Статті в журналах: "Seismic Renovation"

1

Margani, Giuseppe, Gianpiero Evola, Carola Tardo, and Edoardo Michele Marino. "Energy, Seismic, and Architectural Renovation of RC Framed Buildings with Prefabricated Timber Panels." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 13, 2020): 4845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12124845.

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In seismic European countries most of the residential building stock is highly energy-intensive and earthquake-prone because it was built before the enforcement of the most recent energy and seismic codes. Furthermore, this stock often shows a low architectural quality due to poor maintenance and/or construction and design deficiencies: for all these reasons, it needs deep renovation, but the use of common energy and seismic upgrading techniques is often unsustainable in terms of costs, work duration, and occupants’ disturbance. Therefore, new integrated, affordable, fast, and low-disruptive renovation actions are strongly needed. This study proposes an innovative energy, seismic, and architectural renovation solution for reinforced concrete (RC) framed buildings, based on the addition of cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels to the outer walls, in combination with wooden-framed panels. The two panels integrate insulation and cladding materials in order to improve the energy performance and the architectural image of the renovated building. Moreover, the CLT panels are connected to the existing RC frame through innovative seismic energy dissipation devices. In case of an earthquake, these devices in combination with the CLT panels reduce the drift demand of the building, preventing or reducing structural damages and consequent repair costs. In particular, this paper investigates the technical feasibility, the energy efficiency, and the architectural enhancement of the proposed retrofitting system. To this purpose, dynamic thermal simulations were conducted on a typical multi-story residential building from the 1960s, located in Catania, Italy. The results indicated that this retrofitting technique considerably improved the energy performance of the selected building, with a reduction of the global energy demand up to nearly 60%. The presented study is part of a larger research project aimed at also investigating, in a further stage, the seismic performance achievable by the above-mentioned renovation solution.

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Mirzakhanova, Aida, Muhammad Khalil, Natalya Galaeva, and Ruben Kazaryan. "Organizational and technological solutions of multicriteria quality analysis in high-rise construction." E3S Web of Conferences 164 (2020): 08011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016408011.

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Features of renovation of built-up areas are considered. The main difficulties in carrying out the renovation process are identified. The concept of the constraint factor of the building is defined. Methods. A method for analyzing and assessing constraints for selecting optimal organizational and technical solutions for the renovation of territories is proposed. Results. An analysis algorithm is proposed, based on the consideration of the constraint factor as an array of actions of individual “objects of influence” on the corresponding “subjects of influence”. Conclusion. Сonducting such an analysis will provide the most effective and optimal organizational and technological solutions reflected in the relevant sections of the renovation project in high-rise construction (development of a construction master plan, preparation of calendar and network work schedules). The implemented rational version of the design solution ensured the reduction of the prime cost and the reduction of the terms of the preparatory works for the renovation of housing construction projects taking into account seismic uncertainty. Renovation is one of the varieties of this reconstruction of high rise construction.

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Di Bari, Roberta, Andrea Belleri, Alessandra Marini, Rafael Horn, and Johannes Gantner. "Probabilistic Life-Cycle Assessment of Service Life Extension on Renovated Buildings under Seismic Hazard." Buildings 10, no. 3 (March 9, 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10030048.

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Existing buildings can reach a performance enhancement and extend their nominal service life through renovation measures such as seismic rehabilitation. In particular, when buildings have almost exhausted their service life, seeking an optimal solution should consider whether costs and environmental effects are worthwhile, or new construction is preferred. In this paper, a methodology to consider seismic hazard into probabilistic approaches for life-cycle analyses is presented considering the possibility of structural enhancement over an extended building lifespan. A life-cycle-based decision support tool for building renovation measures is developed and applied to a selected case study. Unlike standard “static” analyses, which in this work show shortcomings by underestimating impacts of vulnerable buildings, such an approach brings out environmental and economic advantages of retrofit measures designed to improve the structural performance.

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4

Evola, G., G. Margani, V. Costanzo, C. Tardo, E. M. Marino, G. Semprini, R. Tomasi, C. Halmdienst, and B. Voortman. "The e-SAFE energy and seismic renovation solutions for the European building stock: main features and requirements." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2069, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2069/1/012224.

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Abstract In the framework of the ongoing four-year EU-funded innovation project called e-SAFE (“Energy and seismic affordable renovation solutions”), several solutions for the energy and seismic deep renovation of reinforced concrete (RC) framed buildings in the European countries are going to be developed and demonstrated. These solutions address both the energy performance of the building envelope and the heating and cooling of the indoor spaces, and aim to be prefabricated, customizable, low-disruptive and sustainable in order to boost the decarbonisation of the largely inefficient European building stock. This paper presents the main features of the e-SAFE solutions and the results of a preliminary analysis to verify their effectiveness and compliance with European legislation and standards. The outcomes will be useful for the design and demonstration stage, by identifying issues that need to be tackled.

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5

Lakusic, Stjepan. "Structural renovation of residential building in Zagreb after the 22 March 2020 earthquake." Journal of the Croatian Association of Civil Engineers 73, no. 06 (July 2021): 633–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14256/jce.3195.2021.

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The phases that must be completed so that a building damaged in earthquake that struck Zagreb on 22 March 2020 can be renovated and strengthened to the required level of seismic resistance are presented in the paper. All phases are therefore presented, starting from the rapid and then detailed inspection, and continuing with preparation of the structural condition assessment report, preparation of renovation design and, finally, ending with realisation of work with expert supervision. A special attention is paid to structural analysis that is conducted using a nonlinear static method based on displacements, the so called pushover analysis, which is considered to be one of the most appropriate methods for seismic analysis of existing masonry structures. All procedures conducted in the scope of this renovation were realised in accordance with legislation that entered into force after the earthquake.

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Levin, Brenda, and Margaret Bach. "The Impact of Seismic Strengthening and Code Related Issues in Restoration, Renovation, and Re-Use of Historic Buildings." Earthquake Spectra 10, no. 1 (February 1994): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585758.

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The need to reconcile seismic strengthening and other code-related issues with historic preservation objectives poses a variety of challenges for the design professional. A thorough knowledge of the local, state and national regulatory contexts, along with an understanding of two underlying principles, equivalency and life safety, provide a necessary framework for undertaking renovation projects. Two case studies involving important Los Angeles historic buildings, the Wiltern Theater and Grand Central Square, illustrate the complexities of code compliance with respect to preservation and programmatic goals, specifically in the areas of seismic retrofit, fire-life safety and disabled access. Successful historic preservation projects can benefit from a thorough pre-design phase and an experienced project team. Modifications and refinements to regulatory procedures, particularly at the local level, could also significantly facilitate restoration, renovation and re-use of historic buildings.

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7

Huang, Chao Hsun, Shih Hsun Yin, and Shun Chou. "Seismic Assessment of a Historical Masonry Building." Advanced Materials Research 168-170 (December 2010): 814–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.814.

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To revitalize a historical building, the Taipei Camphor Factory, a major renovation is being coordinated by National Taiwan Museum. As part of the project, a seismic assessment was conducted to ensure the structural safety of the building. A three-dimensional finite-element analysis was carried out based on material data collected from the field, and it was found out that both the as-is building and the current retrofit plan would not provide adequate seismic capacity. To resolve this problem, an shear walls scheme was configured and seemed to yield a much better performance.

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8

Artino, Antonio, Riccardo Caponetto, Gianpiero Evola, Giuseppe Margani, Edoardo Michele Marino, and Emanuele Murgano. "Decision Support System for the Sustainable Seismic and Energy Renovation of Buildings: Methodological Layout." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 9, 2020): 10273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410273.

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In Italy, as in many other European countries, a large part of the real estate was built before the issue of restrictive regulations regarding seismic resistance and energy efficiency. Consequently, most existing buildings show inadequate structural and energy performance. However, although a combined renovation is highly recommended, and despite relevant tax incentives which are currently available, the building retrofit market is still struggling to take off. In fact, the lack of information and/or awareness of the involved parties and the consequent difficulty for condominiums to approve the retrofit works are often insuperable obstacles. A Decision Support System (DSS) may help in evaluating and comparing different combined renovation scenarios, thus promoting the regeneration of the building stock. This study presents a new methodology for the selection of the optimal building renovation scenario through a DSS, which is conceived as a tool to allow a quick, simple and effective identification of the best retrofit strategy, based on a priority scale (e.g., costs and duration of intervention, disruption to the occupants, environmental sustainability, energy savings, thermal comfort, structural safety). For this purpose, the DSS calculates suitable performance indices and relative costs. Finally, the system proposes a ranking of the best combined retrofit scenarios. This research study is still ongoing and next steps will deal with the calibration of the proposed methodology.

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9

Caruso, Martina, Rui Pinho, Federica Bianchi, Francesco Cavalieri, and Maria Teresa Lemmo. "Integrated economic and environmental building classification and optimal seismic vulnerability/energy efficiency retrofitting." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 19, no. 9 (April 28, 2021): 3627–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01101-4.

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AbstractA life cycle framework for a new integrated classification system for buildings and the identification of renovation strategies that lead to an optimal balance between reduction of seismic vulnerability and increase of energy efficiency, considering both economic losses and environmental impacts, is discussed through a parametric application to an exemplificative case-study building. Such framework accounts for the economic and environmental contributions of initial construction, operational energy consumption, earthquake-induced damage repair activities, retrofitting interventions, and demolition. One-off and annual monetary expenses and environmental impacts through the building life cycle are suggested as meaningful performance metrics to develop an integrated classification system for buildings and to identify the optimal renovation strategy leading to a combined reduction of economic and environmental impacts, depending on the climatic conditions and the seismic hazard at the site of interest. The illustrative application of the framework to an existing school building is then carried out, investigating alternative retrofitting solutions, including either sole structural retrofitting options or sole energy refurbishments, as well as integrated strategies that target both objectives, with a view to demonstrate its practicality and to explore its ensuing results. The influence of seismic hazard and climatic conditions is quantitatively investigated, by assuming the building to be located into different geographic locations.

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10

Costanzo, Vincenzo, Gianpiero Evola, Antonio Gagliano, Luigi Marletta, and Francesco Nocera. "Hygrothermal Analysis of CLT-Based Retrofit Strategy of Existing Wall Assemblies According to EN 13788 Standard." TECNICA ITALIANA-Italian Journal of Engineering Science 65, no. 2-4 (July 30, 2021): 324–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ti-ijes.652-428.

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In the framework of the ongoing EU-funded innovation project called e-SAFE (energy and Seismic Affordable rEnovation solutions), several solutions for the energy and seismic deep renovation of reinforced-concrete (RC) framed buildings in the EU countries are going to be developed and demonstrated. One of these solutions makes use of cross laminated timber (CLT) panels connected to the existing RC frame through specifically designed dampers to increase the seismic and energy performances of the existing envelope. This paper aims to preliminary assess the hygrothermal performance of such CLT panels when applied to various typical wall structures under different climate conditions in Italy through numerical simulations carried out according to the EN 13788 Standard and considering various indoor vapor production classes. Results show that the most problematic existing wall structures are uninsulated concrete walls, for which a risk of surface condensation and mold growth is predicted in all climate zones because of their low thermal resistance (U-value of 3.55 W·m-2·K-1), followed by uninsulated solid brick walls (U-value of 1.81 W·m-2·K-1). The application of CLT panels is found to not only significantly improve the thermal behaviour of the walls, but also to eliminate any surface and interstitial condensation issues in all climate zones.

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11

Furtado, André. "Assessment and Retrofitting of Building Structures: Experimental Testing and Modelling—Editorial." Applied Sciences 13, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13010486.

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Collapse of, or severe damage to, existing buildings during strong earthquakes has resulted in significant economic losses, severe injuries, and casualties. Progress made over the last few decades has had a considerable impact on the seismic safety of modern buildings designed according to new standards. However, the majority of existing buildings in southern European countries do not meet the safety requirements set by the Eurocodes. Thus, the assessment of existing buildings not designed with modern codes and the development of effective retrofitting techniques are currently of paramount importance to society. The use of accurate modelling strategies and appropriate seismic assessment methodologies is crucial to understand the behaviour of existing buildings and to develop efficient and proper mitigation measures, thus, preventing future damage, casualties, and economic losses. The effect of non-structural elements should not be neglected, since they could play a vital role in buildings’ structural performance. Another major challenge is to ensure the sustainability of renovation schemes in terms of both the environmental burden (i.e., CO2) and economic investment in seismic regions. The sustainable renovation of existing buildings typically focuses on reducing operational energy consumption and using low-carbon materials in the refurbishment process, without accounting for structural deficiencies that could leave the building exceptionally unsafe and hamper the refurbishment investment, particularly in areas prone to seismic activity. This Special Issue focuses on innovations in the context of assessment and retrofitting of building structures: experimental testing and modelling.

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12

Pilotelli, Mariagrazia, Elisa Levi, and Manuela Neri. "Thermal characterization of a multilayer coating for seismic and energy building renovation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1868, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1868/1/012026.

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13

Hou, Benwei, Xitao Ma, Kegong Diao, Zilan Zhong, and Shan Wu. "Seismic Performance Assessment of Water Distribution Systems Based on Multi-Indexed Nodal Importance." Water 13, no. 17 (August 28, 2021): 2362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13172362.

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Seismic performance assessment of water distribution systems (WDSs) based on hydraulic simulation is essential for resilience evaluation of WDSs under earthquake disasters. The assessment is mainly to determine how the water supply will be affected due to pipe breaks caused by the earthquake, with the water supply loss estimated based on the loss of supply to nodes. Existing research works usually use the average or overall performance metric of all user nodes as the system performance indicator without considering user nodes’ individual performance and criticality. This paper proposes a framework to evaluate the importance of user nodes considering post-earthquake rescue service and the seismic performance of individual user nodes in the WDS, which supports the pipeline renovation plan to improve the performance of critical user nodes. The importance of user nodes is evaluated by a multi-index model, including the indices for daily service, post-earthquake rescue service, and network topology influence of user nodes. These indices evaluate the importance of user nodes in terms of their roles for daily water service, emergent rescue service, and water transmission to other nodes, respectively. Fragility model of pipelines evaluates the earthquake-induced damages of the WDS, and the seismic performance assessment of the WDS system is performed by the hydraulic model of the WDS with pipeline damages. The proposed framework is implemented in an actual WDS; the results show that the importance classification to user nodes by multi-index approach can identify the critical user nodes for post-earthquake rescue service, which traditional methods may ignore. The importance classification and seismic performance of individual user nodes make it feasible to check the seismic performance of critical user nodes and formulate a targeted pipeline renovation plan to focus limited resources on critical user nodes.

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14

Facconi, Luca, Sara S. Lucchini, Fausto Minelli, Benedetta Grassi, Mariagrazia Pilotelli, and Giovanni A. Plizzari. "Innovative Method for Seismic and Energy Retrofitting of Masonry Buildings." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (June 3, 2021): 6350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116350.

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Masonry buildings built in Italy in the 60 s and 70 s of the last century frequently require energy and seismic renovation. To this end, the use of a retrofitting technique based on a multilayer coating may be applied on the building façades in order to improve its seismic and energy performances, leading to the partial or total fulfilment of structural and energy code provisions. The coating consists of a layer of Steel Fiber Reinforced Mortar combined with thermal insulation materials to get a composite package applied on the building façade. After a brief description of the proposed technique, the paper reports the results of seismic and thermal analyses carried out to prove the structural and energy performance of the retrofitting intervention.

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15

Salandaeva, Olga I. "Architecture of prefabricated large-panel housing - tendencies in development." Journal «Izvestiya vuzov. Investitsiyi. Stroyitelstvo. Nedvizhimost» 11, no. 3 (2021): 544–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2227-2917-2021-3-544-561.

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The paper discusses the experience and trends in the design and construction of residential buildings using large prefabricated panels, including a shape-generating factor of residential areas in the city. In the seismic regions of the Russian Federation and the Irkutsk region, in particular, the construction, reconstruction and renovation of large-panel housing have become of particular relevance owing to state programmes to increase the stability of residential buildings and basic and life-support infrastruc-ture. The domestic and foreign experience in construction using large panels allows the information to be systematised and several aspects of the study to be highlighted: a) stylistic and planning methods for developing residential buildings; b) the variability of the architectural form making of residential buildings following social demand and economic potential; c) industrial construction methods, reflecting the technical achievements of a certain period; d) using conventional tools to create a structure, ar-rangement and texture of facades; e) seismic capacity of buildings depending on site conditions and construction period. The results indicate that old prefabricated large-panel buildings have significant physical and seismic deterioration and rarely meet technical, social and aesthetic requirements; there-fore, reconstruction or renovation is necessary. Experimental data evidences the following. Developing and improving the construction technologies of residential buildings using prefabricated or on-site produced large panels, state-of-the-art construction technologies, a variety of construction and finish materials, tools of architectural modelling will overcome the uniformity of existing residential buildings and buildings under construction. They also ensure good construction quality, a high level of energy efficiency and seismic capacity in mass housing construction.

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16

Li, Xi Qing, and Lin Liu. "An Evaluation System for Seismic Retrofitting Schemes of an Existing Building Using Energy Dissipation Device." Applied Mechanics and Materials 724 (January 2015): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.724.197.

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Focusing on the green renovation project of Shendu Building in Shanghai, China, an evaluation system is developed for the comparison of a variety of seismic control schemes for seismic retrofit of the building. A three-dimensional evaluation model is developed in MATLAB to represent the dynamic features of the structural system of the building, and nine key evaluation indices are defined for the evaluation purpose from a global view of both control efficiency and costs. The complete procedure of designing control schemes based on the retrofitted benchmark structure is presented, which may be helpful for researchers and engineers in easily testing various control schemes by using this evaluation system.

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17

Caughie, K. Casey. "Shaking up Historic Buildings: Seismic Renovation at the Suzzallo Library, University of Washington." APT Bulletin 34, no. 2/3 (2003): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1504825.

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18

Ferrante, Annarita, Anastasia Fotopoulou, and Cecilia Mazzoli. "Sustainable Urban Regeneration through Densification Strategies: The Kallithea District in Athens as a Pilot Case Study." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 13, 2020): 9462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229462.

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The current main issue in the construction sector in Europe concerns the energy refurbishment and the reactivation of investments in existing buildings. Guidance for enhancing energy efficiency and encouraging member states to create a market for deep renovation is provided by a number of European policies. Innovative methods and strategies are required to attract and involve citizens and main stakeholders to undertake buildings’ renovation processes, which actually account for just 1% of the total building stock. This contribution proposes technical and financial solutions for the promotion of energy efficient, safe, and attractive retrofit interventions based on the creation of volumetric additions combined with renewable energy sources. This paper focuses on the urban reality of Athens as being an important example of a degraded urban center with a heavy heat island, a quite important heating demand, and a strong seismic vulnerability. The design solutions presented here demonstrate that the strategy of additions, because of the consequent increased value of the buildings, could represent an effective densification policy for the renovation of existing urban settings. Hence, the aim is to trigger regulatory and market reforms with the aim to boost the revolution towards nearly zero energy buildings for the existing building stocks.

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19

Pucinotti, Raffaele, Rita A. De Lorenzo, and Chiara Bedon. "Seismic Isolation Devices for Protecting RC Buildings: The Frangipane School in Reggio Calabria." Applied Sciences 12, no. 24 (December 15, 2022): 12894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122412894.

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Seismic isolation devices, as known, are particularly efficient tools for the protection of newly designed or existing buildings and infrastructures and for the mitigation of maximum effects due to earthquakes. The highest is the vulnerability of a given existing construction, and the higher is the benefit in structural terms due to a possible retrofit intervention based on base isolation. This is especially the case of reinforced concrete (RC) building frames built in the 1960s in the Italian context and originally designed with a code of the first generation (“Regio Decreto Legge 25 Marzo 1935, n. 640”) in a city characterized by a long history of severe earthquakes (as the Reggio Calabria and Messina earthquake in 1908), and thus recognized as highly seismic regions. In this paper, a case-study application is proposed for the Frangipane school constructed in Reggio Calabria (Italy) and recently subjected to a major renovation intervention for its retrofit against the high seismic hazard.

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20

Chen, Yuan Jing. "Structural Additional Stories and Reconstruction Design for Sugar-Making Workshop of Hailun Sugar Plant." Applied Mechanics and Materials 274 (January 2013): 504–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.274.504.

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The renovation and expansion project of sugar-making workshop of Hailun sugar plant made use of existing workshop to implement expansion and structural adding stores and reconstruction. In the reconstruction design of the upper section, firstly the assessment and appraisal for the seismic performance and structural system’s bearing capacity performance of the existing structure was done to establish the principles and methods of reconstruction and reinforcement. Then several measures were taken according to different parts and requirements and site conditions so that economic and rational effects were achieved.

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21

Stepinac, Mislav, Dominik Skokandić, Karlo Ožić, Margareta Zidar, and Matija Vajdić. "Condition Assessment and Seismic Upgrading Strategy of RC Structures—A Case Study of a Public Institution in Croatia." Buildings 12, no. 9 (September 19, 2022): 1489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091489.

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In 2020, Croatia was struck by two catastrophic earthquakes, resulting in more than 50,000 damaged structures. The majority of these are masonry buildings, but there are a number of reinforced concrete structures that suffered moderate to extensive damage. In this paper, the seismic condition assessment and upgrading of existing RC structures are presented with a case study building in Zagreb. The assessment procedure includes initial visual inspection, rapid preliminary evaluation, detailed in situ measurements, and non- and semi-destructive methods. New technologies were applied and followed by numerical modeling and verifications. Strengthening proposals are made that respect owner needs and the needs for the energy retrofitting of the existing RC building. As the integrated approach should be respected in the renovation of existing buildings, this case study can represent an example of good practice in the process of seismic and energy retrofitting.

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22

D’Urso, Sebastiano, and Bruno Cicero. "From the Efficiency of Nature to Parametric Design. A Holistic Approach for Sustainable Building Renovation in Seismic Regions." Sustainability 11, no. 5 (February 26, 2019): 1227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11051227.

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Cities are growing dramatically. At the same time, we are witnessing the obsolescence of the existing building stock due to its low performance in terms of structural stability, energy efficiency and, last but not least, beauty. Especially in Italy, a highly seismic country, most of the buildings erected between the 1950s and the 1980s are not only earthquake-prone but also aesthetically unpleasant. In this perspective, the urgency of improving the existing building stock in terms of seismic vulnerability opens up the opportunity to also work on its architectural image. This article draws from the assumption that the search for beauty represents an important and often neglected dimension of the search for sustainability. In particular, the presented study suggests and combines the use of parametric design and the structural shape of steel exoskeletons to renovate a typical earthquake-prone apartment block from the 1960s in Italy. The results show that the proposed parametric approach can provide and select different effective renovation solutions.

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23

La Greca, Paolo, and Giuseppe Margani. "Seismic and Energy Renovation Measures for Sustainable Cities: A Critical Analysis of the Italian Scenario." Sustainability 10, no. 1 (January 19, 2018): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10010254.

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OSHIMA, Jun, and Makoto TSUNODA. "A STUDY ON DESIGN CORRESPONDING TO THE BUILDING CODES IN COMPREHENSIVE RENOVATION WITH SEISMIC RETROFITTING." Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 78, no. 685 (2013): 565–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.78.565.

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25

Evola, Gianpiero, Vincenzo Costanzo, and Luigi Marletta. "Hygrothermal and Acoustic Performance of Two Innovative Envelope Renovation Solutions Developed in the e-SAFE Project." Energies 14, no. 13 (July 2, 2021): 4006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14134006.

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In order to reach the ambitious decarbonizing goals set by the European Union for 2030, deep renovation of the existing European building stock is a key issue. Within this context, the recently funded H2020 project “e-SAFE” is investigating market-ready wooden envelope renovation solutions for non-historic buildings, which encompass both energy and seismic improvement. The research carried out in the project aims at developing, testing and demonstrating these solutions on a real pilot. More specifically, this paper presents preliminary analyses to verify that the solutions satisfy the requisites set by the national regulations in force in most European countries, in terms of hygrothermal and acoustic performance. The analysis, carried out following relevant technical European Standards and based on calculations, considers different climate conditions and existing wall structures, selected amongst those most commonly adopted in Europe. The results show that the addition of a Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) layer with some wooden-based insulation on the outer side allows reaching very good thermal and acoustic performance. However, interstitial condensation may occur in cold climates under high indoor humidity values. This aspect deserves further investigation accounting for the transient behavior of the walls and all vapor transport mechanisms.

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26

Georgescu, Emil-Sever, Mihaela Georgescu, Zina Macri, Edoardo Marino, Giuseppe Margani, Vasile Meita, Radu Pana, et al. "Seismic and Energy Renovation: A Review of the Code Requirements and Solutions in Italy and Romania." Sustainability 10, no. 5 (May 14, 2018): 1561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10051561.

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27

Watanabe, Kojiro, and Akio Kondo. "A Study on Government Subsidy for Seismic Renovation with Landscape Conservation in Historical Built-up Area." Journal of the City Planning Institute of Japan 44.1 (2009): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.11361/journalcpij.44.1.50.

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28

Maio, Rui, João M. C. Estêvão, Tiago Miguel Ferreira, and Romeu Vicente. "Cost-benefit analysis of traditional seismic retrofitting strategies integrated in the renovation of stone masonry buildings." Engineering Structures 206 (March 2020): 110050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.110050.

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Zhao, Chao, and Jun Wang. "The Performance Evaluation and Application of Recycled Concrete in Constructions." Advanced Materials Research 838-841 (November 2013): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.838-841.127.

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In recent years, with the urbanization in our country speeding up, the phenomena of wasting concrete due to the demolition and renovation are very common. For our country, resources are very scarce. How to reuse the waste concrete, so as to keep the sustainable utilization of building resources, is a topic worthy of deep thinking. In order to realize the full use of recycled concrete, this paper points out that the use of recycled concrete is the key to keep the sustainable utilization of natural resources. Based on this, it discusses the work performance, mechanical properties, durability properties, shear properties, seismic performance of recycled concrete and its performance evaluation.

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Chang, Heui Yung. "Role of Corrosion in Life-Cycle Performance Evaluation of Existing Buildings with Steel Moment Resisting Frames: II." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 1025–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.1025.

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Corrosion attacks steel buildings mainly when the connections wait for welding on site. In the companion paper, the effects were investigated by a series of weld tests. The results show that the surface rust may increase the level of porosity in steel welds, reducing the strength by 5% on average. This paper made a case study, further investigating the effects together with those of workmanship. The seismic risk of the example building has been assessed and compared in detail for acceptable and marginal quality workmanship. The results obtained from the above studies will help develop more sound strategies in construction management and building renovation.

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Caruso, Martina, Rui Pinho, Federica Bianchi, Francesco Cavalieri, and Maria Teresa Lemmo. "A Life Cycle Framework for the Identification of Optimal Building Renovation Strategies Considering Economic and Environmental Impacts." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (December 7, 2020): 10221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122310221.

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It is well-known that the existing building stock is responsible for non-renewable resource depletion, energy and material consumption, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Life cycle analysis (LCA) procedures have thus been developed, in recent years, to assess the environmental impact of construction and operational phases through the entire building life cycle. Furthermore, the economic, environmental, and social consequences of recent natural disasters have encouraged the additional integration of hazard-induced impacts into common LCA procedures for buildings. Buildings are however expected to provide the population with safe living and working conditions, even when hit by different types of hazards during their service life, such as earthquakes. Hence, next-generation LCA procedures should include not only hazard-induced impacts, but also the contribution of potential retrofitting strategies that may alter the structural and energy performances of buildings throughout their remaining service life. This study presents a life cycle framework that accounts for the contributions of initial construction, operational energy consumption, earthquake-induced damage repair activities, potential retrofitting interventions, and demolition (considering also its associated potential material recycling), in terms of both monetary costs and environmental impacts. The proposed methodology can be used to undertake cost-benefit analyses aimed at identifying building renovation strategies that lead to an optimal balance, considering both economic and environmental impacts, between reduction of seismic vulnerability and increase of energy efficiency of a building, depending on the climatic conditions and the seismic hazard at the site of interest.

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Passoni, Chiara, Martina Caruso, Alessandra Marini, Rui Pinho, and Raffaele Landolfo. "The Role of Life Cycle Structural Engineering in the Transition towards a Sustainable Building Renovation: Available Tools and Research Needs." Buildings 12, no. 8 (July 27, 2022): 1107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081107.

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Given the current climate emergency and the ambitious targets of carbon emissions reduction, retrofitting strategies on existing buildings typically include reducing energy demand, decarbonising the power supply, and addressing embodied carbon stored in materials. This latter point redefines the role of engineers in the transitions towards a sustainable construction sector, being they responsible for designing low impact, sustainable and carbon neutral solutions. A Life Cycle Structural Engineering (LCSE) approach, inspired by the principles of Life Cycle Thinking (LCT), should thus be adopted for the sustainable renovation of existing buildings. Only recently have pioneering approaches been proposed, tackling multifaceted buildings’ needs, such as those related to energy consumption as well as seismic safety, but often disregarding LCT principles. This study presents a redefinition of the concept of LCSE for sustainable construction and a comprehensive review of available methods and tools to operationalise the LCSE approach in practice, focusing on the consideration of LCT principles in the retrofitting design process, integration of seismic loss estimation and environmental impact assessment, and implementation of integrated retrofitting strategies. The greatest ambition of this work is thus to boost a paradigm shift for building engineers towards an interdisciplinary perspective in building assessment and retrofitting.

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MAZDA, Taiji, Takehiro IMAMURA, Hirohiko SAKATA, Hiroshige UNO, Hiroshi MATSUDA, Takemasa UCHIKOSHI, Masayuki MATSUMOTO, and Wataru NISHIJIMA. "SEISMIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION USING SIMPLIFIED MODEL BASED ON LARGE-SCALE RENOVATION OF THE EXISTING LONG SUSPENSION BRIDGE." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. A1 (Structural Engineering & Earthquake Engineering (SE/EE)) 72, no. 4 (2016): I_348—I_360. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejseee.72.i_348.

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Corrao, Rossella. "Mechanical Tests on Innovative BIPV Façade Components for Energy, Seismic, and Aesthetic Renovation of High-Rise Buildings." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (November 30, 2018): 4523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124523.

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The paper shows the results of mechanical tests carried out on prototypes of a new Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) component developed by the author and SBskin Smart Building Skin s.r.l. This patented innovative component is able to merge structural function, insulation proprieties, and production of clean energy for retrofit actions and/or the construction of translucent façades in high-rise buildings located in different climatic contexts. Due to colored PV cells integrated into 3 Dimensional (3D) glass components and the dry-assembly system used for assembling them into precast and pre-stressed panels, an easy and creative customization of the product is allowed. Green energy production, safety, and energy efficiency of buildings can be assured in accordance with the environmental conditions and users’ needs. The pre-stressing force used to improve the mechanical resistance of the panel toward horizontal forces due to winds and earthquakes guarantees the construction of secure translucent and active building envelopes. The paper summarizes the features of this innovative and patented BIPV product by focusing on its mechanical behavior. Laboratory tests are described and commented for underlining the benefits derived from the use of the dry-assembly system and of the supporting structure made of plastic for the construction of the panels. Bending and breaking strength tests have been carried out on two sq.m of panel prototypes, which have been dry-assembled through a supporting structure made of Polypropylene (PP) in order to compare the results with the theoretical calculations derived from the Finite Element (FE) simulations. Cyclic mechanical testing of the panel has been also carried out to verify its behavior under cyclic loading and understanding its ability to counteract the actions of the wind and earthquake.

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Babič, Anže, Matjaž Dolšek, and Jure Žižmond. "Simulating Historical Earthquakes in Existing Cities for Fostering Design of Resilient and Sustainable Communities: The Ljubljana Case." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 8, 2021): 7624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147624.

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The seismic exposure of urban areas today is much higher than centuries ago. The 2020 Zagreb earthquake demonstrated that European cities are vulnerable even to moderate earthquakes, a fact that has been known to earthquake-engineering experts for decades. However, alerting decision-makers to the seismic risk issue is very challenging, even when they are aware of historical earthquakes that caused natural catastrophes in the areas of their jurisdiction. To help solve the issue, we introduce a scenario-based risk assessment methodology and demonstrate the consequences of the 1895 Ljubljana earthquake on the existing building stock. We show that a 6.2 magnitude earthquake with an epicentre 5 km north of Ljubljana would cause many deaths and severe damage to the building stock, which would likely lead to direct economic losses higher than 15% of the GDP of the Republic of Slovenia. Such an event would be catastrophic not only for the community directly affected by the earthquake but for the entire country. We have disseminated this information over the course of a year together in addition to formulating a plan for enhancing the community seismic resilience in Slovenia. Hopefully, local decision-makers will act according to their jurisdiction in Slovenia and persuade decision-makers across Europe to update the built environment renovation policy at the European level.

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Artino, Antonio, Gianpiero Evola, Giuseppe Margani, and Edoardo Marino. "Seismic and Energy Retrofit of Apartment Buildings through Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) Blocks Infill Walls." Sustainability 11, no. 14 (July 19, 2019): 3939. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11143939.

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All around the world, a huge amount of buildings have been built before the enforcement of specific codes for seismic resistance and energy efficiency. Particularly in Italy, over 74% of residential buildings were constructed before 1980, when only 25% of the territory was classified as seismic, and nearly 86% were built before 1991, when the first restrictive regulation on energy efficiency was issued. This means that most buildings need both seismic and energy renovation actions to improve their sustainability level. The proposed combined retrofit strategy for reinforced concrete framed buildings is based on the replacement of the external layer of double-leaf infill walls, made of hollow bricks, with high-performing AAC blocks: this solution can be implemented by operating mainly from the outside of the building, thus reducing occupants’ disruption during retrofitting. The generally neglected structural contribution of masonry infill panels is here considered using a recently developed macro-element modeling approach. The results suggest that, from a structural viewpoint, the proposed intervention involves the highest improvement at the damage limitation limit state, while lower upgrades are recorded at life safety limit state and near-collapse limit state. In regards to the energy issues, the energy demand can be reduced by 10% and 4% for heating and cooling, respectively, just by replacing the outer layer of blocks; further savings can be achieved through the application of a supplementary insulation layer.

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Han, Ju, Arip Nur, Mutiara Syifa, Minsu Ha, Chang-Wook Lee, and Ki-Young Lee. "Improvement of Earthquake Risk Awareness and Seismic Literacy of Korean Citizens through Earthquake Vulnerability Map from the 2017 Pohang Earthquake, South Korea." Remote Sensing 13, no. 7 (April 2, 2021): 1365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13071365.

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Earthquake activities in and around the Korean Peninsula are relatively low in number and intensity compared with neighboring countries such as Japan and China. However, recent seismic activity caused great alarm and concern among citizens and government authorities, and uncovered the level of preparedness toward earthquake disasters. A survey has been conducted on 1256 participants to investigate the seismic literacy of Korean citizens, including seismic knowledge, awareness and management using a questionnaire of citizen earthquake literacy (CEL). The results declared that the citizens had low awareness and literacy, which means that they are not properly prepared for earthquake hazards. To develop an earthquake risk reduction plan and program efficiently and effectively, not only must it appropriately characterize the target audience, but also indicate high potential earthquake zones and potential earthquake damage. Therefore, this study mapped and analyzed the seismic vulnerability in southeast Korea using LogitBoost, logistic model tree (LMT), and logistic regression (LR) machine learning algorithms based on a building damage inventory map. The damaged buildings’ locations were generated after the 2017 Pohang earthquake using the damage proxy map (DPM) method from the Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. DPMs detected coherence loss, which indicates damaged buildings in urban areas in the Pohang earthquake and shows a good correlation with the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) report with modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) scale values of more than VII (seven). The damage locations were randomly divided into two datasets: 50% for training the vulnerability models and 50% for validating the models in terms of accuracy and reliability. Fifteen seismic-related factors were used to construct a model of each algorithm. Model validation based on the area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) was used to determine model accuracy. The AUC values of seismic vulnerability maps using the LogitBoost, LMT, and LR algorithms were 0.769, 0.851, and 0.749, respectively. We suggest that earthquake preparedness efforts should focus on reconstruction, retrofitting, renovation, and seismic education in areas with high seismic vulnerability in South Korea. The results of this study are expected to be beneficial for engineers and policymakers aiming at developing disaster risk reduction plans, policies, and programs due to future seismic activity in South Korea.

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Rinaldi, Stefano, Paolo Bellagente, Angelo Luigi Camillo Ciribini, Lavinia Chiara Tagliabue, Tiziana Poli, Andrea Giovanni Mainini, Alberto Speroni, Juan Diego Blanco Cadena, and Sonia Lupica Spagnolo. "A Cognitive-Driven Building Renovation for Improving Energy Efficiency: The Experience of the ELISIR Project." Electronics 9, no. 4 (April 20, 2020): 666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9040666.

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In the last few years, the technology re-evolution has deeply transformed several aspects of everyday life. For sure, one technology with a strong impact is the so-called Internet of Things (IoT). The IoT paradigm made it possible to break down the data barrier between the vertical domains on which the traditional information and communication technology (ICT) world was organized. Recently, the designers of home automation systems have begun looking to the IoT paradigm to ease the deployment of systems that are able to collect data from different plants. Such a situation has driven further evolution from the traditional automation system, where logic is defined by the programmer or by the user, to a cognitive system that is able to learn from the user’ habits regarding what should be the best configuration of plants. Several countries are funding renovations of public and private buildings for improving energy efficiency. Generally, such renovations are only focusing on the structure of the building and of its energy performance (e.g., the thermal envelope, window units, air-conditioning plants, and renewable generators) and largely ignoring the use of intelligent devices. On the contrary, scientific literature and practice have demonstrated that the wider use of IoT sensors, as well as distributed and remote intelligence, is fundamental to optimize energy consumption. This research work aimed to identify issues due the application of cognitive solutions during the renovation phase of buildings. In particular, the paper presents a cognitive architecture to support the operation and management phases of buildings, thanks to the massive digitalization of the entire supply chain of the construction sector from the single building element to the entire construction process. Such an architecture is capable of combining data from the IoT sensors and actuators of smart objects installed during the renovation phase, as well as legacy building automation systems. As an indication of the capability of the proposed solution, an intelligent window device was developed and validated. Within the Energy, Life Styled, and Seismic Innovation for Regenerated Buildings (ELISIR) project, window units are equipped with sensors to monitor indoor and outdoor condition behaviours of users. In addition, windows are able to react to changes in the environment by means of actuators that enable motorized opening and shading. Thanks to the cognitive layer designed in the project, the window is able to automatically define the best rules for opening and shading by using the local controller to satisfy user’s habits and energy efficiency targets. The cognitive layer defines the appropriate rules for opening and shading using the decision tree algorithm applied to the data generated by the sensors in order to infer users’ preferences. For this research, two prototypes of the window units were installed in two offices of Politecnico di Milano, Italy. The accuracy of this algorithm to classify the users’ behaviour and preferences was found to be around 90%, considering an observation interval of two months.

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Mora, Tiziano Dalla, Maria Pinamonti, Lorenzo Teso, Giosuè Boscato, Fabio Peron, and Piercarlo Romagnoni. "Renovation of a School Building: Energy Retrofit and Seismic Upgrade in a School Building in Motta Di Livenza." Sustainability 10, no. 4 (March 26, 2018): 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10040969.

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40

Kapustyan, N. K., G. N. Antonovskaya, and I. M. Basakina. "Experience in the use of seismic recording of vibrations from trains to evaluate the condition of buildings and structures." Vestnik of the Railway Research Institute 76, no. 5 (October 28, 2017): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21780/2223-9731-2017-76-5-281-287.

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Constructions along railway traffic lines are always exposed to vinrations generated by the passing transport. This sometimes leads to shifts in their state even threatening the comfort of the people that stay here. To estimate the magnitude of such effect one needs the frequency-amplitude chart of impacting vibrations. Current codes [1] are applied to the main types of buildings and state the acceptable level of magnitudes in wide frequency ranges. However, the code’s regulations are not enough to ensure the building’s stability as the real state of this building is not taken into account. This is especially true for the historical buildings near railroads. Majority of these are cult-related and are mostly damaged and need renovation. To correctly estimate an impact of vibrations one needs to measure addition tensions due to vibration in the construction’s body and to compare them with ones resistance material calculations. In other words, seismic vibrations emitted by trains act as a seismic signal, for which there are several established methods of evaluation. Finite elements simulations enables estimation of the distribution of static and dynamic loads so that the most vulnerable locations in the construction’s body are identified. Consequently the simulation can use experimentally recorded waves (spectra or accelerogramms) as the dynamic load. With the simulation stage set different model types are cycled until the satisfactory match is obtained as is shown in the paper. Importantly, we demonstrate how construction evaluation methods can be combined with applied seismic methods, which are being actively developed for the needs of soil and construction integrity evaluations.

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Marini, Alessandra, Andrea Belleri, Chiara Passoni, Francesca Feroldi, and Ezio Giuriani. "In-plane capacity of existing post-WWII beam-and-clay block floor systems." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 20, no. 3 (January 17, 2022): 1655–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01301-y.

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AbstractA growing attention has been paid to the deep renovation of RC buildings, particularly focusing on their structural vulnerability and on the development of retrofit strategies; however, the issue of the in-plane diaphragm action and the capacity of existing floors has rarely been addressed. Although floor capacity does not seem critical for the seismic capacity of existing structures, commonly affected by greater vulnerabilities, it may become critical when an additional lateral force resisting system is introduced. This paper investigates the in-plane capacity of beam and hollow-clay-block floor system, typical of the European post-WWII RC buildings. Considering the diaphragm action as associated with an in-plane tied-arch mechanism developing within the floor thickness, the main failure mechanisms are discussed, and some simplified equations are provided to preliminary estimate the maximum capacity of floors. Experimental and numerical analyses are than carried out to validate the simplified analytical model. The relevant influence of possible staircase openings on the in-plane load paths and on diaphragm flexibility and capacity are also considered. Finally, the influence of the floor capacity on the seismic vulnerability assessment and in the conceptual design of a seismic retrofit intervention is discussed. This preliminary study shows that only some of the beam-and-block floor systems have a reliable in-plane capacity, while other typologies cannot serve as floor diaphragms. When the diaphragm action can be relied upon, the diaphragms often exhibit a fairly stiff behaviour up to a brittle failure, which is commonly associated with the ultimate capacity at the tied-arch supports.

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42

Passoni, Chiara, Elisabetta Palumbo, Rui Pinho, and Alessandra Marini. "The LCT Challenge: Defining New Design Objectives to Increase the Sustainability of Building Retrofit Interventions." Sustainability 14, no. 14 (July 20, 2022): 8860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148860.

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The decarbonization of the construction sector, which is one of the most impactful sectors worldwide, requires a significant paradigm shift from a linear economy to a circular, future-proofed and sustainable economy. In this transition, the role of designers and structural engineers becomes pivotal, and new design objectives and principles inspired by Life Cycle Thinking (LCT) should be defined and included from the early stages of the design process to allow for a truly sustainable renovation of the built environment. In this paper, an overview of LCT-based objectives and principles is provided, critically analyzing the current state of the art of sustainability and circularity in the construction sector. The effectiveness of applying such design principles from the early stages of the design of retrofit interventions is then demonstrated with reference to a case study building. Four seismic retrofit alternatives made of timber, steel and concrete, conceived according to either LCT principles or traditional, were designed and compared to a demolition and reconstruction scenario on the basis of five common environmental impact indicators. The indicators were calculated adopting simplified LCA analyses based on Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs), considering the product and End of Life stages of the building. The results of the comparative analyses confirm that LCT-based retrofit solutions are less impactful than both the traditional seismic retrofit interventions and the demolition and reconstruction scenario.

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Maio, Rui, Tiago Miguel Ferreira, Romeu Vicente, and Aníbal Costa. "Is the use of traditional seismic strengthening strategies economically attractive in the renovation of urban cultural heritage assets in Portugal?" Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 17, no. 4 (November 26, 2018): 2307–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-00527-7.

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SATO, Ichiro, Hideki TANAKA, Yuko YAMAUCHI, and Masaya OKUMIYA. "A STUDY ON THE COST EFFECTIVENESS OF SIMULTANEOUS IMPLEMENTATION OF SEISMIC REINFORCEMENT AND ENERGY-SAVING RENOVATION FOR EXISTING WOODEN HOUSING." Journal of Environmental Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 81, no. 729 (2016): 1035–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aije.81.1035.

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45

Costanzo, V., G. Evola, L. Marletta, and G. Roccella. "Preliminary investigation on the transient hygrothermal analysis of a CLT-based retrofit solution for exterior walls." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2042, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2042/1/012142.

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Abstract This paper investigates the transient hygrothermal performance of an innovative energy and seismic renovation solution for reinforced concrete (RC) framed buildings, based on the addition of Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) panels to the outer walls, in combination with wood-based insulation. This solution is being developed in the framework of a four-year EU-funded project called e-SAFE. The investigation relies on numerical simulations in DELPHIN 6.1, by considering combined heat and mass transfer (HAMT) due to water vapour diffusion and capillary transport. The proposed solution is tested in three different climates in Italy, to verify whether the CLT layer and the outer waterproof vapour-open membrane, inserted to protect the wood-based insulation from rain, still allow the effective drying of the vapour accumulated in liquid form in the walls, while also preventing mould formation. The results show that the increased thermal resistance of the wall assembly significantly reduces the total water content, although moderate risks of mould growth in the wooden materials may occur in coldest climates.

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KOGA, Dai, Mio HATAE, Yukio TAHARA, and Mikio KATASAKO. "DESIGN PROCESS FOR THE SEISMIC REPAIR AND RENOVATION OF RIKKYO UNIVERSITY MAIN BUILDING [Building NO.1/Morris Hall] AS A “LIVING HERITAGE”." AIJ Journal of Technology and Design 24, no. 58 (October 20, 2018): 1189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijt.24.1189.

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47

Stepinac, Mislav, Tomislav Kisicek, Tvrtko Renić, Ivan Hafner, and Chiara Bedon. "Methods for the Assessment of Critical Properties in Existing Masonry Structures under Seismic Loads—The ARES Project." Applied Sciences 10, no. 5 (February 25, 2020): 1576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10051576.

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Masonry structures are notoriously vulnerable to horizontal actions caused by earthquakes. Given the high seismicity of the European region, and that the European building stock comprises a lot of masonry buildings, knowledge about their structural response to seismic excitation is particularly important, but at the same time difficult to determine, due to the heterogenous nature of materials and/or constructional techniques in use. An additional issue is represented by the current methods for mechanical properties assessment, that do not provide a reliable framework for accurate structural estimations of existing buildings characterized by different typological properties. Every structure, in other words, should be separately inspected in regard to its mechanical behaviour, based on dedicated approaches able to capture potential critical issues. In this review paper, an insight on the Croatian ARES project is presented (Assessment and Rehabilitation of Existing Structures), including a state-of-the-art of the actual building stock and giving evidence of major difficulties concerning the assessment of existing structures. The most commonly used techniques and tools are compared, with a focus on their basic features and field of application. A brief overview of prevailing structural behaviours and Finite Element numerical modelling issues are also mentioned. As shown, the general tendency is to ensure “sustainable” and energy-efficient building systems. The latter, however, seem in disagreement with basic principles of structural maintenance and renovation. The aim of the ongoing ARES project, in this context, is to improve the current knowledge regarding the assessment and strengthening of structures, with a focus on a more reliable design and maintenance process for existing masonry buildings.

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HANAZATO, Toshihiro, and Hideki KOBAYASHI. "AN ESTIMATION OF EFFECTS ON THE ANTI-EARTHQUAKE RENOVATION FOR THE EX-EX-REGULATION CONDOMINIUM BUILDINGS BASED UPON THE SEISMIC ASSESSMENT OF INDIVIDUAL UNITS." Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 78, no. 690 (2013): 1713–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.78.1713.

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Miedzialowski, Czeslaw, Jaroslaw Malesza, Mikołaj Malesza, and Leonas Ustinovichius. "MONITORING OF INTERACTIONS OF A MONUMENTAL HISTORICAL COMPLEX LOCATED ON AN EARTH EMBANKMENT." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 20, no. 2 (April 24, 2014): 299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2014.895412.

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The Camaldolese Monastery was built in the seventeenth-century on a man-made hill raised on a Wigry lake is land in the north-eastern part of Poland. Over the following two hundred years, the Monastery buildings were subjected to destructive weathering processes and underwent significant demolition during the two World Wars. Subsequently, the complex was reconstructed and renewed. All the Monastery buildings were raised on two earth terraces varying in height from 6 to 8 m. The terraces were formed of crushed bricks and stone debris that filled up the underground structures built earlier. The hill is composed of different geotechnical layers and their influence on the stability of the whole hill, displacement and deformation of the buildings have been monitored. The results of the monitoring are presented in the paper. The thickness of backfilled soil layers varies from 1 to 5 m and an assessment of layer parameters is influencing the actual state and future renovation of the Monastery buildings. In 2004, the Monastery buildings were affected by dynamic forces of an earthquake that measured 5.3 on the Richter scale despite the fact that this region had never been subjected to any seismic hazards. As a result, larger than expected deformations of the sub-base caused excessive cracking of the buildings and destruction of existing water and sewage system.

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Oliveira, Rui A. F., Jorge P. Lopes, and Maria Isabel Abreu. "Sustainability Perspective to Support Decision Making in Structural Retrofitting of Buildings: A Case Study." Systems 9, no. 4 (October 29, 2021): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems9040078.

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The reuse of existing materials in buildings can give a contribution to sustainable practices such as a balance in embodied energy, water, and emission reduction. However, it is not always possible to maintain the existing structural materials because some different technical variables could hamper their usability, namely seismic reinforcement needs, fire safety protection, conservation state, and new legal requirements. The paper follows a case study approach for assessing the technical and environmental performances of structural options for old building retrofitting works. All structural options were analyzed through the results of several categories of environmental impact. Some parameters of a retrofitting management system were also used to frame in a comprehensive way the technical constraints pertaining to building retrofitting works. The structural option choice was taken by the owner with the contribution of the design team and the construction manager of the construction project as well as the results of interviews with other construction professionals, considering the variables related to technical suitability and environmental impact. The results of the study show that the steel structure is the solution that best addresses the technical constraints of the building retrofit works and minimizes environmental impact. The results of the study also suggest that the consideration of other variables other than the technical ones can contribute to the effective functioning of the renovation subsegment of the building market. Some suggestions for further studies to enhance the results of this work are put forward.

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