Дисертації з теми "Sémantique diachronique"
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Saikali-Sleiman, Dana. "L’absence d'article en français : étude diachronique et sémantique." Paris 10, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA100187.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis deals with two important issues concerning the absence of the article in French : diachronic and semantic approach. Our method consist to apply an empirical study on a corpus formed of three versions of a historical text called the Conquest of Constantinople: the original version written by Geoffroy Villehardouin in 13th century, the second translated by Blaise de Vigenère in 16th century and the third by Edmond Faral in the modern French. We have find that the nominal group without an article according to their syntactical functions (nominal group with preposition, subject, noun with verb, noun with adjective grand, attribute and apposition) in this three versions. At first, this method allows us to test the traditional assumption that there has been progressive extension of the use of the French article. However, the statistical analysis of our corpus showed that the evolution of the absence of the article does not follow a linear curve. The curve at prepositional nominal group and coordinate nominal group reveals that the sixteenth century was a period in which the absence of the article was quiet frequent, we propose to explain this result by a typological and sociolinguistic causes. Secondary, we ask ourselves about the semantic value of the absence of the article. We used the Guillaumien’s framework in which we confront “article zero” and absence of article. The statistical study showed that the frequency of the absence of the article is not correlated with the syntactical functions of nominal group and that in the three synchronies (AF, MF, and FM). The application of Guillaume’s studies on the corpus confirm the presence of an ‘article zero’ that has an absolute semantic value and that in the three different versions of our corpus
Englebert, Annick. "Analyse sémantique et fonctionnelle du "petit mot" DE: étude synchronique et diachronique." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213412.
Повний текст джерелаChateau, Smith Carmela Mary Bernadette. "Changements de paradigme et prosodie sémantique : étude d'un corpus diachronique d'anglais géologique." Lorient, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORIL282.
Повний текст джерелаWas the transition from a fixed Earth to continental drift and plate tectonics a paradigm shift? The history and philosophy of science in the mid-twentieth century suggests that it was. To examine this hypothesis further, a purpose-built diachronic corpus of geological English (WebsTerre) was compiled in order to investigate possible changes in language during a paradigm shift. The baseline is a sub-corpus of Lyell’s works, from 1830-1871, representative of the initial paradigm in geology. The second sub-corpus represents the Precursors to the paradigm shift, Taylor, Wegener and Du Toit. A micro-corpus of six core texts from the key period (1962-1966) and an outer core of texts (1948-1971) are contrasted with three sets of articles by Partisans and Opponents from 1962 to 1990. Several types of software are used to analyse the WebsTerre corpus, while reference corpora from 1961 and the early 1990s serve as markers to establish general language use for key terms before and after the paradigm shift. The semantic prosody for individual words as well as multi-word units is examined and evidence of prosody transfer from general to specialised usage is brought to light. Parallels are drawn between the history of Geology and that of Linguistics during the twentieth century. Earth Science and Corpus Linguistics, the new science of language, are both found to have experienced instrument-based (or technology-led) paradigm shifts in the second half of the twentieth century. The neutral semantic prosody of ‘plate tectonics’ seems easier to accept than the conflicting semantic prosodies of ‘continental’ and ‘drift’, separately and as a fixed expression, in British and American English
Baider, Fabienne. "Collocation, connotation, contamination, analyse sémantique et diachronique des collocations du type adjectif et femme/homme." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0018/NQ50032.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаOisel, Guillaume. "Morphosyntaxe et sémantique des auxiliaires et des connecteurs du tibétain littéraire : étude diachronique et synchronique." Phd thesis, Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle - Paris III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00914393.
Повний текст джерелаJendraschek, Gerd. "Les notions modales de possibilité et de capacité en basque : morphologie, syntaxe, sémantique, variations diachronique et sociolinguistique." Toulouse 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU20044.
Повний текст джерела'Possibility' can be defined as a functional domain corresponding to an array of structures that we have described for Basque. This description is based on several corpora of written Basque, representing mainly the standard(s), but also regional and classical varieties. These corpora, as well as informant work with several native speakers, have shown a great deal of variation, both synchronically and diachronically. One way of expressing possibility in Basque is by means of a special set of auxiliaries. These do not distinguish epistemic from non-epistemic possibility, but media language makes frequent use of specific markers. Only the most frequent of the auxiliary forms can resist to gradual obsolescence. This evolution must be seen in connection with the external history of Basque, which is caracterized by dialect levelling, attrition, and creolization
Tahar, Chloé. "La négation explétive : des impératifs aux connecteurs : approche diachronique et formelle." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPSLE001.
Повний текст джерелаExpletive negation is a non-canonical negation marker whose distribution is limited, across languages, to a certain set of predicates: apprehensive attitude verbs (‘fear’) exceptive (‘unless’) and prospective connectives (‘before’), comparative clauses (‘more/ less than’). In synchrony, it proves difficult to determine (i) which formal property the heterogeneous set of predicates in the scope of which expletive negation occurs have in common and (ii) which kind of syntactic and semantic dependency to the matrix clause predicate it is involved in. This dissertation investigates those questions from a comparative and diachronic perspective
Croy, Sandrine. "Analyse Synchronique et diachronique de l'item à choix libre "n'importe quel" : comparaison avec "tout"." Thesis, Nancy 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN21013/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of the present dissertation is to give a synchronic and diachronic analysis of the French determiners tout and n’importe quel. As for tout, we focus on its use as a free choice determiner. Whereas tout can have other interpretations, n'importe quel can be interpreted only as a free choice item. Free choice determiners allow a random selection of a referent from a set of possible individuals. The synchronic analysis of tout and n'importe quel starts by considering several analyses provided for the English determiner any. Then, we present the distribution of the two determiners in French. We analyze the role of context on their interpretation and determine their quantificational force. The differences between tout and n'importe quel are pointed out with respect to both their syntax and their semantics. As for the diachronic analysis, we start by pointing out two differences between the two determiners: their origin and the period of time when they entered the French lexicon. Because of these differences, our analysis of the diachrony of tout is carried out in a different way from the analysis of n’importe quel. In the case of n'importe quel, we describe the process which led to its formation which began with the entry of the verb importer in the French lexicon. We explain why the determiner n'importe quel appeared, despite the existence of other free choice items, such as un…quel qu'il soit which have an interpretation that is very close to that of n'importe quel. Our analysis of tout is based mainly on the evolution of its distribution and on the fact that this determiner is not necessarily a free choice item
Domont, Ludivine. "Minéral/minéralité : étude diachronique de la construction discursive d'un descripteur sensoriel dans les textes prescriptifs et descriptifs de la filière vitivinicole." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCH016.
Повний текст джерелаMineral/minerality: diachronic analysis of the discursive construction of a sensory descriptor in prescriptive and descriptive texts from the wine industryAbstract: This thesis aims to analyze the sensory descriptors mineral and minerality in discourse with an empirical bottom-up and hypotheticodeductive approach. The first part is dedicated to the constitution of the corpus of study MINERS in the theoretical framework of corpus-based Linguistics and on the basis of selection criteria defined for the design of a comparable specialized corpus. In a second part dedicated to empirical analysis, exploitation of the corpus is based on the methodological framework of a computational and situated discourse analysis in order to reconstruct emergence and diffusion of the use of mineral and minerality. In a short-term diachronic and comparative perspective (1981-2014) between prescriptive and descriptive discourses in French, the methodological framework of discursive and lexical semantics is applied in order to carry out a semantic mapping of retained sensory descriptors. The goal of these lexical, semantic, discursive, pragmatic and cognitive analyses is to establish an "identikit" definition based on the underlying processes of categorization and conceptualization of the lexemes in question. The circularity of these concepts is also observed via a synchronic perspective (2006-2014) in German and English lingua franca descriptive discourses in order to take into account the conditions of diffusion and the uses of competing forms.Key words: corpus linguistics, comparable corpora, specialized discourses, oenology, discursive semantic, lexicology, categorization
Tomara, Ourania. "Étude diachronique de traductions en grec moderne de deux textes du dix-huitième siècle français : les Lettres Persanes de Montesquieu et Zadig de Voltaire." Thesis, Paris 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA040099.
Повний текст джерелаThe thesis studies the translations into Modern Greek of two works of the French Enlightenment. It examines the ideological hallmarks of the Greek Enlightenment in light of the sociocultural reality of the Greek-speaking world, in order to elucidate the origins of the language controversy as well as the various forces shaping translations and language at that time. It also explores the ideological affinities between Montesquieu, Voltaire and the Greek Enlightenment, as well as the reception of the two writers in Greece. The art of translation is separately analyzed and discussed, as is language as key to a novel methodological approach towards translation in the Greek-speaking world of the 19th century. Throughout the thesis, linguistic matters are addressed against the backdrop of ideological developments. The approach to the individual works is intended to reveal the linguistic choices that were made, how these affected the lexicological development of the language, and the sociocultural context in which this occurred. The thesis concludes with an extensive lexicological analysis of terms found in the corpus, predicated on a comparison of the different translations of the two works in question, from the 19th century to the present. The semantic evolution of the terms studied is traced in detail, using a wide range of literary sources and dictionaries, going back to the 1700s. Based on this historical cultural and lexicological groundwork, a number of conclusions are drawn. In the end, this study of the language and vocabulary reveals certain tendencies and, more generally, sheds new light on the dynamics and advancement of the Modern Greek lexicon as a whole
Barbet, Cécile. "Sémantique et pragmatique des verbes modaux du français : Données synchroniques, diachroniques et expérimentales." Thesis, Littoral, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DUNK0513.
Повний текст джерелаDevoir and pouvoir, as modal verbs in other languages, have already been the subject of extensive literature. The fact that they can convey different meanings depending on the specific context in which they occur is of particular interest to semanticists andpragmaticians. This thesis focuses on the nature of the various interpretations of devoir and pouvoir and attempts to ascertain whether their meaning multiplicity is a result of their polysemy or of their underspecified semantics. The polysemy hypothesis, which is the prevalent view in the French literature, implies that at least both the root sense and the epistemic sense fully belong to the linguistic system and hence that both are represented in memory. On the contrary, according to the underspecification model, contextual enrichment of a unique underspecified meaning stored in the mental lexicon accounts for meaning multiplicity. The current state of research, the review of the several possible interpretations of devoir and pouvoir, the investigation of potential meaning underdetermination in context, as well as the study of their semantic evolution in diachrony, do not allow us to rule out any of the two hypotheses. Experimental methods, developed in psycholinguistics and in experimental pragmatics, are thus used. Notably, analysis of processing times in reading in an eye tracking experiment in which both meaning and context are manipulated favours a polysemic representation for devoir, but a monosemic and underspecified representation for pouvoir. The two modal verbs are traditionally examined together since it is assumed that one matches the other in its own modal domain. This thesis casts doubt on this assumption
Le, Tallec-Lloret Gabrielle. "Étude syntactico-sémantique de la particule espagnole ende : diachronie d'une disparition." Paris 4, 1999. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01846037.
Повний текст джерелаSheikh, Imran. "Exploitation du contexte sémantique pour améliorer la reconnaissance des noms propres dans les documents audio diachroniques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0260/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe diachronic nature of broadcast news causes frequent variations in the linguistic content and vocabulary, leading to the problem of Out-Of-Vocabulary (OOV) words in automatic speech recognition. Most of the OOV words are found to be proper names whereas proper names are important for automatic indexing of audio-video content as well as for obtaining reliable automatic transcriptions. The goal of this thesis is to model the semantic and topical context of new proper names in order to retrieve those which are relevant to the spoken content in the audio document. Training context models is a challenging problem in this task because several new names come with a low amount of data and the context model should be robust to errors in the automatic transcription. Probabilistic topic models and word embeddings from neural network models are explored for the task of retrieval of relevant proper names. A thorough evaluation of these contextual representations is performed. It is argued that these representations, which are learned in an unsupervised manner, are not the best for the given retrieval task. Neural network context models trained with an objective to maximise the retrieval performance are proposed. The proposed Neural Bag-of-Weighted-Words (NBOW2) model learns to assign a degree of importance to input words and has the ability to capture task specific key-words. Experiments on automatic speech recognition on French broadcast news videos demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed models. Evaluation of the NBOW2 model on standard text classification tasks shows that it learns interesting information and gives best classification accuracies among the BOW models
Lafond-Zine, Claire. "La négation simple et la négation composée en français préclassique." Thesis, Paris 4, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA040150/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe issue of simple and compound negation morphemes system in French language has always attracted a lot of interest. However, diachronic linguistics tackles this question in an uneven way according to different periods of French language’s history. Thus, although it is regularly mentioned, no detailed study about system of negation in pre-Classical French (1550-1630) exists so far.Therefore, this work has dual benefits for linguistics research: on the one hand it sheds a new light on the question of grammatical markers of negation in French; on the other hand it renews questions on the pre-Classical French language, which has been a topic of growing interest over the last two decades.The goal of this research is first to offer a detailed description of the organisation and operation of the system of simple and compound negation grammatical markers (non, ne, ne…pas, ne…point, ne…jamais, etc.) according to their different usages as they appear in a large text corpus of pre-Classical period (1550-1630). Their competition is also investigated. Morphosyntax and semantic methods turned out to be very efficient, as well as the theoretical framework of language psychomecanics whose postulates allow an in depth analysis of the issues and intricacies involved in this research
Lecolinet, Thierry. "Termes de la mythologie : évolution de sens et de forme en diachronie." Besançon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BESA1026.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis deals with the method of research for terms in the language. What can be done to look for terms other than through their written form ? Based on a corpus of terms taken from a mythological etymon, this study proposes to present a research system by criteria, as well as bringing those latter to light, terms in the language without going through their written form (the nature of theses terms, where they come from, how they are formed) of these latter as well as their meaning, the field of their usage etc… In order to illustrate this work, a model of a system of electronic research is proposed, this software works on the basis of criteria selected during the research
Fatello, Fabienne. "Les emplois de "quando" dans différents genres textuels du latin préclassique au latin postclassique." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAL002.
Повний текст джерелаThis corpus-based study analyses the use of quando (quandoque, quandoquidem, quandocumque) in different textual genres from Early to Postclassical Latin. From the Bibliotheca Teubneriana Latina CD-ROM (BTL-4) we have listed the instances of quando in Plaute’s Comedies, Cicero’s Discourses, Lucretius’ De rerum natura, Livy’s History of Rome and Seneca’s Moral Essays. Quando can be used as an interrogative, indefinite and relative adverb or as a temporal or causal conjunction. But the classification of these different uses is not possible without a macro-syntactic approach that combines morpho-syntactic, semantic and enunciative points of view. First, the study of this multifunctional term raises the question of its integration in the sentence structure. Thus the functional interference of its use as a relative adverb and as a temporal conjunction shows that the frontiers between syntactical functions are malleable. Furthermore, the semantic ambiguity invites us to extend the analyses to the contextual inferences to distinguish for instance its temporal and causal use. Moreover we cannot analyse the use of quando without considering its illocutionary force: for instance the questions introduced by quando perform a great variety of speech acts which reveal certain characteristics of the literary genre. Finally, the methods of Functional Grammar are necessary to study the level quando affects in the sentence structure, as the causal subordinate clause provides information on the interpersonal level and can be considered as a disjunct satellite. In the light of these considerations, it is evident that an eclectic approach is necessary to study the use of quando: only different linguistic approaches, combining the morpho-syntactic, semantic and enunciative point of view in an empirical description of its occurrences, can define the value of the different uses of quando. Thus the significance of this study resides in the multifunctionality of quando which allows us to consider a large variety of linguistic and extra-linguistic problems occurring not only at multiple levels of the sentence structure, but extended even to the larger context of the speech interaction and intimately linked to the authors writing techniques and the speakers discursive intentions
Lyonnet, Bernard. "Sens d'autrefois : pour une sémantique interprétative de l'archive celtique." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCC004/document.
Повний текст джерелаWithin the general framework of a semiotic of cultures, this research has used the epistemological and methodological propositions of the interpretative semantic to renew the analysis of the medieval Irish texts. The aim was to make a contribution to a general question concerning the language sciences but also the historical sciences : How to set up the scientific relevance of a text interpretation and ancient signs that belongs to a different culture ? With this mind, it has been decided to aim at semantic facts which intervene in the transfer process of meaning that the rhetoric tradition name comparison, metaphor or symbol. The methodological approach has required the edition of an interlinear corpus giving a direct access to the data of the Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language. The study of the lexis has compared the defining possibilities to the contextual afferences has been observed by a systematic survey of targeted isotopies.On the semantic level, the analysis of the differential processes that structures the semic molecules has enabled the possibility to observe the semes circulation that highlight the intentional analogies. On the diachronic approach, the description of the value system taken as a whole, set up the interpretation’s relevance because it’s integrating the social standards of the sign’s historical background. With regard to the Celtic studies, the analysis of correspondence between the fields of spatial orientation, the time cycle and the social functions gives a new access to the complexity of this culture’s system of thought. The described semantic patterns provide new models for comparisons. On this basis, the expressions of association tree-knowledge has been described to find a solution to etymological problems of the lexis druid- and suggest to go beyond the monographic lexical approaches by the intertextual approach
Boussidan, Armelle. "Dynamics of semantic change : Detecting, analyzing and modeling semantic change in corpus in short diachrony." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO20039/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis doctoral thesis aims at elucidating the mechanisms of semantic change in short diachrony (or micro-diachrony) in corpus. To understand, analyze and model the dynamics of these changes and lay the groundwork for dynamic language processing, the corpus is divided in a series of time periods of one month. This work uses H. Ji’s ACOM model, which is an extension of the Semantic Atlas, both of which are geometrical models of meaning representation based on correspondence factor analysis and the notion of cliques. Language and meaning statistical processing issues as well as modeling and representation issues are dealt with in conjunction with linguistic, psychological and sociological aspects from a holistic multidisciplinary perspective, as conceived by cognitive sciences. An approach of detection and analysis of semantic change is proposed along with case studies which deal both with large scale and precise detailed phenomena, therefore offering several levels of granularity. On the one hand, semantic change is dealt with as the deployment of polysemy in time, and on the other hand as a consequence of communication methods related to the media and the diffusion of such methods. Linguistics, sociology and information sciences all contribute to the study of the making of new meanings and new words. The analysis of the semantic networks of the studied items show the constant reorganization of meanings in time, and captures a few fundamental aspects of this process. The case studies focus primarily on the French term malbouffe (“junk food”), and on the semantic change of the element of composition bio-, as well as on the connotational drift of the French term mondialisation compared to its near-synonym globalisation (“globalization”). A prototype has been developed for these case studies as well as future studies
Andre, Dominique. "Étude sémantique du substantif pouvoir dans Les Rougon-Macquart de Zola." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO20046/document.
Повний текст джерелаPower is a key element in the work of Zola, who was the first author to make political power the subject of a novel in Son Excellence Eugène Rougon. This thesis will therefore study the noun pouvoir (power), an abstract word whose polysemy is extensive.The first part is a lexicological and lexicographic study of the noun pouvoir in French considered as a language system (langue). The lexicological study uses basic notions of lexical semantics to present the polysemy, synonyms, context and connotations of pouvoir. The lexicographic study offers a diachronic analysis of this verbal noun from its first attested use in 842, reviewing its different meanings in old, pre-classical, classical, modern and contemporary French.The second part goes on to study pouvoir in a discourse setting in Zola’s Rougon-Macquart cycle. Using a semasiological approach, the 139 occurrences of the word across the twenty novels are classified according to a dominant meaning. This makes it possible to show the range of meanings of the word based on an analysis of the precise contexts in which it is used. In context, it becomes apparent that it is sometimes difficult to define the word’s meaning precisely, since ambiguities or slippages are observed with respect to the meanings established in the study of the overall language system. This part of the thesis thus sheds a different light on the word, by situating its polysemy in a continuum of meanings.The third part uses an onomasiological approach, analysing the broader contexts of the use of the word to establish three semantic fields of pouvoir. Its generic field is composed of the synonyms autorité (authority), puissance (power, capacity), toute-puissance (omnipotence), ascendant (ascendancy, influence), domination (domination), empire (empire), force (force), trône (throne). Its associative field, analysed through the different meanings of the word, can be summarised in seven representative key words : régime politique (political regime), appétits (appetites), bande (gang), force (force), impuissance (powerlessness), chute (fall), and disgrâce (disgrace). Finally an analysis of the actantial field of the word reveals that members of the Rougon-Macquart family are over-represented compared to other characters in actant positions related to power.Adopting an approach which spans the divide between language as system (langue) and discourse, this study shows that the double semantic reach of pouvoir as ‘capability’ (capacité) and ‘authority’ (autorité) is not present in Zola. Zola chooses to give massive priority to meanings of pouvoir which relate to authority. This serves to reveal the author’s attitude towards his characters, who possess authority without necessarily having the corresponding capability
Nore, Françoise. "Morphologie dérivationnelle et diachronie : étude de deux recueils argotiques des XVIe et XVIIe siècles : application au lexique construit contemporain." Paris 10, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA100020.
Повний текст джерелаThe study examines first certain operators used in the creation of slang complex units but badly identified in their operation. One of the aims of this study is to establish a rigorous typology of these formants and to refine the knowledge already acquired in the delimitation of the lexical base and of the elements present in complex units. It is noticed however that the morphological and phonological rules cannot explain in synchrony the form of all complex slang items. It is thus proposed to articulate derivational morphology with diachrony and philology in order to examine the various formal and semantic states of the studied items. The corpus, made up of two slang works of the XVIth and the XVIIth centuries, allows to consider the extent of the lexical evolutions. The second objective consists in showing the need of a new approach which, linking the data resulting from philological and diachronic research and those obtained by derivational morphology, makes it possible to account for the quasi entirety of the built slang lexicon. This method proposes to examine slang items by grouping them in paradigmatic fields, sets of unities entering a common notional field and presenting morphological similarities. It is whereas noted that the quasi totality of this lexicon can be included in various networks of items having mutual influences in their semantisms, their phonologies and their morphologies. The knowledge of the old derivational diagrams and the interactions between items allows an enlightened comprehension of the contemporary modes of formation of slang lexemes
Dufeu, Pierre-Yves. "Le syntagme verbal isolé à l'impératif en français (XIIe-XVIIe siècle) - Etude morphologique, lexico-sémantique et syntaxique." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Sorbonne - Paris IV, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00949399.
Повний текст джерелаKessai, Fodil. "Élaboration d'un dictionnaire électronique de berbère avec annotations étymologiques." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCF029/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe Berber language is usually presented as a set of distinct dialects, with more or less hermetic boundaries, which are, most often, studied and taught in a cleaved or even exclusive way.This atomization and this differentiating practice obscure the structural unity (grammar and lexical bases) which founds that common language to which all these dialects refer and give only a fragmentary view of it. The field of lexicography does not depart from this usage. Each dictionary is devoted to a single dialect with a specific spelling, and it is in the lexicon in particular that Berber appears the most disparate.To go beyond particularism and grasp the language as a whole, we explore, through the lexical material, a panel of dialects (17) representing all of Berber diversity. We establish, by comparative approach, inter-dialectal bridges and then gather the common elements of the lexicon collected to date. We then note the phonetic, phonological, morphological and semantic changes observed in lexical units in order to better understand the evolution of the lexical system.To do this, we develop a bilingual E-dictionary (Berber <-> French) which allows - as a didactic tool - for the studying of the Berber language in its unity as well as in its dialectal diversity and - as a heuristic means of research and analysis - for etymology and linguistics facts in synchrony and diachrony.Finally, we introduce a statistical tool (the “homogeneity rate”) that measures the proximity between lexicons (or dialects)
Turki, Lamia. "Etude lexicologique du livre des animaux d'Al-Jahiz." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE2054.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis concerns a lexical study of the Book of animals Al-Gâhiz in a diachronic perspective to trace the evolution of the verbal lexicon of Arabic. We adopted for this study a comparative approach between two states of language, Arabic medieval represented by the book of the animals and the modern Arab represented by Arabic-corpus.We, as part of this thesis focused our study on the verbal lexemes, they are indeed eminently relational lexical units, we have demonstrated their variational behavior of multiple meanings, both in synchrony in diachrony. The semantics of verbs is determined by syntactic sémantico-factors, relational acquiring the differential value according to construction.We have adopted a varied but essentially theoretical framework based on the theory of tropes (metaphor, metonymy), as well as the diagram of arguments developed by (J. Dichy: 1999-2000). We studied the verbs in a minimal context that is the sentence; each building containing a verbal lexeme is analyzed in a pattern of arguments. This is to clarify the possible environments for each word, specifying the syntactic constructions and indicating the semantic environments through specifiers traits. In this perspective, the argument structure has proven to be as consistent as effective tool; the syntactic organization highlights how the verb, suggesting the roles of the various elements that revolve around it. Systematic developed according to what has been described allow us to model not only the relationship between verbal constructions coexisting in synchrony called by Heine (2002) "synchronic coexistence phase" but also diachronic creation of a building from a one that already existed.We illustrate the implications of such an approach based on the changes that have suffered diachronic studied verbs, the objective being to demonstrate how buildings interact changes a verb especially in the creation of meaning. And to highlight the regularities in the change of the Arab verbal lexicon. The study of lexical or morphosyntactic variations in the texts studied, allows us to appreciate the patterns that fall in own common language of medieval, modern language, and other patterns which fall on them of the individual. In a perspective for second, to identify some aspects of language al-Gâhiz and realize its creative dynamic
Courbon, Bruno. "Étude sémantique des mots "chance", "fortune", "hasard" et "risque" du XVIIIe au XXIe siècle : perspectives sur le lexique du français et ses usages." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO20041.
Повний текст джерелаThe present study deals with the way in which the lexical field regrouping the words “chance”, “fortune”, “hazard” and “risqué” has been structured in the French language from the eighteenth century till the present day. Revealing major changes in western societies during this period of time, the field, which corresponds to the linguistic representation of the notion of fortune / hasard, presents a certain coherence.We have examined these words and their derived forms through the display, regulation, and distribution of norms of use, not only in Hexagonal French, but also in Quebec French. Two types of corpora have been analysed. On the one hand, a corpus of articles from around 50 dictionaries has been used to emphasize the lexical and semantic productivity of the different units on a large historical scale. On the other hand, in revealing context types, a set of texts reflecting French language varieties has allowed for carrying out a diachronic analysis of lexical uses. The continuist approach to semantic differences rests upon a frequential representation of semantic changes.The thesis brings a significant contribution to the question of usage variations and semantic change, providing new perspectives. It first deals with theory and methodology of lexical description, considered through the analysis of the nature and the role of corpora. It then evidences the central role of syntagmatic structures in the setting of new semantic uses. The study has finally put into relation semantic changes with their historical background and the collective representations of the time
Montariol, Syrielle. "Models of diachronic semantic change using word embeddings." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASG006.
Повний текст джерелаIn this thesis, we study lexical semantic change: temporal variations in the use and meaning of words, also called extit{diachrony}. These changes are carried by the way people use words, and mirror the evolution of various aspects of society such as its technological and cultural environment.We explore, compare and evaluate methods to build time-varying embeddings from a corpus in order to analyse language evolution.We focus on contextualised word embeddings using pre-trained language models such as BERT. We propose several approaches to extract and aggregate the contextualised representations of words over time, and quantify their level of semantic change.In particular, we address the practical aspect of these systems: the scalability of our approaches, with a view to applying them to large corpora or large vocabularies; their interpretability, by disambiguating the different uses of a word over time; and their applicability to concrete issues, for documents related to COVID19We evaluate the efficiency of these methods quantitatively using several annotated corpora, and qualitatively by linking the detected semantic variations with real-life events and numerical data.Finally, we extend the task of semantic change detection beyond the temporal dimension. We adapt it to a bilingual setting, to study the joint evolution of a word and its translation in two corpora of different languages; and to a synchronic frame, to detect semantic variations across different sources or communities on top of the temporal variation
Hoelbeek, Thomas. "The spatial expressions containing French 'travers' and Italian 'traverso': a functional semantic description from diachronic perspective." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209319.
Повний текст джерелаThe period covered consists of four hundred years (from the 16th until the end of the 19th Century). The constructions under analysis conform to the pattern [PREP1 (+ article) + travers(o) (+ PREP2)], viz. the French expressions 'à travers (de)', 'au travers (de)', 'en travers (de)', 'de travers' and their Italian formal equivalents 'a traverso/at(t)raverso (a, di, per)', 'al traverso (di)', 'in traverso (di)' and 'di traverso (a)' ('traverso (a)', without PREP1, is included too). These expressions, and especially their prepositional uses, are assumed to be intrinsically dynamic. However, they are no pure prepositions, in that all of them can be used in at least two different syntactic roles. More specifically, some are principally found as a preposition, and secondarily as an adverb; others behave mostly as an adverb, but also as an adjective; finally, certain expressions exhibit all three types of uses.
The results can be structured around four axes. Firstly, a complete diachronic-semantic description of all uses is given of this set of hardly explored expressions, in order to contribute to a better comprehension of their semantic structure. The study bears on morphological, syntactic, but most of all semantic aspects of the evolutions observed. Secondly, functional concepts such as Guidance, proposed in synchronic research (in particular by Stosic (2002b; 2007; 2009)), and notions we elaborate on the basis of research on Modern French (cf. Somers 1988; and Plungian 2002), in particular Contrast and Deviation, are put to the test. By adopting a diachronic perspective, we assess to what extent these notions are able to describe the semantics conveyed in the past by the expressions under study. Thirdly, this thesis determines in what measure the expressions analysed were subjected to a grammaticalisation process, and why some of them (in particular 'à travers', and, to a lesser extent, 'a traverso/at(t)raverso (a, di, per)') became significantly more frequent from the 18th Century onwards. We provide elements that point to a more advanced grammaticalisation for certain expressions. Moreover, we determine to what extent the evolutionary trends observed corroborate or, on the contrary, disconfirm various mechanisms considered to be part of the process of grammaticalisation. Finally, a comparison between the evolutions in the two languages under study helps to distinguish between more general and language-specific mechanisms of semantic and grammatical evolution, given that every natural language has a specific way of organising its own modelling of space.
The results of this study enrich our knowledge of the phrases studied and their functioning in the past, but also in present-day French and Italian, providing diachronic observations regarding the functional notions put to the test. Further, it contributes to a better understanding of the grammaticalisation mechanisms of complex constructions. Finally, it shows that typologically related languages may evolve differently in their ways of representing space, and in particular in their semantic distribution of various functional concepts within a group of close constructions./Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le domaine de la sémantique historique romane, et combine des méthodes diachroniques avec des hypothèses cognitives. En analysant des adpositions complexes en français et en italien, son originalité réside dans le fait que, à la fois pour des usages littéraux et métaphoriques, elle applique une approche fonctionnelle à une problématique diachronique, en réalisant une analyse de corpus.
La période traitée est constituée de quatre cents ans (à partir du XVIe jusqu’à la fin du XIXe siècle). Les constructions analysées sont conformes au modèle [PREP1 (+ article) + travers(o) (+ PREP2)], à savoir les expressions françaises 'à travers (de)', 'au travers (de)', 'en travers (de)', 'de travers' et leurs équivalentes formelles italiennes 'a traverso/at(t)raverso (a, di, per)', 'al traverso (di)', 'in traverso (di)' et 'di traverso (a)' ('traverso (a)', sans PREP1, est aussi incluse). Ces expressions, et surtout leurs usages prépositionnels, sont supposées être intrinsèquement dynamiques. Cependant, elles ne sont pas de pures prépositions, en ce que chacune d’elles peut être utilisée dans au moins deux rôles syntaxiques différentes. Plus précisément, certaines se rencontrent principalement comme préposition, et accessoirement comme adverbe ;d’autres se comportent la plupart du temps comme adverbe, mais aussi comme adjectif ;enfin, certaines expressions présentent les trois types d’usages.
Les résultats s’articulent autour de quatre axes. Tout d’abord, une description diachronique et sémantique complète est donnée de tous les usages de l’ensemble de ces expressions qui sont à peine explorées, afin de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension de leur structure sémantique. L’étude porte sur des aspects morphologiques, syntaxiques, mais surtout sémantiques des évolutions observées. Deuxièmement, des concepts fonctionnels tels que celui de Guidage, proposé dans des travaux en synchronie (en particulier par Stosic (2002b; 2007; 2009)), et des notions que nous élaborons sur la base d’analyses du français moderne (cf. Somers 1988; et Plungian 2002), en particulier celles de Contraste et Déviation, sont mises à l’épreuve. En adoptant une perspective diachronique, nous évaluons dans quelle mesure ces notions sont en mesure de décrire la sémantique véhiculée dans le passé par les expressions étudiées. Troisièmement, cette thèse détermine dans quelle mesure les expressions analysées ont été soumises à un processus de grammaticalisation, et pourquoi certaines d’entre elles (en particulier 'à travers' et, dans une moindre mesure, 'a traverso/at(t)raverso (a, di, per)') sont devenues beaucoup plus fréquentes à partir du XVIIIe siècle. Nous fournissons des éléments qui indiquent une grammaticalisation plus avancée de certaines expressions. De plus, nous déterminons dans quelle mesure les tendances évolutives observées corroborent ou, au contraire, infirment différents mécanismes considérés comme faisant partie du processus de grammaticalisation. Enfin, une comparaison entre les évolutions dans les deux langues étudiées permet de distinguer des tendances sémantiques et grammaticales plus générales de ceux qui sont plus spécifiques à une langue, étant donné que chaque langue naturelle a une façon spécifique d’organiser sa représentation de l’espace.
En fournissant des observations diachroniques sur les notions fonctionnelles mises à l’épreuve, cette thèse enrichit notre connaissance des constructions étudiées et leur fonctionnement dans le passé, ce qui aide aussi à mieux comprendre leur usage contemporain. De plus, elle contribue à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de grammaticalisation des constructions complexes. Enfin, elle montre que des langues typologiquement proches peuvent évoluer différemment dans leurs modes de représentation de l’espace, et en particulier dans la distribution sémantique de différents concepts fonctionnels dans un groupe de constructions proches.
Doctorat en Langues et lettres
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Gatelais, Sylvain. ""La couleur" des prépositions en anglais : l'exemple de with (sémantaxe, représentation et référence)." Paris 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA030088.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis develops an analysis of the English preposition with. It is also a description of most of its semantic values. It lays its foundations on the concept of “color”, which has been widely developed by French linguists for two decades or so. This notion puts the emphasis on several fields of investigation such as reference, representation or semantax. The first part of the dissertation is an epistemological study of this concept since the Antiquity, and raises the question of whether a category designed to describe French can be applied to English prepositions. The second part focuses on the semantic system of with in Old and Modern English and makes an attempt at classifying its meanings according to various criteria (historical, syntactic, cognitive, and semantic). The third and last section aims at describing four semantic values: comitative, instrumental, manner/cause and interpropositionnal uses. It endeavors to bring out contact points among them through various semantic, cognitive and syntactic constraints
Ciry, Guillaume. "Analyse multidimensionnelle des marqueurs discursifs commençant par "si"." Thesis, Valenciennes, Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPHF0028.
Повний текст джерелаFrom a resolutely classificatory perspective, this thesis proposes a multidimensional analysis of the subclass of French discourse markers which have the particularity of starting with “si” : si je veux, si tu veux / si vous voulez, si on veut, si tu permets, si tu me permets, si vous permettez, si vous me permettez, si je puis / peux dire, si on peut dire, si j’ose dire and si on ose dire. The multidimensional aspect of the study is due to the fact that these markers are polyfunctional: the same unit, in fact, can, for example, sometimes fulfill the function of softener, sometimes that of hardener. The study we propose is structurally multidimensional in that it articulates an approach that is both diachronic and synchronic. In diachrony, we first show the periods in which the markers appeared and then propose a detailed positional and combinatorial analysis. In this same diachronic perspective, we also deal with the question of the selection of the French verb dire for the markers being formed with this archiverb, the syntactic pattern at the origin of the studied units effectively evolving from the Si + Person + Verb scheme to the Si + Person + Verb + (Dire) scheme. To do this, we used the new functionalities of the Frantext 2 database and, within the framework of this exploitation, we set up a methodology that we describe and whose results we present. In synchrony, and on the basis of the exploration of several oral corpora, we offer a focus on two frequent, noticed and remarkable markers in modern and contemporary French, namely si tu veux / si vous voulez and si je puis dire. This approach ultimately allows us to highlight the existence of the French pragmatic-modal couple of vouloir/ pouvoir
Durand, Tom. "L'intransitivité scindée dans les langues arawak." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016INAL0012/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn this thesis I study in depth the split intransitivity in the Arawak family of languages of South America. The grammatical analysis of the split intransitivity phenomenon is based on both their semantico-pragmatical motivations and their morphosyntactical realizations according to grammatical categories, valence changes and TAM. Besides, I also take into account constructions involving other types such as nominalized verbs and differential marking.This study not only reveals the existence of a rich diversity of split intransitivity patterns within this family, but it also proposes paths to understand the diachrony of such patterns, involving shifts from ergative alignment to accusative alignment, for which the effects of language contact may have played an important role. In this connection, the study sheds light onto the ways split intransitivity has implication for alignment-type and it is thus of interest for language typology