Готові списки джерел за темами / Self-similar and multifractal streams

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Self-similar and multifractal streams"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022

Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Self-similar and multifractal streams"

Huillet, T., and B. Jeannet. "Multifractal formalism for self-similar bridges." Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General 31, no. 11 (March 20, 1998): 2567–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0305-4470/31/11/008.

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Barral, Julien, and Stéphane Seuret. "Renewal of singularity sets of random self-similar measures." Advances in Applied Probability 39, no. 01 (March 2007): 162–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001867800001658.

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This paper investigates new properties concerning the multifractal structure of a class of random self-similar measures. These measures include the well-known Mandelbrot multiplicative cascades, sometimes called independent random cascades. We evaluate the scale at which the multifractal structure of these measures becomes discernible. The value of this scale is obtained through what we call the growth speed in Hölder singularity sets of a Borel measure. This growth speed yields new information on the multifractal behavior of the rescaled copies involved in the structure of statistically self-similar measures. Our results are useful in understanding the multifractal nature of various heterogeneous jump processes.

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Barral, Julien, and Stéphane Seuret. "Renewal of singularity sets of random self-similar measures." Advances in Applied Probability 39, no. 1 (March 2007): 162–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/aap/1175266474.

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Taqqu, Murad S., Vadim Teverovsky, and Walter Willinger. "Is Network Traffic Self-Similar or Multifractal?" Fractals 05, no. 01 (March 1997): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x97000073.

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This paper addresses the question of whether self-similar processes are sufficient to model packet network traffic, or whether a broader class of multifractal processes is needed. By using the absolute moments of aggregate traffic measurements, we conclude that measured local-area network (LAN) and wide-area network (WAN) traffic traces, with the sample means subtracted, are well modeled by random processes that are either exactly or asymptotically self-similar.

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Dyskin, A. V. "Multifractal properties of self-similar stress distributions." Philosophical Magazine 86, no. 21-22 (July 21, 2006): 3117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786430500421490.

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Mandelbrot, Benoit B., Carl J. G. Evertsz, and Yoshinori Hayakawa. "Exactly self-similar left-sided multifractal measures." Physical Review A 42, no. 8 (October 1, 1990): 4528–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.42.4528.

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Yu, Jing Hu, and Di He Hu. "Multifractal Decomposition of Statistically Self-Similar Sets." Acta Mathematica Sinica, English Series 17, no. 3 (July 2001): 507–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101140100121.

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AOUIDI, JAMIL, and ANOUAR BEN MABROUK. "MULTIFRACTAL ANALYSIS OF SOME WEIGHTED QUASI-SELF-SIMILAR FUNCTIONS." International Journal of Wavelets, Multiresolution and Information Processing 09, no. 06 (November 2011): 965–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219691311004407.

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In this paper, a multifractal analysis of some non-self-similar functions based on the superposition of finite number of weighted quasi-self-similar ones ∑iωiFi is developed. In general, such superpositions do not yield neither a self-similar nor a quasi-self-similar outcome. Furthermore, there are two main problems that appear. Firstly, a phenomenon of regularity compensation may exist. Secondly, the computation of the spectrum of singularities and therefore the validity of the multifractal formalism based on the possibility of constructing Gibbs measures fail. In this paper, we propose to study such problems by conducting a multifractal analysis of such combinations and to check the validity of the multifractal formalism in the case where there is no compensation of regularity. Furthermore, we compute the box dimension of the associated graphs and provide some examples. The paper in its full subject re-considers the results of Ref. 3 in the quasi-self-similar case.

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Bruggeman, Cameron, Kathryn E. Hare, and Cheuk Yu Mak. "Multifractal spectrum of self-similar measures with overlap." Nonlinearity 27, no. 2 (January 16, 2014): 227–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0951-7715/27/2/227.

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Дисертації з теми "Self-similar and multifractal streams"

Kirichenko, L., I. Ivanisenko, and T. Radivilova. "Investigation of Multifractal Properties of Additive Data Stream." Thesis, 1 th IEEE International Conference on Data Stream Mining & Processing, 2016. http://openarchive.nure.ua/handle/document/3810.

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The work presents results of a numerical study of fractal characteristics of multifractal stream at addition of stream, which does not have multifractal properties. They showed that the generalized Hurst exponent of total stream tends to one of original multifractal stream with increase in signal/noise ratio.

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Snigireva, Nina. "Inhomogeneous self-similar sets and measures." Thesis, St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/X682.

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Частини книг з теми "Self-similar and multifractal streams"

Lang, Wolfdieter. "A Fibonacci-Fractal: A Bicolored Self-Similar Multifractal." In Applications of Fibonacci Numbers, 221–37. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5020-0_26.

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Watkins, N. W., B. Hnat, and S. C. Chapman. "On Self-Similar and Multifractal Models for the Scaling of Extreme Bursty Fluctuations in Space Plasmas." In Extreme Events and Natural Hazards: The Complexity Perspective, 299–313. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011gm001084.

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Olsen, Lars. "The Random Multifractal Construction Measure and the Q u,q Measure." In Random geometrically graph directed self-similar multifractals, 158–72. Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203741306-6.

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Lovejoy, Shaun. "How big is a cloud?" In Weather, Macroweather, and the Climate. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190864217.003.0007.

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We have discussed two extreme views of atmospheric variability: the scalebound view, in which every factor of 10 or so involves some new mechanism or law; and the opposing self- similar scaling view, in which zooming gives us something essentially the same— a single mechanism or law that could hold over ranges of thousands or more. By considering time series and spatial transects, we saw that, over various ranges of scale in space and in time, atmospheric scaling seemed to work quite well. We looked at a complication: Interesting geophysical quantities are not simply black or white (geometric sets of points), but have gray shades; they have numerical values everywhere. To deal with the associated extreme variability and intermittency, we saw that we had to go beyond fractal sets to multifractal fields (Box 2.2). Understanding multifractals turned out to be important. Failure to appreciate their importance led to numerous deleterious consequences.1 In this chapter, I want to consider something quite different: the morphologies of shapes in two or three dimensions. Up until now, we have identified scaling with self- similarity, the property that, following a usual isotropic zoom (one that is the same in all directions), small parts resemble the whole in some way. Yet in Chapter 1 (Fig. 1.8A, B), we saw that zooming into lidar vertical sections uncovered morphologies that changed with scale. As we zoomed into flat, stratified layers, structures became visibly more “roundish” (compare Fig. 1.8A with Fig. 1.8B). Vertical sections are thus not self- similar. Their degree of stratification— anisotropy— changes systematically with scale. But the vertical isn’t the only place where self- similarity is unrealistic. Although it is not as obvious, the same difficulty arises if we zoom into clouds in the horizontal. We criticized Orlanski’s powers of ten classification as being arbitrary and in contradiction with the scaling area– perimeter relation, but Orlanski was only trying to update an older phenomenological classification scheme, some of which predated the twentieth century.

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Herzfeld, UteChristina. "Fractals In Geosciences— Challenges And Concerns." In Computers in Geology - 25 Years of Progress. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195085938.003.0023.

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"Fractals" and "chaos" have become increasingly popular in geology; however, the use of "fractal" methods is mostly limited to simple cases of selfsimilarity, often taken as the prototype of a scaling property if not mistaken as equivalent to a fractal as such. Here; a few principles of fractal and chaos theory are clarified, an overview of geoscience applications is given, and possible pitfalls are discussed. An example from seafloor topography relates fractal dimension, self-similarity, and multifractal cascade scaling to traditional geostatistical and statistical concepts. While the seafloor has neither self-similar nor cascade scaling behavior, methods developed in the course of "fractal analysis" provide ways to quantitatively describe variability in spatial structures across scales arid yield geologically meaningful results. Upon hearing the slogan "the appleman reigns between order and chaos" in the early 1980's and seeing colorful computer-generated pictures, one was simply fascinated by the strangely beautiful figure of the "appleman" that, when viewed through a magnifying glass, has lots of parts that, are smaller, and smaller, and smaller applemen. The "appleman" is the recurrent feature of the Mandelbrot set, a self-similar fractal, and in a certain sense, the universal fractal (e.g., see Peitgen and Saupe, 1988, p. 195 ff.). Soon the realm of the appleman expanded, made possible by increasing availability of fast, cheap computer power and increasingly sophisticated computer graphics. In its first phase of popularity, when the Bremen working group traveled with their computer graphics display seeking public recognition through exhibits in the foyers of savings banks, the fractal was generally considered to be a contribution to modern art (Peitgen and Richter, The Beauty of Fractals, 1986). While the very title of Mandelbrot's famous book, The Fractal Geometry of Nature (1983), proclaims the discovery of the proper geometry to describe nature, long hidden by principals of Euclidean geometry, the "fractal" did not appeal to Earth scientists for well over two decades after its rediscovery by Mandelbrot (1964, 1965, 1967, 1974, 1975).

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Self-similar and multifractal streams"

Wendt, H., S. Jaffard, and P. Abry. "Multifractal analysis of self-similar processes." In 2012 IEEE Statistical Signal Processing Workshop (SSP). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ssp.2012.6319798.

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Adamenko, S. V., V. E. Novikov, A. V. Paschenko, and I. M. Shapoval. "The processes of blowup and formation of self-similar plasma-field structures in the continuum medium under influence of the concentrated streams of energy." In 2004 14th International Crimean Conference "Microwave and Telecommunication Technology". IEEE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/crmico.2004.183346.

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Da Silva, Maykon Renan Pereira, and Flávio Rocha. "Método de Estimação de Parâmetros para Modelagem no Domínio Wavelet do Tráfego de Redes de Computadores Usando o Algoritmo de Levenberg-Marquardt." In Workshop em Desempenho de Sistemas Computacionais e de Comunicação. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/wperformance.2020.11104.

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Research has shown that analysis and modeling techniques that provide a better understanding of the behavior of network traffic flows are very important in the design and optimization of communication networks. For this reason, this work proposes a multifractal model based on a multiplicative cascade in the wavelet domain, to synthesize network traffic samples. For this purpose, in the proposed model, a parametric modeling based on an exponential function is used for the variance of the multipliers along the stages of the cascade. The exponential function parameters are obtained through the solution of a non-linear system, for this purpose, the Levenberg-Marquardt method is used. The main contribution of the proposed algorithm is to use a fixed and reduced number of parameters to generate network traffic samples that have characteristics such as self-similarity and wide Multifractal Spectrum Width (MSW) similar to the real network traffic traces and without the need for prior adjustment of these parameters.

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Banerjee, Arindam, and Malcolm J. Andrews. "Experimental Investigation of Statistically Steady Rayleigh-Taylor Mixing at High Atwood Numbers." In ASME 2005 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2005-77154.

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In the present work, a novel gas channel experiment was used to study the non-equilibrium development of high Atwood number Rayleigh-Taylor mixing. Two gas streams, one containing air and the other containing a Helium-Air mixture, flow parallel to each other separated by a thin splitter plate. The streams meet at the end of the splitter plate leading to the formation of an unstable interface and initiation of buoyancy driven mixing. This buoyancy driven mixing experiment allows for long data collection times, short transients and was statistically steady. The facility was capable of large Atwood number studies (At ∼ 0.75). Here, we describe recent work to measure the self similar evolution of mixing at large density differences (At ∼ 0.1). Diagnostics include a constant temperature Hot Wire anemometer, and high resolution thermocouple measurements. The Hot Wire probe gives velocity statistics of the mixing layer. A multi-position single-wire technique was used to measure the velocity fluctuations in three mutually perpendicular directions. Analysis of the measured data was used to explain the structure of mixing as it develops to a self-similar regime in this flow.

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Strasser, Wayne, and Francine Battaglia. "Pulsatile Primary Slurry Atomization: Effects of Viscosity, Circumferential Domain, and Annular Slurry Thickness." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-53026.

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A central theme of our prior experimental and computational work on a transonic self-sustaining pulsatile three-stream coaxial airblast injector involved obtaining spectral content from compressible 2-D models and preliminary droplet size distributions from incompressible 3-D models. The three streams entail an inner low-speed gas, and outer high-speed gas, and an annular liquid sheet. Local Mach numbers in the pre-filming region exceed unity due to gas flow blockage by the liquid. Liquid bridging at somewhat regular intervals creates resonance in the feed streams. The effects of numerical decisions and geometry permutations were elucidated. The focus now shifts to compressible 3-D computational models so that geometric parameters, modeled domain size, and non-Newtonian slurry viscosity can be more elaborately explored. While companion studies considered circumferential angles less than 45°, specific attention in this work is given to the circumferential angles larger than 45°, the slurry annular dimension, and how this annular dimension interacts with inner nozzle retraction (pre-filming distance). Additional metrics, including velocity point spectral analyses, are investigated. Two-stream experimental studies are also computationally studied. Multiple conclusions were drawn. Narrower annular slurry passageways yielded a thinner slurry sheet and increased injector throughput, but the resulting droplets were actually larger. Unfortunately the effect of slurry sheet thickness could not be decoupled from another important geometric permutation; injector geometry physical constraints mandated that, in order to thin the slurry sheet, the thickness of the lip which separates the inner gas and slurry had to be increased accordingly. Increased lip thickness reduced the interfacial shear and increased the thickness of the gas boundary layer immediately adjacent to the slurry sheet. This suppressed the sheet instability and reduced the resulting liquid breakup. Lastly, velocity point correlations revealed that an inertial subrange was difficult to find in any of the model permutations and that droplet length scales correlate with radial velocities. As anticipated, a higher viscosity resulted in larger droplets. Both the incremental impact of viscosity and the computed slurry length scale matched open literature values. Additionally, the employment of a full 360° computational domain produced a qualitatively different spray pattern. Partial azimuthal models exhibited a neatly circumferentially repeating outer sheath of pulsing spray ligaments, while full domain models showed a highly randomized and broken outer band of ligaments. The resulting quantitate results were similar especially farther from the injector; therefore, wedge models can be used for screening exercises. Lastly, droplet size and turbulence scale predictions for two external literature cases are presented.

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Abu-Eida, Abdullah, Salem Al-Sabea, Milan Patra, Bader Akbar, Kutbuddin Bhatia, Alaa Alboueshi, and Amr Abdelbaky. "Multistage Openhole Completion Using Integrated Dynamic Diversion Frac Technique in Highly Depleted Well: First Successful Application in West Kuwait Field." In SPE/IATMI Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205531-ms.

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Abstract The Minagish field in West Kuwait is a high potential field which poses several challenges in terms of hydrocarbon flow assurance through highly depleted tight carbonate intervals with uneven reservoir quality and curtailed mobility. These conditions have shifted the field development from vertical to horizontal wellbore completions. Achieving complete wellbore coverage is a challenge for any frac treatment performed in a long openhole lateral with disparities in reservoir characteristics. The fluid will flow into the path of least resistance leaving large portions of the formation untreated. As a result, economic fracturing treatment options dwindle significantly, thus reservoir stimulation results are not always optimum. A multistage fracturing technique using Integrated Dynamic Diversion (IDD) has been performed first time in West Kuwait field well. The process uses active fluid energy to divert flow into a specific fracture point in the lateral, which can initiate and precisely place a fracture. The process uses two self-directed fluid streams: one inside the pipe and one in the annulus. The process mixes the two fluids downhole with high energy to form a consistent controllable mixture. The technique includes pinpoint fluid jetting at the point of interest, followed by in-situ HCL based crosslinked systems employed for improving individual stage targets. The IDD diversion shifts the fracture to unstimulated areas to create complex fractures which increases reservoir contact volume and improved overall conductivity in the lateral. The kinetic and chemical diversion of the IDD methodology is highly critical to control fluid loss in depleted intervals and results in enhanced stimulation. Pumping a frac treatment in openhole without control would tend to initiate a longitudinal fracture along the wellbore and may restrict productivity. By using specialized completion tools with nozzles at the end of the treating string, a new pinpoint process has been employed to initiate a transverse fracture plane in IDD applications. Proper candidate selection and fluid combination with in-situ crosslink acid effectively plug the fracture generated previously and generate pressure high enough to initiate another fracture for further ramification. By combining these processes into one continuous operation, the use of wireline/coiled tubing for jetting, plug setting and milling is eliminated, making the new multistage completion technology economical for these depleted wells. The application of the IDD methodology is a fit-for-purpose solution to address the unique challenges of openhole operations, formation technical difficulties, high-stakes economics, and untapped high potential from intermittent reservoirs. The paper will present post-operation results of this completion from all fractured zones along the lateral and will describe the lessons learned in implementation of this methodology which can be considered as best practice for application in similar challenges in other fields.

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San Andrés, Luis, Jing Yang, and Xueliang Lu. "On the Leakage, Torque and Dynamic Force Coefficients of an Air in Oil (Wet) Annular Seal: A CFD Analysis Anchored to Test Data." In ASME Turbo Expo 2018: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2018-77140.

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Subsea pumps and compressors must withstand multi-phase flows whose gas volume fraction (GVF) or liquid volume fraction (LVF) varies over a wide range. Gas or liquid content as a dispersed phase in the primary stream affects the leakage, drag torque, and dynamic forced performance of secondary flow components, namely seals, thus affecting the process efficiency and mechanical reliability of pumping/compressing systems, in particular during transient events with sudden changes in gas (or liquid) content. This paper, complementing a parallel experimental program, presents a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis to predict the leakage, drag power and dynamic force coefficients of a smooth surface, uniform clearance annular seal supplied with an air in oil mixture whose inlet GVF varies discretely from 0.0 to 0.9, i.e., from a pure liquid stream to a nearly all gas content mixture. The test seal has uniform radial clearance Cr = 0.203 mm, diameter D = 127 mm, and length L = 0.36 D. The tests were conducted with an inlet pressure/exit pressure ratio equal to 2.5 and a rotor surface speed of 23.3 m/s (3.5 krpm), similar to conditions in a pump neck wear ring seal. The CFD two-phase flow model, first to be anchored to test data, uses an Euler-Euler formulation and delivers information on the precise evolution of the GVF and the gas and liquid streams’ velocity fields. Recreating the test data, the CFD seal mass leakage and drag power decrease steadily as the GVF increases. A multiple-frequency shaft whirl orbit method aids in the calculation of seal reaction force components, and from which dynamic force coefficients, frequency dependent, follow. For operation with a pure liquid, the CFD results and test data produce a constant cross-coupled stiffness, damping, and added mass coefficients, while also verifying predictive formulas typical of a laminar flow. The injection of air in the oil stream, small or large in gas volume, immediately produces force coefficients that are frequency dependent; in particular the direct dynamic stiffness which hardens with excitation frequency. The effect is most remarkable for small GVFs, as low as 0.2. The seal test direct damping and cross-coupled dynamic stiffness continuously drop with an increase in GVF. CFD predictions, along with results from a bulk-flow model (BFM), reproduce the test force coefficients with great fidelity. Incidentally, early engineering practice points out to air injection as a remedy to cure persistent (self-excited) vibration problems in vertical pumps, submersible and large size hydraulic. Presently, the model predictions, supported by the test data, demonstrate that even a small content of gas in the liquid stream significantly raises the seal direct stiffness, thus displacing the system critical speed away to safety. The sound speed of a gas in liquid mixture is a small fraction of those speeds for either the pure oil or the gas, hence amplifying the fluid compressibility that produces the stiffness hardening. The CFD model and a dedicated test rig, predictions and test data complementing each other, enable engineered seals for extreme applications.

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Denton, Mark S., and William D. Bostick. "New Innovative Electrocoagulation (EC) Treatment Technology for BWR Colloidal Iron Utilizing the Seeding and Filtration Electronically (SAFE™) System." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7186.

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The presence of iron (iron oxide from carbon steel piping) buildup in Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) circuits and wastewaters is decades old. In, perhaps the last decade, the advent of precoatless filters for condensate blow down has compounded this problem due to the lack of a solid substrate (e.g., powdex resin pre-coat) to help drop the iron out of solution. The presence and buildup of this iron in condensate phase separators (CPS) further confounds the problem when the tank is decanted back to the plant. Iron carryover here is unavoidable without further treatment steps. The form of iron in these tanks, which partially settles and is pumped to a de-waterable high integrity container (HIC), is particularly difficult and time consuming to dewater (low shear strength, high water content). The addition upstream from the condensate phase separator (CPS) of chemicals, such as polymers, to carry out the iron, only produces an iron form even more difficult to filter and dewater (even less shear strength, higher water content, and a gel/slime consistency). Typical, untreated colloidal material contains both sub-micron particles up to, let’s say 100 micron. It is believed that the sub-micron particles penetrate filters, or sheet filters, thus plugging the pores for what should have been the successful filtration of the larger micron particles. Like BWR iron wastewaters, fuel pools/storage basins (especially in the decon. phase) often contain colloids which make clarity and the resulting visibility nearly impossible. Likewise, miscellaneous, often high conductivity, wastesteams at various plants contain such colloids, iron, salts (sometimes seawater intrusion and referred to as Salt Water Collection Tanks), dirt/clay, surfactants, waxes, chelants, etc. Such wastestreams are not ideally suited for standard dead-end (cartridges) or cross-flow filtration (UF/RO) followed even by demineralizers. Filter and bed plugging are almost assured. The key to solving these dilemmas is 1) to break the colloid (i.e., break the outer radius repulsive charges of the similar charged colloidal particles), 2) allow these particles to now flocculate (floc), and 3) form a type of floc that is more readily filterable, and, thus, dewaterable. This task has been carried out with the innovative application of electronically seeding the feed stream with the metal of choice, and without the addition of chemicals common to ferri-floccing, or polymer addition. This patent-pending new system and technique is called Seeding And Filtration Electronically, or the SAFE™ System. Once the colloid has been broken and flocking has begun, removal of the resultant floc can be carried out by standard, backwashable (or, in simple cases, dead-end) filters; or simply in dewaterable HICs or liners. Such applications include low level radwaste (LLW) from both PWRs and BWRs, fuel pools, storage basins, salt water collection tanks, etc. For the removal of magnetic materials, such as some BWR irons, an ElectroMagnetic Filter (EMF) was developed to couple with the ElectroCoagulation (EC), (or metal-Floccing) Unit. In the advent that the wastestream primarily contains magnetic materials (e.g., boiler condensates and magnetite, and hemagnetite from BWRs), the material was simply filtered using the EMF. Bench-, pilot- and full-scale systems have been assembled and applied on actual plant waste samples quite successfully. The effects of initial feed pH and conductivity, as well as flocculation retention times was examined prior to applying the production equipment into the field. Since the initial studies (Denton, et al, EPRI, 2006), the ultimate success of field applications is now being demonstrated as the next development phase. For such portable field demonstrations and demand systems, a fully self enclosed (secondary containment) EC system was first developed and assembled in a modified B 25 Box (Floc-In-A-Box) and is being deployed to a number of NPP sites. Finally, a full-scale SAFE™ System has been deployed to Exelon’s Dresden NPP as a vault cleanup demand system. This is a 30 gpm EC system to convert vault solids/sludges to a form capable of being collected and dewatered in a High Integrity Container (HIC). This initial vault work will be on-going for approximately three months, before being moved to additional vaults. During the past year, additional refinements to the patent pending SAFE™ System have included the SAFER™ System (Scalant and Foulant Electronic Removal) for the removal by EC of silica, calcium and magnesium. This has proven to be an effective enabler for RO, NF and UF as a pretreatment system. Advantages here include smaller, more efficiently designed systems and allowed lower removal efficiencies with the removal of the limiting factor of scalants. Similarly, the SAFE™ System has been applied in the form of a BAC-UP™ System (Boric Acid Clean-Up) as an alternative to more complex RO or boric acid recycle systems. Lastly, samples were received from two different DOE sites for the removal of totally soluable, TDS, species (e.g., cesium, Cs, Sr, Tc, etc.). For these applications, an ion-specific seed (an element of the SMART™ System) was coupled with the Cs prior to EC and subsequent filtration and dewatering, for the effective removal of the cesium complex and the segregation of low level and high waste (LLW & HLW) streams.

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