediction of solar energy utilization in different climate conditions are shown. The modeled efficiency of electricity production of BIPV was in the range between 8% and 9.5% at daily solar radiation above 1500 Wh/day, while low impact of outdoor air temperature and ventilation air flow rate on PV cell cooling was noticed. Between 35% and 75% of daily solar radiation can be utilized by preheating the air for space ventilation, and 4.5% to 7.5% of daily solar radiation can be utilized in the form of heat gains through opaque envelope walls.

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17

Aira, José-Ramón, Sara Gallardo-Saavedra, Marcia Eugenio-Gozalbo, Víctor Alonso-Gómez, Miguel-Ángel Muñoz-García, and Luis Hernández-Callejo. "Analysis of the Viability of a Photovoltaic Greenhouse with Semi-Transparent Amorphous Silicon (a-Si) Glass." Agronomy 11, no. 6 (May 28, 2021): 1097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061097.

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For decades, society has been changing towards an energy mix that enhances the use of renewable sources and a more distributed generation of energy. The agricultural sector is included in this trend, which is why several studies are currently being carried out focused on the use of solar energy in greenhouses. This article aims to demonstrate the viability of a greenhouse that integrates, as a novelty, semi-transparent amorphous silicon photovoltaic (PV) glass (a-Si), covering the entire roof surface and the main sides of the greenhouse. The designed prototype is formed by a simple rectangular structure 12 m long and 2.5 m wide, with a monopitch roof, oriented to the southwest, and with a 35° inclination. The greenhouse is divided into two contiguous equal sections, each with an area of 15 m2, and physically separated by an interior partition transparent wall. The surface enclosure of one of the sections is made of conventional glass, and the one of the other, of PV glass. How the presence of semitransparent PV glass influences the growth of horticultural crops has been studied, finding that it slightly reduces the production of vegetal mass and accelerates the apical growth mechanism of heliophilic plants. However, from a statistical point of view, this influence is negligible, so it is concluded that the studied technology is viable for horticultural production. The energy balance carried out indicates that the energy produced by the PV system is greater than the energy consumed by the greenhouse, which shows that the greenhouse is completely viable and self-sufficient for sites with the adequate solar resource.

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18

Sabry, Yasmeen Hussein, W. Z. W. Hasan, A. H. Sabry, Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir, M. A. M. Radzi, and S. Shafie. "Measurement-Based Modeling of a Semitransparent CdTe Thin-Film PV Module Based on a Custom Neural Network." IEEE Access 6 (2018): 34934–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2848903.

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19

Vasiliev, Mikhail, Victor Rosenberg, David Goodfield, Jamie Lyford, and Chengdao Li. "High-transparency clear window-based agrivoltaics." Sustainable Buildings 6 (2023): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/sbuild/2023006.

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A number of modern glass and window products based on novel glazing designs, low-emissivity thin-film coatings, and proprietary fluorescent interlayer types have been developed recently. Advanced windows of today can control properties such as thermal emissivity, heat gain, colour, and transparency. In novel glass products, solar energy harvesting through PV integration is also featured, enabled by either patterned-semiconductor thin-film energy conversion surfaces, or by using luminescent concentrator-type approaches to achieve higher transparency. Typically, semitransparent and also highly-transparent PV windows are purpose-designed, for applications in construction industry and agrivoltaics (greenhousing), to include special types of luminescent materials, diffractive microstructures, and customized glazing systems and electric circuitry. Recently, significant progress has been demonstrated in building integrated high-transparency solar windows (featuring visible light transmission of up to 70%, with electric power output Pmax ∼ 30−33 Wp/m2, e.g. ClearVue PV Solar Windows); these are expected to add momentum towards the development of smart cities and advanced agrivoltaics in greenhouse installations. At present (in 2023), these ClearVue window designs are the only type of visually-clear and deployment-ready construction materials capable of providing significant energy savings in buildings, simultaneously with a significant amount of renewable energy generation. The objective of this study is to place the recent industrialised development of ClearVue® PV window systems into a broader context of prior studies in the field of luminescent concentrators, as well as to provide some details on the measured performance characteristics of several ClearVue window design types deployed within the building envelope of a research greenhouse, and to elucidate the corresponding differences in their energy harvesting behaviour. An evaluation of the practical applications potential of these recently developed transparent agrivoltaic construction materials is provided, focussing on the measured renewable energy generation figures and the seasonal trends observed during a long-term study. This article reports on the measured performance characteristics of research greenhouse-based agrivoltaic installation constructed at Murdoch University (Perth, Australia) in early 2021.The solar greenhouse at Murdoch University has demonstrated great potential for commercial food production with significant energy savings due to on-site energy production from its building envelope.

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20

Wang, Yunfeng, Ming Li, Reda Hassanien Emam Hassanien, Xun Ma, and Guoliang Li. "Grid-Connected Semitransparent Building-Integrated Photovoltaic System: The Comprehensive Case Study of the 120 kWp Plant in Kunming, China." International Journal of Photoenergy 2018 (March 13, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6510487.

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A 120 kWp building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system was installed on the south facade of the Solar Energy Research Institute building in Yunnan Normal University. The area of the curtain wall was 1560 m2 (26 m × 60 m), which consisted of 720 semitransparent monocrystalline silicon double-glazing PV panels. This paper studied the yearly and monthly variations of power generation in terms of solar data and meteorological parameters. The total amount of power generation of the BIPV system measured from October 2014 to September 2015 was 64.607 MWh, and the simulation results with TRNSYS (Transient Systems Simulation Program) provided the 75.515 MWh predicted value of annual electricity production with the meteorological database of Meteonorm, while, based on the average value of the performance ratio (PR) of 60% and the life cycle assessment (LCA) of the system, the energy payback time (EPBT) of 9.38 years and the potential for pollutant emission reductions have been evaluated and the environmental cost is RMB ¥0.01053 per kWh. Finally, an economic analysis was carried out; the net present value (NPV) and the economic payback time of the BIPV system were estimated to be RMB ¥359,347 and 15 years, respectively.

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Friman-Peretz, Maayan, Shay Ozer, Asher Levi, Esther Magadley, Ibrahim Yehia, Farhad Geoola, Shelly Gantz, et al. "Energy partitioning and spatial variability of air temperature, VPD and radiation in a greenhouse tunnel shaded by semitransparent organic PV modules." Solar Energy 220 (May 2021): 578–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2021.03.050.

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22

Moraitis, Panagiotis, Gijs Leeuwen, and Wilfried Sark. "Visual Appearance of Nanocrystal-Based Luminescent Solar Concentrators." Materials 12, no. 6 (March 16, 2019): 885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12060885.

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The luminescent solar concentrator (LSC) is a promising concept for the integration of photovoltaic (PV) generators into the building envelope. Having the form of semitransparent plates, LSCs offer a high degree of flexibility and can be used as windows or facades, as part of the of building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) industry. Existing performance characterizations of LSC devices focus almost exclusively on electric power generation. However, when used as window components, the transmitted spectrum can alter the color, potentially affecting the visual comfort of the occupants by altering the properties of the sunlight. In this study, eight different state-of-the-art nanocrystals are evaluated as potential candidates for LSC window luminophores, using Monte Carlo simulations. The transparency of each LSC window varies between 90% and 50%, and the color-rendering properties are assessed with respect to the color rendering index (CRI) and the correlated color temperature (CCT). It is found that luminophores with a wide absorption bandwidth in the visible spectrum can maintain a high CRI value (above 85) and CCT values close to the Planckian locus, even for high luminophore concentrations. In contrast, luminophores that only absorb partly in the visible spectrum suffer from color distortion, a situation characterized by low CCT and CRI values, even at high transmittance.

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23

Bullock, John N., Clemens Bechinger, Yueqin Xu, David K. Benson, and Howard M. Branz. "Improved Monolithic Photovoltaic-Electrochromic Devices Incorporating an a-SiC:H Solar Cell." MRS Proceedings 420 (1996). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-420-183.

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AbstractIn the tandem photovoltaic-electrochromic (PV-EC) device, a wide-gap, semitransparent, amorphous silicon-carbon alloy (a-SiC:H) photovoltaic device and an electrochromic optical transmittance modulator (EC device) are deposited sequentially to form a monolithic device on a single substrate. This device can be used as a “smart” window for active control of daylighting and building cooling load without an external electrical connection.Last year we reported preliminary results on our development of a semi-transparent PV cell incorporating an a-SiC:H i-layer. Here we report our recent progress on the semitransparent PV component of a PV-EC device and development of a Li-based EC device that colors at voltages below 0.9 V. Finally, we discuss both recent progress and difficulties in integrating the two devices on one substrate.

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24

Kabongo, G. L., B. M. Mothudi, and M. S. Dhlamini. "Advanced Development of Sustainable PECVD Semitransparent Photovoltaics: A Review." Frontiers in Materials 8 (November 25, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2021.762030.

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Energy is the driving force behind the upcoming industrial revolution, characterized by connected devices and objects that will be perpetually supplied with energy. Moreover, the global massive energy consumption increase requires appropriate measures, such as the development of novel and improved renewable energy technologies for connecting remote areas to the grid. Considering the current prominent market share of unsustainable energy generation sources, inexhaustible and clean solar energy resources offer tremendous opportunities that, if optimally exploited, might considerably help to lessen the ever-growing pressure experienced on the grid nowadays. The R&D drive to develop and produce socio-economically viable solar cell technologies is currently realigning itself to manufacture advanced thin films deposition techniques for Photovoltaic solar cells. Typically, the quest for the wide space needed to deploy PV systems has driven scientists to design multifunctional nanostructured materials for semitransparent solar cells (STSCs) technologies that can fit in available household environmental and architectural spaces. Specifically, Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) technique demonstrated the ability to produce highly transparent coatings with the desired charge carrier mobility. The aim of the present article is to review the latest semi-transparent PV technologies that were impactful during the past decade with special emphasis on PECVD-related technologies. We finally draw some key recommendations for further technological improvements and sustainability.

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25

Gao, W., S. H. Lee, Y. Xu, S. Morrison, D. K. Benson, and H. M. Branz. "First Monolithic Tandem Photovoltaic-Powered Electrochromic Smart Window." MRS Proceedings 507 (1998). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-507-345.

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ABSTRACTWe report on the first monolithic, amorphous-silicon-based, photovoltaic-powered electrochromic window coating. The coating employs a wide bandgap a-Sil-xCx:H n-i-p photovoltaic (PV) cell as a semitransparent power supply, and a LiyWO3/LiAlF4/V205 electrochromic (EC) device as an optical-transmittance modulator. The EC device is deposited directly on top of a PV device that coats a glass substrate.The a-Sil-xCx:H PV cell has a Tauc gap of 2.2 eV and a transmittance of 60 to 80% over a large portion of the visible light spectrum. We reduced the thickness of the device to about 600 Å while maintaining a 1-sun open-circuit voltage of 0.9 V and short-circuit current of 2 mA/cm2.Our prototype 16 cm2 PV/EC device modulates the transmittance by more than 60% over a large portion of the visible spectrum. The coloring and bleaching times of the electrochromic device are approximately 1 minute under normal operating conditions (±1 volt).

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Li, Zhongrui, Viney Saini, Shawn Edward Bourdo, Liqiu Zheng, Enkeleda Dervishi, and Alexandru S. Biris. "Photovoltaic Devices Based on Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes." MRS Proceedings 1210 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-1210-q04-06.

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AbstractSingle-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are potentially an attractive material for PV applications due to their many unique structural and electrical properties. SWNTs can be directly configured as energy conversion materials to fabricate thin-film solar cells, with nanotubes serving as both photogeneration sites and charge carriers collecting/transport layers. SWNTs can be modified into either p-type conductor through chemical doping (like thionyl chloride, or just exposure to air) or n-type conductor through polymer (like polyethylene imine) functionalization. The solar cells consist of either a semitransparent thin film of p-type nanotubes deposited on an n-type silicon wafer or a semitransparent thin film of n-type SWNT on p-type substrate to create high-density p-n heterojunctions between nanotubes and silicon substrate to favor charge separation and extract electrons and holes. The high aspect ratios and large surface area of nanotubes can be beneficial to exciton dissociation and charge carrier transport thus improving the power conversion efficiency.

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Moor, Dieter, Victor Rosenberg, and Mikhail Vasiliev. "High-transparency Clear Glass Windows with Large PV Energy Outputs." Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings 8 (June 20, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.47982/cgc.8.404.

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Multiple modern glass and window products based on novel glazing designs, metal-dielectric coatings, and proprietary interlayer types have been developed recently. Advanced windows of today can control properties such as thermal emissivity, heat gain, colour, and transparency. In more recent and more novel glass products, solar energy harvesting through PV integration is also featured. Typically, semitransparent and also highly-transparent PV windows are purpose-designed, to include luminescent materials, special microstructures, and customized electric circuitry. Recently, significant progress has been demonstrated in building integrated highly-transparent solar windows (VLT up to 70%, with Pmax ~ 30-33 Wp/m2, eg Clearvue PV Solar Windows); these are expected to add momentum towards the development of smart cities. These Clearvue window systems are, at present in 2021, the only type of high-transparency and clear construction materials capable of providing significant energy savings in buildings, simultaneously with renewable energy generation. The technology has already been deployed and tested in both commercial property applications and in R&D greenhousing. Of special interest is the combination of properties provided by Clearvue solar window products, which includes significant power conversion efficiency (~3.3%), which is achieved in windows of colour rendering index of 99%, simultaneously featuring high PV Yield in multi-oriented building-integrated PV (BIPV) installations.

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Kurian, Jibi, and Lathi Karthi. "Building integrated photovoltaics- an overview." Sustainability, Agri, Food and Environmental Research 10, no. 1 (March 29, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.7770/safer-v10n1-art2495.

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From the older concept of photovoltaic installation, which includes the addition of solar panels to a building’s roof, the construction technology has merged with the photovoltaics technology. The result is Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV), in which integrating the architectural, structural and aesthetic component of photovoltaics into buildings. Building integration of photovoltaics (BIPVs) has been recognized worldwide as a pivotal technology enabling the exploitation of innovative renewable energy sources in buildings, acting as electric power generators within the new framework of smart cities. The standard semitransparent photovoltaic (PV) modules can largely replace architectural glass installed in the building envelopes such as roofs, skylights, and facade of a building. Their main features are power generation and transparency, as well as possessing a heat insulating effect. PV glass shows the same mechanical properties as a conventional, architectural glass used in construction. Additionally, it provides free and clean energy. Given these properties, PV Glass maximizes the performance of the building’s envelope. The cost of the PV system and its implementation is still significantly high in comparison to solar thermal systems. Keywords: Building Integrated Photovoltaics, renewable energy, power generation, heat insulating effect

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"Thermal Modeling of Opaque and Semi-Transparent Photovoltaic (PV) Module." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 8, no. 12 (October 10, 2019): 3271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.l3616.1081219.

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Photovoltaic (PV) module is one of the simplest technologies to convert the solar energy into the useful electrical energy. In the present paper, an attempt has been made to develop a simplified analytical expression for solar cell temperature and solar cell electrical efficiency of opaque and semi-transparent photovoltaic module in the terms of design and climatic parameters. Based on the energy balance of opaque and semi-transparent PV module, the performance parameters, namely, solar cell temperature, solar cell electrical efficiency, module efficiency and electrical power output have been evaluated for a typical clear day of May month of New Delhi climatic condition data taken from IMD (Indian Meteorological Department), Pune, India. The numerical simulations have been made on the MATLAB software. Based on the numerical computation, the effect of back cover opaque and semitransparent tedlar of module on the performance parameters has been investigated. From the results and discussion, it is found that the performance of photovoltaic module is very sensitive to the module temperature. Further, it is concluded that the semi-transparent photovoltaic module is more efficient than the opaque one. Thus, by the application of semi-transparent PV module in the design of stand-alone and rooftop PV system, the overall energy requirement and performance can be improved for same occupied area.

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Maraveas, Chrysanthos, Dimitrios Loukatos, Thomas Bartzanas, Konstantinos G. Arvanitis, and Johannes Franciscus (Arjan) Uijterwaal. "Smart and Solar Greenhouse Covers: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives." Frontiers in Energy Research 9 (November 17, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2021.783587.

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The examination of recent developments and future perspectives on smart and solar greenhouse covers is significant for commercial agriculture given that traditional greenhouse relied on external energy sources and fossil fuels to facilitate lighting, heating and forced cooling. The aim of this review article was to examine smart and solar materials covering greenhouse. However, the scope was limited to intelligent PhotoVoltaic (PV) systems, optimization of some material properties including smart covers, heat loading and the use of Internet of Things (IoT) to reduce the cost of operating greenhouse. As such, the following thematic areas were expounded in the research; intelligent PV systems, optimization of the Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE), Panel Generator Factor (PGF) and other material properties, heat loading future outlook and perspectives. The intelligent PV section focused on next-generation IoT and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) systems for greenhouse automation while the optimization of material parameters emphasized quantum dots, semi-transparent organic solar cells, Pb-based and Pb-based PVs and three dimensional (3D) printing. The evaluation translated to better understanding of the future outlook of the energy-independent greenhouse. Greenhouse fitted with transparent PV roofs are a sustainable alternative given that the energy generated was 100% renewable and economical. Conservative estimates further indicated that the replacement of conventional sources of energy with solar would translate to 40–60% energy cost savings. The economic savings were demonstrated by the Levelized cost of energy. A key constraint regarded the limited commercialization of emerging innovations, including transparent and semitransparent PV modules made of Pb-quantum dots, and amorphous tungsten oxide (WO3) films, with desirable electrochromic properties such as reversible color changes. In addition to intelligent energy harvesting, smart IoT-based materials embedded with thermal, humidity, and water sensors improved thermal regulation, frost mitigation and prevention, and the management of pests and disease. In turn, this translated to lower post-harvest losses and better yields and revenues.

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Güler, Ezgi Nur, Andreas Distler, Robin Basu, Christoph J. Brabec, and Hans-Joachim Egelhaaf. "Fully Solution-Processed, Light-Weight, and Ultraflexible Organic Solar Cells." Flexible and Printed Electronics, April 12, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-8585/ac66ae.

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Abstract Organic Photovoltaic (OPV) devices have the potential to be superior to other PV technologies for the use in applications that require very high flexibility or maximum specific power (power‑per‑weight ratio), such as textile integration, wearable electronics, or outer space applications. However, OPV devices also require encapsulation by barrier films to reduce the degradation driven by extrinsic factors, which in turn limits their flexibility and leads to lower specific power values. In this work, fully solution-processed (including both electrodes) semitransparent organic solar cells with performance comparable with conventional indium tin oxide-based devices are processed directly onto different barrier films of varying thicknesses. Direct cell fabrication onto barrier films leads to the elimination of the additional PET substrate and one of the two adhesive layers in the final stack of an encapsulated OPV device by replacing the industrial state-of-the-art sandwich encapsulation with a top-only encapsulation process, which yields significantly thinner and lighter “product-relevant” photovoltaic devices. In addition to the increase of the specific power to 0.38 W/g, which is more than four times higher than sandwich-encapsulated devices, these novel organic solar cells exhibit better flexibility and survive 5000 bending cycles with 4.5 mm bending radius. Moreover, the devices show comparable stability as conventionally encapsulated devices under constant illumination (1 sun) in ambient air for 1000 h. Finally, degradation under damp heat conditions (65 °C, 85% rh) was investigated and found to be determined by a combination of different factors, namely (UV) light soaking, intrinsic barrier properties, and potential damaging of the barriers during (laser) processing.

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