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1
Zalavina, Tatyana Yu, Ludmila I. Antropova, Liliya S. Polyakova, and Yulia V. Yuzhakova. "SOMATIC PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH A COMMON NEGATIVE CONNOTATION IN NATIONAL LANGUAGES (BASED ON FRENCH)." Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, no. 2 (2019): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/24107190_2019_5_2_18_27.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This work reports the results of the study of the meaning of somatic phraseological units with negative connotations in the French language within the anthropocentric paradigm. We emphasize active character of forming somatic phraseological units characterized by the two-dimensional semantic structure. To compare the semantics of variable word combinations and the corresponding phraseological units the analysis of primary transposition results was used to map the semantics of variable word combinations and phraseological units - a method typically applied for such a purpose; another method used was the application of an idiom onto the corresponding variable word combination to determine the degree of the components semantic merging to create coherent meaning of the studied idioms. As a result of the analysis of French somatic phraseological units, we singled out a set of words belonging to the semantic field of negative meanings that express various feelings and are used to characterize actions or people.
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Danilina, Natalia I. "COGNITIVE POTENTIAL OF VERBS OF SPEECH (on the Material of the Latin Language)." Вестник Пермского университета. Российская и зарубежная филология 12, no. 3 (2020): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2073-6681-2020-3-15-23.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Тhe article aims to identify and compare the specific cognitive potential of prototypical verbs dicere, loqui, fari in the Latin language of the classical period, to determine its origins. Objects of analysis are semantic variants of the verbs and their derivatives. The research methods include semantic, cognitive, etymological analysis. The cognitive potential of a word family is determined by the etymological semantics of the base word. In the dicere word family, the semantics of speaking is secondary and develops in interaction with the etymological meaning ‘to show’. In some of the subfamilies, this meaning is implemented exclusively; members of these subfamilies represent social realities of the legal sphere. In the word family, there are many derivatives with mental or voluntary components of semantics dominating. The loqui word family stems from the base with the meaning ‘to make a sound’. It is dominated by derivatives with the meaning of speaking, speech is primarily revealed as a means of interpersonal contact. The etymological semantics of the verb fari combines the semantics of speaking with the idea of transpersonal nature of speech. As a result, some derivatives characterize speech as a process, others are concentrated in the cognitive sphere of the cult. The former direction is supported by secondary cognitive spheres associated with the unofficial use of speech (‘Rumor’, ‘Folklore’), the latter direction generates secondary cognitive spheres in which speech is interpreted as a means of communication between a person and higher powers (‘Fate’) or the state (‘Law’). The word families in question have areas of cognitive intersection: ‘Eloquence’ in loqui and fari (actualization of the semantics of speaking), ‘Speech as a means of regulating social relations’ in dicere and fari (actualization of voluntary components of semantics and the idea of transpersonal nature of speech).
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Charitonidis, Chariton. "Colour verbs in Modern Greek: A cognitive approach." Word Structure 7, no. 2 (October 2014): 125–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2014.0063.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper gives an outlook on how the coordination between phonology and semantics in verb derivation may look, and which constraints the distinction between possible/established, possible/novel, and not possible/forced verbs can be mapped onto. The object of investigation are the colour -ízo verbs in Modern Greek. The analysis is mainly based on the studies by Berlin & Kay (1969) , Kay & McDaniel (1978) , and Kay & Maffi (1999) on basic colour terms. The colour verbs in Modern Greek are compared with the English colour verbs. It is shown that systematic gaps linked to the causative/inchoative paradigm of -ízo verbs are due to the semantics of the base rather than deficiencies in the base's morphophonological character. The lower the evolutional stage that a base can be fitted to, the more likely an -ízo derivative will be produced.
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Prokopуeva, Aleksandra Egorovna. "The formation of intransitive verbs from the base of quality processes in Kolyma dialect of the Yukaghir language." Филология: научные исследования, no. 11 (November 2020): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2020.11.34201.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The subject of this article is the intransitive verbs in Kolyma dialect of the Yukaghir language. In Yukaghir linguistics does not feature special research on the verb word formation of this dialect, which defines the relevance of this work. The object of this article is the affixes used for the formation of intransitive verbs from the base of quality processes (qualitives). The goal of this article is to describe the formation of intransitive verbs from the base of quality processes of Kolyma dialect of the Yukaghir language, as well as to clarify the meanings of word-forming affixes. The scientific novelty consists in the analysis and description of the formation of intransitive verbs from the base of quality verbs of the language of wood Yukaghir folk. The results lies in determination and specification of the semantics of word-forming affixes of intransitive verbs, formed from the base of qualitaty processes, such as -mu (reducing to various changes), -kie (acquisition of a certain quality or transition from one state to another), -ba ~ - ge, - lye, - d (completed action or process), - buo (semi imposition of a quality), - de and the suffix of one-time action – s’ - (completed action or process).
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Greshchuk, Vasyl’. "Slovotvirne hnizdo z vershynoyu Khrystos u movniy kartyni svitu ukrayintsiv." Studia Ucrainica Varsoviensia, no. 8 (August 31, 2020): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2299-7237suv.8.6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article discusses the example of a word-formative nest with the apex of Christ. It analyses the role of word-formation in the formation of the language picture of the world of Ukrainians. The word-formative nest fi xes the word-forming segment of the semantic space of the Christ concept of the sacred conceptual sphere. Despite the fact that the anthroponomies as vertices of word-formation nests do not exhibit derivational productivity in the Ukrainian language, the word-formation nest with the apex of Christ has a branched structure: in the three stages of derivation, 25 derivatives of diff erent parts of the language, created in diff erent ways, have been certifi ed. This is due to the semantics of the vertex word of the nest, the importance of the concept named by it, in the perception of Ukrainians, in their culture of belief. In the linguistic consciousness of Ukrainians, Christ – Jesus Christ, the Son of God, the God-man, the incarnate God, the Savior, the Teacher, the Creator of the new religion. Such a broad semantic spectrum determines the activation of the derivation possibilities of the base word and the verbalization of word-formative means by a number of conceptual components. An analysis of the word-formative nest with the apex of Christ has shown that the word-formative dimension in the language picture of the world of Ukrainians, along with the universal conceptual components inherent in many diverse Christians, also has a number of individual-language derivational means of categorizing the world.
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Koriakowcewa, Elena, Larisa Ratsiburskaya, and Marina Sandakova. "Intensifiers in the Language of the 21st Century: Word-Building, Semantics, Syntagmatics and Dynamics of Evalution." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 5 (January 2022): 6–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2021.5.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article considers the categories of evaluation and intensity in cognitive and pragmatic aspects. The purpose of the research is to establish the relationship between the categories of evaluation and intensity based on the material of word-building and lexical-semantic units from lexicographic sources and media and fiction texts. As a result of the research, word-building and lexical-semantic intensifiers are characterized by the use of word-building, semantic and contextual methods. The article shows such kinds of intensifiers as affixes and affixoides in neoderivatives, neoderivatives created on the base of reduplication. The article shows the estimated ambivalence of dimensional-evaluative affixes, in connection with pragmatic conditions, context and semantics of productive base. The article describes such an extension of the functional range of intensifiers as oxymoron quality and ambivalence of lexical intensifiers. The functions of the intensifiers (pragmatic and stylistic) are defined. The repeatability of syntagmatic bias models indicates the dynamics of evaluation in the class of lexical intensifiers in the Russian language of the modern period. The phenomena described in the article generally show the development of the semantic category of intensity in the Russian language of the 21 st century, which is expressed in the dynamics of its components, such as word-building means, word-building units, lexical units.
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KOLESOVA, IRINA E. "FORMING WORD CLUSTERS BASED ON VERBS WITH THE SEMANTICS ‘SOUNDING’ IN THE DIALECT OF BORBUSHINO VILLAGE." Cherepovets State University Bulletin 1, no. 106 (2022): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.23859/1994-0637-2022-1-106-10.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article examines the peculiarities of verbal word-forming clusters, which are included in the lexico-semantic field ‘sounding’ in the dialect of Borbushino village, Kirillovsky district of Vologda region. The author considers their components and structure, gives examples of word-formation models characteristic of this lexico-semantic field. The features of the verbal word formation in the Borbushin dialect are described within the general context of the speech culture of historical Belozerye and the system of Vologda dialects as a whole.
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Liu, Ling, and Sang-Bing Tsai. "Intelligent Recognition and Teaching of English Fuzzy Texts Based on Fuzzy Computing and Big Data." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (July 10, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1170622.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper, we conduct in-depth research and analysis on the intelligent recognition and teaching of English fuzzy text through parallel projection and region expansion. Multisense Soft Cluster Vector (MSCVec), a multisense word vector model based on nonnegative matrix decomposition and sparse soft clustering, is constructed. The MSCVec model is a monolingual word vector model, which uses nonnegative matrix decomposition of positive point mutual information between words and contexts to extract low-rank expressions of mixed semantics of multisense words and then uses sparse. It uses the nonnegative matrix decomposition of the positive pointwise mutual information between words and contexts to extract the low-rank expressions of the mixed semantics of the polysemous words and then uses the sparse soft clustering algorithm to partition the multiple word senses of the polysemous words and also obtains the global sense of the polysemous word affiliation distribution; the specific polysemous word cluster classes are determined based on the negative mean log-likelihood of the global affiliation between the contextual semantics and the polysemous words, and finally, the polysemous word vectors are learned using the Fast text model under the extended dictionary word set. The advantage of the MSCVec model is that it is an unsupervised learning process without any knowledge base, and the substring representation in the model ensures the generation of unregistered word vectors; in addition, the global affiliation of the MSCVec model can also expect polysemantic word vectors to single word vectors. Compared with the traditional static word vectors, MSCVec shows excellent results in both word similarity and downstream text classification task experiments. The two sets of features are then fused and extended into new semantic features, and similarity classification experiments and stack generalization experiments are designed for comparison. In the cross-lingual sentence-level similarity detection task, SCLVec cross-lingual word vector lexical-level features outperform MSCVec multisense word vector features as the input embedding layer; deep semantic sentence-level features trained by twin recurrent neural networks outperform the semantic features of twin convolutional neural networks; extensions of traditional statistical features can effectively improve cross-lingual similarity detection performance, especially cross-lingual topic model (BL-LDA); the stack generalization integration approach maximizes the error rate of the underlying classifier and improves the detection accuracy.
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Bilousova, Viktoria V., and Raisa V. Kelembet. "COMPOSITIONAL SEMANTICS OF THE COMPLEX LANGUAGE FACTS WITH THE ENGLISH -ING FORMANT (on the material of Ukrainian)." Alfred Nobel University Journal of Philology 2, no. 22 (2021): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32342/2523-4463-2021-2-22-10.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article focuses on the problems of formal and semantically complex English borrowings analyzed through the prism of cognitive linguistics and with applying its methodological set of approaches. The authors aimed at making an attempt of systematizing the compositional semantics of the complex language facts and determining their derivative character. This intention is realized through the task to identify the mechanism of transferring the word-building meanings to the recipient language where they gain their new meaning and motivation. It is a general fact that compositional semantics of the derivative word in the donor language is built on the evident language facts (base + formant), they possess their own peculiarities of formal and semantic complex and their own motivated character. They determined the choice of the research methods such as comparative, structural, descriptive and typological approaches applying in our work. In this study we try to determine the import of every borrowed word component into its resulted integrative meaning. Cognitive linguistics is directly related with the process of language processing inside our mind and describes the mechanism of its reflecting and producing into the human speech. This is the reason to apply its tools and develop them in aspect of compositional semantics especially in terms of word formation that we use for proving the facts of transporting the word-building meaning that is contained in a formal and semantic borrowed word complex. Inside the recipient language such a complex opens its word-building abilities including their categories in system of words. The borrowed formal and semantic word complex has to be considered from the different sides and not only on the lexical and thematic level or morphemic and grammatical level but also on the word-building one. The borrowed words of this type should be analyzed on the derivative level too, because it is a derivative complex accepted as a part of speech and formant -ing on some stages of assimilation are considered as word-building element. According to the results of research we proved that any language fact is activated in a process of realization its communicative task and then it uses its formal, semantic and creative tools for expressing “new meaning”. The authors’ idea is that the meaning of derivative words (including borrowed words) is derived in a motivated way from the meanings of their components as well as their form and their semantics. It is resulted by the number of formal and semantic similar borrowings that belong to one word-building range. It is motivated by their word components. The speaker understands this type of word because of its special meaning and pronunciation and reflects it in one’s subjective creative language world. This approach for analysis of borrowed language facts let us formulate the following conclusion: creative reflection of the formal and semantic complex of the borrowed words presented as a complex, not a simplex in a speaker’s mind. This complex contains a formant with determined word-building meaning, in our work it is the transliterated English borrowing with -ing formant into Ukrainian.
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Janz, Arkadiusz, and Maciej Piasecki. "A Weakly supervised word sense disambiguation for Polish using rich lexical resources." Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 55, no. 2 (June 26, 2019): 339–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psicl-2019-0013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Automatic word sense disambiguation (WSD) has proven to be an important technique in many natural language processing tasks. For many years the problem of sense disambiguation has been approached with a wide range of methods, however, it is still a challenging problem, especially in the unsupervised setting. One of the well-known and successful approaches to WSD are knowledge-based methods leveraging lexical knowledge resources such as wordnets. As the knowledge-based approaches mostly do not use any labelled training data their performance strongly relies on the structure and the quality of used knowledge sources. However, a pure knowledge-base such as a wordnet cannot reflect all the semantic knowledge necessary to correctly disambiguate word senses in text. In this paper we explore various expansions to plWordNet as knowledge-bases for WSD. Semantic links extracted from a large valency lexicon (Walenty), glosses and usage examples, Wikipedia articles and SUMO ontology are combined with plWordNet and tested in a PageRank-based WSD algorithm. In addition, we analyse also the influence of lexical semantics vector models extracted with the help of the distributional semantics methods. Several new Polish test data sets for WSD are also introduced. All the resources, methods and tools are available on open licences.
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Sun, Yawei, Lingling Zhang, Gong Cheng, and Yuzhong Qu. "SPARQA: Skeleton-Based Semantic Parsing for Complex Questions over Knowledge Bases." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 05 (April 3, 2020): 8952–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i05.6426.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Semantic parsing transforms a natural language question into a formal query over a knowledge base. Many existing methods rely on syntactic parsing like dependencies. However, the accuracy of producing such expressive formalisms is not satisfying on long complex questions. In this paper, we propose a novel skeleton grammar to represent the high-level structure of a complex question. This dedicated coarse-grained formalism with a BERT-based parsing algorithm helps to improve the accuracy of the downstream fine-grained semantic parsing. Besides, to align the structure of a question with the structure of a knowledge base, our multi-strategy method combines sentence-level and word-level semantics. Our approach shows promising performance on several datasets.
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Pálosi, Ildikó. "On the Basic Problems of the Category of Aktionsart in the Russian Language." Slovene 3, no. 2 (2014): 194–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2014.3.2.5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article summarizes the basic questions of aktionsart (the status, content, and borders of the category) in the Russian language and describes the most relevant views on the problem. In the author’s opinion, the category of aktionsart is a semantic-word formation category, one that includes motivated verbs with formal markers of semantic change of the base verb, except for verbs of motion. Taking into consideration that word formation models are polysemic, the verb classes of aktionsart can be specified not by formal factors but by semantic ones. Consequently, the content of the category of aktionsart is determined by word formation and semantics together. Another key problem is the connection between the category of aktionsart and category of grammatical aspect and the sphere of word formation. The author joins the opinion of those linguists who consider aktionsart to be the lexical level of the macrocategory of aspect. The category of aktionsart is separated from the sphere of word formation by the regularity of verb formation. Regarding this criteria, as the author suggests, some verb formation models of low regularity should not be acknowledged as verb classes of aktionsart.
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Sefton, Peter, Ian Barnes, Ron Ward, and Jim Downing. "Embedding Metadata and Other Semantics in Word Processing Documents." International Journal of Digital Curation 4, no. 2 (October 15, 2009): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/ijdc.v4i2.96.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper describes a technique for embedding document metadata, and potentially other semantic references inline in word processing documents, which the authors have implemented with the help of a software development team. Several assumptions underly the approach; It must be available across computing platforms and work with both Microsoft Word (because of its user base) and OpenOffice.org (because of its free availability). Further the application needs to be acceptable to and usable by users, so the initial implementation covers only small number of features, which will only be extended after user-testing. Within these constraints the system provides a mechanism for encoding not only simple metadata, but for inferring hierarchical relationships between metadata elements from a ‘flat’ word processing file.The paper includes links to open source code implementing the techniques as part of a broader suite of tools for academic writing. This addresses tools and software, semantic web and data curation, integrating curation into research workflows and will provide a platform for integrating work on ontologies, vocabularies and folksonomies into word processing tools.
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Thanh, Van The, Do Quang Khoi, Le Huu Ha, and Le Manh Thanh. "SIR-DL: AN ARCHITECTURE OF SEMANTIC-BASED IMAGE RETRIEVAL USING DEEP LEARNING TECHNIQUE AND RDF TRIPLE LANGUAGE." Journal of Computer Science and Cybernetics 35, no. 1 (March 18, 2019): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1813-9663/35/1/13097.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The problem of finding and identifying semantics of images is applied in multimedia applications of many different fields such as Hospital Information System, Geographic Information System, Digital Library System, etc. In this paper, we propose the semantic-based image retrieval (SBIR) system based on the deep learning technique; this system is called as SIR-DL that generates visual semantics based on classifying image contents. At the same time we identify the semantics of similar images on Ontology, which describes semantics of visual features of images. Firstly, the color and spatial features of segmented images are we extracted and these visual feature vectors are trained on the deep neural network to obtain visual words vectors. The process of image retrieval is executed rely on semantic classification of SIR-DL according to the visual feature vector of the query image from which it produces a visual word vector. Then, we retrieve it on Ontology to provide the identities and the semantics of similar images corresponds to a similarity measure. In order to carry out SIR-DL, the algorithms and diagram of this image retrieval system are proposed after that we implement them on ImageCLEF@IAPR, which has 20,000 images. On the base of the experimental results, the effectiveness of our method is evaluated by the accuracy, precision, recall, and F-measure; these results are compared with some of works recently published on the same image dataset. It shows that SIR-DL effectively solves the problem of semantic-based image retrieval and can be used to build multimedia systems in many different fields.
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Murmulaitytė, Daiva. "New personal names from the point of view of derivation and semantics." Lietuvių kalba, no. 10 (December 15, 2016): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2016.22591.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper discusses the results of a pilot study into derivational patterns and semantics of some neologisms referring to persons given in the Database of Lithuanian Neologisms (further also DLN). The research focused on nouns ending in -tojas, -a, -ėjas, -a, -ikas, -ė, ‑ininkas, ‑ė, ‑ėlis, -ė, -ūnas, -ė and -uolis, -ė. Most of these words are suffixal derivatives usually attributed to the categories of nomina agentis, nomina attributiva and nomina professonalia. The analysed suffixes are very different in their productivity. The suffixes -ininkas, -ė, -tojas, -a, -uolis, -ė are very productive, whereas the suffix -ėjas, ‑a, in Lithuanian grammars treated as one of the most typical and productive agentive suffixes, in the DLN have only been attested in a couple of words. The paper also discusses when a new phenomenon should be treated as a neologism and when it is merely a new sense of the existing word, included in some key publications based on the DLN. The investigation draws a conclusion that when analysing current situation and tendencies of word-building the formal principle of classifying neologisms is not operational. According to it, a compositional neologism coinciding with the already existing word is treated as a word with a new sense rather than a neologism. However, in cases when a new lexeme of an already existing word emerges as a result of a new derivational opposition, by building a word from a new or already existing lexeme of the base word, the new lexeme should be treated as a neologism rather than a new sense of the existing word. New senses (semantic neologisms) emerge in cases of semantic development of the word as a result of meaning transfer, lexicalisation and other processes. Another aspect of the present investigation focuses on the relationship between lexical senses and senses of individual derivation. An attempt was made to identify if lexical and derivational senses were the same or whether the former was narrower or broader than the latter. If they were not the same, causes of their divergence were identified. The latter issue might be relevant when analysing further processes of neologism lexicalisation. The paper also attempts to clarify the derivational patterns (origin) of some concrete neologisms and their semantic structure. Such interpretations are appreciated and very welcome by lexicographers, who are responsible for appropriately presenting neologisms in lexicographic publications. Alongside derivatives, analogous, mixed, contaminative formations as well as translations have been discussed. These derivative and formal aspects of neologisms might turn out to be very important in further investigation of larger and more varied groups of affixal derivatives and identifying general features of contemporary word-building. In pursuing the main goal of the investigation, an attempt was also made to discuss in more detail the DLN as a source of new Lithuanian lexis. It has been noticed that the DLN lacks a number of neologisms which are base words for the ones given in the database. They have all been attested on the internet. Such base words in the DLN would help define their derivatives without repeating the information which is inevitably given in the definition of the base word. Seeking precision, some definitions of the neologisms should be revised; for example, definition patterns of nouns should not be used to define adjectives. In some cases, a neologism given in the DLN as a single lexeme should be presented as two different lexemes, for example, the word pilstukininkas, –ė ‘someone who sells or drinks low quality home-brewed alcohol’ should be given as two lexemes representing two derivational categories: nomina professonalia and nomina attributiva. One of the goals of the investigation was concerned with exploring further prospects of researching the derivation of neologisms, posing the key questions and verifying their relevance. Presumably, the results of the investigation could be used in researching the tendencies of deriving neologisms in contemporary Lithuanian and comparing them with the tendencies described in the grammars of Lithuanian of the 2nd half of the 20th century. It would be interesting to ascertain how derivational patterns of neologisms are changing, when the lexicon is inevitably changing due to an enormous flow of information, more intensive communication in smaller communities and in the world, due to new emerging mass media and under the influence of other languages, especially English, which is structurally much more distant than Russian, a language having influenced Lithuanian several decades ago. (Translated by Inesa Šeškauskienė).
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Танева, С. Й. "MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY AS A PART OF THE MATRIX OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE (IN VIEW OF ENGLISH AND BULGARIAN ACADEMIC LANGUAGES)." Университетская клиника, no. 3(36) (October 1, 2020): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.26435/uc.v0i3(36).615.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article discusses medical terminology and its contemporary developmental perspectives in English and Bulgarian academic languages based on extensive illustrative material. The research focus is on the following active term-forming processes: lexico-semantic, lexico-morphological, lexico-syntactic, word borrowing and related linguistic phenomena - specialization, metaphorization, metonymization, affixation, composition, formation of medical terms-word combinations, direct translation, free translation, introduction of English medical terminology into Bulgarian, etc. Multidimensionality of medical terminology base in terms of cognitive, linguistic, socio-communicative and pedagogical aspects has been proved. The basic postulates of the last three modern theories of terminology are summarized.
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Гуцуляк, Т. Є. "Figurative derivational structure of mono- and polysemantic derivates as the subject of lexicography." Studia Philologica, no. 10 (2018): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2311-2425.2018.10.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the system of figurative means of the Ukrainian language, the derivative lexical units, which were formed on the basis of figurative motivational relations, occupy a significant place. An important role in the recording and preservation of such figurative derivatives in the lexical-semantic system of the Ukrainian language is given to lexicographic works of an interpretive type. Dictionary definitions are important for establishing formal-semantic links of derivative units with their motivational basis and for defining motivational features. However, lexicographic interpretations are not always informative enough, but sometimes too generalized, which complicates the interpretation of figurative content of lexical units. Therefore, the purpose of the proposed work provides an analysis of the problematic issues of the present lexicographic practice of describing the semantic structure of morphological derivatives with a figurativelymetaphorical internal form and outlining the ways of their solution. The subject of the study is the following mono- and polysemantic units of the Ukrainian language, which, according to their structural and semantic features, belong to the derivatives from the subjective adjectives and contain sememes with figurative meaning. In the article on the example of separate adjectives the attention is focused on the need to take into account the vocabulary definitions of the peculiarities of the motivational traits that influenced the morphological structure and the semantic structure of the derivative word. This will help to provide a holistic understanding of the sign, called figurative derivative, given the possibility of implementing various aspects of the motivational semantics. Among the problematic issues of lexicographic practice, the formulation of vocabulary definitions for derivatives from the subjective adjectives is considered and the need to consider the ability of the nounmotivator to form not only relative (or possessively relative) adjectives, but also qualitative ones. It is suggested that the value of qualitative sign be fixed as independent lexico-semantic variants (LSV), since they often arise as a result of word-forming processes and testify to other semantic ties with the creators’ base.
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Kuibida, Khrystyna. "WORD-FORMATION IN MODERN GREEK: THE PECULIARITIES OF PREFIXATION." Studia Linguistica, no. 19 (2021): 88–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/studling2021.19.88-102.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article analyzes the features of Greek prefixation as one of the ways of affix word formation. In order to reveal the complete picture concerning the origin of specific prefixes, their morphological and semantic changes in comparison with the ancient Greek language, and to reveal the emergence of new affixes, besides the synchronic the diachronic approach was used in the work. On the basis of the main theoretical concepts of word-forming paradigmatics several word-forming types and paradigms, possible structural models of derivatives in Greek are considered. Greek prefixes are divided into two types: inseparable and autonomous in origin (homonymous prepositions or adverbs that function independently in Greek). Among the autonomous units prefixes of prepositional origin are the most numerous. The process of prefixization is divided into pure prefixation and prefixation-suffixational / inflectional method. Greek pure prefixation is identified with compounding due to the same formal and functional features. Derivatives formed by the other method usually transmit the forming base into another grammatical category with the appropriate lexical meaning. The process of prefixization depends on both prefixes and the forming stem. Greek forming stems of prefixational derivatives are classified into free and bound. Prefixes can be combined with different classes of words. The greatest variety of prefixes of prepositional origin, as noted in the paper, is combined with verbs, and inseparable particles – mostly with noun bases. Due to the secondary derivation a double prefixation of the forming stem can take place. Besides the systematization of the main features of Greek prefixes, the article analyzes the evolution of prefixization on the basis of five types of prefixes. In the result of reconsideration, as noted in the paper, prefixes or prefixoids were formed on the basis of both grammatical and lexical elements.
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Yushkova, Ludmila А. "New Verbal Lexemes of the Word-Formative Family with a Base “Corona” in the German Vocabulary of the Pandemic Period: Structural and Semantic Analysis." Current Issues in Philology and Pedagogical Linguistics, no. 4 (December 25, 2021): 238–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/2079-6021-2021-4-238-248.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article considers the structural and semantic peculiarities of German colloquial verbs, which belong to the word formation family with the base “Corona”. The article analyzes the lexemes formed during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic from October 2019 to May 2021. In the course of the study new verbs not listed in the lexicographical sources have been found. The majority of these verbal lexemes are occasional: they are identified by small frequencies and only function within the framework of certain types of text in the Internet discourse (blogs, Twitter, social networks). The author specifies the meaning of some verbs entered in the lexicographical base of the Leibniz-Institute for German Language (OWID.de). The author describes both the formal and the lexical-semantic structures of verbal lexemes, considers their word-forming and lexical-semantic relations that combine the motivating noun “corona” and derived words. The study characterizes the models of building the colloquial verbal lexemes, which are currently productive and highly active in the context of the German “coronavirus discourse”. The study proves that the German vocabulary expanded at the time of Covid-19 pandemic through the suffixal word-forming models and the formation of verbs with prepositional and adverbial particles. The study shows that the models of the formation of verbal units with prepositional and adverbial components are particularly active, while the prefixal models are not active in the formation of verbs with the component “Corona”. The author analyzes examples of the use of the lexemes in context, which are presented in the text corpus of the Google search system, determines the frequency of the verbal units. The article clearly shows the differences in the meaning and functioning of verbal lexemes. The article notes some peculiarities of their lexical compatibility.
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Meir, Irit. "Morphological levels and diachronic change in Modern Hebrew plural formation." Studies in Language 30, no. 4 (August 30, 2006): 777–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.30.4.04mei.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Modern Hebrew (MH) is undergoing a change in its morphological structure. Unlike earlier periods of the language, in which all nominal suffixation processes resulted in stress shift to the suffix, MH has a few suffixes that exhibit variable behavior. When attached to canonical bases, they pattern with other suffixes in that they attract stress and may cause phonological changes to the base. When attached to non-canonical bases, they do not attract stress and cause no phonological changes to the base. Additionally, stress neutral suffixation is much more regular and productive than stress attracting suffixation in its morphology, distribution and semantics. I argue that these two different patterns can be accounted for in terms of morphological levels within the theoretical framework of Stratal Optimality Theory (Kiparsky 2000, 2002, to appear). The different phonological behavior is accounted for in terms of different ranking of two constraints, applying at stem level vs. word level. The morphological and semantic correlates are attributed to the different properties of stem vs. word-level morphology. The diachronic change, namely the activation of word level for nominal suffixation, triggered further changes in MH’s morphological system: the development of several default suffixes, and the emergence of two distinct subgrammars, which differ from each other in gender assignment and the correlation between gender and inflectional class (in the sense of Aronoff 1994).
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Rohmah, Idayatul, Fathur Rokhman, and Deby Luriawati. "KOMPETENSI SEMANTIK LEKSIKAL PADA PENYANDANG DOWN SYNDROME DI SLB NEGERI SEMARANG." Jurnal Sastra Indonesia 8, no. 1 (April 16, 2019): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jsi.v8i1.29853.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Penelitian semantik leksikal pada penyandang down syndrome perlu dilakukan untuk mengungkap sejauh mana tentang kompetensi terhadap realitas yang ada di sekelilingnya. Dengan demikian, dapat dipaparkan pula tentang faktor yang mempengaruhi gejala penyimpangan tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah: (1) Menjelaskan kompetensi semantik leksikal pada penyandang down syndrome di SLB Negeri Semarang dilihat dari ketepatan dan penyimpangan dalam menguasai medan makna; dan (2) Mengklasifikasikan faktor yang mempengaruhi gejala penyimpangan semantik leksikal pada penyandang down syndrome di SLB Negeri Semarang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kompetensi semantik leksikal pada penyandang down syndrome berbeda-beda. Namun pada medan makna tertentu, terdapat persamaan kompetensi yang secara teratur terjadi baik berupa ketepatan maupun penyimpangan. Penyimpangan semantik leksikal pada penyandang down syndrome terjadi karena beberapa sebab, meliputi kilir lidah yang berupa kekeliruan seleksi makna, kekeliruan suku kata, perubahan bentuk kata yang berupa repetisi, perubahan bentuk dasar menjadi bentuk berimbuhan, perubahan bentuk berimbuhan menjadi bentuk berimbuhan yang lain, gejala lupa-lupa ingat, kurangnya perbendaharaan kata, kekurangmampuan dalam mengungkap relasi semantis, penggunaan arti kata yang lebih konkrit dan interferensi.
This research is lexical semantics that focuses on down syndrome sufferer need to be done to reveal how far the competence toward reality that exists around. This research also explains about factors that influence the indication deviation. The objectives of this research are (1) to explain lexical semantics competence on down syndrome sufferer in SLB Negeri Semarang observed at accuracy and deviation on mastering scopes (2) and, to clasify factors that influence the lexical semantics indication deviation on down syndrome sufferer in SLB Negeri Semarang. The result of this research shows that the lexical semantics competence on down syndrome sufferer is different. However, on some scopes, there is similarity competence on accuracy and deviation. The lexical semantics deviation on down syndrome sufferer is caused by several things such as tongue-sprained like an error of meaning selection and syllable, alteration of word form like repetition, alteration base form become affix, alteration affix become other affixes recalling sympton, less vocabulary, hardly showing semantic relation, using more concrete of meaning words, and interference.
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Tran, Thuan. "Non-canonical word order and temporal reference in Vietnamese." Linguistics 59, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2020-0256.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The paper revisits Duffield’s (2007) (Duffield, Nigel. 2007. Aspects of Vietnamese clausal structure: Separating tense from assertion. Linguistics 45(4). 765–814) analysis of the correlation between the position of a ‘when’-phrase and the temporal reference of a bare sentence in Vietnamese. Bare sentences in Vietnamese, based on (Smith, Carlota S. & Mary S. Erbaugh. 2005. Temporal interpretation in Mandarin Chinese. Linguistics 43(4). 713–756), are argued to obtain their temporal interpretation from their aspectual composition, and the default temporal reference: bounded events are located in the past, unbounded events at present. It is shown that the correlation so observed in when-questions is superficial, and is tied to the syntax and semantics of temporal modification and the requirement that temporal adverbials denoting future time is base generated in sentence-initial position, and past time adverbials in sentence-final position. A ‘when’-phrase, being temporally underspecified, obtains its temporal value from its base position. However, the correlation between word order and temporal reference in argument wh-questions and declaratives is factual, depending on whether the predicate-argument configuration allows for a telic interpretation or not. To be specific, it is dependent on whether the application of Generic Modification (Snyder, William. 2012. Parameter theory and motion predicates. In Violeta Demonte & Louise McNally (eds.), Telicity, change, and state. Acrosscategorial view of event structure, 279–299. Oxford: Oxford University Press) or accomplishment composition is realized. Canonical declaratives, and argument wh-questions, with telicity inducing material, license GM or accomplishment composition, yielding bounded events, hence past; by contrast, their non-canonical counterparts block GM or accomplishment composition, giving rise to unbounded event descriptions, hence non-past.
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Tamulionienė, Aurelija. "An uncommon formation type of adjectives that denote an incomplete degree of quality: ʿpãjuodis’ and ʿpasaũsis’". Lietuvių kalba, № 5 (28 грудня 2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2011.22803.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article deals with adjectives that denote an incomplete degree of quality and that are made of a base adjective plus the prefix pa- plus an ending -is and that belong to the first and second accentual paradigms. The study focuses on the following aspects: geographical distribution, accentuation, word formation and semantics. In some cases of this formation type, the dominant intensifying prefix pa- acquires stress and maintains or intensifies the strength of the base stem, whereas in other cases it intensifies the base stem but remains unstressed. Despite the differences in accentuation the derivatives of this kind can be ascribed to the same word-formation type as their accentuation has most probably been affected by the geographical distribution. The study has shown that they are used in different regions that are remote from each other, i.e. in the sub-dialects of Northern Žemaitian kretingiškiai, Southern Žemaitian varniškiai and Eastern Aukštaitian panevėžiškiai. The same derivatives of the word-formation type of adjectives under investigation are also used in ancient writings. They usually have only one meaning. In the Lithuanian Language Dictionary their meaning is typically explained by providing synomyms, in less common cases – by giving reference to another word or by means of description. The majority of the adjectives under investigation retain the core meanings of the base.
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OSINCHUK, Yurii. "CHURCH SLAVONIC BORROWINGS IN THE LEXICAL SYSTEM OF UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE OF 16–17 CENTURIES." Ukraine: Cultural Heritage, National Identity, Statehood 33 (2020): 379–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/ukr.2020-33-379-393.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article describes Church Slavonic loanwords' functioning and use in the lexical-semantic system of the Ukrainian written literary language of the XVI – first half of the XVII century. It discloses the concepts of «Church Slavonic language», «Church Slavonic loanwords». The composition and semantics of Slavonic loanwords in the language of various genres of Ukrainian memos (certificates, court documents, wills, diplomas, descriptions of castles, rounders Hetman of offices, documents of the Church and school fraternities, annals, works of religious polemic and imaginative literature, memos of scientific and educational literature, liturgical books etc.), walked to the source base of «Dictionary of the Ukrainian language of 16 – the first half 17 centuries» and its unique lexical card index are clarified. The study highlights specific features of the investigated borrowings in the Ukrainian language, specified time, set them apart from other words (Latinisms, Grecisms, Polonisms, and the like). These features are most active at the phonetic, word formation, and semantic levels of language. It is established that in the course of the historical development of the Church Slavonic language, some Church Slavonic loanwords, under the influence of the phonetic features of the Ukrainian language (the pronunciation of ancient etymological ы and и as a single sound in the front row and high raise [и]; use e in place of the stressed or unstressed ѣ; pronunciation of ѣ as i «new» ѣ at the place of the etymological e; writing e in place of Proto-Slavic ę; the alternation у/в; sound transformation in the individual prefixes and suffix; the softening of the ц; the transition in unstressed position у – о; loss of primary і; simplification in groups of consonants, etc.), changes in the sound structure of the word. Part of the Church Slavonic words, adapting to the semantic system of the Ukrainian language of 16 – the first half 17 centuries, changed to lexico-semantic level, particularly the expansion or narrowing semantics. Other old Church Slavonic lexemes are components of the diverse lexico-grammatical patterns of collocations and idioms connected with the Church ritual sphere. Keywords: adaptation, written memos, semantics, phrases, phonetic changes, Church Slavonicism.
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Ключенович, Сергей. "Кореферентные структуры, используемые для представления экономических субъектов в медийном дискурсе". Linguistik Online 112, № 7 (15 грудня 2021): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.112.8258.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The subject of study in the article is the discourse specifics of representation of economic entities in German newspaper and magazine texts of the last two decades. The purpose of the analysis is to elucidate the factors that stimulate univerbation in connection with the generation and textual integration of co-referential structures different in genesis, structural properties, semantic characteristics and stylistic potential.
The study, conducted on the basis of a functional-communicative approach to language, relies on methods and results of studies on text linguistics considering text as a whole structural-semantic unit.
Conclusions. 1) Mentioning of a company name is accompanied by integration of the univerb indicating the relevant industry into the text. Along with a two-member chain of co-referential nominations, a three-member chain is also possible (the location of a company is mentioned). 2) Co-referential pairs of the type “company name ‒ collective designation of employees according to headquarters location” (Siemens ‒ Münchener) are characteristic, which demonstrates the lability of univerb toponym semantics. 3) The integration of a proper name into the text requires the usage of characterizing common nouns in order to prepare the reader for the perception of unique names, which is a factor motivating univerbation. 4) Synthetic compounds of the nomina agentis type (Autobauer, Stromversorger) are widely used to describe the kind of activity of an enterprise. In such cases a lexeme with the expected semantics is eliminated (Unternehmen ‘company’, Konzern ‘concern’ etc.). The reduction of the base lexeme of a compound as well as representation of the verb lexeme in the form of nomen agentis has an impact on the semantics and stylistics of the univerb.
The results of the study can be used both in research activities on problems of word-formation, semantics and in the training of business translators.
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Simov, Kiril, and Petya Osenova. "Special Thematic Section on Semantic Models for Natural Language Processing (Preface)." Cybernetics and Information Technologies 18, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 93–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cait-2018-0008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract With the availability of large language data online, cross-linked lexical resources (such as BabelNet, Predicate Matrix and UBY) and semantically annotated corpora (SemCor, OntoNotes, etc.), more and more applications in Natural Language Processing (NLP) have started to exploit various semantic models. The semantic models have been created on the base of LSA, clustering, word embeddings, deep learning, neural networks, etc., and abstract logical forms, such as Minimal Recursion Semantics (MRS) or Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR), etc. Additionally, the Linguistic Linked Open Data Cloud has been initiated (LLOD Cloud) which interlinks linguistic data for improving the tasks of NLP. This cloud has been expanding enormously for the last four-five years. It includes corpora, lexicons, thesauri, knowledge bases of various kinds, organized around appropriate ontologies, such as LEMON. The semantic models behind the data organization as well as the representation of the semantic resources themselves are a challenge to the NLP community. The NLP applications that extensively rely on the above discussed models include Machine Translation, Information Extraction, Question Answering, Text Simplification, etc.
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Ito, Noriko, Toru Sugimoto, Yusuke Takahashi, Shino Iwashita, and Michio Sugeno. "Computational Models of Language Within Context and Context-Sensitive Language Understanding." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 10, no. 6 (November 20, 2006): 782–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2006.p0782.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We propose two computational models - one of a language within context based on systemic functional linguistic theory and one of context-sensitive language understanding. The model of a language within context called the Semiotic Base characterizes contextual, semantic, lexicogrammatical, and graphological aspects of input texts. The understanding process is divided into shallow and deep analyses. Shallow analysis consists of morphological and dependency analyses and word concept and case relation assignment, mainly by existing natural language processing tools and machine-readable dictionaries. Results are used to detect the contextual configuration of input text in contextual analysis. This is followed by deep analyses of lexicogrammar, semantics, and concepts, conducted by referencing a subset of resources related to the detected context. Our proposed models have been implemented in Java and verified by integrating them into such applications as dialog-based question-and-answer (Q&A).
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Kalaga, Aleksandra. "The Semantics of Morphological Conversion in Old English." Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies, no. 30/2 (September 1, 2021): 33–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7311/0860-5734.30.2.02.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The present article is an empirical, data-oriented study which focuses on the problem of morphological conversion and the way this mechanism was employed in Old English as a way of deriving new lexemes. The article briefly discusses the quantitative characteristics of the attested types, presents patterns of directionality and estimates the degree of availability of conversion in Old English grammar. The main part and purpose of the study, however, concerns the semantic characteristics of conversions sampled in the corpus. Drawing on the framework of semantic categories formulated by Clark and Clark (1979) and Plag (2003), the study aims to demonstrate semantic effects of the so-called zero-affix in Old English by looking into the relation that holds between the motivating base and the resultant derivative. Despite the fact that the availability of conversion was still quite limited in the Old English period, possibly due to numerous inflections that may have inhibited the transparency of this process, the study allows us to see how this process emerged and subsequently developed into one of the most productive word-formational techniques in the English language.
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Medvedieva, Liudmyla. "On the opposite directions of semantic motivation in adjective / adverb derivational pairs in russian." Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu. Serìâ: Fìlologìâ 13, no. 22 (2020): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-3055-2020-13-22-203-213.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper analyses semantic relationships in adjective / adverb (ending in –о) derivational pairs in the Modern Russian language in terms of the direction of their motivation. The adverbial element in the derivational pairs is represented by adverbs describing the manner of an action. Derivational pairs such as острый – остро, быстрый – быстро refer to syntactic derivation and include words with the same lexical meaning. Thus, the direction of semantic motivation is irrelevant in this case, and adverbs are seen as derivatives on the basis of their formal compoundness. This approach prevents differentiation of derivational pairs in which the nature of semantic relationships between elements in the pair differ. However, the differentiation is possible if 1) the meanings of the related adjectives and adverbs are seen as close, but not the same; 2) in word comparison, the criterion of conformity / non-conformity of their lexical semantics with the categorial meaning of the part of speech is applied. This criterion, which is well-established in the pairs of ‘бежать – бег, острый – острота’ type in connection with the notion of folded proposition and which underlies the differentiation of isosemic and non-isosemic subclasses of nouns, is not easily extrapolated to the derivational pairs where both words have the categorial meaning of a modifier. Even so, correlating the lexical meanings of adjectives with modifying an object and the lexical meanings of adverbs with modifying an action reveals derivational pairs with opposite directions of semantic motivation. Forming adverbs from adjectives is a common direction in the pairs where the adjective describes an innate feature of the object, e.g. the shape, size, colour, etc., and the adverb describes the action not by its own characteristics, but by relating to the relevant feature of the object: острый нож → остро наточить нож meaning ‘так, что нож острый’. Forming adjectives from adverbs is a normal direction in the pairs where the adverb gives a characteristic of the action, e.g. speed or other peculiarities of the action unfolding in time, while the adjective renders a feature of an abstract action: быстро бежать → быстрый бег, meaning ‘такой, который происходит быстро’. Diachronically, derivational and semantic motivation is generated from the feature of a concrete object: быстрый конь → быстро бежит → быстрый бег, but in Modern Russian, the latter is primary, while быстрый конь comes secondary and is motivated by the meaning of the adverb. The indirect proof that in some pairs the adjective is the base, while in others it is the adverb can be given by the correlation of frequency scores of elements in the derivational pairs, i.e. in the derivational pairs of ‘острый → остро, крупный → крупно’ type, adjectives are more frequent, and in the derivational pairs of ‘быстро → быстрый, внезапно → внезапный’ type, adverbs show higher frequency. The analysis shows the need for further research of the semantic aspect of word-formation relationships between words with the categorial meaning of a modifier.
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Chen, Jiaoyan, Ernesto Jiménez-Ruiz, Ian Horrocks, and Charles Sutton. "ColNet: Embedding the Semantics of Web Tables for Column Type Prediction." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.330129.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Automatically annotating column types with knowledge base (KB) concepts is a critical task to gain a basic understanding of web tables. Current methods rely on either table metadata like column name or entity correspondences of cells in the KB, and may fail to deal with growing web tables with incomplete meta information. In this paper we propose a neural network based column type annotation framework named ColNet which is able to integrate KB reasoning and lookup with machine learning and can automatically train Convolutional Neural Networks for prediction. The prediction model not only considers the contextual semantics within a cell using word representation, but also embeds the semantics of a column by learning locality features from multiple cells. The method is evaluated with DBPedia and two different web table datasets, T2Dv2 from the general Web and Limaye from Wikipedia pages, and achieves higher performance than the state-of-the-art approaches.
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Anh, Nguyen Thu, and Tran Thai Son. "THE REAL-WORLD-SEMANTICS INTERPRETABILITY OF LINGUISTIC RULE BASES AND THE APPROXIMATE REASONING METHOD OF FUZZY SYSTEMS." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 57, no. 2 (April 5, 2019): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/57/2/13129.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The real-world-semantics interpretability concept of fuzzy systems introduced in [1] is new for the both methodology and application and is necessary to meet the demand of establishing a mathematical basis to construct computational semantics of linguistic words so that a method developed based on handling the computational semantics of linguistic terms to simulate a human method immediately handling words can produce outputs similar to the one produced by the human method. As the real world of each application problem having its own structure which is described by certain linguistic expressions, this requirement can be ensured by imposing constraints on the interpretation assigning computational objects in the appropriate computational structure to the words so that the relationships between the computational semantics in the computational structure is the image of relationships between the real-world objects described by the word-expressions. This study will discuss more clearly the concept of real-world-semantics interpretability and point out that such requirement is a challenge to the study of the interpretability of fuzzy systems, especially for approaches within the fuzzy set framework. A methodological challenge is that it requires both the computational expression representing a given linguistic fuzzy rule base and an approximate reasoning method working on this computation expression must also preserve the real-world semantics of the application problem. Fortunately, the hedge algebra (HA) based approach demonstrates the expectation that the graphical representation of the rule of fuzzy systems and the interpolation reasoning method on them are able to preserve the real-world semantics of the real-world counterpart of the given application problem.
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Muratova, Rimma T. "Историческое и лексико-семантическое развитие цветообозначения al ‘алый, розовый’ в тюркских языках". Oriental Studies 13, № 3 (24 грудня 2020): 714–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2020-49-3-714-727.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction. The article examines the color term al ‘pink; scarlet’ in Turkic languages. Goals. The study aims at considering the lexeme in comparative historical and lexical-semantic perspectives. This involves a number of objectives, such as to review and analyze hypotheses on etymology of the word, identify the functioning of the lexeme in ancient and modern languages, determine characteristics of use of the word’s meanings in certain Turkic languages, delineate common Turkic and specific (belonging to a separate subgroup) development trends of the lexeme al. Materials and Methods. To facilitate the latter, an extensive theoretical and source base on Turkic languages is employed: when it comes to origins of the word, special attention is paid to fundamental scientific works on Turkic and Altai etymologies; ancient Turkic, medieval written monuments, lexicographic works on particular Turkic languages are examined to reveal semantic features of the word in ancient and modern languages. In general, the work proves topical due to the absence of any comprehensive study dealing with etymology, development and functioning of the token in Turkic languages. Results. The study reveals that the al lexeme is essentially ancient: scholars have restored its Pre-Turkic (*Āl) and Pre-Altaic (*ŋiōle) forms, with its Nostratic origin identified. The word is frequently traced in written sources of the Turks from earliest monuments. The token al is integral to most Turkic languages, except for the Chuvash, Altai, Tuva, Karachay-Balkar, and Karakalpak ones. In Yakut and Khakass, the lexeme ālaj is perceived as a loanword. Thus, the gloss al was widely used mainly in Western Turkic languages. In ancient and modern Turkic languages, the word al has meanings as follows: ‘scarlet, pink, ruddy’, ‘orange’, ‘brown’, ‘red, bay (horse coat color)’, ‘young’, ‘yellow’, ‘noble’, ‘magical’, ‘bright, motley’, and some substantives ― ‘seal, credential issued by Khans’, ‘rouge’, ‘woman’s headwear’. Conclusions. The ancient Turkic colour term al is (was) not universally distributed in all Turkic languages. The wide (though uneven) use of the word and further development of its semantics occurs in the Kipchak and Oghuz languages where the gloss al has a number of additional connotative and metaphorical meanings.
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Шуњеварић, Ђорђе В. "СЛОЖЕНИ ПРИДЕВИ У МАРЕТИЋЕВОМ ПРЕВОДУ ХОМЕРОВОГ СПЕВА ИЛИЈАДА". ГОДИШЊАК ЗА СРПСКИ ЈЕЗИК 18, № 1 (16 грудня 2020): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.46630/gsrj.18.2020.07.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The main concern of this paper is a word-formation and semantic analysis of compound adjectives used by Tomo Maretic in his translation of the 12. to 15. part of Homer’s poem Iliad. The aim of this research is to determine the motivation, formation and frequency of these adjectives as well as to determine the dominant procedure of the translator. The central chapters, rich in events and characters, are expected to be abound in various adjectival compounds as well. 51 example has been excerpted. In order for the analysis to be more precise, all adjectives have been classified in four groups on the basis of the type of the word the first constituent of the compound belongs to. Compound adjectives where the adjectival base occupies the first place are the most numerous, then the ones whose base is nominal, and then those that contain an adverb, while only two adjectives in the first part have number. Connecting vowel -o- is dominant, but the suffixes are also not rarely found (-ø and -an/-ni). For this reason, 90% of the material has been obtained by compound-suffixal formation, and only five adjectives by composition (for example gromoglasan, krvavocrven). With regard to the meaning, most adjectives describe heroes and gods from Iliad. Some compound adjectives obtain lexicalized meaning (for example vetronog), whereas the majority retains the semantics of its constituents. The research of frequency indicates the repetition of the analized examples within Homer’s poem (brzonog has been found 110 times). The analysis has also shown Maretic’s process of connecting an adjectival compound to a certain noun, and in this way repeating them as a syntagm.
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PHILIP, JOY. "(Dis)harmony, the Head-Proximate Filter, and linkers." Journal of Linguistics 49, no. 1 (June 15, 2012): 165–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226712000163.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper presents a notion of harmonic word order that leads to a new generalisation over the presence or absence of disharmony cross-linguistically: for linkers – syntactically independent, semantically vacuous heads marking a relationship – disharmony is ungrammatical, while for any other head disharmony is simply dispreferred. Harmony is defined here by the interaction of three independently motivated word order constraints operating over the base-generated structure: linear proximity between a superordinate lexical head and the head of its dependent, uniformity in direction of headedness, and the preference for clausal dependents to follow their head. It is proposed that disharmony occurs where either a lexical head or a head bearing syntactic features encoding semantics has an ordering rule of its own. These proposals are shown to be empirically superior to the Final-Over-Final Constraint (Holmberg 2000, Biberauer, Holmberg & Roberts 2007 and subsequent work), in terms of both what is permitted and what is disallowed.
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Каримова, Римма Хатиповна, and Елена Валерьевна Болотова. "STRUCTURAL-SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF DERIVATIVES WITH THE SUFFIX -UNG IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE (THE STUDY OF NEWSPAPER VOCABULARY)." Tomsk state pedagogical university bulletin, no. 5(211) (September 7, 2020): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/1609-624x-2020-5-72-79.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Введение. Представлено описание структурно-семантических свойств производных с суффиксом -ung, который характеризуется продуктивностью в словообразовании современного немецкого языка. Дана краткая историческая справка об использовании и распространении данного суффикса в древневерхненемецком и ранненововерхненемецком периодах. Цель статьи – выявить морфологические особенности, структурные и семантические свойства производных с суффиксом -ung в газетной лексике современного немецкого языка. Материал и методы. Материалом исследования послужили немецкоязычные газеты, из которых большую часть отобранного материала составили отглагольные имена существительные. Выявленные свойства производных подтверждают существующую в лингвистике теорию о продуктивности суффикса -ung, обусловленную такими факторами, как переходность, наличие префикса или его отсутствие, а также отнесенность производящей основы к определенной части речи. Названные факторы выступают в работе основополагающими. Учитывая данное обстоятельство, исследованы глаголы в качестве производящих основ в отношении влияния переходности на словообразовательные возможности суффикса -ung. Дифференцированно рассмотрены префиксальные/непрефиксальные структуры производных, указывающие на частотность суффикса. Структурный подход к изучению производных слов определяет их семантику, непосредственно связанную с частотностью -ung. Кроме того, изучены сложные слова, в структуру которых входит один и более глагольных компонентов, воздействующих на формирование общей семантической базы. Результаты и обсуждение. Префиксальные глаголы выступают в качестве частотных производящих основ для образования ung-существительных. В таких словообразовательных процессах преобладают основы глаголов с неотделяемыми приставками. Суффикс -ung подвергается различным толкованиям с учетом соотнесенности производящих основ с какой-либо частью речи. Самым частотным значением данного суффикса является значение действия, процесса, результата действия или предмета, возникшего в результате этого действия, что указывает на отражение и сохранение глагольной частеречной семантики в смысловой структуре производных. Заключение. Структурно-семантические свойства производных выступают взаимообусловливающим критерием частотного использования суффикса -ung в словообразовательных процессах современного немецкого языка. Очевидная продуктивность суффикса, характерная для газетных текстов, является основанием для перспективного исследования ung-номинализаций в различных типах дискурса, предполагающих обращение к многосторонним лингвистическим аспектам. Introduction. The article describes the structural and semantic properties of derivatives with the suffix-ung, which is productive in the word formation of the modern German language. A brief historical reference contains information about the use and distribution of this suffix in the old high German and early high German periods. The aim of the article is to identify the morphological features, structural and semantiс properties of derivatives with the suffix -ung in the newspaper vocabulary of the modern German language. Material and methods. Sources for the analysis were German-language Newspapers, from which most of the selected material are the verbal nouns. The identified properties of derivatives confirm the existing theory in linguistics about the productivity of the suffix-ung, due to such factors as transitivity, the presence of a prefix or its absence, as well as the attribution of the generating base to a certain part of speech. These factors are fundamental in the work. Verbs are as generating bases in relation to the influence of transitivity on the word-forming possibilities of the suffixung. Results and discussion. Prefixed verbs act as frequency generating bases for the formation of ung-nouns. In such word-forming processes, the bases of verbs with inseparable prefixes predominate. The suffix-ung is subject to various interpretations, taking into account the correlation of the generating bases with any part of speech. The most frequent meaning of this suffix is the meaning of an action, process, result of an action, or object that arose as a result of this action, which indicates the reflection and preservation of verbal partial semantics in the semantic structure of derivatives. Conclusion. Structural and semantic properties of derivatives act as a mutually determining criterion for the frequent use of the suffix-ung in the word-formation processes of the modern German language. The obvious productivity of the suffix, characteristic of newspaper texts, is the basis for a prospective study of ung-nominalizations in various types of discourse.
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Szerszunowicz, Joanna. "Stałe połączenia wyrazowe oznaczające proces umierania w języku polskim i włoskim." Białostockie Archiwum Językowe, no. 5 (2005): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/baj.2005.05.09.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper discusses fixed units, raging from non-idiomatic phraseological units to idioms, naming death in Polish and Italian. Two corpora of word combinations have been excerpted from lexicographic works in order to conduct the analysis covering the following aspect: motivation, stylistics, axiology, semantics with a special focus on specifying function of the units, equivalence. The stylistics of the units vary greatly, since their functions range from elevation of the death to its depreciating, which results from the fact that word combinations perform a variety of psychological functions. The vast majority of the word combinatio ns excerpted appear in both languages, since either they are of Christian, especially biblical, or mythological origins. Other units belonging to the group are those reflecting common observations of the process of dying as well as the funeral culture. Therefore, the idioms belonging to the group are word combinations of a high degree of translatability. In many cases such idioms appear not only in Polish and Italian, but in other languages as well,, since they are of international character. However, there are units appearing only in one of the languages, i.e. either Polish or Italian. Some of them are products of metaphorical thinking specific to the nation, others base on word play. Moreover, certain idioms have a cultural motivation of national character, for instance they refer to the element of reality important only in a given culture or the key component is a proper name of national importance.
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Новицкая, Ирина Владимировна, Виктория Владимировна Воробьева, and Зоя Владимировна Федоринова. "MODELLING OF THE FRAGMENT OF THE SEMANTIC FIELD, REPRESENTED BY ABSTRACT NOUNS IN OLD ICELANDIC." Tomsk state pedagogical university bulletin, no. 4(216) (July 6, 2021): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/1609-624x-2021-4-75-82.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Введение. Изучение семантики словообразовательных формантов сосредоточено главным образом на материалах современных языков. Эмпирический материал охватывает лексические единицы одного из древних германских языков – древнеисландского, а именно существительные мужского рода, образованные с помощью словообразовательного суффикса -skapr-. Цель – моделирование участка семантического пространства, вербализованного в древнеисландском языке посредством производных лексических единиц с абстрактной семантикой, маркированных словообразовательным суффиксом -skapr-. Материал и методы. Материалом для исследования послужили этимологические и толковые словари древнеисландского языка. Корпус эмпирического материала составил 86 единиц, выделенных с помощью приема сплошной выборки. Исследование языкового материала осуществлялось с применением методов сравнения, компонентного и словообразовательного анализа, приемов этимологического анализа, интерпретации. Результаты и обсуждение. Корпус лексических единиц мужского рода склонения на -а, образованных от именных основ при помощи суффикса -skapr-, включает 86 единиц. Понятийные области, вербализованные производными с рассматриваемым суффиксом, включают обозначения личностных качеств человека, характера или способа действий и их результатов, обозначение конкретных объектов, товаров в собирательном значении, типов взаимоотношений, обозначения понятий, относящихся к религии, язычеству или колдовству. Наиболее многочисленная группа обозначений охватывает названия черт характера или поведения человека, как поощряемых, так и порицаемых обществом. При этом зафиксировано наличие синонимичных рядов производных с суффиксом -skapr-, номинирующих одно и то же качество характера человека, а также синкретичность семантики некоторых производных с указанным суффиксом, включающей как абстрактные, так и конкретные значения. Наличествующий в морфологической структуре анализируемых производных суффикс -skapr- этимологически связан с самостоятельным словом skap «вид, состояние», которое восходит к праиндоевропейскому корню *(s)keH. Развернутый ряд производных, построенных по одному и тому же словообразовательному типу, позволяет рассматривать данный тип как отдельный формат представления знаний, некий мыслительный конструкт, объективированный суффиксом. Суффикс в такой аналитической конструкции функционирует в качестве маркера формата. В случае с анализируемым суффиксом данный формат может быть определен как абстрактная сущность, названная основой, мыслимая как самостоятельный объект в абсолютизированном виде, т. е. в отрыве от действительного обладателя этой характеристики. Заключение. Производные с словообразовательным суффиксом -skapr- репрезентируют целый спектр понятий, связанных с характеристиками человека и его деятельности. Словообразовательный суффикс функционирует как маркер семантического инварианта в семантической структуре производных, который может позиционироваться как профиль словообразовательного типа. Семантическое пространство, форматируемое суффиксом, имеет композиционную природу, обусловленную семантикой компонентов самого суффикса. Introduction. Over the last decade’s studies on semantics of derivational morphemes have primarily dealt with contemporary language data. The article focuses on a group of Old Icelandic masculine nouns that are formed by means of the derivational suffix -skapr-. The aim is to model a fragment of the semantic field that is represented by the Old Icelandic derivatives with an abstract semantics and marked by the suffix -skapr- . Materials and methods. The source of material for the study is etymological dictionaries of the Old Icelandic language. The corpus of empirical material includes 86 lexical units. The study of the linguistic material draws on the methods of comparison, component and word-formation analysis, methods of etymological analysis, interpretation. Results. The corpus of masculine nouns belonging to the masculine a-declension, derived from nominal stems with the help of the suffix -skapr-, includes 86 units. The conceptual areas, verbalized by derivatives with the suffix under consideration, include designations of personal qualities of a person, character or method of action and its results, designation of specific objects, goods in a collective sense, types of relationships, designation of concepts related to religion, paganism or witchcraft. The most numerous group of designations covers the names of traits or behavior of a person, both encouraged and condemned by the members of society. It has been revealed that the same quality of a person’s character can be verbalized by a series of synonymous derivatives with the suffix -skapr-. Besides, a number of derivatives with the suffix display their syncretic semantics, involving both abstract and concrete meanings. The suffix -skapr- present in the morphological structure of the analyzed derivatives is etymologically related to the independent word skap “species, state”, which goes back to the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)keH. A series of derivatives, built according to the same word-formation type, allows us to consider this type as a separate format for representing knowledge, a kind of mental construct objectified by the suffix. The suffix in this analytic construct functions as a format marker. It is argued that the suffix under analysis marks the format that can be defined as “an abstract entity called by the base, conceived as an independent object in an absolutized form, i.e. in isolation from the real owner of this characteristics”. Conclusion. Derivatives with the word-formation suffix -skapr- represent a whole range of concepts related to the characteristics of a person and his activities. The word-formation suffix functions as a marker of the semantic invariant in the semantic structure of derivatives, which can be viewed as a profile of this word-formation type. The semantic filed indicated by the suffix is of a compositional nature due to the semantics of the components of the suffix itself.
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Shen, Ying. "Wireless Sensor Network-Based Mathematical Modeling for Communication Intelligent Monitoring System." Journal of Sensors 2021 (November 5, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7809932.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Knowing the behavioral patterns of city residents is of great value in formulating and adjusting urban planning strategies, such as urban road planning, urban commercial development, and urban pedestrian flow control. Based on the high penetration rate of cell phones, it is possible to indirectly understand the behavior of city residents based on the call records of users. However, the behavioral patterns of large-scale users over a long period of time can present characteristics such as large dispersion, difficult to discover patterns, and difficult to explain behavioral patterns. In this paper, we design and implement a human behavior pattern analysis system based on massive mobile communication data based on serial data modeling method and visual analysis technology. For the problem that it is difficult to capture the behavioral patterns of residents in cities in call records, this paper constructs base station trajectories based on users’ cell phone call records and uses users’ long-time base station trajectories to mine users’ potential behavioral patterns. Since users with similar activity characteristics will exhibit similar base station trajectories, this paper focuses on the similarity between text sequences and base station trajectory sequences and combines the word embedding method in natural language processing to build a Cell2vec model to identify the semantics of base stations in cities. In order to obtain the group behavior patterns of users from the base station trajectories of group users, a user clustering method based on users’ regional mobile preferences is proposed, and the results are projected using the Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) algorithm to expose the clustering features of large-scale cell phone users in the low-dimensional space. To address the problem that user behavior patterns are difficult to interpret, a visual analysis model with group as well as regional semantics is designed for the spatial and temporal characteristics of user behavior. Among them, the clustering model uses the distance between scatter points to map the similarity between users, which helps analysts to explore the behavioral characteristics of group users.
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Selmistraitis, Linas, and Renata Boikova. "Source Domains of Smell Related Metaphorical Collocations: Study Based on Corpus of Contemporary American English." Respectus Philologicus, no. 38(43) (October 19, 2020): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/respectus.2020.38.43.54.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper discusses source domains of smell related metaphorical collocations. The research is limited to metaphorical collocations with pleasant smell denoting words scent, fragrance, aroma, and perfume in the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). The scope of the research is 2187 concordance lines (CL) containing metaphorical collocations with the words scent, fragrance, aroma, and perfume from 3580 CL containing any word phrase with the target words. The research is based on identification and description of the source domains of the collected metaphorical collocations with pleasant smell words, relating the source domains to underlying conceptual metaphors and determining the frequency distribution of the identified source domains. The following source domains were identified in the research: object, substance, physical force, and food. The analysis showed the frequency of source domains across all four groups forming smell related conceptual metaphors: object with 1833 instances of metaphorical collocations (84%), substance with 202 instances (9%), physical force with 130 instances (6%), and food with 22 instances (1%). The present study contributes to the development of cognitive semantics and its findings demonstrate which meanings are prevalent in human mentality when pleasant smell related metaphorical collocations are used.
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Ataev, Boris Makhachevich, and Zarema Abakarovna Shamkhalova. "NATIVE LAYER OF AVAR PERSONAL NAMES." Herald of the G. Tsadasa Institute of Language, Literature and Art, no. 23 (September 14, 2020): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31029/vestiyali23/1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An attempt is made to show that in the course of historical development and under the influence of other anthroponymic systems, the bulk of the original names of the Avars were lost. A small part of them that have been preserved shows that this category of names was mainly formed by suffixes added to the name, to the verb base, to the adverb, or by the word structure, and not all of them have a clear semantics. The socio-historical, ethnographic and cultural state of a people is recorded in anthroponymy only indirectly and is held by tradition for many hundreds of years after the phenomena that brought them to life have already been lost. Thus, models of personal names with the term kinship, formed probably in the bowels of the tribal system, are kept in the Avar code names in our time.
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Ястремська, Тетяна. "Формальна і семантична структури дериватів y говорах української мови: проблема кореляції". Studia Slavica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 65, № 1 (8 грудня 2021): 209–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/060.2020.00017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
У статті порушено проблему кореляції формальної і семантичної структур дериватів. Дослідження здійснено на прикладі прикметників, дериватів із коренем -гор- (-гір-, -гур-), які входять до складу словотвірного гнізда з вершиною гора ‘гора’, ‘верхня частина’ і репрезентують семантичну опозицію ‘верx’ ↔ ‘низ’.Корпус прикметників із коренем -гор- (-гір-, -гур-) формує понад 60 одиниць, які описують орієнтацію об’єктів у просторі, окреслюють просторову кваліфікацію об’єкта та моделюють си-стему координат мовної (а радше діалектної) картини світу. Детально проаналізовано семантику прикметників першого та другого ступенів деривації (гíрний / гóрний, горáвий, горúстий, горíшний, гірськúй, гóряний, горíський тощо); префіксально-суфіксальних форм (згíрний, згірнúстий, загíрний, нагíрний, пагористий та ін.) та композитів (крутогóрий, плоскогíрний, простогíрний тощо). Семан-тичну структуру прикметників проаналізовано в межах двох семантичних субкомплексів, а саме: ‘верхня / нижня частина об’єкта’ та ‘верхня / нижня межа’. Значення прикметників структурова-но єрархічно. Усі значення (компоненти семантичної структури) ілюструють приклади, засвідчені в говірках української мови. Зафіксовані значення представляють різні аспекти життя українців.Проаналізовані мовні одиниці відтворюють діалектні особливості, зокрема семантичні, харак-терні для говорів південно-західного наріччя української мови. Джерелами дослідження слугували історичні та регіональні словники (Є. Желехівський, С. Недільський, П. Білецький-Носенко, Д. Яворницький, Б. Грінченко та ін.), а також діалектні тексти та лінгвістичні атласи. Семантичні зміни, виявлені на підставі аналізу історичних джерел і пам’яток української мови від ХІ ст., зафік-совано на різних історичних етапах. Це дало змогу не тільки окреслити особливості діалектної кар-тини світу діалектоносіїв, відмінності у їхньому світогляді, знаннях та колективному досвіді, а й репрезентувати особливості діалектної номінації, деривації та семантики.Діалектні відомості подано в семи порівняльних таблицях, які фіксують деривацію та семантику аналізованих лексем, а також семантичні зміни прикметників гíрськúй / гóрський, горíшний. Задоку-ментовано найдавніші фіксації дериватів від ХІ ст. та семантичну еволюцію слів. Аналіз формальних і семантичних структур дериватів підтвердив, що семантика базового слова є основою для форму-вання семантики дериватів.This paper deals with the problem of correlation between the formal and semantic structure of derivatives. The paper suggests examples of derivative of the root -гор- (-гір-, -гур-) and represents the semantic opposition ‘top’ ↔ ‘bottom’ – fragments of the derivative clusters of the base words of the opposition гора ‘mountain’, ‘top’.The corpus of adjectives with the root -гор- (-гір-, -гур-) amounts to more than 60 units. It describes the orientation of objects in the space as well as identifies the spatial qualification of an object and models the coordinate system of the linguistic (resp. dialectal) worldview. The author scrutinizes the semantics of the adjectives: unprefixed derivatives of the 1st and 2nd degrees of derivation (гíрний / гóрний, горáвий, горúстий, горíшний, гірськúй, гóряний, горíський, etc.); prefixal-suffixal formations (згíрний, згірнúстий, загíрний, нагíрний, пагористий, etc.), and compounds (крутогóрий, плоскогíрний, простогíрний, etc.). The semantic structure of adjectives is analyzed within two semantic subcomplexes: ‘the top of the object’ and ‘high / low limit’. The subcomplexes unite the meanings of the adjectives, which are structured hierarchically. All meanings (components of the semantic structure) are illustrated by examples of dialectal speech. These meanings represent different aspects of the Ukrainians’ life.The analysed units represent semantic and typical features for the south-western dialects of the Ukrainian language. The sources of the study are historical and regional dictionaries (by Ye. Zhelekhivskyi, S. Nedilskyi, P. Biletskyi-Nosenko, D. Yavornytskyi, B. Hrinchenko, etc.) and texts as well as linguistic atlases. Semantic changes, as based on the analysis of historical sources and manuscripts of the Ukrainian language from the 11th century, were recorded at different historical stages. It is possible to identify the specific features of the perception of the world and differences in the worldview of dialect speakers, their knowledge, and collective experience, and represent the specific features of dialect nomination, derivation, and semantics.The dialectal data provided in the 7 comparative tables of the lexeme’s derivation and semantics, and what is more, semantic changes of the adjectives гíрськúй / гóрський and горíшний. The oldest fixations of derivatives from the 11th century and the semantic evolution of the words are documented. The analysis of the formal and semantic structures of derivatives proved that the semantics of the base word is the basis for the formation of the semantics of derivatives.
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N.I., Bondarchuk. "WORD FORMATION OF WEATHER LEXIS IN THE ONLINE NARRATIVE OF WEATHER NEWS STORIES (ON THE MATERIAL OF BRITISH NEWSPAPERS)." South archive (philological sciences), no. 85 (April 12, 2021): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-2691/2021-85-10.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of the investigation is to study word formation processes in the semantics of weather lexis in the online narrative of weather news stories in British newspapers.Methods. The source base of the study is represented by a corpus of electronic texts of the new genre “weather news story” in British electronic quality (www.thetimes.co.uk, www.theguardian.com/uk) and mass (www.www.thesun.co.uk, www.thedailymail.co.uk) newspapers (2014–2017). The research is methodologically based on structural-semantic and functional research methods. The application of a functional approach in our study enables the identification of the specifics of functioning and organization of lexical units in the contextual environment of the online narrative taking into account their role in the formation of content and meaning of weather news stories. At the same time, the use of descriptive and comparative methods allows revealing more deeply the individual (author) features of the texts under study.Results. A review of the literature confirms the idea that the creation of new words is based on the models and word formation types that are already established in the language or re-emerging. The modern word formation of weather lexis in weather news stories is characterized by typical methods of word formation, among which we distinguish the affixation, compounding, blending, shortening, and conversion. The common types of word formation in the genre under research are affixation and compounding. The most common prefixes are prefixes with the contrasting semantics un-, anti-, de- and the diminutive prefix mini-, among the noun suffixes -ation, -er, -ism, ity, -ness and adjective suffixes y, -ly, -al, -ic, -ish, -ent, -ous. Both dictionary (normative) and occasional (author) forms are distinguished. The use of occasional forms serves as an expressive means of reflecting the author’s worldview, where the author deliberately violates language norms to provide a certain expressive background to the story.Conclusions. The analysis of word formation of weather lexis in weather news stories shows that its organization occurs through the prism of word formation features of the narrative and diversifies weather news stories.Key words: word formation, lexis, abbreviation, shortening, compounding, blending, conversion, weather news story. Мета. Мета статті – дослідження дериваційних процесів у семантиці номінацій погоди в онлайн-наративі про погодні новини британських газет.Методи. Джерельна база дослідження представлена корпусом електронних текстів неожанру weather news story інтернет-версій британських періодичних якісних (www.thetimes.co.uk, www.theguardian.com/uk) і масових (www.www.thesun.co.uk, www.thedailymail.co.uk) видань (2014–2017 рр.). Дослідження методологічно ґрунтується на положеннях структурно-семантичного та функційного методів. Застосування функційного підходу у проєкції на наше дослідження дає змогу виявити спе-цифіку функціювання й організації лексичних одиниць у контекстуальному середовищі онлайн-наративу з огляду на їх роль у процесі змісто- та смислотворення погодних новин. Водночас застосовано описовий і порівняльний методи, які допомогли глибше розкрити індивідуально-авторські особливості текстів онлайн-наративу про погодні новини.Результати. Досліджено дериваційні процеси у семантиці номінацій погоди. Здійснений огляд літератури підтвердив ідею про те, що творення нових слів відбувається за тими моделями, за тими словотворчими типами, які вже встановилися в мові або знову виникають. Сучасному дериваційному процесу номінацій погоди в ОНПН властиві типові способи словотворення, серед яких виокремлюємо афіксальний спосіб, спосіб словоскладання, телескопію, скорочення і конверсію. Найпоширені-шими способами словотворення у корпусі дослідження є афіксальний і словоскладання. Найпоширенішими префіксами, які слугували утворенню нових номінацій погоди, є префікси з контрарною семантикою un-, anti-, de- та зменшувальний префікс mini-, серед суфіксів ‒ відіменникові -ation, -er, -ism, ity, -ness і відприкметникові y, -ly, -al, -ic, -ish, -ent, -ous. У корпусі досліджуваних текстів виокремлено узуальні/словникові й оказіональні/авторські форми. Визначено, що вживання оказіональних форм слугує експресивним засобом вираження індивідуально-авторської мовної картини, де автор свідомо порушує мовні норми, аби надати певного експресивного фону оповіді.Висновки. Проведений аналіз дериваційних процесів у семантиці номінацій погоди в онлайн-наративі про погодні новини показав, що організація лексичних одиниць на позначення погоди відбувається крізь призму словотвірних особливостей оповіді. Дериваційні процеси в семантиці номінацій погоди зумовили наявність широкої палітри лексики в ОНПН, яка демонструє авторський чинник його організації та урізноманітнює оповідь.Ключові слова: словотвір, лексика, абревіація, скорочення, словоскладання, телескопія, конверсія, weather news story.
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Koliesnik, Liudmyla. "Dialect as a crossroads of local and interlocal (Bukovyna dialect of the village Hrozyntsi)." Linguistics, no. 1 (43) (2021): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/2227-2631-2021-1-43-16-26.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article deals with description of one dialect as a system. The purpose of of this study is to describe the main features of the dialect v. Hrozyntsi, manifested in oral dialectal speech, at all language levels. Attention is drawn to typical phonetic, morphological and syntactic dialectal features. The author’s own records from this dialect (2010), dictionary materials (2005, 2006) and lexical materials of this village are the source base of the study. The interview method was used to record the material. The features of word change of noun parts of speech and conjugation of verbs, morphological features of nouns (vacillation in the genus), adjectives (creation of degrees of comparison), dialectal forms of pronouns and adverbs are characterizes for the dialect morphological system. Some previously unknown words have been found, they enriches the vocabulary of the dialect. This material supplement the Dictionary Bukovyna Dialects of with new information: new words, original semantics of famous words, new word forms, expands the idea of the localization of individual words. Among the dialect words there are a number of literary names that have passed into the passive, but continue to function in the dialect. This fact testifies to the connection between literary language and its dialectal variants. The obtained results make it possible confirm that this dialect is Bukovyna dialect with the features of Podillia dialect.
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Valdés-León, Gabriel. "Reflexionando con chispeza: ¿y si la añadimos al diccionario? / Reflecting with "chispeza": what if we add it to the dictionary?" Religación. Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades 5, no. 25 (September 30, 2020): 240–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.46652/rgn.v5i25.689.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
En el año 2014, un deportista de la selección chilena de fútbol utilizó la palabra chispeza en una entrevista otorgada durante el mundial de dicha disciplina. La creación de esta pieza léxica no pasó desapercibida y causó tanto revuelo en redes sociales que muchos hablantes se preguntaron sobre las posibilidades que esta tenía para llegar al diccionario. Desde el mundo académico, las respuestas ante estas inquietudes suelen apuntar hacia criterios de frecuencia y permanencia en el tiempo. Con una distancia de seis años desde la aparición de este lexema, este trabajo se propone como objetivo reflexionar en torno a las posibilidades de diccionarización que posee el neologismo chispeza y, para ello, se realiza el contraste con el neologismo carretear sobre la base de cuatro criterios de diccionariabilidad: de frecuencia, formales, semánticos y documentales. Los resultados señalan que chispeza no cumple con los criterios documentales, y tan solo parcialmente con los de frecuencia y semánticos, por lo que, desde el punto de vista metalexicográfico, no debería incluirse en el lemario de una obra como el DLE; no obstante, su incorporación podría ser considerada en diccionarios de chilenismos, pues posee una considerable frecuencia de uso que ha perdurado en el tiempo. In 2014, a Chilean footballer used the word “chispeza” in an interview given during the World Cup in that discipline. The creation of this word caused so much interest in social networks that many people wondered about the possibilities it had to reach the dictionary. From the academy, the responses to these concerns usually point to criteria of frequency and permanence over time. With a distance of six years from the appearance of this word, this work aims to reflect on the possibilities of being included in the dictionary and, for this, we will contrast with neologism “carretear” is of four criteria: frequency, formal, semantic and documentary. The results indicate that “chispeza” does not meet the documentary criteria, and only partially with those of frequency and semantics, so that, it should not be included in DLE; However, its incorporation could be considered in dictionaries of Chileanisms because it has a considerable frequency of use that has lasted over time.
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Nafikov, Sh V. "Ancient Turkic könül, bashkir kunel “heart”: etymological connections of one somatism." Bulletin of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Political Science. Regional Studies. Oriental Studies. Turkology Series. 135, no. 2 (2021): 148–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6887/2021-135-2-148-159.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article is devoted to showing various etymological connections of the Turkic names of the heart (somatism) as part of the anatomical vocabulary of the Turkic and Altaic languages in the context of the nostratic macrofamily. Somatisms as a lexico-semantic group belongs to the oldest layer of vocabulary, in which, on the one hand, the features of categorization and conceptualization of the world in the human mind are manifested clearly, on the other hand, the historical stability of the semantics of words and their phonomorphological appearance is demonstrated. Based on the methodology of comparative reconstruction of proto-forms, the article reveals the etymology of the word köηül, gives its direct and figurative meanings in the Proto-Turkic language. The root proto- form of somatism, according to the author, goes back not to the substantive, but to the verbal basis of көң – “wait”. Also significant in the article is the identification of semantic parallels of somatism in the ancient Turkic and Bashkir languages, the definition of direct and figurative meanings of köηül from syntagmatic connections in phraseological combinations and derived words. In addition, the author establishes historical links between könül and other Turkic somatisms, as well as with lexemes denoting kinship relations. It is important in the article to identify on the basis of this somatism the semantic connections of the Turkic languages, in particular, the Altai family of languages, as a whole with other languages of the world, which confirms the verification of the nostratic theory of languages. A more thorough examination and search for probable isoglosses gives a picture of a very wide distribution of single-root words with the base *QVN / KVN also within the (hypothetical) superfamilies of Indo-European, Sino-Caucasian, Austric and Amerindian languages.
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JACOB, CARSTEN, DAVID LINNER, HEIKO PFEFFER, and ILJA RADUSCH. "BIO-INSPIRED PROCESSING AND PROPAGATION OF SEMANTICS IN LOOSELY COUPLED COMPUTING ENVIRONMENTS." International Journal of Semantic Computing 01, no. 01 (March 2007): 121–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793351x07000056.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Human-centric computing has grown to be the major influence in today's computing research. Due to demand from industry and even lawmakers for easy-to-use computer systems, the user is now regarded as being the center of a ubiquitously available environment that supports the execution of task and anticipates user actions. This environment allows for the establishment of completely new ways for the delivery of legacy services and represents an opportunity for the introduction of a new type of services, addressing the user-focused service consumption. As a cause of this shift, the increasing saturation of everyday environments with computing devices can be identified. This saturation implies a numerical growth of computing systems and entails an increasing complexity, which negatively influences maintainability and manageability. Moreover, the shortcomings caused by the mobility of system elements, a common trait of human-centric environments, require consideration about the reliability of cooperative actions. In this paper, we present an approach that copes with complexity and dynamic while making service-oriented systems autonomous by the use of bio-inspired concepts. In particular, the aim is to make service architectures environment-aware. Thus, service architectures are supposed to adapt autonomously to their current environment like biological species do to survive. This approach requires services to obtain knowledge about characteristics and state of the environment through gathering semantically enhanced information about the context of the computing environment, which is intended to help in forming a virtual counterpart of the real world as reference for service adaptation. For this purpose, we illustrate the architecture for context provisioning in highly dynamic computing environments. As base for this architecture a middleware is introduced utilizing a loosely coupled interaction model. Moreover, a pheromone-based concept is outlined to optimize the dissemination of context data in the absence of adequate context sources.
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Grilli, Massimo. "Evento comunicativo e interpretação de um texto bíblico." Revista Eclesiástica Brasileira 63, no. 250 (May 23, 2019): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.29386/reb.v63i250.1797.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A Bíblia é Palavra de Deus expressa em linguagem humana. O objetivo deste artigo é desenvolver uma abordagem hermenêutica da Bíblia tendo por base a função comunicativa da linguagem. O artigo analisa, antes de tudo, os elementos constitutivos da comunicação e os diferentes modelos de comunicação. Em seguida, examina-se a função pragmática (= operativa) da linguagem e evidencia a relação existente entre semântica e pragmática. Por fim, analisa-se o que é específico na comunicação bíblica e aplica-se o processo comunicativo, acima elaborado, na interpretação dos textos.Abstract: The Bible is God’s word expressed in human language. The objective of this article is to develop a hermeneutic approach to the Bible, based on the communicative function of language. The article begins by analyzing the constitutive elements of communication and its different models. Next, it looks at the pragmatic (i.e. operative) function of language and demonstrates the relationship that exists between semantics and pragmatism. Finally, it analyses the specificities of the biblical communication and applies the communicative process developed above to the interpretation of biblical passages.
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Shymko, Vitalii. "Discourseology of Linguistic Consciousness: Neural Network Modeling of some Structural and Semantic Relationships." PSYCHOLINGUISTICS 29, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 193–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2309-1797-2021-29-1-193-207.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objective. Study of the validity and reliability of the discourse approach for the psycholinguistic understanding of the nature, structure, and features of the linguistic consciousness functioning.
Materials & Methods. This paper analyzes artificial neural network models built on the corpus of texts, which were obtained in the process of experimental research of the coronavirus quarantine concept as a new category of linguistic consciousness. The methodology of feedforward artificial neural networks (multilayer perceptron) was used in order to assess the possibility of predicting the leading texts semantics based on the discourses ranks and their place in the respective linear sequence. Same baseline parameters were used to predict respondents' self-assessments of changes in their psychological well-being and in daily life routine during the quarantine, as well as to predict their preferences of the quarantine strategies. The study relied on basic ideas about discourse as a meaning constituted by the dispersion of other meanings (Foucault). The same dispersion mechanism realizes itself in interdiscourse interaction, forming a discursive formation at a higher level. The method of T-units (Hunt) was used to identify and count discourses in the texts. The ranking of discourses was provided based on the criterion of their semantic-syntactic autonomy.
Results. The conducted neural network modeling revealed a high accuracy in predicting the work of the linguistic consciousness functions associated with retrospective self-assessment and anticipatory imagination of the respondents. Another result of this modeling is a partial confirmation of the assumption concerning existence a relationship between the structural parameters of the discursive field (the rank of the discourses and their place in the respective linear sequence) and the leading semantics of the text.
Conclusions. A discourse approach to the study of linguistic consciousness, understanding of its structure and functioning features seems to be reasonably appropriate. The implementation of the approach presupposes the need to form a base of linguistic corpora with the inclusion in each text markup of such parameters as: the presence of specific discourses, their ranks, positions in the linear sequence of discourses.
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Wei, Tingting, and Huiyou Chang. "Measuring Word Semantic Relatedness Using WordNet-Based Approach." Journal of Computers 10, no. 4 (2015): 252–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17706/jcp.10.4.252-259.
Повний текст джерела
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Dammel, Antje. "Evaluative Wortbildung und Personenreferenz." Linguistik Online 107, no. 2 (March 31, 2021): 145–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.107.7691.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The word formation pattern [ __-i]N mask. in Alemannic mainly derives masculine agent nouns from verbs resulting in output semantics of ‘someone who notoriously acts in the manner of base verb’. I analyse the pattern as an instance of evaluative morphology embedded in a more general output oriented schema and propose a scenario how the pattern may have developed from an OHG hypochoristic pattern primarily used in names. In a qualitative and quantitative analysis of two dialect dictionaries on Zürich German and Bernese German I look into the possible lexical fillings of the pattern and derive areas of stereotypisation. As the products of the pattern are masculine nouns, it is of interest whether the lemmas are flanked with a feminine form or not, and if they are, whether the feminine form follows or precedes the masculine form or is added as a separate lemma without a masculine pendant. The analysis also includes neuter forms ending in -i listed in the dictionaries. As the masculine products of the pattern already reflect stereotyped behaviour, the feminine (and neuter) forms included in the dictionnaries are expected to sediment gender stereotypes to a high degree.