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Статті в журналах з теми "Sediment structure. Groundwater-stream water interaction"
1
Iepure, Sanda, David Gomez-Ortiz, Javier Lillo, Rubén Rasines-Ladero, and Tiziana Di Lorenzo. "Applying Electrical Resistivity Tomography and Biological Methods to Assess the Hyporheic Zone Water Exchanges in Two Mediterranean Stream Reaches." Water 14, no. 21 (October 26, 2022): 3396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14213396.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The hyporheic zone (HZ) is a critical area of all river ecosystems. It is the area beneath the stream and adjacent to the stream, where the surface water and groundwater are mixed. The HZ extends both vertically and laterally depending on the sediment configuration, namely their porosity and permeability. This influences the hyporheic communities’ structural pattern and their active dispersal among distinct rivers compartments and alluvial aquifers. It is still difficult to assess the spatial extent of the HZ and the distribution of the mixing zones. This study applies time-lapse images obtained using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) of 20 m wide and 5 m deep alluvial streams, with regards to the structural pattern of hyporheic communities represented by cyclopoids and ostracods, in order to assess the extent of the HZ in the riverbed and the parafluvial sediment configurations. The ERT images obtained at the hyporheic Site 1 are characterized by alluvial deposits dominated by coarse and very coarse sands with resistivity values ranging from ~20 to 80 Ohm.m, indicating a permeable zone up to ~0.5 m thick and extending laterally for ca. 5 m from the channel and associated with the hyporheic zone. The sediment configurations, texture, and structure indicate an active surface–hyporheic water exchange and low water retention into the sediments. This is also indicated by the hyporheic copepods and ostracods communities’ structure formed by a mixture of non-stygobites (five species) and stygobites (two species). A low-resistivity (<70 Ohm.m) permeable zone located 2.3 m below the streambed and unconnected with the river channel was also detected and associated with the associated alluvial aquifer. In contrast, the resistivity image at Site 2 dominated by coarse, medium, and very fine sands, shows a low-permeability zone in the upper ~0.5 m of the profile, with a resistivity value ranging from ~45 to 80 Ohm.m, indicating a reduced HZ extension in both vertical and lateral dimensions. Here the sediment configurations indicate that the water retention and interaction with the sediment is higher, reflected by more diverse hyporheic communities and with highly abundant stygobite species. The two examples show that non-invasive ERT images and biological assessments provide complementary and valuable information about the characterization of the sub-channel architecture and its potential hydraulic connection to the floodplain aquifer.
2
Beasley, Gary, and Pauline Kneale. "Reviewing the impact of metals and PAHs on macroinvertebrates in urban watercourses." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 26, no. 2 (June 2002): 236–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0309133302pp334ra.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Pollution-free stream water and sediments are crucial to support healthy stream flora and fauna, but urban surface runoff impairs water quality and leaves a legacy of pollution in the sediments. Pollution in sediments influences the development of macroinvertebrates, the lowest members of the food chain, leading to modification of the whole ecological structure. This review focuses on the sources and impacts of zinc, nickel, copper and oil derivative polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contaminants on macroinvertebrates in urban streams. Land use, and the connectivity of the runoff and sediment are seen to have an effect on the ecological integrity of the watercourse but case examples are sparse. The literature indicates that while reduced species diversity has been identified at a number of sites the dynamics are neither well understood nor well modelled. The literature evidence is compared with field evidence from a study of 62 source areas in headwater catchments with residential, urban, industrial and motorway land uses. From the review and field results it is evident that there is still an important need for process-based field measurements of urban water quality parameters. It is suggested that forecasting the ecological status of watercourses would benefit from data on sediment chemistry and the interaction effects of metals and PAHs.
3
Skoglund, Rannveig Øvrevik, Christos Pennos, Aurel Perşoiu, and Yorgos Sotiriadis. "Karstic Aquifers—Simple or Hybrid Systems? Thermal Stories from Maaras Cave, Greece." Water 15, no. 3 (January 26, 2023): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15030488.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Karst systems, such as caves, provide a unique opportunity to study the groundwater from the inside in contrast to spring studies, where hydrographs, chemographs, and thermographs show an integrated signal from the entire catchment and aquifer. Studies from karst springs show that recharge and conduit characteristics significantly influence how the temperature signal is transmitted and thus could inform on the structure of underground flow paths. Here, we present monitoring temperature data from a two-year-long study of a 10 km long river cave, Maaras, in northern Greece. Our data from five measuring stations along the cave stream show how different flow paths transform the temperature signal. The catchment area consists of a polje impacting the recharge conditions that change seasonally from diffuse to concentrated. Diffuse recharge stabilizes the temperature regardless of the conduit conditions. However, temperature fluctuations occur on four different time scales: seasonal, event-based, diurnal, and hourly, indicating different passage conditions. Interaction between the cave stream and the in-cave porous aquifer in the clastic sediments strongly impacts the alteration of the thermal signal through the cave: temperature fluctuations are damped, and the temperature is raised.
4
Pagano, Stefano Giorgio, Donato Sollitto, Marco Colucci, Davide Prato, Fabio Milillo, Giovanni Francesco Ricci, and Francesco Gentile. "Setting Up of an Experimental Site for the Continuous Monitoring of Water Discharge, Suspended Sediment Transport and Groundwater Levels in a Mediterranean Basin. Results of One Year of Activity." Water 12, no. 11 (November 8, 2020): 3130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113130.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The study of suspended sediment transport requires continuous measurement of water discharge to better understand the sediment dynamics. Furthermore, a groundwater monitoring network can support the stream discharge measures, as it reveals how the interactions between surface water and groundwater may affect runoff and consequently sediment transport during flood events. An experimental site for the continuous monitoring of water discharge, suspended sediment transport and groundwater levels was set up in the Carapellotto basin (27.17 km2), which is located in Apulia, Southern Italy. Seven flood events that occurred in the operation timespan were covered with a full record of both water discharge and sediment concentration. Some monitoring problems, largely due to the clogging of the float by mud, suggested to improve the experimental set up. The results show high values of suspended sediments concentration which indicate the sub-basin’s key role in the sediment delivery to the whole river system, while counter-clockwise hysteresis loops are the most frequent due to the basin characteristics. The effects of the interaction between surface water and groundwater are related not only to the flood magnitude but also to the hydrogeological features in the hyporheic zone.
5
Kasahara, Tamao, Thibault Datry, Michael Mutz, and Andrew J. Boulton. "Treating causes not symptoms: restoration of surface - groundwater interactions in rivers." Marine and Freshwater Research 60, no. 9 (2009): 976. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf09047.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Many river restoration projects seek to address issues associated with impaired hydrological and ecological connectivity in longitudinal (e.g. effects of dams, weirs) or lateral (e.g. alienated floodplain) dimensions. Efforts to restore the vertical dimension of impaired stream–groundwater exchange are rare, hampered by limited understanding of the factors controlling this linkage in natural alluvial rivers. We propose a simplified two-axis model of the ‘primary drivers’ (sediment structure and vertical hydraulic gradient) of stream–groundwater exchange that acknowledges their interaction and provides a practical template to help researchers and river managers pose hypothesis-driven solutions to restoration of damaged or lost vertical connectivity. Many human activities impact on one or both of these drivers, and we review some of the tools available for treating the causes (rather than symptoms) in impacted stream reaches. For example, creating riffle-pool sequences along stream reaches will enhance vertical hydraulic gradient, whereas flushing flows can remove clogging layers and sustain sediment permeability. Our model is a first step to specifying mechanisms for recovery of lost vertical connectivity. Assessing results of river restoration using this approach at reach to catchment scales will provide scientific insights into the interplay of hydrology, fluvial geomorphology and river ecosystem function at appropriately broad scales.
6
Mojarrad, Brian Babak, Andrea Betterle, Tanu Singh, Carolina Olid, and Anders Wörman. "The Effect of Stream Discharge on Hyporheic Exchange." Water 11, no. 7 (July 12, 2019): 1436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11071436.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Streambed morphology, streamflow dynamics, and the heterogeneity of streambed sediments critically controls the interaction between surface water and groundwater. The present study investigated the impact of different flow regimes on hyporheic exchange in a boreal stream in northern Sweden using experimental and numerical approaches. Low-, base-, and high-flow discharges were simulated by regulating the streamflow upstream in the study area, and temperature was used as the natural tracer to monitor the impact of the different flow discharges on hyporheic exchange fluxes in stretches of stream featuring gaining and losing conditions. A numerical model was developed using geomorphological and hydrological properties of the stream and was then used to perform a detailed analysis of the subsurface water flow. Additionally, the impact of heterogeneity in sediment permeability on hyporheic exchange fluxes was investigated. Both the experimental and modelling results show that temporally increasing flow resulted in a larger (deeper) extent of the hyporheic zone as well as longer hyporheic flow residence times. However, the result of the numerical analysis is strongly controlled by heterogeneity in sediment permeability. In particular, for homogeneous sediments, the fragmentation of upwelling length substantially varies with streamflow dynamics due to the contribution of deeper fluxes.
7
Shu, Qiang, Shunjie Zhang, and Ye Chen. "Physicochemical Property Indexes of Sediment Lixiviums in Sea–Land Interaction Zone of Subei Basin and Their Significance to Transgression." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 7 (June 29, 2021): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9070719.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In current studies, the physicochemical properties of water, such as total dissolved solids, salinity, and electrical conductivity, are used mainly to investigate changes in the properties of surface water and groundwater. In our experimental study, we aimed to introduce the physicochemical properties of water bodies into the field of paleoenvironmental changes. We employed the physicochemical property indexes of sediment lixiviums in two research sections of the sea–land interaction zone in the eastern margin of the Subei Basin (China). Preliminary tests determined that the optimal solvent for preparing the sediment lixiviums is ultrapure water; the use of this water can prevent errors caused by soluble solids in the solvent. Using a container with a lid to prepare the sediment lixiviums could reduce errors caused by evaporation. Furthermore, we determined the appropriate process and duration for testing the physicochemical properties of sediment lixiviums. The optimal time for testing the physicochemical properties was 120 h (mixture fully stirred daily) or 168 h (no stirring). The weight of the sediment, volume of the solvent, and test time should be consistent in the same research section. Comparing the physicochemical property indexes of sediment lixiviums with geochemical elements and diatom indicators, we found that these indexes show obvious indications of transgression, and have an obvious advantage in indicating transgression.
8
Åberg, Susanne Charlotta, Annika Katarina Åberg, and Kirsti Korkka-Niemi. "Three-dimensional hydrostratigraphy and groundwater flow models in complex Quaternary deposits and weathered/fractured bedrock: evaluating increasing model complexity." Hydrogeology Journal 29, no. 3 (February 17, 2021): 1043–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02299-4.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractGreater complexity in three-dimensional (3D) model structures yields more plausible groundwater recharge/discharge patterns, especially in groundwater/surface-water interactions. The construction of a 3D hydrostratigraphic model prior to flow modelling is beneficial when the hydraulic conductivity of geological units varies considerably. A workflow for 3D hydrostratigraphic modelling with Leapfrog Geo and flow modelling with MODFLOW-NWT was developed. It was used to evaluate how the modelling results for groundwater flow and recharge/discharge patterns differ when using simple or more complex hydrostratigraphic models. The workflow was applied to a study site consisting of complex Quaternary sediments underlain by fractured and weathered crystalline bedrock. Increasing the hydrostratigraphic detail appeared to improve the fit between the observed and simulated water table, and created more plausible groundwater flow patterns. Interlayered zones of low and high conductivity disperse the recharge/discharge patterns, increasing the vertical flow component. Groundwater flow was predominantly horizontal in models in which Quaternary sediments and bedrock were simplified as one layer per unit. It appears to be important to define the interlayered low-conductivity units, which can limit groundwater infiltration and also affect groundwater discharge patterns. Explicit modelling with Leapfrog Geo was found to be effective but time-consuming in the generation of scattered and thin-layered strata.
9
N., Bustamante-Penagos, and Niño Y. "Flow–Sediment Turbulent Ejections: Interaction between Surface and Subsurface Flow in Gravel-Bed Contaminated by Fine Sediment." Water 12, no. 6 (June 3, 2020): 1589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061589.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Several researchers have studied turbulent structures, such as ejections, sweeps, and outwards and inwards interactions in flumes, where the streamwise velocity dominates over vertical and transversal velocities. However, this research presents an experimental study in which there are ejections associated with the interchange between surface and subsurface water, where the vertical velocity dominates over the streamwise component. The experiment is related to a surface alluvial stream that is polluted with fine sediment, which is percolated into the bed. The subsurface flow is modified by a lower permeability associated with the fine sediment and emerges to the surface current. Quasi-steady ejections are produced that drag fine sediment into the surface flow. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) measured the velocity field before and after the ejection. The velocity data were analyzed by scatter plots, power spectra, and wavelet analysis of turbulent fluctuations, finding changes in the distribution of turbulence interactions with and without the presence of fine deposits. The flow sediment ejection changes the patterns of turbulent structures and the distribution of the turbulence interactions that have been reported in open channels without subsurface flows.
10
Gong, Fan, Li, Li, Zhang, Gromig, Smith, et al. "Coring of Antarctic Subglacial Sediments." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 6 (June 22, 2019): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7060194.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Coring sediments in subglacial aquatic environments offers unique opportunities for research on paleo-environments and paleo-climates because it can provide data from periods even earlier than ice cores, as well as the overlying ice histories, interactions between ice and the water system, life forms in extreme habitats, sedimentology, and stratigraphy. However, retrieving sediment cores from a subglacial environment faces more difficulties than sediment coring in oceans and lakes, resulting in low yields from the most current subglacial sediment coring methods. The coring tools should pass through a hot water-drilled access borehole, then the water column, to reach the sediment layers. The access boreholes are size-limited by the hot water drilling tools and techniques. These holes are drilled through ice up to 3000–4000 m thick, with diameters ranging from 10–60 cm, and with a refreezing closure rate of up to 6 mm/h after being drilled. Several purpose-built streamline corers have been developed to pass through access boreholes and collect the sediment core. The main coring objectives are as follows: (i) To obtain undisturbed water–sediment cores, either singly or as multi-cores and (ii) to obtain long cores with minimal stratigraphic deformation. Subglacial sediment coring methods use similar tools to those used in lake and ocean coring. These methods include the following: Gravity coring, push coring, piston coring, hammer or percussion coring, vibrocoring, and composite methods. Several core length records have been attained by different coring methods, including a 290 cm percussion core from the sub-ice-shelf seafloor, a 400 cm piston core from the sub-ice-stream, and a 170 cm gravity core from a subglacial lake. There are also several undisturbed water–sediment cores that have been obtained by gravity corers or hammer corers. Most current coring tools are deployed by winch and cable facilities on the ice surface. There are three main limitations for obtaining long sediment cores which determines coring tool development, as follows: Hot-water borehole radial size restriction, the sedimentary structure, and the coring techniques. In this paper, we provide a general view on current developments in coring tools, including the working principles, corer characteristics, operational methods, coring site locations, field conditions, coring results, and possible technical improvements. Future prospects in corer design and development are also discussed.
Дисертації з теми "Sediment structure. Groundwater-stream water interaction"
1
Gaona, Garcia Jaime. "Groundwater-stream water interactions: point and distributed measurements and innovative upscaling technologies." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/242544.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The need to consider groundwater and surface water as a single resource has fostered the interest of the scientific community on the interactions between surface water and groundwater. The region below and alongside rivers where surface hydrology and subsurface hydrology concur is the hyporheic zone. This is the region where water exchange determines many biogeochemical and ecological processes of great impact on the functioning of rivers. However, the complex processes taking place in the hyporheic zone require a multidisciplinary approach.
The combination of innovative point and distributed techniques originally developed in separated disciplines is of great advantage for the indirect identification of water exchange in the hyporheic zone. Distributed techniques using temperature as a tracer such as fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing can identify the different components of groundwater-surface water interactions based on their spatial and temporal thermal patterns at the sediment-water interface. In particular, groundwater, interflow discharge and local hyporheic exchange flows can be differentiated based on the distinct size, duration and sign of the temperature anomalies. The scale range and resolution of fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing are well complemented by geophysics providing subsurface structures with a similar resolution and scale. Thus, the use of fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing to trace flux patterns supported by the exploration of subsurface structures with geophysics enables spatial and temporal investigation of groundwater-surface water interactions with an unprecedented level of accuracy and resolution.
In contrast to the aforementioned methods that can be used for pattern identification at the interface, other methods such as point techniques are required to quantify hyporheic exchange fluxes. In the present PhD thesis, point methods based on hydraulic gradients and thermal profiles are used to quantify hyporheic exchange flows. However, both methods are one-dimensional methods and assume that only vertical flow occurs while the reality is much more complex. The study evaluates the accuracy of the available methods and the factors that impact their reliability. The applied methods allow not only to quantify hyporheic exchange flows but they are also the basis for an interpretation of the sediment layering in the hyporheic zone.
For upscaling of the previous results three-dimensional modelling of flow and heat transport in the hyporheic zone combines pattern identification and quantification of fluxes into a single framework. Modelling can evaluate the influence of factors governing groundwater-surface water interactions as well as assess the impact of multiple aspects of model design and calibration of high impact on the reliability of the simulations. But more importantly, this modelling approach enables accurate estimation of water exchange at any location of the domain with unparalleled resolution. Despite the challenges in 3D modelling of the hyporheic zone and in the integration of point and distributed data in models, the benefits should encourage the hyporheic community to adopt an integrative approach comprising from the measurement to the upscaling of hyporheic processes.
2
Gaona, Garcia Jaime. "Groundwater-stream water interactions: point and distributed measurements and innovative upscaling technologies." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/242544.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The need to consider groundwater and surface water as a single resource has fostered the interest of the scientific community on the interactions between surface water and groundwater. The region below and alongside rivers where surface hydrology and subsurface hydrology concur is the hyporheic zone. This is the region where water exchange determines many biogeochemical and ecological processes of great impact on the functioning of rivers. However, the complex processes taking place in the hyporheic zone require a multidisciplinary approach.
The combination of innovative point and distributed techniques originally developed in separated disciplines is of great advantage for the indirect identification of water exchange in the hyporheic zone. Distributed techniques using temperature as a tracer such as fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing can identify the different components of groundwater-surface water interactions based on their spatial and temporal thermal patterns at the sediment-water interface. In particular, groundwater, interflow discharge and local hyporheic exchange flows can be differentiated based on the distinct size, duration and sign of the temperature anomalies. The scale range and resolution of fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing are well complemented by geophysics providing subsurface structures with a similar resolution and scale. Thus, the use of fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing to trace flux patterns supported by the exploration of subsurface structures with geophysics enables spatial and temporal investigation of groundwater-surface water interactions with an unprecedented level of accuracy and resolution.
In contrast to the aforementioned methods that can be used for pattern identification at the interface, other methods such as point techniques are required to quantify hyporheic exchange fluxes. In the present PhD thesis, point methods based on hydraulic gradients and thermal profiles are used to quantify hyporheic exchange flows. However, both methods are one-dimensional methods and assume that only vertical flow occurs while the reality is much more complex. The study evaluates the accuracy of the available methods and the factors that impact their reliability. The applied methods allow not only to quantify hyporheic exchange flows but they are also the basis for an interpretation of the sediment layering in the hyporheic zone.
For upscaling of the previous results three-dimensional modelling of flow and heat transport in the hyporheic zone combines pattern identification and quantification of fluxes into a single framework. Modelling can evaluate the influence of factors governing groundwater-surface water interactions as well as assess the impact of multiple aspects of model design and calibration of high impact on the reliability of the simulations. But more importantly, this modelling approach enables accurate estimation of water exchange at any location of the domain with unparalleled resolution. Despite the challenges in 3D modelling of the hyporheic zone and in the integration of point and distributed data in models, the benefits should encourage the hyporheic community to adopt an integrative approach comprising from the measurement to the upscaling of hyporheic processes.
Частини книг з теми "Sediment structure. Groundwater-stream water interaction"
1
Furbish, David Jon. "Introduction." In Fluid Physics in Geology. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195077018.003.0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fluids are involved in virtually all geological processes. Obvious examples are phenomena occurring at Earth’s surface in which fluid flow is a highlight: the flow of a lava stream, the play of a geyser, river flow and wind currents, the swash and backswash on a beach. Also obvious are phenomena that occur in the presence of fluid flows, such as sediment motion. Less obvious, but readily imaginable in terms of their behaviors, are fluid motions occurring within Earth’s crust: flows of magma and ground water, and expulsion of brines from sediments during compaction. In addition, a bit of reflection will recall a host of phenomena in which fluid behavior, although not the highlight, may nonetheless take on a significant role: initiation of landslides, seismic activity, glacier movement, taphonomic organization, and fracture mechanics. With these should be considered instances in which the geological material containing a fluid can influence its fundamental behavior at a molecular scale. An example is flow through very small rock pores, where molecular forces interacting among fluid molecules and pore surfaces can lead to a structural arrangement of the fluid molecules such that their mechanical behavior is unlike that which occurs in large pores, where the bulk of the fluid is “far” from pore surfaces. It is thus understandable that to describe many geologic phenomena requires knowing how fluids work. It is also natural to begin by considering how fluids behave in a general way, then in turn, how they are involved in specific geological processes. There are several approaches for describing fluids and their motions, and the choice of one, or some combination, depends on the sort of insight desired as well as the specific problem being considered. Fluid statics, as the name implies, involves considering the properties of fluids that are at rest in some inertial frame of reference. Note that this frame of reference may actually be moving relative to the Earth frame of reference, so long as the fluid motion is like that of a rigid body. An important example of our use of fluid statics will be in developing the hydrostatic equation, which formalizes how fluid pressure varies with depth.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Sediment structure. Groundwater-stream water interaction"
1
Lawrence, Angela M., Ashwin Vinod, and Arindam Banerjee. "Effect of Free-Stream Turbulence on the Loads Experienced by a Marine Hydrokinetic Turbine." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-68395.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Marine Hydrokinetic Turbines (MHkT) are a new class of renewable energy devices that harvest the kinetic energy of the flowing water in rivers or tides. In these environments, the approach flow contains elevated levels of free-stream turbulence (FST) and large coherent structures, which affect the performance and structural loading of the turbine as well as the signature of the downstream wake. Very little is understood about these interactions and how they cross-couple to impact river morphology, flood conveyance, and sediment transport. The current work uses controlled laboratory experiments to investigate the effects of FST on both component and system level metrics of MHK turbines. Homogeneous, free-stream turbulence levels ranging from 1% to 10% were achieved by employing a Makita type active-grid turbulence generator that is placed at the entrance of the water channel test section and is equipped with motor controlled winglet shafts. For component level measurements, loads acting on an MHK turbine hydrofoil at angles of attack ranging from −40° to +40° were measured using a two-axis load cell. Turbulence was shown to influence the stall angle of the hydrofoil. Stall occurred at ∼17° in the laminar free-stream but was postponed to ∼25° in the turbulent free-stream. An increase in the lift was observed at all angles greater than 10° with the increase being more significant in the post-stall regime. The drag measured in the turbulent free-stream was higher at angles less than 20° and greater than 25 ° but was lower at points in between. Concluding from the obtained lift to drag ratios, FST was observed to decrease performance while operating at angles less than the stall angle, and increase performance in the post-stall regime. For the system level measurements, a comparison of performance characteristics that includes the mean and standard deviations of the power coefficient (CP), and thrust coefficient (CT) between the turbulent and the laminar free-stream cases was performed. The results show a ∼2 fold increase in standard deviation of CT; however, elevated levels of FST have a weak effect on mean performance characteristics.