Дисертації з теми "Self-selection effect"
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CARVALHO, LEANDRO SIQUEIRA. "FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS, SELF-SELECTION AND BRAIN EFFECT: TWO ESSAYS ON MIGRATION." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2004. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=5217@1.
Повний текст джерелаThe Economic literature which studies migration has always been concerned about its impact on welfare. Two different lines of research in this field focus on impacts of immigration and brain drain. The two articles which comprise the thesis are related to these subjects. Although Roy s model claims that emigrants are negatively self- selected if the rate of return is higher in the origin economy, empirical works have found positively selected emigrants. The first article uses a model to argue that both investments in education and the decision to emmigrate depend on wealth if credit markets are imperfect. This argument allows us to explain the controversy between the theoretical and empirical literature as well as why the middle-class is the most mobile one in some countries. The second part of the thesis is directly related to the beneficial brain drain literature. Works in this field claim that the possibility for an educated worker of emmigrating to another country in which skilled labor is better paid raises the rate of return to education in the origin country and consequently the investments in human capital. The article uses as an experiment the creation of Palmas, a state capital in Brazil, to investigate this hypothesis. The empirical results obtained from microdata evidence a negative relation between investments in human capital and the distance to the capital-used as a proxy to emmigration costs-in the period after the creation of the capital and no relation in the period before. Those findings are interpretated as favorable to the brain effect hypothesis, once the increase in education was greater for individuals who benefited the most from the foundation of the capital.
Ng, Kwok-keung Zachary, and 吳國強. "Students' self selection of assignment and its effect on attitude and motivation." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31956683.
Повний текст джерелаNg, Kwok-keung Zachary. "Students' self selection of assignment and its effect on attitude and motivation." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13570389.
Повний текст джерелаEmmerson, Derek Alan. "The effect of protein and energy self-selection on the reproductive performance of turkey hens." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53166.
Повний текст джерелаMaster of Science
Zhou, Yining. "Disappointment as an effect of curiosity and political apathy: modernation of self-efficacy and mediation of media selection." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2015. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/172.
Повний текст джерелаSendikici, Serap. "The Effect Of Cinematherapy On Self-perception Among Adolescents: Applications In Clinical And Non-clinical Samples." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613024/index.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаCasals, Rodolfo. "The effect of the summer training program on midshipmen career choice at the United States Naval Academy." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/1695.
Повний текст джерелаThe main purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the Summer Training Program (STP) on vocational development of midshipmen at the United States Naval Academy. To test this a sample of 615 first-class midshipmen and 615 second-class midshipmen from the classes of 2002-2004 completed a survey regarding their experiences on summer cruise. Survey answers were grouped into several factors derived from a review of the literature in vocational psychology. The relationship between these factors and their final warfare community preferences were analyzed using several cross-tabulations, univariate tests and multivariate models. Cross-tabulations showed that only 25% of midshipmen change their warfare community preference during the last two years at the Academy. Independent Pearson Correlation (r) showed the affect of each of the different factors on warfare community selection. Of the different variables identified: gender, academic major, running-mate qualification/experience, and ship morale were found to have an impact on the desire to select surface warfare at the conclusion of the summer training experience. The multivariate models (logit) verified that the above variables were significant in determining the choice of warfare community and also showed that observed ship morale was the dominant factor above all others in helping to form career interests.
Lieutenant, United States Navy
Meyer, Michael, Michaela Neumayr, and Paul Rameder. "Students' Community Service: Self-Selection and the Effects of Participation." SAGE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0899764019848492.
Повний текст джерелаPoletti, Patrick David. "The Effect of Dynamic Kinetic Selection on an Evolving Ribozyme Population." Thesis, Portland State University, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13422098.
Повний текст джерелаDynamic Kinetic Selection (DKS) suggests that kinetic, rather than thermodynamic, stability will dictate the composition of a replicating population of biomolecules. Here, the results obtained from a series of five related reactions involving gradually increasing percentages of randomly-mutated substrate fragments to generate variants of full-length Azoarcus group I intron through an autocatalytic self-assembly reaction involving a series of recombination events, showed DKS as a driving factor in dictating the population composition of full-length product assembled from substrates that had fewer positions available to randomization.
In trying to elucidate a plausible scheme for the origins of complex biomolecules on the prebiotic Earth, the suggestion that networks comprised of interacting molecules were more likely to evolve into biomolecules capable of obtaining and sustaining characteristics attributed to living molecules has gained traction within the past few years. Of specific interest is the catalytic efficacy of ribozymes whose genotypes require that they interact with molecules of the same genotype (selfish systems) to be effective catalysts versus those that are more effective when accomplishing catalysis by cooperating with ribozymes of a different genotype (cooperative systems). Here, the Azoarcus I ribozyme was used to compare these two types of system. Both systems were shown to robustly produce full-length product. Two different methods of introducing random mutations into substrate fragments for the reactions described in this thesis were employed. The differences in the preparation methods for the substrates was not expected to have an impact on the nature of the full-length product. However, there was no correlation between the positions that tended to be more tolerant of accepting random mutations between the products arising from the two preparation methods. One preparation method yielded full-length ribozymes more consistent with the secondary structure of the wild-type ribozyme and followed substitution patterns found in in vivo nucleic acid substitutions, whereas the other method provided full-length ribozymes that tolerated mutations that would be expected to greatly affect the secondary structure of the ribozyme and those positions tended to mutate evenly to any of the three possible alternative nucleobases.
Point mutations introduced into ribozyme substrate fragments may have a deleterious, neutral, or beneficial effect, depending on their impact on the catalytic capability of the molecule vis-á-vis the effect, if any, the change has to the secondary and tertiary structure of the ribozyme. In this dissertation, the results of two series of point mutation reactions are addressed. The first set showed a point mutation to have a deleterious effect, whereas concerted mutations did not significantly affect activity of the ribozyme. The second series of reactions involved point mutations at a position that had previously been determined to be highly tolerant of random mutations. Results suggested that substitutions at this position had a minimal impact on ribozyme activity.
Fluegge, Kyle. "Effects of Patient Self-Selection on Costs to Treat Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI)." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1388665018.
Повний текст джерелаMorley, Jacoba Lena. "The effects of gender, self-esteem, age, and relationship on compliance-gaining strategy selection." Scholarly Commons, 2001. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/553.
Повний текст джерелаYonce, Clayton. "REJECTION IN THE JOB SELECTION PROCESS: THE EFFECTS OF INFORMATION & SENSITIVITY." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2005. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4319.
Повний текст джерелаM.S.
Department of Psychology
Arts and Sciences
Psychology
Filer, Kimberly L. "Understanding the Leaking Pipeline: The Effects of Self-Efficacy and Student Choice on High School Mathematics Preparation and STEM Matriculation." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27684.
Повний текст джерелаPh. D.
Luong, Tran (Kate). "The Drive to Be Better: The Role of the Self-Improvement Motive on Media Selection, Processing, and Effects." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu159491690119515.
Повний текст джерелаAriel, Robert. "Learning what to learn: The effects of task experience on strategy shifts in the allocation of study time." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1342123497.
Повний текст джерелаSauer, Jan [Verfasser], and Peter [Akademischer Betreuer] Fischer. "Promoting organizational citizenship behavior: effects of online self-disclosure in the context of employee selection and virtual leadership / Jan Sauer. Betreuer: Peter Fischer." Regensburg : Universitätsbibliothek Regensburg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1085553698/34.
Повний текст джерелаKichuk, Susan L. "The effect of general cognitive ability, teamwork KSA's, and the "Big Five" personality factors on the performance of engineering design teams : implications for the selection of teams /." *McMaster only, 1996.
Знайти повний текст джерелаRepasky, Tomas [Verfasser], Axel [Akademischer Betreuer] Werwatz, Axel [Gutachter] Werwatz, and Christian F. [Gutachter] Durach. "Estimating causal effects by utilizing exogenous variation to limit the self-selection problem / Tomas Repasky ; Gutachter: Axel Werwatz, Christian F. Durach ; Betreuer: Axel Werwatz." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1231908335/34.
Повний текст джерелаVan, Roy Patrick. "Essays on the economics of banking and the prudential regulation of banks." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210882.
Повний текст джерелаThe first chapter is introductory and reviews the motivation for regulating banks and credit rating agencies while providing a detailed overview of the thesis.
The second chapter uses a simultaneous equations model to analyze how banks from six G10 countries adjusted their capital to assets ratios and risk-weighted assets to assets ratio between 1988 and 1995, i.e. just after passage of the 1988 Basel Accord. The results suggest that regulatory pressure brought about by the 1988 capital standards had little effect on both ratios for weakly capitalized banks, except in the US. In addition, the relation between the capital to assets ratios and the risk-weighted assets to assets ratio appears to depend not only on the level of capitalization of banks, but also on the countries or groups of countries considered.
The third chapter provides Monte Carlo estimates of the amount of regulatory capital that EMU banks must hold for their corporate, bank, and sovereign exposures both under Basel I and the standardized approach to credit risk in Basel II. In the latter case, Monte Carlo estimates are presented for different combinations of external credit assessment institutions (ECAIs) that banks may choose to risk weight their exposures. Three main results emerge from the analysis. First, although the use of different ECAIs leads to significant differences in minimum capital requirements, these differences never exceed, on average, 10% of EMU banks’ capital requirements for corporate, bank, and sovereign exposures. Second, the standardized approach to credit risk provides a small regulatory capital incentive for banks to use several ECAIs to risk weight their exposures. Third, the minimum capital requirements for the corporate, bank, and sovereign exposures of EMU banks will be higher in Basel II than in Basel I. I also show that the incentive for banks to engage in regulatory arbitrage in the standardized approach to credit risk is limited.
The fourth and final chapter analyses the effect of soliciting a rating on the rating outcome of banks. Using a sample of Asian banks rated by Fitch Ratings, I find evidence that unsolicited ratings tend to be lower than solicited ones, after accounting for differences in observed bank characteristics. This downward bias does not seem to be explained by the fact that better-quality banks self-select into the solicited group. Rather, unsolicited ratings appear to be lower because they are based on public information. As a result, they tend to be more conservative than solicited ratings, which incorporate both public and non-public information.
Doctorat en sciences économiques, Orientation économie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Bäckström, Peter. "Essays on military labour supply in the era of voluntary recruitment." Licentiate thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-167166.
Повний текст джерелаZeydanli, Tugba. "Essays on subjective Well-Being." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010030.
Повний текст джерелаThis dissertation consists of three essays on subjective well-being.The first essay examines whether aggregate job satisfaction in a certain labormarket environment can have an impact on individual-level job satisfaction.We seek an answer to this question using two different datasets from the UnitedKingdom characterizing two different labor market environments: WorkplaceEmployment Relations Survey (WERS) at the workplace level (i.e., narrowlydefined worker groups) and British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) at thelocal labor market level (i.e., larger worker groups defined in industry × regioncells). Implementing an original empirical strategy to identify spillover effects,we find that one standard deviation increase in aggregate job satisfaction leadsto a 0.42 standard deviation increase in individual-level job satisfaction at theworkplace level and 0.15 standard deviation increase in individual-level jobsatisfaction at the local labor market level. These social interactions effectsiiiare sizable and should not be ignored in assessing the effectiveness of thepolicies designed to improve job satisfaction.Individuals tend to self-report higher subjective well-being levels on certaindays of the weeks than they do on the remaining days, controlling for observedvariation. The second essay tests whether this empirical observation suffersfrom selection bias by using the 2008 release of the British Household PanelSurvey. In other words, we examine if subjective well-being is correlated withunobserved characteristics that lead the individuals to take the interview onspecific days of the week. We focus on two distinct well-being measures: jobsatisfaction and happiness. We provide convincing evidence for both of thesemeasures that the interviews are not randomly distributed across the days ofthe week. In other words, individuals with certain unobserved characteristicstend to take the interviews selectively. We conclude that a considerable partof the day-of-the-week patterns can be explained by a standard “non-randomsorting on unobservables” argument rather than “mood fluctuations”. Thismeans that the day-of-the-week estimates reported in the literature are likelyto be biased and should be treated cautiously.In Sub-Saharan Africa, some scholars identify ethnicity as a cause of instability and poor economic growth, which is due to worse public policies. Eifert,Miguel, and Posner (2010) show that ethnic identification is more prominentduring competitive election periods in comparison to other identifying categories such as gender, religion, and class/occupation. The third essay utilizesdata from 12 Sub-Saharan African countries and over 40,000 respondents takenivfrom the Afrobarometer. It asks if individual subjective well-being changes inthe run up to competitive elections. We find strong evidence that individualsubjective well-being does change. It is positively related to the proximity toan election and this proximity effect depends on the competitiveness of theelection. We further investigate the background mechanisms behind this positive relationship i.e.: to what extent does well-being of the individual change ifthe party that the individual supports wins the election, and is there a changein well-being of the individual before and after the election? In addition, wedocument that ethnic identification also has a positive impact on individualwell-being after controlling for electoral cycle variables. Policy makers shouldinternalize these positive externalities driven from politically-induced ethnicidentification
Ku, Huei Chen, and 顧慧貞. "The influence of compensation scheme,framing effect and self- selection." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/78707712000969570104.
Повний текст джерела國立臺灣大學
會計學系
85
The Impact of Compensation scheme, Self-Selection, and Framing on PerformanceStudent:Huei-Chen Ku Advisor:Rong-Ruey Duh, Dr. Since compensation scheme plays an important role in the field ofresearch and business, its impact on performance is contradictory. Theobjective of this thesis is to find out the impact of compensation onperformance in different situations. The type of compensation scheme affects not only workers'' effect,but also their self-selection among employment settings, and throughthese, job performance. A laboratory experiment yields the followingresults:among subjects with assigned treatments, the type ofcompensation scheme has insignificant effect on performance. Whensubjects are permitted to choose compensation schemes, theirperformance don''t improve significantly. Framing has significantimpact on performance. The performance of subjects who are assignedto bonus compensation scheme are better than those of subjects who areassigned to penalty compensation scheme. When subjects are able toselect compensation scheme among different frames, they prefer bonusscheme to penalty scheme.
KAO, CHUN-TZU, and 高君慈. "The Effect of Self-Selection of Auditors on Audit Fees." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97908413192634562939.
Повний текст джерела國立臺北大學
會計學系
95
Audit fees have been partially publicly disclosed in Taiwan since 2002. Prior 2002, most of the researches were based on survey information to examine audit fees’ researches in Taiwan. Besides, there is still no consistent empirical evidence whether there is a name-brand premium on Taiwan’s audit market. Following Chaney et al. (2004), we use the two-stage procedure proposed by Heckman (1979) to examine whether self-selection of auditors would affect audit pricing and to investigate whether clients firms choosing name-brand auditors would have pay higher fees. Research samples are collected from Taiwanese publicly traded companies from 2002 to 2005. The empirical result indicates that clients are not randomly allocated across Big 4 and non-Big 4 auditors. Using standard OLS regressions, we document a Big 4 premium; however this premium vanishes once we control for self-selection bias. This study argues that the inconsistent results of prior researches in Taiwan of a Big 4 premium in pricing are brought by the lacking of consideration on self-selection of auditors. Furthermore, this study considers the role of clients’ bargaining power in the audit pricing process and finds that only smaller client firms choosing name-brand auditors would have faced higher audit fees.
TSAI, MI-HSUAN, and 蔡宓璇. "The Effect of Media Coverage on Information Content of Filing Annual Financial Reports – The Consideration of Self-Selection Bias." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/c6ckqa.
Повний текст джерела東海大學
會計學系
106
This study examines the effect of media coverage on the information content of filing annual financial reports by considering the bias arising from self-selection. Regulators requires listed firms to report financial reports on the Market Observation Post System (MOPS) within the deadline. However, if investors do not pay attention to the information, they cannot be impounded into price. Recent studies suggest that the media coverage could attract investors’ attention and improve the information content of financial reports. However, recent studies also suggest that if the issue arising from self-selection was not be considered, and the results could be biased. This study collects filling dates of annual financial reports from 2013 to 2015 on the MOPS and media coverage data on the filing from media databases. In addition, this study considers the self-selection problem using the two-stage method suggested by Michaely et al. (2016). The results are as follows: (1) Company's annual financial report has media reports that will increase investors' attention to unexpected earnings and are not subjected to self-selection biases. (2) The results from the number of media reports is consistent with the empirical results if a media coverage dummy is used. (3)The results is remained if firm fixed effect model is used.
Lien, Chun-Kai, and 連俊凱. "The Impact of Board Government on Investment Decision and Performance: Considering the Effect of Prior Performance and Self-Selection Bias." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98948906579470933414.
Повний текст джерела清雲科技大學
財務金融所
100
This study aims to explore the effect of performance feedback on investment decision under board government. A firm’s investment decision is not made at a random, but is mangers to self-select into their preferred strategies. In other words, there is a potential of self-selection bias in investment decision. If the self-selection bias is not taken into account then any conclusions drawn may be invalid. Hence, this study controls self-selection bias via Heckman’s two-stage decision model. The first stage, this study utilizes a Probit model to examine a firm’s board government how to influence its investment decision for 1914 samples of publicly traded electronics industry. And the inverse Mills ratio that corrects for self-selection matters in the second stage OLS regression. The empirical results of the first stage, this study found that there is a negatively relationship between the CEO duality, board size and directors'' ownership and increase investment when performance below their goals. The second stage, this study found that there is a positive relationship between firm’s investment and performance when the self-selection bias has been controlled.
Lin, Faqin. "Export premium, productivity, trade openness and wage inequality in China : empirical evidence from firm-level data." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/79427.
Повний текст джерелаThesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Economics, 2012
Malani, Anup. "Placebo effects, self-selection and the external validity of clinical trials /." 2003. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3097180.
Повний текст джерелаHung, Sheng-Min, and 洪聖閔. "The Effects of Audit Selection and Usage of CPA Attestation on Tax Evasions: A Self-selection Analysis." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89123182670447593455.
Повний текст джерела國立政治大學
會計研究所
93
This study uses the business income tax dada in Taiwan to empirically examine the relationships between audit selection, tax evasion, and the usage of CPA-attestation. Tobit model with self-selection is used in this study. Empirical results provide evidence that tax agencies in Taiwan employ a systematic audit selection process, subject to the constraints of audit budgets. Additionally, firms using CPA-attestation are less likely to be selected for audit. The results also provide evidence that some important characteristics of firms, such as size, financial position, profitability, and the usage of CPA-attestation, may influence the amount of tax evasion. Finally, we find that the effect of CPA-attestation on tax evasion may vary with different sizes of firms using CPA-attestation. Hence, the policy and tax regulations associated with the usage of CPA-attestation may need to be re-evaluated.
Ackerman, Jeffrey M. "Delinquents and their friends the role of peer effects and self-selection /." 2003. http://www.etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/ETD-3.
Повний текст джерелаRakotoarison, Lova Miarantsoa. "The relationship between personal knowledge management and individual work performance: the moderating effect of self-perceived employability." Thesis, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/26714.
Повний текст джерелаThis study sought to contribute to a further convergence between three topical research areas: Personal Knowledge Management (PKM), Individual Work Performance (IWP) and SelfPerceived Employability (SPE). Specifically, this study investigated the moderating effect of SPE on the relationship between PKM and IWP. PKM is an interdisciplinary concept, connected with management science, information science; information technology and other disciplines. The shift from the industrial economy to the knowledge economy has contributed to the surfacing of the knowledge-based view of the organisations and the emergence of the concept of knowledge workers or “people who think for a living” (Davenport, 2005). Knowledge workers are individuals who possess or seek to develop unique cognitive competencies and skills built upon effective PKM. While it has been acknowledged in the literature that PKM encompasses a competency aspect on the one hand and a technological perspective on the other hand, the overall reflection conducted in this study claimed to be skills/competencies centric. In that regard, a competency model developed by Kirby (2005, 2008) comprising of four-fold dimensions was used in this study to measure PKM. These four dimensions include analytical competencies (ANL), social competencies (SOC), information competencies (INF) and learning competencies (LRN). The construct of IWP relates to the individual behaviours or actions displayed by knowledge workers which are relevant to the goals of the organisation. This implies that IWP focuses on behaviours or actions of workers rather than the results of these actions. In addition, these behaviours should be under the control of the individual, thus excluding behaviours that are constrained by the environment. IWP was measured using the three components relevant to the IWP namely task performance (TSK), contextual performance (CON) and counterproductive work behavior (CWB). Employability concerns the extent to which people possess the skills and other attributes to find and stay in the kind of work they want. Such individuals are assumed to display a greater propensity to IWP. SPE is relating to a self-assessment of the employees as to how the organisation they are working for value them as individuals. Most importantly, SPE is associated with v individuals’ self-perception of their merit based more on their personal competencies than features of their occupation. Through a review of relevant literature this study discussed how PKM impacts IWP, and how SPE can potentially impact that relationship. This study used a sample of working professional students studying at Wits Plus (the University of the Witwatersrand’s centre for part-time studies), Wits Business School and Wits School of Governance and will perform Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) and hierarchical regression for data analysis.
XL2019
Galarza, Laura. "On the accuracy of detecting deception in selection interviews: The effects of applicant rehearsal, applicant job interest, and self-monitoring." Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1911/14105.
Повний текст джерелаZeydanli, Tugba. "Essays on subjective Well-Being." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/21991.
Повний текст джерелаMatson, Liana M. "Investigating reactivity to incentive downshift as a correlated response to selection for high alcohol preference and a determinant of rash action and alcohol consumption." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/5964.
Повний текст джерелаLosing a job or a significant other are examples of incentive shifts that result in negative emotional reactions. The occurrence of negative life events is associated with increased drinking, and alleviation of negative emotions has been cited as a drinking motive for individuals with problematic drinking patterns (Keyes et al., 2011; Adams et al., 2012). Further, there is evidence that certain genotypes drink alcohol in response to stressful negative life events (Blomeyer et al., 2008; Covault et al., 2007). It is possible that shared genetic factors contribute to both alcohol drinking and emotional reactivity, but there is a critical need for this relationship to be understood. The first aim of this proposal will use an incentive downshift paradigm to address whether emotional reactivity is elevated in mice predisposed to drink alcohol. The second aim of this proposal will address if reactivity to an incentive shift can result in rash action using a differential reinforcement of low rates of responding task, and whether this response is also associated with a predisposition for high drinking. The third aim of this proposal will investigate if experimenter administered ethanol reduces contrast effects, and if an incentive shift increases ethanol consumption in a high drinking line. The overall goal of this proposal is to investigate whether reactivity to incentive shift is an important mechanism underlying alcohol drinking in these mice, and the role an incentive shift may play in producing rash action and influencing ethanol consumption.