Статті в журналах: "Sections finies"

1

Boudjelal, M. T., D. Beaulieu, and M. Fafard. "Analyse non linéaire par éléments finis des pièces comprimées et fléchies à parois minces." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 21, no. 6 (December 1, 1994): 966–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l94-102.

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A finite element analysis of the ultimate strength of steel thin-walled beam–columns is discussed in this paper. The numerical model used was developed by Akoussah, Beaulieu, and Dhatt and is based on a Lagrangian formula of thin-walled bars. In this model, the law of multiaxial elastic–plastic behaviour was adopted and incorporated on the section's surface by Radau or Gauss type points. Case studies were performed in which different parameters likely to influence the behaviour of beam–columns were used. Corresponding interaction curves were plotted. The results obtained were compared with those of other authors for H sections under biaxial bending, for square or rectangular tubular sections under biaxial bending, and for H sections bended in relation to each of the principal axes. The results emphasize the key role played by shear stress on the bearing capacity of open section compressed members under bending. Key words: shear, compression, finite elements, bending, interaction, elasticity, plasticity.

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2

Schnee, Edward J., and W. Eugene Seago. "The Deductibility of Fines, Penalties, and Restitution Related to Illegal Activities." ATA Journal of Legal Tax Research 14, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jltr-51531.

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ABSTRACT Determining the deductibility of fines, penalties, settlements, and other forms of restitution paid by taxpayers as a result of violations of criminal and civil law fall under a number of sometimes conflicting code sections, IRS pronouncements, and case law. In this article, we discuss the deductibility of fines, penalties, and other forms of restitution under the provisions of IRC Section 162(f) and the violation of public policy doctrine. Since some taxpayers attempt to capitalize the expenditures rather than deduct them, we also discuss the application of Sections 263 and 263A to these payments. If a taxpayer incurs expenditures in a transaction not part of a trade or business, then the deduction of the expenditure is controlled by Section 165. The application of the violation of public policy doctrine and Section 162(f) to Section 165 are also evaluated. Following the discussion of the current cases and rulings, we recommend several changes in tax law that will clarify and simplify when expenditures related to illegal activities are deductible.

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3

Hosseini, M. J., M. Rahimi, and R. Bahrampoury. "Thermal analysis of PCM containing heat exchanger enhanced with normal annular fines." Mechanical Sciences 6, no. 2 (October 7, 2015): 221–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ms-6-221-2015.

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Abstract. In this study, the effect of fins' height and Stefan number on performance of a shell and tube heat exchanger which contains a phase change material is investigated numerically and experimentally. Melting time, solidification time, liquid mass fraction, melting and solidification front and temperature distribution in different directions (longitudinal, radial and angular) are among criteria for the heat exchangers' comparison. In order to generalize the comparison, melting and solidification fronts are studied for different sections of the shell, fin section and mid-section, for different fins' height during charging and discharging processes. The results show that, these two parameters play important roles in the heat exchanger performance. Increasing Stefan number, the melting time reduces; which exhibits a descending trend in rate when the fins are heightened. In addition, investigating both processes, it can be figured out that increasing fins' height influences the solidification time more significantly than melting.

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4

Mnasri, Aida, and Ezzeddine Hadj Taieb. "Simulation numérique par éléments finis des écoulements transitoires à surface libre." La Houille Blanche, no. 5-6 (December 2019): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/lhb/2019032.

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Une simulation numérique par des éléments finis des écoulements transitoires à surface libre dans les canaux prismatiques est présentée. Dans cette étude, l'écoulement est supposé unidirectionnel dans un canal de faible pente. Le modèle mathématique est constitué d'un système de deux équations aux dérivées partielles de type hyperbolique résolu numériquement par la méthode des éléments finis. Pour définir les fonctions d'interpolation dans la forme intégrale des résidus pondérés, la méthode de Galerkin a été utilisée. Dans les applications, différentes sections prismatiques sont examinées. Les régimes transitoires étudiés sont dus à des manœuvres de vanne placée en aval du canal, l'extrémité amont étant connectée à un réservoir de niveau constant. Dans ces conditions, le régime transitoire correspond à une évolution de l'écoulement d'un régime permanent initial vers un régime permanent final. Ces deux régimes sont supposés uniformes à débit constant défini par la formule de Manning. Les résultats obtenus concernent l'évolution des paramètres hydrauliques en différentes sections du canal, suite à la manœuvre en aval. Deux cas de manœuvres sont considérés ; le cas d'une ouverture et le cas d'une fermeture. L'étude a permis d'analyser la propagation des ondes de surface et la réflexion de ces ondes sur les deux extrémités du canal. En particulier, les résultats numériques montrent que lorsque la largeur du lit du canal est très petite (cas de la section triangulaire), les fluctuations des profondeurs sont rapidement amorties.

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5

Memeti, Nora. "Monetary Fines in EU Mergers: In Need for More Regulation." Market and Competition Law Review 3, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 209–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7559/mclawreview.2019.320.

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Monetary fines represent an important instrument to address violations of Competition Law. The European Commission (EC) and the EU Courts have been primarily engaged in imposing fines in cases of breach of the first pillar, and have rarely dealt with cases of abuse based on the fining guidelines issued in accordance with Article 23(2) of Regulation 1/2003. Compared to the first two pillars, mergers have not received similar scholarly attention.1 2 Since 2017, the EC has expressed a growing interest in investigating and imposing significant fines to mergers and acquisitions in breach of procedural matters. Therefore this article addresses the application of Article 14 of the European Union Merger Regulation (EUMR) in imposing fines to mergers with European Union (EU) dimension. The EC decisions and EU Courts’ judgments related to fines on mergers in breach of procedural matters are discussed in four specific sections. The first section analyses article 14(1) of the EUMR, which empowers the EC to impose a fine of up to 1% of the total turnover in the preceding business year on undertakings for breach of procedural matters, including, among others, for providing incorrect or misleading information. This section will address the case of Facebook as the first case in which the EC imposed fines based on the new EUMR. In this case, although the undertakings mislead the EC, based on the offered cooperation, the Authority decided to reduce the fine. In addition, it is also important to address the legal basis applied by the EC in accepting the offered cooperation as a mitigating factor and whether this may develop into a guiding “precedent” in the future. The second section deals with five cases of violations of articles 4(1) and 7(1) EUMR related to fines prescribed in article 14(2) EUMR. With regards to four of them, judgments of EU Courts and decisions of the EC and National Competition Authority (NCA) are analysed. The fifth case, the one on Ernst and Young, provides for the first preliminary ruling on the notion of “gun-jumping”. The third section deals with Article 14(3) and the fining methods on mergers. By reviewing each of these five cases, it is important to address factors taken into consideration when imposing fines. An obvious deficiency is the absence of a legal basis, regardless of whether manifested in hard or soft law. Here it is relevant to inquire in what manner the EC imposes fines and why it occasionally mirrors the fining guidelines applicable to other pillars of EU Competition Law. The last point to be addressed is the one of policy and the need to balance EC discretional powers and relevant legal principles such as legal certainty, equal treatment, transparency, and consistency.3 The fourth section provides for concluding remarks.

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6

Ai-Qadi, Imad L., and Alexander Kwasi Appea. "Eight-Year Field Performance of Secondary Road Incorporating Geosynthetics at Subgrade-Base Interface." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1849, no. 1 (January 2003): 212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1849-23.

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In June 1994 an instrumented 150-m-long secondary road pavement section was built in Bedford County, Virginia. This pavement section was composed of nine individual segments each 15 m long. The nine sections include three groups with aggregate base layer thicknesses of 100, 150, and 200 mm. Three sections from each group were stabilized with geotextiles and three were stabilized with geogrids at the base-subgrade interface. The remaining three sections were kept as control sections. As part of the structural analysis, deflection data parameters such as the base damage index and surface curvature index calculated from falling weight deflectometer (FWD) data were analyzed after being corrected for temperature variations from the time of construction until October 2001. Performance criteria such as rutting measurements were also collected over the whole period. A nonlinear exponential model was used to describe the development of rutting versus cumulative equivalent single-axle loads for the 100-mm base course. A linear elastic program incorporating constitutive material properties was used to calculate vertical compressive stresses, which were used with FWD deflections to predict rutting rates with a mechanistic equation. The rutting rate results confirmed the separation function of geosynthetics that prevented the migration of fines from the subgrade to the base course layer and the penetration of the aggregate base layer into the subgrade. Rutting results, deflection data, and service life analysis showed that geosynthetically stabilized sections significantly improved the performance of the 100-mm base course sections.

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7

Orlov, Ivan, Lukas Palatinus, and Gervais Chapuis. "From space to superspace and back: Superspace Group Finder." Journal of Applied Crystallography 41, no. 6 (November 11, 2008): 1182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889808034390.

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The symmetry of a commensurately modulated crystal structure can be described in two different ways: in terms of a conventional three-dimensional space group or using the superspace concept in (3 +d) dimensions. The three-dimensional space group is obtained as a real-space section of the (3 +d) superspace group. A complete network was constructed linking (3 + 1) superspace groups and the corresponding three-dimensional space groups derived from rational sections. A database has been established and is available at http://superspace.epfl.ch/finder/. It is particularly useful for finding common superspace groups for various series of modular (`composition-flexible') structures and phase transitions. The use of the database is illustrated with examples from various fields of crystal chemistry.

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8

Wiese, Harald. "Kauṭilya on Legal and Illegal Cancellations of Contracts". Indo-Iranian Journal 60, № 3 (2017): 201–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15728536-06003001.

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This article tries to clarify Arthaśāstra III.15.1–10 which is a difficult section on legal cancellations of contracts (anuśaya) for merchandise and on illegal ones. Previous translators apparently misunderstood the case of perishable goods and the expression anuśayaṃ dadāti. The view put forward in the present paper builds on the distinction between “Kauṭilya Recension” and “Śāstric Redaction”. However, the sections concerned may contain even more interpolations than previously thought. A related passage on immovable property (AŚ III.9.6–9), specifying fines for unlawful cancellations, is discussed as well.

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9

A., Harangi, and Török D. "A kortárs magyar építészet és képzőművészet metszetei." International Journal of Engineering and Management Sciences 1, no. 2 (October 6, 2016): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21791/ijems.2016.2.15.

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10

Palm, Daniel, Eva Brännäs, Fabio Lepori, Kjell Nilsson, and Stefan Stridsman. "The influence of spawning habitat restoration on juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) density." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 64, no. 3 (March 1, 2007): 509–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f07-027.

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Between 1992 and 2003, we assessed the density of age-0+ brown trout (Salmo trutta) in a channelized stream in northern Sweden, which was restored using two different schemes. One section of the stream was restored by the addition of boulders and reconstruction of gravel beds (boulder + gravel section), whereas another section was restored through addition of boulders only (boulder-only section). In addition, we compared the substrate size composition of gravel beds and the egg-to-fry survival between the two stream sections, and we related the density of age-0+ brown trout to the area of reconstructed gravel beds. After the restoration, the density of age-0+ brown trout increased significantly in the boulder + gravel section and was positively correlated with the area of reconstructed gravel beds. By contrast, the density of age-0+ brown trout did not change in the boulder-only treatment. Egg-to-fry survival was significantly higher in the boulder + gravel section compared with the boulder-only section, probably because of the higher content of sand and fines in the gravel beds of the latter treatment. This study shows that the density of age-0+ brown trout was limited by the availability and quality of spawning substrate rather than by the structural habitat complexity.

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11

Qiu, Xiao, Blanca De la Fuente, Alberto Lorenzo, and Santiago Veiga. "Comparison of Starts and Turns between Individual and Relay Swimming Races." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9 (April 29, 2021): 4740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094740.

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The present study investigated swimmers’ performances on the starting and turning segments between individual and relay races. A total number of 72 race performances of the same swimmers in both relay 4 × 100 m finals (freestyle, medley, and mixed freestyle) and individual 100 m finals or semi-finals (butterfly, breaststroke, and freestyle) from the LEN European Swimming Championships were compared with repeated measures MANOVA. Swimmers performed 5–7% faster starts in the relay than in the corresponding individual events, despite no differences in the flight phase and a lower performance (shorter distances and slower velocities) on the underwater start section. The 15 m turn times were slower in the butterfly relay races although no specific differences in the underwater parameters were observed. These results suggest that specific training of the starting and turning segments should be performed under relay conditions to optimise pacing and performance in the underwater sections.

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12

Skorski, Sabrina, Oliver Faude, Seraina Caviezel, and Tim Meyer. "Reproducibility of Pacing Profiles in Elite Swimmers." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 9, no. 2 (March 2014): 217–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2012-0258.

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Purpose:To analyze the reproducibility of pacing in elite swimmers during competitions and to compare heats and finals within 1 event.Methods:Finals and heats of 158 male swimmers (age 22.8 ± 2.9 y) from 29 nations were analyzed in 2 competitions (downloaded from swimrankings.net). Of these, 134 were listed in the world’s top 50 in 2010; the remaining 24 were finalists of the Pan Pacific Games or European Championships. The level of both competitions for the analysis had to be at least national championships (7.7 ± 5.4 wk apart). Standard error of measurement expressed as percentage of the subject’s mean score (CV) with 90% confidence limits (CL) for each 50-m split time and for total times were calculated. In addition, mixed general modeling was used to determine standard deviations between and within swimmers.Results:CV for total time in finals ranged between 0.8% and 1.3% (CL 0.6–2.2%). Regarding split times, 200-m freestyle showed a consistent pacing over all split times (CV 0.9–1.6%). During butterfly, backstroke, and 400-m freestyle, CVs were low in the first 3 and 7 sections, respectively (CV 0.9–1.7%), with greater variability in the last section (1.9–2.2%). In breaststroke, values were higher in all sections (CV 1.2–2.3%). Within-subject SDs for changes between laps were between 0.9% and 2.6% in all finals. Split-time variability for finals and heats ranged between 0.9% and 2.5% (CL 0.3–4.9%).Conclusion:Pacing profiles are consistent between different competitions. Variability of pacing seems to be a result of the within-subject variation rather than a result of different competitions

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13

Mayeli, Nader. "Factors affecting the free shrinkage of handsheets: apparent density, fines content, water retention value, and grammage." June 2018 17, no. 06 (July 1, 2018): 317–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj17.06.317.

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Industrial papermaking is a high-speed process during which a suspension of cellulosic fibers is formed into a continuous web via dewatering followed by drying. Dewatering in the paper machine occurs mechanically in the forming and pressing sections; however, most of the remaining water, whose removal requires applying high temperatures, evaporates in the dryer section. As a result, the paper web shrinks, due to the shrinkage of individual fibers in the paper web. On the paper machine, the paper web is under restraint in the machine direction (MD), whereas it can shrink in the cross-machine direction (CD). The edges of the web shrink more than the center of the web. A shrinkage profile is therefore created in the CD of the web. All machine-made papers exhibit a CD shrinkage profile. The CD shrinkage profile is significant because it affects the final product quality and manufacturing efficiency. The prime cause of the CD shrinkage profile during drying is free shrinkage. The effects of several wood pulp fibers on the free shrinkage of handsheets were investigated to obtain deeper understanding of the mechanism of paper shrinkage during drying processes.

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14

Cullivan, Rachael, Siobhan Rooney, Gabrielle Kelly, and Noel Walsh. "Performance in psychiatry undergraduate finals." Psychiatric Bulletin 23, no. 5 (May 1999): 280–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.23.5.280.

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Aims and methodThis study investigated the effects of gender and nationality on performance in various aspects of the undergraduate final examination in psychiatry. Results in all sections of the final examination were analysed in the case of 140 students from the same year.ResultsThere were no statistically significant differences between performances by males and females, however non-nationals performed less well in all aspects of the examination.Clinical implicationsTeaching programmes need to identify which aspects of the undergraduate course cause particular difficulty for non-nationals. This information would usefully inform future developments in undergraduate teaching.

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15

Brito, Emilio. "La «Dialectique» de Schleiermacher." Dialogue 32, no. 1 (1993): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217300014979.

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Peu de temps après la publication de ses Discours sur la religion (1799), et dans le contexte de sa discussion avec les systèmes de Fichte et de Schelling, Schleiermacher a pris conscience de la nécessité d'élaborer une «doctrine de la science», ayant pour tâche de thématiser la connexion des sciences et dé dégager la connaissance métaphysique suprême. Sous le nom de «Dialectique», notre auteur a présenté à plusieurs reprises cette science idéale, sous-jacente aux parties réelles du système philosophique — aux sciences qui ont pour domaine l'effectivité finie — et ayant pour mission de fonder l'unité de la physique et de l'éthique, les deux sciences réelles suprêmes. Le but du présent article est d'offrir une vue déensemble de cet ouvrage, encore peu connu du public francophone. Une premiére section situe le projet de Schleiermacher par rapport aux “triumvirs de l'Idéalisme allemand” (Fichte, Schelling et Hegel). Les deux sections suivantes présentent la partie «transcendantale» de la Dialektik, centrée sur la question métaphysique du fondement du savoir, de la possibilité d'une conformité entre la pensée et l'être. Une dernière section traite, plus sommairement, de la partie “technique” de l'ouvrage, axée sur le problème logique de la connexion et de la cohérence des divers domaines du savoir.

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16

Stankiewicz, Rafał. "Regulation of Administrative Fines in the Polish Code of Administrative Procedure." Studia Iuridica 82 (March 2, 2020): 263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.9790.

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This article presents the problems of administrative fines in the Code of Administrative Procedure. These solutions were introduced to this act in 2017. The amendment to the Code of Administrative Procedure provided for the introduction of a new section (Section VIa), the provisions of which lay down the rules for imposing administrative penalties, ie penalties, cases justifying waiving the imposition of a penalty and granting the public administration authority the prescription, limitation of the imposition and enforcement of the penalty, and also the rules of postponement, payment in installments and cancellation of penalties. This article presents only selected issues of the regulation of imposing administrative fines in the Code of Administrative Procedure.

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17

Kanemaru, Takaaki, Teruyoshi Kondo, Kei-ichiro Nakamura, Hiroyuki Morimoto, Kentaro Nishi, and Shin-ichiro Isobe. "A simple preparation method for CLEM using pre-embedding immunohistochemistry with a novel fluorescent probe and stable embedding resin." Microscopy 70, no. 4 (January 22, 2021): 368–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmicro/dfab005.

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Abstract Correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) is an excellent approach for examining the cellular localization of biomolecules. Here, we developed a simple method for CLEM by combining pre-embedding immunohistochemistry with a novel fluorescent probe, namely Fluolid NS Orange, and an embedding resin called ʻDurcupan™ʼ. Specimens were embedded in Durcupan™ or LR White after immunolabeling and post-fixation using glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide. Next, ultrathin sections were prepared on a finder grid with navigation markers. The section of the specimen embedded in Durcupan™ was found to be more stable against electron beam irradiation than specimens embedded in LR White. A fluorescence light microscopy image and a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image, at wide-field, and low magnification, were independently obtained with the same ultrathin section. Using the three corners between finder grid bars as landmarks, fluorescence light microscopy images were superimposed with wide-field, low-magnification TEM images to identify the region of interest, which was subsequently enlarged to ascertain cellular structures localized beneath fluorescent signals. However, the enlarged TEM images appeared blurred, and fluorescence signals had a hazy appearance. To resolve this, the enlarged TEM images were replaced by high-resolution TEM images focused directly on the region of interest, thereby facilitating the collection of high-resolution CLEM images. The simple sample processing method for CLEM using osmium-resistant Fluolid NS Orange and electron beam damage-resistant Durcupan™ allowed the determination of the precise localization of fluorescence signals at subcellular levels.

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18

Cuenca-Fernández, Francisco, Jesús J. Ruiz-Navarro, Marek Polach, Raúl Arellano, and Dennis-Peter Born. "Turn Performance Variation in European Elite Short-Course Swimmers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9 (April 21, 2022): 5033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095033.

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Turn performances are important success factors for short-course races, and more consistent turn times may distinguish between higher and lower-ranked swimmers. Therefore, this study aimed to determine coefficients of variation (CV) and performance progressions (∆%) of turn performances. The eight finalists and eight fastest swimmers from the heats that did not qualify for the semi-finals, i.e., from 17th to 24th place, of the 100, 200, 400, and 800 (females only)/1500 m (males only) freestyle events at the 2019 European Short Course Championships were included, resulting in a total of 64 male (finalists: age: 22.3 ± 2.6, FINA points: 914 ± 31 vs. heats: age: 21.5 ± 3.1, FINA points: 838 ± 74.9) and 64 female swimmers (finalists: age: 22.9 ± 4.8, FINA points: 904 ± 24.5 vs. heats: age: 20.1 ± 3.6, FINA points: 800 ± 48). A linear mixed model was used to compare inter- and intra-individual performance variation. Interactions between CVs, ∆%, and mean values were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed impaired turn performances as the races progressed. Finalists showed faster turn section times than the eight fastest non-qualified swimmers from the heats (p < 0.001). Additionally, turn section times were faster for short-, i.e., 100 and 200 m, than middle- and long-distance races, i.e., 400 to 1500 m races (p < 0.001). Regarding variation in turn performance, finalists showed lower CVs and ∆% for all turn section times (0.74% and 1.49%) compared to non-qualified swimmers (0.91% and 1.90%, respectively). Similarly, long-distance events, i.e., 800/1500 m, showed lower mean CVs and higher mean ∆% (0.69% and 1.93%) than short-distance, i.e., 100 m events (0.93% and 1.39%, respectively). Regarding turn sections, the largest CV and ∆% were found 5 m before wall contact (0.70% and 1.45%) with lower CV and more consistent turn section times 5 m after wall contact (0.42% and 0.54%). Non-qualified swimmers should aim to match the superior turn performances and faster times of finalists in all turn sections. Both finalists and non-qualified swimmers should pay particular attention to maintaining high velocities when approaching the wall as the race progresses.

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19

Khan, Rehan, Hamdan H. Ya, William Pao, Mohamad Zaki bin Abdullah, and Faizul Azly Dzubir. "Influence of Sand Fines Transport Velocity on Erosion-Corrosion Phenomena of Carbon Steel 90-Degree Elbow." Metals 10, no. 5 (May 11, 2020): 626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10050626.

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Erosion-corrosion is an ineluctable flow assurance problem confronted in hydrocarbon transportation and production systems. In this work, the effect of sand fines velocity on the erosion-corrosion behavior of AISI 1018 carbon steel long radius 90° elbows was experimentally and numerically investigated for liquid-solid flow conditions. Experiments were effectuated for sand fines of mean diameter 50 µm circulated in a flow loop with three different velocities (0.5, 1 and 2 m/s). To elucidate the erosion-corrosion mechanism and degradation rate, the material loss analysis, multilayer paint modeling (MPM) and microscopic imaging technique were employed, with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and discrete phase modeling (DPM) also capacitating to evaluate the erosion distribution. It was perceived that increasing slurry velocity significantly changes the particle-wall impaction mechanism, leading to an increase in material degradation in the elbow bottom section up to 2 times in comparison to the low transport velocity. The erosion scars and pits development at the elbows internal surface was found to govern the wear mechanism in the carbon steel and made downstream section susceptible to erosion and corrosion. The material removal mechanisms were ascertained to change from cutting to pitting and plastic deformation with an increase of sand fines transportation velocity from 0.5 m/s to 2 m/s.

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20

Wils, Wouter P. J. "Optimal Antitrust Fines: Theory and Practice." World Competition 29, Issue 2 (June 1, 2006): 183–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2006014.

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This article discusses the use of fines imposed on companies or other corporate entities to enforce antitrust or competition law prohibitions such as Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty or Sections 1 and 2 of the Sherman Act. The article addresses more specifically the questions in what ways these fines contribute to competition law enforcement, on the basis of which factors the amount of antitrust fines should be fixed in theory, and whether it is feasible in practice to calculate or measure such optimal fines. It is argued that the imposition of fines can contribute in three ways to the prevention of antitrust violations: through deterrent effects, through moral effects, and by raising the cost of setting up and running cartels. For violations committed by a single offender, a necessary condition for deterrence to work is that the expected fine, discounted for the probability of detection and punishment, exceeds the gain which the offender expected to obtain from the violation. Because of overconfidence bias, prospective offenders are likely to overestimate the gain and underestimate the probability of detection and punishment. Administrative costs could be saved by adopting an enforcement strategy of very high fines and low probability of punishment, but the possibility to impose high fines is limited by inability to pay, by the social and economic costs of high fines, and by requirements of proportional justice. Cooperation with the competition authority’s investigation should be rewarded through reduced fines. For collective violations, it is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for deterrence to work that the expected fine, discounted for the probability of detection and punishment, exceeds the expected gain, either for all the cartel members taken together or for each of them separately. The cost of setting up and running cartels can be raised by modulating the amount of the fine for each cartel member depending on the active role played in the functioning of the cartel, as well as through a leniency policy. To avoid a deterioration of the market structure as a result of the imposition of fines, where high fines are imposed and where there is a significant difference in the ability to pay of the various cartel members, the amount of the fines imposed on the different companies should be differentiated so as to reflect their respective ability to pay. In practice, it does not appear feasible to measure econometrically the theoretically optimal fine for a given antitrust violation. The theory on optimal fines remains however useful as general guidance for the practice of fixing the amount of antitrust fines.

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21

Gidigasu, M. D., S. P. K. Asante, and E. Dougan. "Identification of suitable nontraditional tropical and residual paving materials in relation to the environment." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 24, no. 1 (February 1, 1987): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t87-006.

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Results of laboratory and field construction and pavement performance studies have revealed that some apparently substandard or borderline—by temperature zone standards—tropical gravel materials can be used successfully for the construction of low-cost pavements in subhumid climatic zones.The geotechnical characteristics of suitable paving materials have been defined from results of studies carried out on satisfactory and poor road sections over a period of 5–6 years.Important correlations were found between the bearing strength (CBR) on the one hand and some moisture index properties as well as the products of the fines content and these index properties on the other.It is shown that the product of the fines content and some moisture index properties form a useful basis for identifying suitable materials for pavement construction in the moist subhumid climatic zone of Ghana.The paper is a contribution to the identification and characterization of nontraditional tropical and residual paving materials in relation to the environment. Key words: pavements, California bearing ratio (CBR), index properties, fines content, subhumid climate.

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22

Bienstman, P. "Two-stage mode finder for waveguides with a 2D cross-section." Optical and Quantum Electronics 36, no. 1-3 (January 2004): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:oqel.0000015626.97939.5d.

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23

Dietze, Michael, Elisabeth Dietze, Johanna Lomax, Markus Fuchs, Arno Kleber, and Stephen G. Wells. "Environmental history recorded in aeolian deposits under stone pavements, Mojave Desert, USA." Quaternary Research 85, no. 1 (January 2016): 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2015.11.007.

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Reconstructing the evolution of arid landscapes is challenged by limited availability of appropriate environmental archives. A widespread surface feature — stone pavement — traps aeolian fines and forms a special accretionary archive. Seven stone pavement-covered sections on basalt flows in the eastern Mojave Desert are condensed into a composite section, comprising five sedimentological units supported by an OSL-based chronology. Three of the units are of accretionary nature and each is covered by a stone pavement. They were deposited > 50.9–36.6 ka, < 36.6–14.2 ka and < 14.2 ka, and they are intimately coupled with the history of nearby Lake Mojave, which advances the current understanding of regional aeolian activity. End-member modeling analysis of grain-size distributions yielded seven sediment transport regimes. The accretionary system operates in two modes: A) episodic formation of a stone pavement by lateral processes once a vesicular horizon has formed on a barren surface; and B) accretion of dust and eventual burial of the clast layer. These findings improve current concepts about stone pavement evolution and their environmental proxy function in arid landscapes. Stone pavement-covered accretionary deposits are a new key archive that allows quantifying the relative importance of dust accretion, slope processes, soil formation and vegetation cover.

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24

Ademila, Omowumi, and Abel Idowu Olayinka. "GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION OF PAVEMENT FAILURE; CAUSES AND INHERENT SOLUTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA." Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik 35, no. 4 (2020): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2020.4.9.

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Engineering geological investigation of some unstable and stable sections of the Ibadan-Iwo-Osogbo highway was undertaken to unravel the intrinsic reasons responsible for continuous pavement failure along this road. Eighty disturbed and forty undisturbed soil samples were collected at different depths from twenty test pits of six selected failed sections (FS) and two stable sections (SS). Road construction analysis was done on these soil samples using standard methods. Liquid limit (22 - 64% and 32 - 40%), plasticity index (13 - 41% and 12 - 18%) and percentage fines (47 - 59% and 32 - 41%) indicated fair to poor and fair to good subgrade materials of FS and SS respectively. Medium to high plasticity and high clay content of soils of FS are indicative that the soils possess medium to high swelling potential. The activity of clay in soils of FS was approximately 0.3 – 1.2 and classified as inactive to normal clay. High linear shrinkage (> 10%), low compacted density and predominance of fines in soils of FS caused the instability. Exposure to excessive moisture led to strength reduction of the soils. Triaxial compression showed cohesion (72.6 - 127.0 kN/m2) and internal friction (12.7° - 33.3°) indicating moderate to good shearing strength of the soils. A coefficient of compressibility of 0.1 – 0.5 kN/m2 indicated incompetency of the soils for road construction and the coefficient of consolidation was 0.01 – 0.30 m2 /year. The subsoil of the FS is impervious with a relatively low coefficient of permeability, indicative high saturation in the region. Thus, the pavement failure was caused by water absorbing clayey soil, poor geotechnical parameters of the soils and a poor drainage network.

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25

Mosse, Laurent, Stephen Pell, and Thomas J. Neville. "Identification of Breakout Behind Casing: Methodology to Obtain Openhole-Equivalent Caliper Measurements Through Slotted Liner Using the Density Tool." Petrophysics – The SPWLA Journal of Formation Evaluation and Reservoir Description 62, no. 6 (December 1, 2021): 651–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/pjv62n6-2020a5.

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Growth in the coal seam gas industry in Queensland, Australia, has been rapid over the past 15 years, with greater than USD 70 billion invested in three liquified natural gas export projects supplied by produced coal seam gas. Annual production is of the order of 40 Bscm or 1,500 PJ, with approximately 80% of this coming from the Jurassic Walloon Coal Measures of the Surat Basin and 20% from the Permian Coal Measures of the Bowen Basin. The Walloon Coal Measures are characterized by multiple thin coal seams making up approximately 10% of the total thickness of the unit. A typical well intersects 10 to 20 m of net coal over a 200- to 300-m interval, interbedded with lithic-rich sandstones, siltstones, and carbonaceous mudstones. The presence of such a significant section of lithic interburden within the primary production section has led to a somewhat unusual completion strategy. To maximize connection to the gas-bearing coals, uncemented slotted liners are used; however, this leaves fluid-sensitive interburden exposed to drilling, completion, and produced formation fluids over the life of a well. External swellable packers and blank joints are therefore used to isolate larger intervals of interburden and hence minimize fines production. Despite these efforts, significant fines production still occurs, which leads to the failure of artificial lift systems and the need for expensive workovers or lost wells. Fines production has major economic implications, with anecdotal reports suggesting up to 40% of progressive cavity pump artificial lift systems in Walloon Coal Measures producers may be down at any one time. The first step in solving this problem is to identify the extent and distribution of fines production. The wellbore completion strategy above, however, precludes the use of mechanical calipers to identify fines-production-related wellbore enlargement. A new caliper-behind-liner technique has therefore been developed using a multiple-detector density tool. Data from the shorter-spacing detectors are used to characterize the properties of the liner as well as the density of the annular material. This is particularly important to evaluate as the annulus fill varies between gas, formation water, drilling and completion fluids, and accumulated fines. The longer-spacing detector measurements are then used in conjunction with pre-existing openhole formation density measurements to determine the thickness of the annulus, and hence hole size, compensating for liner and annulus properties.

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26

Szabo, John P., and Pierre W. Bruno. "Interpretation of lithofacies of the Ashtabula Till along the south shore of Lake Erie, northeastern Ohio." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 34, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e17-006.

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The final advance of the Erie lobe into Ohio during the Port Bruce Stade of the Late Wisconsinan deposited the Ashtabula Till. Wave erosion and mass wasting along the south shore of Lake Erie show that the Ashtabula Till consists of laterally traceable lithofacies, which are used to determine the depositional history of the Ashtabula Till. At each section, lithofacies sequences are divided into two sub-sequences, each consisting of massive, matrix-supported diamicton (Dmm) overlain by stratified, matrix-supported diamicton (Dms). Some Dmm are sheared (Dmm(s)) and are interpreted as lodgement till, whereas other Dmm and Dms were deposited as melt-out till. Some sections contain lenses of fines (Fm and Fl), current-reworked diamictons (Dmm(c) and Dms(c)), and resedimented diamictons (Dmm(r) and Dms(r)). The two sub-sequences represent two advances of Ashtabula ice that deposited the Euclid and Painesville moraines about a kilometre apart. During and after recession of the Ashtabula ice, waves and currents in Lake Maumee and its successors reworked outwash and diamictons to form the lake plain. The texture of Dmm(s) is significantly different from that of most other diamictons, and Dmm has the smallest carbonate content of all diamictons. Analysis of the variations in texture and composition among lithofacies provides additional evidence of the effectiveness of lithofacies logging in interpretation of glacial processes.

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27

Okanoya, Kazuo, and Tomoko Yoneda. "Effect of tracheosyringeal nerve section on sexually dimorphic vocalizations in bengalese finches ()." Neuroscience Research Supplements 17 (January 1992): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-8696(92)91217-t.

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28

Grier, James. "The Reinstatement of Polyphony in Musical Construction: Fugal Finales in Haydn's Op. 20 String Quartets." Journal of Musicology 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 55–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jm.2010.27.1.55.

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The title, borrowed from Paul Henry Lang's description of Haydn's op. 20 string quartets in Music in Western Civilization, characterizes Haydn's endeavor to create more independent partwriting in the string quartet. First, Haydn's fugal practice is noteworthy particularly for the construction of the fugal exposition and his treatment of multiple subjects, the question of what constitutes a regular countersubject, and the treatment of redundant entries. Second, the chief strategy in these movements is the invention of invertible counterpoint in three voices. Haydn writes a double fugue (with a regular countersubject), as well as a triple and quadruple fugue, in which the principal issue is the ability of each subject (including the double fugue's countersubject) to serve as any voice——top, middle or bottom——in a texture of invertible counterpoint. The expertise he attained with these works then allows him to exploit the technique in later quartets, principally in the development sections of sonata-form movements. There, he uses invertible counterpoint to establish the independence of each voice, and to create longer passages unarticulated by cadences, sections distinct from the more clearly articulated periodic expositions and recapitulations. The three fugal finales of op. 20, therefore, constitute Haydn's advanced study not so much in fugal procedure as in the practice of invertible counterpoint.

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Degu, Desta, Basha Fayissa, Anteneh Geremew, and Gelata Chala. "INVESTIGATING CAUSES OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT FAILURE: A CASE STUDY OF THE BAKO TO NEKEMTE ROAD, OROMIA, ETHIOPIA." Journal of Civil Engineering, Science and Technology 13, no. 2 (August 24, 2022): 112–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/jcest.4332.2022.

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Most of the roads constructed in Ethiopia fail prematurely before serving the design life due to various causes arising from many factors. One of the roads that failed before reaching its design lifetime is the Bako to Nekemte Trunk Road. This road was constructed and opened to traffic in 2013. The design pavement life was estimated at 20 years. However; pavement failures have manifested since 2014 after it was opened for traffic. The main objective of this research was to investigate the cause for the failure of flexible pavement on the Bako to Nekemte road segment. To achieve this objective, the study was followed by the experimental research type and purposive sampling method. Also, field observation and pavement condition survey methods for data collection were used. The asphalt, base course, subgrade, and sub-base layer material sampled from the road segment are the material used for this study. Different pavement failures such as rutting, pothole, alligator cracking, raveling, edge cracking, depression, and corrugation were observed along the road section. For estimations of pavement condition index, the road was divided into five different sections based on distress densities, which were measured during the pavement condition survey. From those five sections, four sections were selected for the determination of the Pavement Condition Index (PCI). Using systematic random sampling 159 sample units were evaluated for Pavement Condition Rating (PCR) and the result shows 1.89% excellent, 8.18% very good, 20.13% good, 31.45% fair, 18.87 % poor, 18.24% very poor, and 1.26% failed. Based on PCI value, samples of pavement layer were taken from failed surface condition (1), poor surface condition (2), and none distressed area (1) for comparison purposes. Different quality tests like Atterberg limit, wash gradation, soil classification, compaction test, California Bearing Ratio (CBR), Los Angeles Abrasion (LAA), Flakiness Index ( FI), Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV), Ten percent fines value (TFV), bitumen content, and gradation of asphalt were carried out. The results of these tests were compared with ERA specifications to identify the probable cause of pavement failure. The study found that the cause for failure of flexible pavement in the case of Bako to Nekemte was: insufficient and absence of side drainage structure, traffic loading, poor gradation of base course and sub-base material, and poor quality of subgrade soil. The study also recommended that the road urgently needed routine maintenance as a treatment option to reduce further deterioration and extend its service time.

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Hopkins, Cameron, Donald Cameron, and Md Mizanur Rahman. "On Site Improvement of Fines-Rich Unbound Granular Materials with Hydrophobic Polymer and Lime." Sustainability 13, no. 23 (December 6, 2021): 13479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132313479.

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Many roads that were initially designed for relatively low traffic volumes need re-surfacing or partial replacement of the unbound granular material to satisfy current traffic demand. Significant research efforts based on laboratory studies have been seen in the literature to characterize the suitability of virgin materials, which is relatively expensive and unsustainable. Therefore, the object of this study is the in situ recycling of existing materials in two road sections by improving their properties with a suitable additive. A hydrophobic synthetic polymer was chosen for two trials due to the high plasticity of fines of the in situ materials and a high chance of water intrusion in the low-lying plains in Adelaide. The extensive laboratory characterization shows that hydrophobicity is imparted in capillary rise tests, improved drainage in permeability tests, and greater matric suction at the same moisture content. Furthermore, the unconfined compressive strength was increased. The repeated loading triaxial testing showed higher stiffness and lowered permanent strain to withstand higher traffic volume. In general, in situ recycling is adaptable and considered to be cheaper and sustainable. The estimated current costs and carbon footprints are presented for re-construction and in situ recycling with dry powder polymer, or solely with lime, to help construction planning.

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31

Liao, Congshu, and Dongfeng Li. "Effect of Vocal Nerve Section on Song and ZENK Protein Expression in Area X in Adult Male Zebra Finches." Neural Plasticity 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/902510.

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ZENK expression in vocal nuclei is associated with singing behavior. Area X is an important nucleus for learning and stabilizing birdsong. ZENK expression is higher in Area X compared to that in other vocal nuclei when birds are singing. To reveal the relationship between the ZENK expression in Area X and song crystallization, immunohistochemistry was used to detect ZENK protein expression in Area X after the unilateral vocal nerve (tracheosyringeal nerve) section in adult male zebra finches. Sham operations had no effect on song. In contrast, section of unilateral vocal nerve could induce song decrystallization at the 7th day after the surgery. The spectral and the temporal features of birdsong were distorted more significantly in the right-side vocal nerve section than in the left-side vocal nerve section. In addition, after surgery, ZENK expression was higher in the right-side of Area X than in the left-side. These results indicate that the vocal nerve innervations probably are right-side dominant. ZENK expression in both sides of Area X decreased, as compared to control group after surgery, which suggests that the ZENK expression in Area X is related to birdsong crystallization, and that there is cooperation between the Area X in AFP and syrinx nerve.

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32

Yusuf, Yusuf Yakubu, Auwal Hafeez Ahmed, Ahmad Bawa Abubakar, Yakubu Bello Yusuf, Bojang Abdoulie, Abu Safiyan Yau, and Yousuf Bello Farida. "Web Mapping for Nigeria Covid-19 Testing and Vaccination Site Finder Application." American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation 1, no. 3 (July 5, 2022): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.54536/ajmri.v1i3.348.

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This study aimed to describe the development and implementation of COVID-19 vaccine and testing center’s location finder portal for Nigeria. Names, locations, coordinates, pictures and other relevant information related to the health centers were obtained from the Naational Ccenter for Ddisease Control and the National Primary Healthcare Development Agency. The data was used to create a database which was used to connected to the Google API. The portal contains sections like Nearest Centers, Vaccination Centers, Testing Centers, All Centers, FAQ, Survey and COVID News. The objective of the study is to improve access to COVID-19 testing site, enhance access to COVID-19 vaccination centers across the country and educate Nigerians about COVID-19. The research suggest the active participation of religious and community leaders would improve access and willingness of their subjects to be vaccinated

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33

Maděra, P., and M. Martínková. "Assessing the occurrence of Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris (C. C. Gmelin) Hegi in the Czech Republic." Journal of Forest Science 48, No. 11 (May 22, 2019): 482–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/11916-jfs.

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The objective of the paper is taxonomic evaluation of a woodland grape individual found near the Dyje river. The finders (Vicherek et al. 2000) determined the liana as Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris. Based on microscopic observations of bud sections some doubts were cast on the classification to the subspecies of sylvestris. Correct determination will be possible only on the basis of further observations of the found individual and its comparison with real members of the taxon (Čenkov, SR).

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34

Mandlburger, G., M. Pfennigbauer, M. Wieser, U. Riegl, and N. Pfeifer. "EVALUATION OF A NOVEL UAV-BORNE TOPO-BATHYMETRIC LASER PROFILER." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B1 (June 6, 2016): 933–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b1-933-2016.

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We present a novel topo-bathymetric laser profiler. The sensor system (RIEGL BathyCopter) comprises a laser range finder, an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver, a control unit, and digital cameras mounted on an octocopter UAV (RiCOPTER). The range finder operates on the time-of-flight measurement principle and utilizes very short laser pulses (<1 ns) in the green domain of the spectrum (λ=532 nm) for measuring distances to both the water surface and the river bottom. For assessing the precision and accuracy of the system an experiment was carried out in October 2015 at a pre-alpine river (Pielach in Lower Austria). A 200 m longitudinal section and 12 river cross sections were measured with the BathyCopter sensor system at a flight altitude of 15-20 m above ground level and a measurement rate of 4 kHz. The 3D laser profiler points were compared with independent, quasi-simultaneous data acquisitions using (i) the RIEGL VUX1-UAV lightweight topographic laser scanning system (bare earth, water surface) and (ii) terrestrial survey (river bed). Over bare earth the laser profiler heights have a std. dev. of 3 cm, the water surface height appears to be underestimated by 5 cm, and river bottom heights differ from the reference measurements by 10 cm with a std. dev. of 13 cm. When restricting the comparison to laser profiler bottom points and reference measurements with a lateral offset below 1 m, the values improve to 4 cm bias with a std. dev. of 6 cm. We report additionally on challenges in comparing UAV-borne to terrestrial profiles. Based on the accuracy and the small footprint (3.5 cm at the water surface) we concluded that the acquired 3D points can potentially serve as input data (river bed geometry, grain roughness) and validation data (water surface, water depth) for hydrodynamic-numerical models.

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35

Mandlburger, G., M. Pfennigbauer, M. Wieser, U. Riegl, and N. Pfeifer. "EVALUATION OF A NOVEL UAV-BORNE TOPO-BATHYMETRIC LASER PROFILER." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B1 (June 6, 2016): 933–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b1-933-2016.

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Анотація:

We present a novel topo-bathymetric laser profiler. The sensor system (RIEGL BathyCopter) comprises a laser range finder, an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver, a control unit, and digital cameras mounted on an octocopter UAV (RiCOPTER). The range finder operates on the time-of-flight measurement principle and utilizes very short laser pulses (<1 ns) in the green domain of the spectrum (λ=532 nm) for measuring distances to both the water surface and the river bottom. For assessing the precision and accuracy of the system an experiment was carried out in October 2015 at a pre-alpine river (Pielach in Lower Austria). A 200 m longitudinal section and 12 river cross sections were measured with the BathyCopter sensor system at a flight altitude of 15-20 m above ground level and a measurement rate of 4 kHz. The 3D laser profiler points were compared with independent, quasi-simultaneous data acquisitions using (i) the RIEGL VUX1-UAV lightweight topographic laser scanning system (bare earth, water surface) and (ii) terrestrial survey (river bed). Over bare earth the laser profiler heights have a std. dev. of 3 cm, the water surface height appears to be underestimated by 5 cm, and river bottom heights differ from the reference measurements by 10 cm with a std. dev. of 13 cm. When restricting the comparison to laser profiler bottom points and reference measurements with a lateral offset below 1 m, the values improve to 4 cm bias with a std. dev. of 6 cm. We report additionally on challenges in comparing UAV-borne to terrestrial profiles. Based on the accuracy and the small footprint (3.5 cm at the water surface) we concluded that the acquired 3D points can potentially serve as input data (river bed geometry, grain roughness) and validation data (water surface, water depth) for hydrodynamic-numerical models.

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36

BAKER, DAVID L. "Finders Keepers? Lost Property in Ancient Near Eastern and Biblical Law." Bulletin for Biblical Research 17, no. 2 (January 1, 2007): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/26423921.

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Abstract According to ancient Near Eastern law, it is a serious offense to be in possession of lost property, tantamount to stealing and punishable by death. A finder is expected to make every effort to return a lost animal or implement to its owner. The OT "Book of the Covenant" assumes the same principle and emphasizes that it applies even if the owner is one's enemy (Exod 23:4). It is dealt with in greater detail by the Deuteronomic Laws, using the word "brother" instead of "enemy" and clarifying some of the ambiguities in the earlier law (Deut 22:1–3). In both texts, the returning of lost property is combined with a command to help another person in difficulty with his/her beast of burden (Exod 23:5, Deut 22:4). Although these biblical texts occur in legal sections of the OT, they are not so much laws as exhortations to take action for the welfare of fellow-Israelites. Members of the covenant community are expected to take the initiative in helping others, whether or not they deserve it, according to the principle of loving one's neighbor as oneself.

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Chang, Bao, Zhong Yuan Zhang, Ming Xing Wang, and Wei Hua Zhang. "Rating Curve Determination for a Cross-Section in Liangtanhe Irrigation District." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 2163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.2163.

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Continuous measurement of flow for a channel section is usually impractical or very expensive. However, stage can be observed continuously or at regular short time intervals with comparative ease and economy. In the paper, we measured the stage by ultrasonic finder and calculating discharge from velocity measured by current meter and channel size. According to the discharge and stage of the cross-section, we fitted the rating curve and further made the hypothesis test to verify the real relationship between stage and flow. This will help the local authority to decide the amount of water diverted from the reservoir to farmland and improve the irrigation efficiency.

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Kennett, Wendy, Bert van Schaick, Maria José Capelo, Andreas Konecny, Claudia Soher, Isabel Albrecht, Karen Broeckx, Elina Moustaira, and Jean-Claude Wiwinius. "Enforcement of judgments." European Review of Private Law 5, Issue 3 (September 1, 1997): 321–428. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/167334.

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The present Chronique examines the law on enforcement of judgments in ten European jurisdictions. (The term 'enforcement' rather than 'execution' is used because of the relatively narrow meaning of execution of a judgment within English law.) In the last seven years a number of the jurisdictions under consideration have made more or less extensive revisions of their laws on enforcement of judgments. Most notable is the complete overhaul of the law in France contained in L. 91-650 and D. 92-755. Less complete, but still substantial, revisions have been made in Portugal (Decree law 329-A/95 of 12 December 1995 as modified by Decree law 180/96 of 25 December 1996) and Austria (Exekutionsordnungs Novellen 1991 and 1995). Changes have also been introduced in all of the other laws under consideration. Areas which have attracted reform in several jurisdictions include in particular the specification of the property of the debtor which remains immune from execution, and the obtaining of information from the debtor as to his assets. Clearly the Chronique cannot hope to provide an exhaustive comparison, but it attempts to highlight key similarities and differences in approach that are adopted within Europe. Before looking at the methods of execution themselves, the Chronique deals with a number of preliminary issues. An introductory section sets out the various kinds of obligation that may be recognised in a judgment and provides a brief overview of the different methods of execution that may be employed for each type of obligation. The Chronique then goes on to consider the formal requirements that may need to be satisfied before enforcement of a judgment can take place. It is noted at this point that a judgment is just one form of enforceable title. Other titles are also enforceable under the laws of all states considered, although considerable variations exist as to the types of title that are recognised. The varying approaches of the legal systems under consideration as to provisional enforcement are also considered in this section. If an enforceable title exists, further formal requirements that may have to be satisfied before execution of the judgment can take place include proof of enforceability and service of the judgment. A further preliminary issue is the variety of personnel that may be involved in the enforcement process. Considerable differences between systems exist both as to the allocation of tasks between courts, lawyers and bailiffs, and as to the regulation and training of bailiffs. An important section is devoted to the question of effectiveness of the creditor's title. This involves consideration of the mechanisms available to assist the creditor to find out information about the debtor's assets; the extent to which evasive action on the part of the debtor, by effecting dispositions of property, may be counteracted; the immunities and exemptions recognised by the law of each jurisdiction; and the extent to which measures exist to deal with debtors who have acquired an unmanageable burden of debt. On each issue considerable diversity of approach can be identified, although in relation to assets immune from seizure there is a strong core of shared values. The Chronique then moves on to look at the methods of execution themselves. This part of the Chronique is divided into three sections. It looks first at enforcement of money obligations, through the seizure of movable property, garnishment and seizure of immovable property. It then deals with obligations to perform a certain act or abstain from certain conduct, which are dealt with by mechanisms such as substitute performance, fines, sequestration and imprisonment. The final section concerns obligations to deliver property, which are mainly enforced via seizure of the property and fines. Particular attention is drawn to the differences between legal systems as to the circumstances under which enforcement agents may gain access to the premises of the debtor, the degree of intrusion that may be imposed on third parties, the legal effects of

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39

He, Jian Tao, and Jun Dong. "The Reasearch of the Level of Tunnel Surrounding Rock and the Stability Based on Fractal Theory." Advanced Materials Research 1020 (October 2014): 411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1020.411.

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A new nonlinear discipline named Fractal theory which is a scientific theory and method studied the irregular of nature and complex phenomena has been used in civil engineering direction successfully in recent years. Take the Kuo changshan tunnel as an example, this paper will use the Range finder to measure the shape of surrounding rock along different longitudinal section contour line, then using the fractal theory to analyze it as follows: using section assumption, box counting method and higher dimensional method to calculate the fractal dimension, and to explore the relative relations between fractal dimension and stability of surrounding rock of the tunnel. The research results show that the more rough the tunnel longitudinal section contour line, the bigger the fractal dimension, the worse the corresponding stability of surrounding rock and the worse the lower the level of surrounding rock . Above all the tunnel longitudinal irregular section contour line has obvious fractal characteristics.

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40

Desai, Fanny, and Rajesh Korant. "Evaluation of a Novel Technique of Frozen Sections of Cell Blocks and Immunocytochemistry Protocol for Fine Needle Aspirates and Fluid Cytology Specimens." Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics 6, no. 1 (January 10, 2022): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2640-1053/104.

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Aim and objectives: Turnaround time is the main issue for formalin fixed-paraffin embedded-cell block diagnosis. The main objectives of this study were to develop fast and simple method of cell blocks preparation using frozen section technique, to develop a protocol of immunocytochemistry (ICC) on them and to evaluate its utility in clinical practice. Material and method: In this case series, we made frozen cell blocks (F-CB) from fine needle aspirates (FNA) and fluid samples using cryostat and performed ICC on them. Results were compared with histopathology diagnosis using Cohen’s Kappa agreement and Fisher Exact test. Results: Out of 25 cases, F-CB from FNA and fluid samples were made in 15 and 10 cases, respectively. ICC was performed on 20 cases. Only 40% of the cases had confirmed diagnosis on cytology smears. Addition of F-CB + ICC test could give a definitive diagnosis in 24/25 (96%) of cases. Conclusions: Newly developed method of frozen sectioning of cellblocks and ICC on them can give rapid and accurate cell block diagnosis.

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41

Guo, Lei, Shengping Zhong, Qipeng Bao, Jintao Gao, and Zhancheng Guo. "Nucleation and Growth of Iron Whiskers during Gaseous Reduction of Hematite Iron Ore Fines." Metals 9, no. 7 (July 4, 2019): 750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9070750.

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A high-temperature confocal scanning laser microscope and an online reduction–water quenching experiment system were used to systematically study the generation of iron whiskers during the reduction of hematite ore particles with CO/CO2 gas. The "blooming" phenomenon of the surface during the reduction of iron ore particles was found in this experiment. The orientation of the grain on the longitudinal section of an iron whisker was measured to be uniform by applying the electron back-scattered diffraction technique, which proved that the iron whiskers are most likely to exist in single crystal form. According to the in-situ online experimental video, the average diffusion flux of iron atoms when the layered iron completely covers the surface of the ore particle is about 0.0072 mol/(m2·s). While the iron atom diffusion flux at the root of the iron whisker during the pre-growth process is much larger than the flux when the layered iron is produced, which are defined to be 0.081 mol/(m2·s), 0.045 mol/(m2·s), 0.013 mol/(m2· s), and 0.0046 mol/(m2·s), respectively during the four stages of the growth of an iron whisker. The quantitative relationship between the chemical driving force and the whisker growth is established as Δ G θ + R T ln p CO 2 p CO + 2 n 0.056 r ρ E s T = 0 .

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Shoenberger, James E. "Construction of Stone Matrix Asphalt Section at Edwards Air Force Base." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1543, no. 1 (January 1996): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196154300104.

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In February 1993, the U.S. Air Force Civil Engineering Support Agency asked the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station to provide technical assistance for construction of a stone matrix asphalt (SMA) pavement demonstration project at Edwards Air Force Base (AFB). In August 1993, approximately 0.8 km (0.5 mi) of SMA pavement was placed on a road at Edwards AFB. The SMA mixture contained crushed stone, natural sand, fly ash, cellulose fiber, and an AR-4000 asphalt cement. The following summer, it was reported that excessive amounts of bleeding had occurred in all wheelpaths. An inspection in August 1994 confirmed this finding, and it was noted that the bleeding was worse near the intersections. The SMA mixture apparently contained too much asphalt cement. Several factors contributed to the bleeding: (a) the SMA mixture as designed contained too many fines, especially in passing the No. 4 sieve, compared with current guidance from the National Asphalt Paving Association and others; (b) the void content of the mixture may have been inadequate; and (c) samples obtained from the in-place pavement had a finer grading and higher asphalt content than specified. The bleeding has caused concern; however, no maintenance has been performed on the SMA pavement and no measurable rutting has occurred in the wheelpaths.

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Lehner, S., H. E. Bauer, R. Wurster, and H. Seiler. "Investigation of thin sections of biological standards by EDX, EELS, and Auger electron spectroscopy." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 2 (August 12, 1990): 184–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010013451x.

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In order to compare different microanalytical techniques commercially available cation exchange membrane SC-1 (Stantech Inc, Palo Alto), was loaded with biologically relevant elements as Na, Mg, K, and Ca, respectively, each to its highest possible concentration, given by the number concentration of exchangeable binding sites (4 % wt. for Ca). Washing in distilled water, dehydration through a graded series of ethanol, infiltration and embedding in Spurr’s low viscosity epoxy resin was followed by thin sectioning. The thin sections (thickness of about 50 nm) were prepared on carbon foils and mounted on electron microscopical finder grids.The samples were analyzed with electron microprobe JXA 50A with transmitted electron device, EDX system TN 5400, and on line operating image processing system SEM-IPS, energy filtering electron microscope CEM 902 with EELS/ESI and Auger spectrometer 545 Perkin Elmer.With EDX, a beam current of some 10-10 A and a beam diameter of about 10 nm, a minimum-detectable mass of 10-20 g Ca seems within reach.

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MANDAI, Shingo, Taihei MOMMA, Makoto IKEDA, and Kunihiro ASADA. "Variable Length Coded Address Compression for High-Speed 3-D Range-Finder Using Light-Section Method." IEICE Transactions on Electronics E94-C, no. 1 (2011): 124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transele.e94.c.124.

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Jiang, Li Ping, Biao Zhang, Qi Xin Cao, and Chun Tao Leng. "RANSAC Feature Based Master-Slave Tracking System for Multi-AGV." Applied Mechanics and Materials 404 (September 2013): 645–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.404.645.

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In order to solve the transportation problem in large aircraft components assembly process, an AGV posture synchronization system is built, which utilizes a two-dimensional laser range finder and adaptive control method. Two-dimensional laser range finder is located in the front of AGV to collect real-time point cloud of environment. After tracking AGV section point cloud, we extract straight lines and turning points using the RANSAC algorithm, and estimate the relative posture accordingly. Then adaptive controller processes the position information to achieve master-slave tracking for multi-AGV. In experiment we used three sets of identical AGV; the average distance error was less than 5mm while the angle error was limited within 0.3 °. The results verified the reliability and practicability of our system, which can meet the requirements for transporting large parts.

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Berthoz, Nicolas, Denis Branque, and Didier Subrin. "Déplacements induits par les tunneliers : rétro-analyse de chantiers en milieu urbain sur la base de calculs éléments finis en section courante." Revue Française de Géotechnique, no. 164 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/geotech/2020019.

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L’estimation des déplacements induits par le creusement au tunnelier sur des constructions avoisinantes (immeubles, ouvrages d’art, tunnels, réseaux…) est une étape essentielle des projets d’ouvrages souterrains en zones urbaines. De cette estimation sont, en effet, déduits ou adaptés des choix forts de conception tels que le tracé du tunnel, le dimensionnement du tunnelier (surcoupe, conicité…) et le choix de ses paramètres de pilotage (pression frontale, pression de bourrage…). Cet article présente des comparaisons entre les résultats de calculs éléments finis 2D et six sections instrumentées d’ouvrages réels. L’ensemble des paramètres nécessaires à la modélisation (modèle géotechnique et paramètres de creusement du tunnelier) est décrit de manière explicite. Ces rétro-analyses permettent de mieux cerner les paramètres clés du problème, en particulier le rôle majeur des pertes de volume induites le long de la jupe du tunnelier.

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HWANG, CHIA-HWA, YEN-MING HSU, BIING-CHIN WANG, CHIU-YU TSENG, and LIN-SHAN LEE. "EFFICIENT SPEECH RECOGNITION TECHNIQUES FOR THE FINALS OF MANDARIN SYLLABLES." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 02, no. 01 (March 1988): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021800148800008x.

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A long-term research project toward Mandarin speech recognition techniques for very large vocabulary and unlimited text is considered. By carefully examining the special structures of Chinese language, the first-stage goal is set to be the design of efficient techniques to recognize the finals of Mandarin syllables. In this paper, three special approaches to do this are proposed. The Segmental Model Approach defines the final models by dividing the finals into several segments according to the acoustic structures of the speech signals. The Three-pass Approach uses three consecutive passes to classify the finals into small sets and improve the recognition efficiency. The Multi-section Vector Quantization (MSVQ) Approach, on the other hand, significantly reduces the necessary computation time by incorporating the branch-and-bound algorithm and common codebook concept with the MSVQ techniques. Extensive computer simulations are performed first to optimize each approach by choosing the best set of parameters then to compare the performance of the three approaches. It was found that all the three approaches are very efficient in terms of relatively high recognition rate and short computation time, and the MSVQ Approach provides the highest recognition rate at the shortest computation time, thus it is most attractive.

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Howell, Charlotte. "This Show Was Religious?!: Online Reactions to Religion in Lost and Battlestar Galactica Finales." Journal of Religion, Media and Digital Culture 5, no. 2 (December 6, 2016): 297–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21659214-90000083.

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As the American populace is increasingly identifying as non-religious, religious representation is surprisingly also increasing on television, leading many to discuss the limits and boundaries of acceptable representations of religion through the cultural forum of television. The series finales of Lost and Battlestar Galactica serve as a particular pair of case studies I place in discussion with each other about religious-representational and generic concerns. Online reactions in discussion forums or comment sections to the religious elements in these finales generally occur in one of two ways: negative reactions that set the religious endings in opposition to the genre expectations viewers had for the shows or generally positive reactions that focus on the religious themes as successful affective tools that provided adequate or at least justified narrative closure. In both discursive strains, the tone was overwhelmingly respectful and occasionally aware that those entering into the discussions were engaging in larger cultural debates, providing one site of exploring the changing role of religion in popular television through a study of expectations of science fiction narratives and their conclusions.

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Carpenter, Chris. "Completion Study Aims To Extend Life of Electrical Submersible Pumps." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1021-0054-jpt.

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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper IPTC 20130, “Practical Approach for Solid Production Prediction and Completion Strategy Decisions in Horizontal Wells: A Case Study From a Cretaceous Carbonate Reservoir, North Oman,” by Mohammed Al-Aamri, Sandeep Mahajan, SPE, and Nair Sujith, Petroleum Development Oman, et al., prepared for the 2020 International Petroleum Technology Conference, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, 13–15 January. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2020 International Petroleum Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission. The carbonate reservoir fields in Oman discussed in the complete paper are produced by several horizontal wells from long openhole sections. The wells are completed by barefoot (openhole) completion with electrical submersible pumps (ESPs) located in the wells’ buildup section. The field has experienced significant ESP failures, so a study aimed to provide input for well-completion-strategy design and operational parameters, which could minimize solids production and lower intervention/operating expenditure (OPEX). Based on the study results, recommendations were provided for a drawdown-management strategy, which potentially will benefit from increasing ESP run life and reducing field OPEX. Field Background Problem Statement and Motivation Petrophysical rock typing for the studied reservoir is detailed in the complete paper. The primary understanding of the root cause of these ESP failures was argillaceous rock typing along the horizontal section. The decision was made to recomplete the wells by isolating equipment from such rock typing. As a result, ESP run lives improved, but failures continued. Several wells featured an isolation process from the first day, for example, but run life did not improve. The field team subsequently analyzed a sample of fines taken from the ESP, and their mineralogy was examined. The main finding was that almost 50% of the sample included calcite mineral content with some quartz (Fig. 1). However, the question remained as to which part of the reservoir the sample belonged. All rock types potentially consist of such calcite minerals because of the marine-deposition environment. Hence, investigating and characterizing the possible root causes of the ESP failures, as well as providing effective completion mitigations for upcoming wells, was critical. The key objectives of the study were to understand the mechanisms and causes of the observed solids from a geomechanical standpoint and to provide recommendations to minimize the risk of near-wellbore failure.

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Tinapp, Christian, Susann Heinrich, Christoph Herbig, Birgit Schneider, Harald Stäuble, Jan Miera, and Hans von Suchodoletz. "Holocene floodplain evolution in a central European loess landscape – geoarchaeological investigations of the lower Pleiße valley in NW Saxony." E&G Quaternary Science Journal 68, no. 2 (July 15, 2019): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-68-95-2019.

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Abstract. Undisturbed sediments are an important source for the reconstruction of the Holocene development of valleys. Wide floodplains with relatively small rivers in a region settled since 5500 BCE offer opportunities for investigations regarding climatic and anthropogenic landscape change. In the context of a motorway construction, excavations were carried out by the Saxonian Heritage Office in the year 2015. At one of the sites it was possible to get a view of the sediments of the Pleiße valley less than 100 m distance from large cross sections described by Neumeister (1964) in a former open cast mine. Archaeological finds and features, plant remains and radiocarbon dating as well as micromorphological and geochemical investigations helped to decipher the age and the characteristics of the Holocene sediments: above Weichselian loamy sands a sedge peat developed in small depressions during the Preboreal and Boreal. The sands and the sedge peat are covered by a “black clay”, which was still the topsoil during the Atlantic period. The sedimentation of 2.3 m thick overbank fines began after 4000 BCE. A depth of 1 m below the surface a medieval Slavic find layer was excavated. These results show that sedimentation processes in the lower Pleiße valley significantly changed after 4000 BCE. It is obvious that the increase in silty material in the floodplain is caused by the land clearance in the Neolithic period. More than half of the silty overbank fines were deposited before the Middle Ages began.

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