Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Self medication; non-prescribed antibiotics; Indonesia"

Non-prescribed antibiotic use occurs worldwide and is an important contributor to antibiotic resistance. Social and health system factors were related to the practice of self-medication with antibiotics. This study aims to investigate the practice of non-prescribed antibiotic use, and to assess the impact of primary health service access and use on this practice among Australian Chinese migrants. Four-hundred and twenty-six participants, who self-identified as Chinese and who had been residing in Australia for at least 12 months, were recruited through several Australian Chinese social websites to participate in an online health survey about antibiotic use and health services use from July to October 2013. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the associations between health services utilisation factors and the use of non-prescribed antibiotics. In total, 20.2% (86/426) participants reported having used antibiotics without medical consultation in the last 12 months. Of 170 antibiotic users, 50.6% (86/170) used antibiotics without medical consultation. Chinese migrants who self-evaluated as ‘satisfied’ with the experiences of GP services were less likely to self-medicate with antibiotics. In addition, Chinese migrants without any perceived barriers to using primary health services in Australia were less likely to use non-prescribed antibiotics. Among Australian Chinese migrants, over half of antibiotic users admitted that they had used antibiotics without medical consultation. Participants with positive experience and perception of primary health services, primarily GP services, had a lower risk of using non-prescribed antibiotics.

Antibiotic resistance is one of the most serious global public health crises. Inappropriate use of antibiotics is an important contributor. Using a cross-sectional survey, we recruited 3056 caregivers from 21 provinces in China to complete a questionnaire pertaining to their most recent medical visits for children’s acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) symptoms in October 2013. The findings show that the prevalence of caregivers giving children non-prescribed antibiotics before their medical visit was as high as 38%. Caring for an older child and having lower educational attainment increased the likelihood of self-medication with antibiotics; among Chinese residential areas, caregivers living in tier 2 urban districts were most likely to administer non-prescribed antibiotics before their visit. Physicians’ prescribing of antibiotics was significantly associated with caregivers’ self-reported pre-visit use of non-prescribed antibiotics. Misuse should be addressed by regulating the sale of antibiotics and improving communication at medical consultations.

Background: Self-usage of drugs is defined as the use of the drugs for the treatment of self-diagnosed signs or symptoms and the continued or intermittent use of the prescribed drug for the acute or chronic signs and symptoms. Use of self-medication is normally done when people or consumers don't think the need of visiting a doctor or it might be because they think that they can handle their symptoms on their own. Objective: To determine the practice and usage of antibiotics and its associated factors in medical and nonmedical students of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Method: The comparative cross-sectional survey was conducted at medical and non-medical faculties of Riphah International University from February- July 2018, comprising students aged 20-30 years. Both genders were selected through non probability purposive sampling. A self-designed questionnaire was used to obtain the data. Data was analyzed through SPSS version 19. Results: Out of 926 students, practice of self-medication among medical students was higher 324 (35.0%) as compared to non-medical students 261 (28.2%). Practice of antibiotics in males was higher 348 (37.6%) as compared to females 237 (25.6%). Conclusion: The frequency of self-medication with antibiotics is higher in medical students particularly in male students.

Introduction. The resistance to antibacterial drugs is an emerging worldwide problem. Numbers of inappropriate ways to use antibiotics contribute to this issue. Self-medication is one of them. This study seeks to find out how prevalent the self-medication with antibiotics, their storage at home and the inappropriate acquisition of antibacterial drugs are among medical specialists in Vilnius, Lithuania. Methods. A cross-sectional survey was conducted. To better identify the potential target groups, the respondents were classified according to their relation to medical care: physicians, other medical personnel, medical students and people, directly not related to medical care. Results. The overall actual self-medication with antibiotics rate was 4.0%. And, although the actual self-medication rate might seem rather low, the intended self-medication rate was 51.4%. Also, a prevalent antibacterial drugs storage at home (45.8%) with a wide variety of preparations was reported. Only 61.9% respondents received prescriptions for antibiotics from their treating physician. 7.6% used the non-prescribed medicines and 22.0% received a prescription from a physician, who was either their colleague or a familiar person. Conclusions. Inappropriate habits of antibiotic use are prevalent. While there were some differences between the research groups, most of them were not statistically significant. It means that measures should be taken targeting health care givers as well as the general population. Educational programs about the rational use of antibiotics may help reducing the improper habits of antibacterial drugs usage, including self-medication. Encouraging the electronic drug prescription may be beneficial while reducing the prevalent inappropriate acquisition of antibiotics.

Background: Antibiotics are the most frequently used medicines worldwide with most of the countries defining these as prescription-only medicines. Though, dispensing non-prescribed antibiotics represent one of the chief causal factors to the irrational use of antibiotics that paves the way to the development of antimicrobial resistance. Objective: We aimed at describing the practices and the enablers for non-prescribed antibiotic dispensing in Maputo city, Mozambique. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted, between October 2018 and March 2019, in nine private pharmacies randomly selected across Maputo city. Eighteen pharmacists were contacted and seventeen enrolled through snowball sampling. In-depth interviews were conducted, audiotaped, and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were coded and analysed though thematic analysis with guidelines from Braun and Clark. The Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Studies (COREQ) checklist by (Tong, 2007) was performed. Results: Out of seventeen, fifteen pharmacists admitted non-prescribed dispensing of antibiotics. Common antibiotic dispensing practices included; dispensing without prescription, without asking for a brief clinical history of patients, without clear explanation of the appropriate way of administering, without advising on the side effects. Reasons for non-prescribed antibiotic dispensing are linked to patients’ behaviour of demanding for non-prescribed antibiotics, to the patients expectations and beliefs on the healing power of antibiotics, to the physicians’ prescribing practices. Other reasons included the pressure for profits from the pharmacy owners, the fragile law enforcement, and absence of accountability mechanisms. Conclusions: The practices of non-prescribed antibiotic dispensing characterize the ‘daily life’ of the pharmacists. On the one hand, the patient’s demand for antibiotics without valid prescriptions, and pharmacist’s wish to assist based on their role in the pharmacy, the pressure for profits and on the understanding of the larger forces driving the practices of self-medication with antibiotics - rock. On the other hand, pharmacists are aware of the legal status of antibiotics and the public health consequences of their inappropriate dispensing practices and their professional and ethical responsibility for upholding the law - hard place. Highlighting the role of pharmacists and their skills as health promotion professionals is needed to optimizing antibiotic dispensing and better conservancy in Mozambique.

Introduction: Inappropriate use of antibiotics has resulted in a dramatic increase of antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. We examined knowledge, attitudes, and practices of antibiotic use in three Asian countries. Methodology: A nationwide cross-sectional study of teachers in large cities of Yemen, Saudi Arabia, and Uzbekistan was conducted. A random sample of 1,200 teachers was selected in each country. Data were collected through a questionnaire-based survey and then analyzed using descriptive and multivariate statistical methods. Results: The prevalence of non-prescription antibiotic use ranged from 48% in Saudi Arabia to 78% in Yemen and Uzbekistan. Pharmacies were the main source of non-prescribed antibiotics. The most common reasons for antibiotic use were cough (40%) and influenza (34%). Forty-nine percent of respondents discontinued antibiotics when they felt better. Although awareness of the dangers of antibiotic use correlated inversely with self-medication, understanding of the appropriate use of antibiotics was limited. Conclusions: The prevalence of antibiotic self-medication in the educated adult population in the studied countries was found to be alarmingly high. Effective strategies involving regulatory enforcement prohibiting sales of antibiotics without prescription should be implemented along with educational interventions for health professionals and the public.

Objective: Our study aims to assess the frequency of self-medication in elderly people of Karachi, identify its reasons and associated risk factors. Study Design & Setting: This cross-sectional study was conducted in waiting areas of OPDs at Liaquat National hospital and its outreach centers. Methodology: Study duration was June-December, 2021. We approached all patients and aged 60 years and above. After taking written informed consent, targeted population was interviewed to find out self-medication performed within last three months and its reason and causes. Participants’ demographics, symptoms for which self-medication was performed, different type of medications used, reasons of opting self-medication and different approaches for dose adjustment were also investigated. Data was recorded by a pre-designed questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 21. Result: Out of 200 elderly included in the study, 87% of them reported self-medication in a 3-month recall period. Pain (63.8%), fever (56.9%), headache (50%), cough, and cold (37.4%) were the most common symptoms. Pain killers (81.6%), fever-reducing drugs (58%) and cough syrup (39.1%) were the top three medicines used for self-medication. One-fifth of the respondents reported self-medication of antibiotics. Top three frequent reasons for self-medication were convenience (99.4%), disease of mild nature (85.1%) and for quick relief of symptoms (78.7%). None of the patient’s demographic factors were found to be associated with self-medication practice. Conclusion: Self-medication is a highly prevalent practice in elderly people of Karachi including non-prescribed usage of antibiotics. Major reforms in primary health care are needed to address this growing problem

Background: In Low-and Middle-Income Countries, including India, consumers often purchase antibiotics over-the-counter (OTC) from retail pharmacies. This practice leads to the inappropriate use of antibiotics in the community which is an important driver for the development of antimicrobial resistance. A better understanding of consumers’ views towards this grave public health concern is critical to developing evidence-based intervention programs for awareness among the general population. Objective: To explore knowledge, practice and, behavior of consumers towards antibiotics, antibiotic use, antimicrobial resistance, purchasing behavior of consumers for antibiotics, and to gain insight which will help in developing evidence-based policy interventions. Methods: 72 in-depth consumer interviews were conducted in all 11 districts of the National Capital Territory of Delhi. The qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Our study found that retail pharmacies were the first point of consultation for common ailments for patients/consumers once home remedies failed; they were largely unaware of the threat of antimicrobial resistance. Consumers’ knowledge of antibiotic use and about antimicrobial resistance was low, they used old prescriptions, and bought antibiotics OTC to save time and money. Despite the presence of regulations constituted to regulate the sale of antibiotics by the Government and the implementation of national campaigns, the practice of self-medication and behaviors such as OTC purchase, non-adherence to prescribed antibiotics was prevalent. Consumers perceive that antibiotics provide quick relief and accelerate the curing process and retail pharmacy shops try to protect their retail business interests by honoring old prescriptions and self-medication for antibiotics. Conclusions: The lack of awareness and insufficient knowledge about what antibiotics are and issues such as antimicrobial resistance or antibiotic resistance resulted in misuse of antibiotics by consumers. Limited access to public healthcare and affordability of private healthcare are factors that contribute towards the self-medication/OTC purchase of antibiotics. The regular misuse of antibiotics through irrational use reinforces the need for strong enactment of strategies like continuous community awareness campaigns. Mitigation efforts should focus upon educating consumers continuously and sustainably for the understanding of antibiotic misuse, antimicrobial resistance, and promote better compliance with regulations.

Background: Use of drugs without prescription is a worldwide phenomenon especially among the general people in the developing countries. Alarmingly the use of medication without prescriptions among the young generations for longer duration is increasing day by day. The study was meant to evaluate the prevalence of non-prescribed medications among the young generations living in the capital of Bangladesh.Methods: It was a cross-sectional survey conducted in the Dhaka South City Corporation (DSCC) from September-November, 2019. Data was collected from patients having self-administration of drugs with semi-structured questionnaire in English and analysed applying descriptive statistics.Results: The study revealed the occurrence of non-prescription medication use among 75% of the respondents (N=400). The participants were students (67%), service holder (19%) and housewife (9%). Male and female were 49% and 51%; aged between 15-35 years (average 25.8 years). Mostly used medication groups were NSAIDs (34%), antacids (24%) and antibiotics (17%). Duration was more than one year 206 (69%) and from six to twelve months 94 (31%). The compliance reported as better (62.33%) and extremely good (34.33%). The crucial diseases treated were fever (27.73%), gastric acidity (22.13%), headache and other pains (15.13%), dysentery and diarrhea (8.68%) and allergy (8.40%). Interestingly 42% participants suggested their medication to others.Conclusions: In the young generation occurrence of non-prescribed medication is highest amidst the students. The authority should assure rational use of medications. The DGDA may campaign against the haphazard use of medicines involving the young generations.

In Indonesia, legislation mandates a medical prescription for purchase of antibiotics. However, people can, in fact, purchase antibiotics without prescription which may be used inappropriately. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of why people self medicate with antibiotics is essential to develop intervention programs for improving the safe use of antibiotics in the community. The aims of the research were to identify the prevalence and patterns of self medication with antibiotics (SMA) in Yogyakarta City Indonesia; to explore individuals’ knowledge and beliefs about antibiotics; to identify factors that influence individuals’ intentions to SMA; to explore underlying reasons of why individuals self medicate with antibiotics; and to explore stakeholders’ perspectives about how to improve the safe use of antibiotics in the community. The research applied a mixed-method approach and involved adults (over 18 years) of Yogyakarta City, Indonesia. The theory of planned behaviour (TPB) was applied as a conceptual framework to assist in identifying psychological factors associated with SMA at the individual level i.e. attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control. The research was initiated by interviews with 25 participants to explore common beliefs about SMA practice among Indonesians. The interviews were informed by the TPB. Results of the interviews were used to structure TPB questions for a population-based survey. The survey had a sample size of 625 adults and applied a cluster random sampling technique. Following the survey, in-depth interviews with a group of the respondents in the survey, who had experience in using antibiotics for self medication, were conducted to explore underlying reasons of SMA practice. The overall results were then discussed with a group of stakeholders in Yogyakarta Province to formulate recommendations on how to improve the safe use of antibiotics in the community. The methods described above were approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) at the University of Adelaide and the City Government of Yogyakarta Indonesia. A range of beliefs about SMA practice is highlighted through the interviews includes advantages, disadvantages, approvals, disapprovals, facilitators and barriers of such practice. The survey results in a 90% of response rate and 7.3% period prevalence of SMA. Although information and advice about antibiotics are mainly derived from doctors and pharmacists, the patterns of SMA indicate that antibiotics are used inappropriately. Misconceptions about antibiotic use also exist. Most of the survey respondents are aware of the disadvantages of SMA; and therefore, they are not in favour of practicing SMA. They also reported pressures from their social networks to not practice SMA, and noted that practicing SMA is not easy. However, experience in using antibiotics and the ease of obtaining antibiotics without prescription make the practice of SMA easier. To reduce SMA practice it is required to increase the provision of accurate information about antibiotics especially for improving people’s awareness regarding the risks of using antibiotics inappropriately. It is imperative to improve antibiotic prescription policy and to optimize the role of health professionals especially in providing reliable advice about antibiotics. It is also urgent to decrease access to antibiotics without prescription.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Population Health, 2013