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Статті в журналах з теми "Selective fragmentation"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 8 червня 2022

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1

Lindinger, Albrecht, Andrea Merli, Mateusz Plewicki, Franziska Vetter, Stefan M. Weber, and Ludger Wöste. "Optimal control of isotope selective fragmentation." Chemical Physics Letters 413, no. 4-6 (September 2005): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2005.07.100.

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2

Riaz, Sara, LuLu Qu, Essy Kouadio Fodjo, Wei Ma, and Yi-Tao Long. "Thioanisole induced size-selective fragmentation of gold nanoparticles." RSC Adv. 4, no. 27 (2014): 14031–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra00528g.

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3

Li, Weixun, Jianhong Gan та Renhua Fan. "Base-promoted selective β-fragmentation of homoallylamines". Tetrahedron Letters 51, № 32 (серпень 2010): 4275–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.06.031.

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4

Aspinall, Gerald O. "Chemical modification and selective fragmentation of polysaccharides." Accounts of Chemical Research 20, no. 3 (March 1987): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar00135a006.

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5

Kazakevich, P. V., A. V. Simakin, G. A. Shafeev, G. Viau, Y. Soumaré, and F. Bozon-Verduraz. "Laser-assisted shape selective fragmentation of nanoparticles." Applied Surface Science 253, no. 19 (July 2007): 7831–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.02.159.

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6

Amstrup, Bjarne, and Niels E. Henriksen. "Two‐pulse laser control of bond‐selective fragmentation." Journal of Chemical Physics 105, no. 20 (November 22, 1996): 9115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.472745.

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7

Agostinacchio, Francesca, Devid Maniglio, Emanuela Callone, Claudio Migliaresi, Sandra Dirè, and Antonella Motta. "A novel and selective silk fibroin fragmentation method." Soft Matter 17, no. 28 (2021): 6863–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1sm00566a.

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Silk fibroin precise cleavage on specific amino acid sites using collagenase type G enzyme leads to precise silk fibroin fragmentation and, thus, lower molecular weight materials whose length and properties can be tuned with the enzyme concentration.

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8

Korshunov, M. N., E. S. Korshunova, Yu V. Kastrikin, and S. P. Darenkov. "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and spermatogenesis." Vestnik Urologii 9, no. 2 (July 10, 2021): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21886/2308-6424-2021-9-2-74-79.

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Introduction. According to the WHO data, depression is a common disease among women and men of reproductive age. One line of the correction of depressive disorders is selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The ingestions have shown that using SSRIs harms sperm quality. The literature date of evaluation of male fertility after discontinuation of antidepressants is quite limited.Purpose of the study. To evaluate the influence of Fluoxetine intake on semen parameters, sperm DNA fragmentation and hormonal status.Materials and methods. Twenty-five men (mean age - 35.2 ± 4.5 yo) with depression were included in the study. Fluoxetine (20 mg per day) was prescribed to all the patients for 12 wk. Semen parameters, sperm DNA fragmentation, sex hormones levels were measured before-after treatment and 3 mo behind discontinuation.Results. After 12 weeks of the treatment the mean semen volume decreased from 3.1 ± 0.7 to 2.9 ± 0.7 ml (p = 0.638), sperm concentration - from 39.4 ± 18.5 to 34.3 ± 16.8 mln/ml (p = 0.384), sperm motility decreased from 41.7 ± 7.6 to 35.5 ± 7.8% (p < 0.05), the mean percent of normal morphology form - from с 12.7 ± 2.8 to 10.7 ± 2.2% (p < 0.001). Sperm DNA fragmentation increased 16.2 ± 4.9 to 22.2 ± 4.3% (p < 0.001). The mean semen volume, sperm concentration, motility, percentage of normal morphology increased and reverted to the normal levels after 3 mounts of drug discontinuation. Sperm DNA fragmentation index decreased, and it had the values less than before the treatment that positively correlated with the reduction of depression's symptoms. It was not significant dynamics in hormonal parameters before and after the therapy.Conclusion. Using fluoxetine has a reversible negative effect on male fertility. It is important to inform the patients about the temporary side effects of SSRIs in fatherhood planning cases.

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9

Matsumoto, Tetsuo. "Selective Fragmentation of Urinary Calculi by Pulsed Dye Laser." JOURNAL OF JAPAN SOCIETY FOR LASER SURGERY AND MEDICINE 8, no. 3 (1987): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2530/jslsm1980.8.3_25.

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10

Li, Weixun, Jianhong Gan та Renhua Fan. "ChemInform Abstract: Base-Promoted Selective β-Fragmentation of Homoallylamines." ChemInform 41, № 44 (7 жовтня 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201044069.

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11

Deng, Chenghua, Malcolm A. O’Neill, Michael G. Hahn, and William S. York. "Improved procedures for the selective chemical fragmentation of rhamnogalacturonans." Carbohydrate Research 344, no. 14 (September 2009): 1852–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2008.11.011.

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12

Takekawa, Yuki, and Kozo Shishido. "Selective cleavage of the trisubstituted cyclopropanes via cyclopropylcarbinyl radical fragmentation." Tetrahedron Letters 40, no. 37 (September 1999): 6817–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(99)01366-0.

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13

Aistleitner, Karin, Tina Clark, Cheryl Dooley, and Ted Hackstadt. "Selective fragmentation of the trans-Golgi apparatus by Rickettsia rickettsii." PLOS Pathogens 16, no. 5 (May 18, 2020): e1008582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1008582.

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14

Song, Jin Woo, and Hee Nam Lim. "Synthesis of Carbamoyl Fluorides via a Selective Fluorinative Beckmann Fragmentation." Organic Letters 23, no. 14 (July 1, 2021): 5394–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01721.

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15

Rondon, Xanic J., Graeme S. Cumming, Rosa E. Cossío, and Jane Southworth. "The Effects of Selective Logging Behaviors on Forest Fragmentation and Recovery." International Journal of Forestry Research 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/170974.

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To study the impacts of selective logging behaviors on a forest landscape, we developed an intermediate-scale spatial model to link cross-scale interactions of timber harvesting, a fine-scale human activity, with coarse-scale landscape impacts. We used the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model with Holling’s functional response II to simulate selective logging, coupled with a cellular automaton model to simulate logger mobility and forest fragmentation. Three logging scenarios were simulated, each varying in timber harvesting preference and logger mobility. We quantified forest resilience by evaluating (1) the spatial patterns of forest fragmentation, (2) the time until the system crossed a threshold into a deforested state, and (3) recovery time. Our simulations showed that logging behaviors involving decisions made about harvesting timber and mobility can lead to different spatial patterns of forest fragmentation. They can, together with forest management practices, significantly delay or accelerate the transition of a forest landscape to a deforested state and its return to a recovered state. Intermediate-scale models emerge as useful tools for understanding cross-scale interactions between human activities and the spatial patterns that are created by anthropogenic land use.

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16

Everaert, Maarten, Raphael Stein, Simon Michaux, Vincent Goovaerts, Carlo Groffils, Simon Delvoie, Zengfeng Zhao, Ruben Snellings, Peter Nielsen, and Kris Broos. "Microwave Radiation as a Pre-Treatment for Standard and Innovative Fragmentation Techniques in Concrete Recycling." Materials 12, no. 3 (February 5, 2019): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12030488.

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Recent advances in concrete recycling technology focus on novel fragmentation techniques to obtain aggregate fractions with low cement matrix content. This study assesses the aggregate liberation effectiveness of four different treatment processes including standard and innovative concrete fragmentation techniques. Lab-made concrete samples were subjected to either standard mechanical crushing technique (SMT) or electrodynamic fragmentation (EDF). For both fragmentation processes, the influence of a microwave weakening pre-treatment technique (MWT) was investigated. A detailed analysis of the particle size distribution was carried out on samples after fragmentation. The >5.6 mm fraction was more deeply characterized for aggregate selective liberation (manual classification to separate liberated aggregates) and for cement matrix content (thermogravimetric measurements). Results highlight that EDF treatment is more effective than SMT treatment to selectively liberate aggregates and to decrease the cement matrix content of the >5.6 mm fraction. EDF fully liberates up to 37 wt.% of the >5.6 mm natural aggregates, while SMT only liberates 14–16 wt.%. MWT pre-treatment positively affects aggregate liberation and cement matrix removal only if used in combination with SMT; no significant effect in combination with EDF was recorded. These results of this study can provide insights to successfully implement innovative technology in concrete recycling plants.

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17

Oh, Chanho, Youngahn Kim, Jaesoon Eun, Toshihiro Yokoyama, Masashi Kato, and Izumi Nakashima. "Induction of T Lymphocyte Apoptosis by Treatment with Glycyrrhizin." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 27, no. 02 (January 1999): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x99000252.

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The effect of glycyrrhizin (GL), a Chinese herbal drug extracted from licolice roots, on murine lymphocytes for inducing apoptotic cell death was studied. Addition of GL (25-400 μg/ml) to cultured splenocytes and thymocytes from BALB/c mice definitely promoted DNA fragmentation. A single injection of GL (100 μg/mouse) into BALB/c mice did not cause any detectable DNA fragmentation or cell death of splenocytes and thymocytes. Cytofluorometric analysis of these cells, however, demonstrated a reduction in mitochondrial transmembrane potentials (ΔΨm). Repeated injections of GL (100 μg/mouse/day) into mice for 7 days actually resulted in induction of low grade DNA fragmentation selectively in splenocytes. Cell population analysis of viable lymphocytes suggested that both CD4+ Th lymphocytes and CD8+ Tc lymphocytes may have been relatively more sensitive than B220+ B lymphocytes for the apoptotic cell death. We concluded from these results that GL acts as a rather selective inducer of mature T lymphocyte apoptosis with a reduction in ΔΨm potentially preceding lymphocyte death.

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18

Barclay, Michael, Ragnar Bjornsson, Maicol Cipriani, Andreas Terfort, D. Howard Fairbrother, and Oddur Ingólfsson. "The role of the dihedral angle and excited cation states in ionization and dissociation of mono-halogenated biphenyls; a combined experimental and theoretical coupled cluster study." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, no. 8 (2019): 4556–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp07785a.

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19

Lieber, Toby, Swathi P. Jeedigunta, Jonathan M. Palozzi, Ruth Lehmann, and Thomas R. Hurd. "Mitochondrial fragmentation drives selective removal of deleterious mtDNA in the germline." Nature 570, no. 7761 (May 15, 2019): 380–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1213-4.

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20

Aluker, E. D., A. G. Krechetov, A. Yu Mitrofanov, and Yu P. Sakharchuk. "Model of the photostimulated fragmentation of PETN molecules in selective photoinitiation." Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry B 5, no. 5 (October 2011): 821–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1990793111090156.

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21

Schumann, André, Fabian Reiß, Haijun Jiao, Jabor Rabeah, Jan-Erik Siewert, Ivo Krummenacher, Holger Braunschweig, and Christian Hering-Junghans. "A selective route to aryl-triphosphiranes and their titanocene-induced fragmentation." Chemical Science 10, no. 34 (2019): 7859–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9sc02322d.

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Using titanocene synthon [Cp₂Ti(Me₃SiC₂SiMe₃)] the selective conversion of aryl-substituted triphosphiranes P₃Ar₃ into Cp₂TiP₂Ar₂ complexes was achieved.

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22

Catellani, Marta, and Maria Chiara Fagnola. "Palladacycles as Intermediates for Selective Dialkylation of Arenes and Subsequent Fragmentation." Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 33, no. 2324 (January 3, 1995): 2421–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.199424211.

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23

Rahel, Frank J., and Robert L. McLaughlin. "Selective fragmentation and the management of fish movement across anthropogenic barriers." Ecological Applications 28, no. 8 (September 28, 2018): 2066–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eap.1795.

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24

Takekawa, Yuki, and Kozo Shishido. "ChemInform Abstract: Selective Cleavage of Trisubstituted Cyclopropanes via Cyclopropylcarbinyl Radical Fragmentation." ChemInform 30, no. 48 (June 12, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199948054.

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25

Beekley, Alec C., Lorne H. Blackbourne, James A. Sebesta, Neil McMullin, Philip S. Mullenix, and John B. Holcomb. "Selective Nonoperative Management of Penetrating Torso Injury From Combat Fragmentation Wounds." Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 64, Supplement (February 2008): S108—S117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ta.0b013e31816093d0.

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26

Itälä, E., D. T. Ha, K. Kooser, M. A. Huels, E. Rachlew, E. Nõmmiste, U. Joost, and E. Kukk. "Molecular fragmentation of pyrimidine derivatives following site-selective carbon core ionization." Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 184, no. 3-6 (April 2011): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elspec.2011.01.007.

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27

Saha, K., S. B. Banerjee, and B. Bapat. "State selective fragmentation kinematics of OCS2+ following S(2p) Auger decay." Chemical Physics Letters 607 (June 2014): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2014.05.037.

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28

Slutsky Smith, Elana A., Soliman Khatib, and Andrea Szuchman-Sapir. "Fishing for lipid lactones using selective reaction and characteristic fragmentation pattern." Journal of Chromatography B 1197 (May 2022): 123201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123201.

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29

Pandey, Ganesh, Rajesh Varkhedkar, and Divya Tiwari. "Efficient access to enantiopure 1,3-disubstituted isoindolines from selective catalytic fragmentation of an original desymmetrized rigid overbred template." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 13, no. 15 (2015): 4438–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ob00229j.

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30

Seng, M., M. Halka, K. D. Heber, and W. Sandner. "Fragmentation of planetary three–body Coulomb states." Canadian Journal of Physics 74, no. 11-12 (November 1, 1996): 970–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p96-816.

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Using a novel combination of several experimental techniques for state selective ion and electron spectroscopy, we investigated the decay dynamics of "n1l1n2l2" (4 < n1 < n2 < 80, l1 ≥ 3, l2 > 5) planetary states in strontium after five-laser excitation. As a result, at least two dominant and competing fragmentation mechanisms (autoionization and fluorescence–autoionization cascades) could be identified. Quantitative investigation of these mechanisms and their decomposition into different channels yield a fairly complete picture of the fragmentation dynamics in highly excited three–body Coulomb states.

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31

STANKIEWICZ, M., P. WINIARCZYK, J. RIUS I RIU, J. ÁLVAREZ, P. ERMAN, A. KARAWAJCZYK, E. RACHLEW, E. KUKK, M. HUTTULA, and P. HATHERLY. "SELECTIVE FRAGMENTATION OF VALENCE- AND CORE-ELECTRON-EXCITED CD4 and SF6 MOLECULES." Surface Review and Letters 09, no. 01 (February 2002): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x02002105.

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Electron–ion coincidence measurements with energy-resolved electrons are a powerful tool in studies of molecular fragmentation processes, since fragmentation from a specific doorway state can be monitored while the remaining reactions are discriminated. Presently, we have applied this technique in measurements of coincidence spectra of the CD 4 and SF 6 molecules after valence and core electron excitation. The newly constructed energy-resolved electron–ion coincidence station developed for this project has been used. Our results on CD 4 are the first demonstration of a correlation between vibrations and molecular dissociation observed in this molecule. The SF 6 spectra reveal strong selectivity in dissociation following distinct electronic states of the molecule. This selectivity reflects the bonding properties of the potential surfaces involved in the studied processes. The obtained results exemplify the potential of the new multicoincidence station used in this work.

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32

Fraser, Dylan J., Paul V. Debes, Louis Bernatchez, and Jeffrey A. Hutchings. "Population size, habitat fragmentation, and the nature of adaptive variation in a stream fish." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1790 (September 7, 2014): 20140370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0370.

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Whether and how habitat fragmentation and population size jointly affect adaptive genetic variation and adaptive population differentiation are largely unexplored. Owing to pronounced genetic drift, small, fragmented populations are thought to exhibit reduced adaptive genetic variation relative to large populations. Yet fragmentation is known to increase variability within and among habitats as population size decreases. Such variability might instead favour the maintenance of adaptive polymorphisms and/or generate more variability in adaptive differentiation at smaller population size. We investigated these alternative hypotheses by analysing coding-gene, single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with different biological functions in fragmented brook trout populations of variable sizes. Putative adaptive differentiation was greater between small and large populations or among small populations than among large populations. These trends were stronger for genetic population size measures than demographic ones and were present despite pronounced drift in small populations. Our results suggest that fragmentation affects natural selection and that the changes elicited in the adaptive genetic composition and differentiation of fragmented populations vary with population size. By generating more variable evolutionary responses, the alteration of selective pressures during habitat fragmentation may affect future population persistence independently of, and perhaps long before, the effects of demographic and genetic stochasticity are manifest.

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33

Mothes, Cornelia, Silvia Knobloch-Westerwick, and George D. H. Pearson. "The PFAD-HEC Model: Impacts of News Attributes and Use Motivations on Selective News Exposure." Communication Theory 29, no. 3 (January 22, 2019): 251–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ct/qty033.

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Abstract This study examined effects of four common news attributes—personalization, fragmentation, authority–disorder bias, and dramatization (PFAD)—on news exposure and the moderating impacts of hedonic, epistemic, and civic news use motivations. In a lab experiment, participants browsed online news while selective exposure was unobtrusively logged. Findings yielded longer exposure to personalized and dramatized articles and news with low authority–disorder bias. Fragmentation had no significant impact. However, selective exposure to fragmented news was influenced by participants’ political understanding (epistemic motivation), exposure to personalization by news enjoyment (hedonic motivation), and exposure to authority–disorder bias by civic duty to keep informed (civic motivation). Results suggest that news styles may need to become more diversified to better address the informational needs of today’s fragmented audiences.

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34

Brill, Jeffrey H., Bikshandarkoil A. Narayanan, and John P. McCormick. "Selective Determination of Pentafluorobenzyl Ester Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids by GC Using Microwave Plasma and Mass Selective Detection." Applied Spectroscopy 45, no. 10 (December 1991): 1617–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702914335193.

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A highly selective, sensitive method for determination of carboxylic acids in water has been developed that is based on fluorine-selective gas chromatography (GC) detection of pentafluorobenzyl ester derivatives. The atmospheric-pressure helium microwave-induced plasma detector is well suited for fluorine-specific detection of these derivatives, which were well resolved by capillary GC and displayed a characteristic fragmentation behavior when examined by GC-mass selective detection. For demonstration purposes, a number of carboxylic acids, ranging from C1 to C20, were examined and found to be derivatized with yields greater than 90%, and a sample of creek water was examined for its carboxylic acid content.

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35

Wang, Xin, Sivasudhan Rathnachalam, Klaas Bijlsma, Wen Li, Ronnie Hoekstra, Markus Kubin, Martin Timm, et al. "Site-selective soft X-ray absorption as a tool to study protonation and electronic structure of gas-phase DNA." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 23, no. 20 (2021): 11900–11906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cp01014j.

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We identify protonation sites and study the competition of statistical fragmentation with localized bond cleavage after site-selective nitrogen 1s core-excitation by mass spectrometric detection of gas-phase oligonucleotide cations.

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36

Fhaner, Cassie J., Sichang Liu, Xiao Zhou, and Gavin E. Reid. "Functional Group Selective Derivatization and Gas-Phase Fragmentation Reactions of Plasmalogen Glycerophospholipids." Mass Spectrometry 2, Special_Issue (2013): S0015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5702/massspectrometry.s0015.

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37

Xie, X., K. Doblhoff-Dier, H. Xu, S. Roither, A. Iwasaki, M. Schöffler, D. Kartashov, et al. "Selective inner-valence ionization of aligned polyatomic molecules for controlling molecular fragmentation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 488, no. 3 (April 10, 2014): 032013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/488/3/032013.

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38

Nefedov, Oleg M., Victor A. Korolev, László Zanathy, Bahman Soloukie, and Hans Bock. "The Selective Thermal Fragmentation of 2,2’-Dipropynyl Sulfide to Propynethial and Allene." Mendeleev Communications 2, no. 2 (January 1992): 67–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/mc1992v002n02abeh000138.

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39

Amoresano, Angela, Gianluca Monti, Claudia Cirulli, and Gennaro Marino. "Selective detection and identification of phosphopeptides by dansyl MS/MS/MS fragmentation." Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 20, no. 9 (2006): 1400–1404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.2461.

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40

Simon, E. S., P. G. Papoulias, and P. C. Andrews. "Selective collision-induced fragmentation of ortho -hydroxybenzyl-aminated lysyl-containing tryptic peptides." Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 27, no. 14 (June 14, 2013): 1619–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.6611.

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41

Schmelz, H. C., C. Reynaud, M. Simon, and I. Nenner. "Site‐selective fragmentation in core‐excited bromo‐chloro‐alkanes [Br(CH2)nCl]." Journal of Chemical Physics 101, no. 5 (September 1994): 3742–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.467558.

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42

Fukui, Kazuhiko, Yasuhide Naito, Yutaka Akiyama, and Katsutoshi Takahashi. "Charge-state selective fragmentation analysis for protonated peptides in infrared multiphoton dissociation." International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 235, no. 1 (June 2004): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2004.03.004.

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43

Arthur-Baidoo, Eugene, Joao Ameixa, Milan Ončák, and Stephan Denifl. "Ring-Selective Fragmentation in the Tirapazamine Molecule upon Low-Energy Electron Attachment." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 6 (March 19, 2021): 3159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22063159.

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We investigate dissociative electron attachment to tirapazamine through a crossed electron–molecule beam experiment and quantum chemical calculations. After the electron is attached and the resulting anion reaches the first excited state, D1, we suggest a fast transition into the ground electronic state through a conical intersection with a distorted triazine ring that almost coincides with the minimum in the D1 state. Through analysis of all observed dissociative pathways producing heavier ions (90–161 u), we consider the predissociation of an OH radical with possible roaming mechanism to be the common first step. This destabilizes the triazine ring and leads to dissociation of highly stable nitrogen-containing species. The benzene ring is not altered during the process. Dissociation of small anionic fragments (NO2−, CN2−, CN−, NH2−, O−) cannot be conclusively linked to the OH predissociation mechanism; however, they again do not require dissociation of the benzene ring.

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44

Fortes, Marina, Wei Liang Andre Tan, Laercio R. Porto-Neto, Antonio Reverter, and Gry B. Boe-Hansen. "272 Proposing a combination of heritable fertility traits for bull selection." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 83–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.153.

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Abstract Traits such as sperm morphology and motility are routine in veterinarian evaluations of bull fertility. However, they rarely are included in livestock breeding programs, which typically use only scrotal circumference (SC) and some female traits for fertility selection. We studied 25 male fertility traits measured in two research populations of bulls (1,099 Brahman, and 1,719 Tropical Composite) and one commercial population (2,490 Santa Gertrude bulls). Measurements included standard semen evaluation (e.g. sperm motility and morphology) and SC. In the research data, we also measured sperm DNA fragmentation and sperm protamine deficiency for about 50% of the bulls. Using a mixture of genomic and pedigree analyses, we estimated heritabilities and genetic correlations for all traits, in each population. Our analyses suggest that bull fertility traits have a heritable component, which makes selective breeding possible. The phenotype variation in sperm DNA fragmentation and sperm protamine deficiency traits also have a heritable component (h2 ~ 0.05–0.22). These first estimates for heritability of sperm chromatin phenotypes require further studies, with larger datasets, to corroborate present results. In all three populations, we observed genetic correlations across traits that were favorable, but not high. For example, the percentage of normal sperm (PNS) from the sperm morphology evaluation was positively correlated with SC. In the research data, sperm DNA fragmentation was negatively correlated with PNS (r2 ~ 0.23–0.33), meaning that bulls with a higher PNS had less DNA fragmentation, being therefore more fertile according to both indicators. Given the favorable and yet not high genetic correlations between traits, it is possible to envision that sperm chromatin phenotypes might form a panel, together with PNS and SC, for a comprehensive bull fertility index. Selection indices that include fertility traits are being implemented in the dairy industry and could be recommended for beef cattle, too. An index that benefits from the favorable genetic correlations between traits that describe different aspects of bull fertility is a sensible approach to selective breeding. The clinical use of complementary indicators for male fertility is largely accepted, when deciding on bull fitness for the mating season. We propose extending this rationale to create a multi-trait index that captures genetic merit for bull fertility. In addition, we performed genome-wide association analyses in the research data and identified eight QTLs in the X chromosome. Correlations and shared SNP associations support the hypothesis that these phenotypes have the same underlying cause: abnormal spermatogenesis. In conclusion, it is possible to improve bull fertility through selective breeding, by measuring complementary fertility traits. Genomic selection for bull fertility might be more accurate if the X chromosome mutations that underlie the discovered QTL are included in the analyses. Polymorphisms associated with fertility in the bull accumulate in the X chromosome, as they do in humans and mice, thus suggesting specialization of this chromosome.

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45

Kim, Gyung W., and Pak H. Chan. "Involvement of Superoxide in Excitotoxicity and DNA Fragmentation in Striatal Vulnerability in Mice after Treatment with the Mitochondrial Toxin, 3-Nitropropionic Acid." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 22, no. 7 (July 2002): 798–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004647-200207000-00005.

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Oxidative stress and excitotoxicity have been implicated in selective striatal vulnerability caused by the mitochondrial toxin, 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP), which may simulate Huntington's disease in animals and humans. The detailed mechanism of the role of superoxide in striatal vulnerability induced by 3-NP is still unknown. The authors investigated oxidative cellular injury and DNA fragmentation after systemic 3-NP injection in wild-type (Wt) mice and mutant mice with a deficiency in manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD; Sod2 −/+). Furthermore, they investigated the effects of decortication after 3-NP treatment in Sod2 −/+ mice, and copper/zinc SOD (CuZnSOD) treatment in recently developed Sod2 −/+ mice that overexpress CuZnSOD (SOD1 +/− / Sod2 −/+ mice). Oxidized hydroethidine, 8-hydroxyguanosine immunoreactivity, and nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity were increased in the Sod2 −/+ mice compared with the Wt mice after 3-NP treatment ( P < 0.001). Decortication completely abolished oxidative striatal damage after 3-NP treatment in the Sod2 −/+ mice. Increased CuZnSOD attenuated DNA fragmentation and striatal lesion volume after 3-NP treatment in the Sod2 −/+ mice ( P < 0.001). These data suggest that production of superoxide may be a critical step to excitotoxicity and subsequent DNA fragmentation in selective striatal vulnerability after 3-NP treatment.

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46

Zielinski, Daniel P., Robert L. McLaughlin, Thomas C. Pratt, R. Andrew Goodwin, and Andrew M. Muir. "Single-Stream Recycling Inspires Selective Fish Passage Solutions for the Connectivity Conundrum in Aquatic Ecosystems." BioScience 70, no. 10 (September 16, 2020): 871–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biaa090.

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Abstract Barrier removal is a recognized solution for reversing river fragmentation, but restoring connectivity can have consequences for both desirable and undesirable species, resulting in a connectivity conundrum. Selectively passing desirable taxa while restricting the dispersal of undesirable taxa (selective connectivity) would solve many aspects of the connectivity conundrum. Selective connectivity is a technical challenge of sorting an assortment of things. Multiattribute sorting systems exist in other fields, although none have yet been devised for freely moving organisms within a river. We describe an approach to selective fish passage that integrates ecology and biology with engineering designs modeled after material recycling processes that mirror the stages of fish passage: approach, entry, passage, and fate. A key feature of this concept is the integration of multiple sorting processes each targeting a specific attribute. Leveraging concepts from other sectors to improve river ecosystem function may yield fast, reliable solutions to the connectivity conundrum.

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47

Luo, Fei-Xian, Tai-Gang Zhou, Xin Li, Yun-Lei Luo, and Zhang-Jie Shi. "Fragmentation of structural units of lignin promoted by persulfate through selective C–C cleavage under mild conditions." Organic Chemistry Frontiers 2, no. 9 (2015): 1066–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5qo00116a.

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48

Lyamzaev, K. G., O. Y. Pletjushkina, V. B. Saprunova, L. E. Bakeeva, B. V. Chernyak, and V. P. Skulachev. "Selective elimination of mitochondria from living cells induced by inhibitors of bioenergetic functions." Biochemical Society Transactions 32, no. 6 (October 26, 2004): 1070–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0321070.

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The inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation induced fragmentation of mitochondria without any signs of apoptosis in CV-1 and HeLa cells. Prolonged treatment with the uncouplers (alone or in combination with the inhibitors of respiration) caused perinuclear clusterization of mitochondria, followed by their selective elimination. The fraction of mitochondria-depleted cells remained viable.

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49

Barnidge, Matthew, Trevor Diehl, Lindsey A. Sherrill, and Jiehua Zhang. "Attention Centrality and Audience Fragmentation: An Approach for Bridging the Gap Between Selective Exposure and Audience Overlap." Journal of Communication 71, no. 6 (August 27, 2021): 898–921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqab023.

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Abstract Scholarship on audience fragmentation typically takes one of two approaches: The micro-level analysis of individuals’ selective exposure to partisan news, or the macro-level analysis of audience overlap. To bridge the gap between these levels of analysis, we introduce the concept of attention centrality as a set of macro-to-micro measures that characterize how individual news media selection is situated within networks of public attention. Relying on an online panel survey conducted in the United States (N = 1,493), we examine the relationship between three indicators of respondents’ attention centrality (closeness, betweenness, and reach) and the partisan valence of their news selections. The study finds different patterns of results for the three indicators of attention centrality, indicating that partisan news media are not uniformly isolated to the periphery of public attention. Results are discussed in light of conversations about selective exposure and audience overlap in the United States and around the world.

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50

Wang, Eric, Fengnian Shi, and Emmy Manlapig. "Experimental and numerical studies of selective fragmentation of mineral ores in electrical comminution." International Journal of Mineral Processing 112-113 (September 2012): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2012.07.005.

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