Дисертації з теми "Secret fiscal"

En matière fiscale, la tendance actuelle est tournée vers davantage de transparence, au détriment de toute forme de secret. Celui-ci est en effet souvent mal perçu, aussi bien du côté du contribuable, pour qui il s’apparente à la dissimulation des informations nécessaires à l’établissement de l’assiette imposable et au recouvrement de l’impôt, que du côté de l’administration fiscale qui a longtemps été ancrée dans une tradition historique du secret depuis l’Ancien Régime. Le secret est ainsi un obstacle à la recherche de transparence des politiques fiscales mises en place par les États pour diverses raisons : instaurer un processus vertueux de transformation des pratiques des sociétés, viser la régulation de la concurrence fiscale ou encore lutter contre la fraude et l’évasion fiscales. Mais s’il revêt une connotation négative, il est l’instrument nécessaire à la protection des intérêts privé et public. Aujourd’hui, le secret semble relatif, affaibli par les nombreuses atteintes que lui porte le droit. Pourtant, il a la vertu d’empêcher les excès de la transparence, de laquelle découlent de plus en plus de nouvelles obligations de divulgation. Elles sont instaurées à la charge du contribuable et des tiers – comme l’avocat ou le médecin – alors que la codification de leur secret professionnel vise à protéger les informations qu’ils détiennent. La levée de leurs secrets au profit de l’administration fiscale témoigne du déséquilibre de leurs relations, également exacerbé par le développement des nouvelles technologies de l’information. Cette étude se propose de définir le secret en matière fiscale et d’en analyser le régime juridique
In tax matters, the current trend shows a push for more transparency, in the expanse of any form of secrecy. The latter is, in fact, quite often frowned upon, not only by the taxpayers, for whom it reflects a concealment of vital information for the computing and the recovering of taxes, but also by the tax administration itself, which is enfolded in an historical tradition of secrecy since the Ancien Régime. Secrecy is an impediment to this quest of transparency, which is displayed by tax policies initiated by the States for diverse reasons: establishing a virtuous process of transforming societies, regulating tax competition or tackling fraud and tax evasion. Although of negative connotation, secrecy is an invaluable tool for safe-guarding both private and public interests. Nowadays, however, it is quite undermined by the law, despite having the benefit of dampening down the excesses of transparency, materialised by more and more recent disclosure obligations. Those are enforced upon both taxpayers and third parties such as lawyers or doctors, whilst some of them follow a code of conduct based around secrecy and client privileges. The lifting of secrecy at the benefit of tax administrations is indicative of the unbalance of their relations, equally heightened by the development of new information and communication technologies. This study propounds a definition of secrecy in tax matters and analyses its legal aspects

Les informations bancaires présentent un intérêt fiscal singulier. Il apparaît un conflit entre le secret bancaire, notion participant à la protection de la vie privée, et les pouvoirs d'investigation du fisc qui concourent au respect de l'égalité devant l'impôt en permettant de combattre la fraude fiscale. C'est la solution de ce conflit, la portée de la levée du secret bancaire, que vise à déterminer cette étude de droit fiscal comparé. Elle analyse d'abord l'opposition du secret aux pouvoirs d'investigation de droit commun de l'administration fiscale, c'est à dire essentiellement son droit de communication. Ensuite, elle confronte le secret aux pouvoirs d'investigation spéciaux de l'administration (perquisitions fiscales et mesures de coopérations internationales) qui intéressent la lutte contre les fraudes fiscales les plus graves et les plus complexes. Ainsi, se trouvent dégagées trois conceptions de la levée fiscale du secret, graduelles et propres à chaque Etat étudié
Bank data offer a particular fiscal interest. There appears a conflict between kank secrecy, a concept which takes part in the protection of private life, and investigative powers of the Inland Revenue which aim at enforcing the principle of equality before taxation by fighting against tax evasion. The solution to this conflict, ie the scope of the removal of bank secrecy, is precisely the aim of this study of comparative fiscal law. First this analysis deals with the opposition of secrecy to the common law investigative powers of the tax authorities, ie essentially their right to communicate information. Then, it compares secrecy with the autorities'special investiogative powers (fiscal searches and international cooperation measures) which are of interest for the fight against the most serious and complex tax evasion cases. Three different views of the fiscal removal of bank secrecy thus arise, views are gradual and proper to each State studied

As an answer to the international tax evasion problem, the U.S. Congress issued the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act – Fatca. This Act aims to promote tax compliance among citizens and U.S. residents holding foreign bank accounts. To this effect, Fatca requires Foreign Financial Institutions to enter into an agreement with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) to provide the IRS information about the identity and the status of the bank accounts held by US persons. Entities not willing to enter into an agreement with the IRS will be subject to a 30% withholding on U.S. sourced income regardless of whether the income is tax exempt. The application of this Act in our country brings a lot of concern regarding some issues, such us extraterritoriality, bank secrecy, the application of civil and criminal law. Since the effective date of implementation of Fatca is July 1, 2014, we understand that an official opinion concerning these issues and the possibilityto enter into an Intergovernmental Agreement with the U.S. government will be forthcoming in the following months.
Como respuesta al recurrente problema de evasión fiscal internacional, el Congreso de los Estados Unidos emitió la Ley de CumplimientoTributario de Cuentas Extranjeras (Foreign Acccount Tax Compliance Act, comúnmente conocida por sus siglas Fatca). Dicha ley tiene por objeto promover el cumplimiento tributario de ciudadanos y residentes de Estados Unidos que son titulares de cuentas bancarias en el exterior, dado su sistema fiscal basado en residencia y ciudadanía. A través de Fatca, se invita a las entidades financieras locales a suscribir un acuerdo con la Administración tributaria de Estados Unidos, mediante el cual se comprometan a brindar información acerca de las cuentas cuyos titulares son ciudadanos o residentes de dicho país bajo apercibimiento de sanción. La aplicación de esta norma en nuestro paísgenera muchas preguntas relativas a su naturaleza, su extraterritorialidad, su vulneración del derecho bancario, civil y penal, y demás aristas. Su inminente aplicación, el 1 de julio de 2014, genera un clima de especial interés a la espera de un pronunciamiento oficial de las autoridades locales. Definitivamente, la importancia de Fatca reside en que marca una nueva etapa respecto de los anteriores sistemas de intercambio de información que podría revolucionar la forma de administrar los impuestos.

La thèse consiste en une mise en perspective des délits pénaux fiscaux en droits français, luxembourgeois et internationaux. La comparaison des droits nationaux français et luxembourgeois (Titre Premier) est complétée d'un volet en droit international qui consiste à appréhender le phénomène de la fraude fiscale sous l'angle de l'entraide judiciaire internationale, et de son éventuelle limite internationale au Luxembourg : le secret bancaire (Titre Deuxième).Après avoir procédé à l'analyse des droits positifs nationaux, le Titre Premier de l'étude aborde la question de la procédure pénale applicable pour fraude fiscale et escroquerie fiscale devant les juridictions nationales, ainsi que les peines encourues devant les juridictions répressives françaises et luxembourgeoises en la matière.Face à l'internationalisation des flux, les comportements frauduleux des contribuables se sont complexifiés, structurés, dans certains cas organisés comme de véritables usines de l'escroquerie fiscale internationale. Le Titre Deuxième de cette étude est ainsi consacré à l'analyse de la fraude fiscale internationale et à l'entraide judiciaire pénale en matière d'infractions fiscales. Ce deuxième volet traite également, dans le cadre d'une étude franco-luxembourgeoise, du secret bancaire luxembourgeois
The thesis consists in an analysis of the criminal tax frauds between the French, Luxembourg and international tax laws. The comparison of the national French laws and the national Luxembourg laws (First Title) is completed by a part in international law consisting to apprehend the phenomenon of tax fraud within the framework of the international legal assistance in criminal matters, and its potential international limitation in the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg : the banking secrecy (Second Title).After having analysed the applicable national laws, the First Title of the thesis deals with the question of the criminal procedure applicable for criminal tax evasion and tax fraud before the criminal French and Luxembourg Courts.Due to the globalisation of the capital flows, criminal behaviour of tax payers became more and more complex, structured, and, in certain particular cases, organized as real factories of international tax fraud. The Second Title of the thesis is consequently dedicated to the analysis of international tax fraud and international legal assistance in criminal matters in the area of tax frauds. This second parts deals also with, within the scope of a French-Luxemburgish comparison, of the Luxembourg banking secrecy

L’expression « évasion fiscale » a connu un large succès ces dernières années au rythme des révélations journalistiques sur des « affaires » ou des « scandales ». La vitalité de cette expression ne doit pas faire oublier que celle-ci détient également une portée juridique. L’expression est largement employée par les différentes sources du droit ou par leurs commentateurs, mais elle n’a pas reçu jusqu’à présent de définition stable et unanimement partagée. Bien au contraire, elle souffre d’une certaine confusion avec d’autres expressions souvent accolées ou mêlées à elle que sont la « fraude fiscale » ou l’« optimisation fiscale ». Or, la lutte contre l’« évasion fiscale » est expressément utilisée dans les motivations de certaines règles de droit et dans certaines décisions du Conseil constitutionnel. Parmi l’ensemble des sources du droit s’appropriant cette expression, nous avons tenté d’établir une certaine cohérence pour faire ressortir les différents éléments de sa définition. L’évasion fiscale apparaît alors comme un comportement formellement légal, mais motivé par une intention fiscale prédominante, c’est-à-dire accompli dans le but d’obtenir un gain fiscal à l’aide d’une opération artificielle, et réalisé dans un but contraire à l’intention de l’auteur du texte abusé ou aux principes de l’ordre public fiscal. Cette définition nous permet alors d’envisager une distinction entre cette notion et les notions d’optimisation et de fraudes fiscales. Cependant, cette définition est dans l’attente d’une évolution du droit fiscal dont le contentieux tend se tenir de plus en plus devant le juge pénal
The term "tax avoidance" has been very popular in the last few years as a result of journalistic revelations about " cases " or " scandals ". The vitality of this term should not obscure the fact that this term also has a legal scope. It is widely employed by the different sources of law or by their commentators, but it has not yet received a uniformly shared definition. On the contrary, it suffers from a certain of confusion with other expressions often used in connection or mixed with it, such as "tax evasion" or "tax planification". However, the struggle against "tax avoidance" is expressly used as a purpose pursued by legal rules and in certain decisions of the Constitutional Council.Among all law' sources that use this term, we have tried to establish a certain coherence to bring out different elements of its definition. Tax avoidance appears to be a formally legal behavior, but motivated by a predominant tax intention, i.e. accomplished with the aim of obtaining a tax gain by means of an artificial operation, and carried out for a purpose contrary to the intention of the author of the abused text or to the principles of public tax order. This definition allows us to consider a distinction between this notion and the notions of tax planification and tax evasion. However, this definition is awaiting change of the tax law whose litigation tends to be held more and more in front of the criminal judge

A la suite de la signature de l'Acte Unique Européen en 1986 fixant les bases de l'achèvement du marché intérieur, l'Union européenne s'était mise à la recherche d'une formule qui aurait permis une taxation effective des revenus de l'épargne dans Il a fallu attendre de nombreuses années pour qu'une mesure concrète puisse voir le jour. Le 3 juin 2003, le Conseil ECOFIN adopta une directive européenne sur la fiscalité de l'épargne d'application depuis le 1er juillet 2005. Luxembourg a obtenu de déroger à la règle générale de l'échange d'informations et a bénéficié d'un régime transitoire qui consiste en une retenue à la source. Quel est l'impact réel de l'application de la directive sur le maintien du secret bancaire dans le grand-duché du Luxembourg ?Comment se positionne t-il par rapport aux autres pays appliquant ce principe et au mouvement en faveur d'une plus grande transparence fiscale ? De quelle manière la place financière luxembourgeoise a-t-elle dû s'adapter afin de répondre aux dispositions communautaires introduisant le prélèvement à la source ?

Le patrimoine est-il une universalité juridique en droit fiscal ? La réponse est négative. Les conditions ne sont pas remplies, les biens d’un contribuable ne sont pas appréhendés comme un ensemble par les impôts. Le droit fiscal ne définit pas le terme de « patrimoine ». Au regard de la législation fiscale, l’imposition du patrimoine doit simplement s’entendre comme les impôts sur certains biens composants le patrimoine. L’absence de la notion de patrimoine définie comme une universalité juridique en droit fiscal a des conséquences sur les caractéristiques de la législation patrimoniale, ainsi que sur les patrimoines des ménages. La législation patrimoniale est éclatée, parfois incohérente et la concentration des patrimoines se maintient. Comment expliquer l’absence de notion privatiste de patrimoine en droit fiscal ? L’imposition des biens est le résultat de l’évolution historique, les impôts sont uniquement modifiés quand des recettes sont nécessaires en faisant des changements ponctuels. Au XXe siècle l’impôt devient aussi un instrument de la politique pour atteindre des objectifs non fiscaux, notamment économiques. Jamais le législateur n’a remis à plat la législation patrimoniale. Néanmoins, l’inexistence de la notion de patrimoine ne peut pas uniquement s’expliquer par les motifs avancés par le législateur lors de la modification d’un texte. Ce sont les forces sociales, au sens que leur donne Ripert, qui sont la source de la législation. Or ces forces sociales sont nombreuses, certaines réussissent à s’imposer et rejètent la possibilité d’un impôt ayant pour assiette « l’ensemble des biens d’un contribuable »
Is the “heritage” (capital, fortune) a “legal universality” in tax law? The answer is negative. The conditions are not filled, the taxpayer properties are not considered as a whole by the tax institutions. The tax law does not define the term of "heritage" (capital, fortune). The absence of the notion of ‘heritage’ defined as a legal universality in tax law has consequences on the characteristics of the patrimonial legislation, and the heritages of families. The patrimonial legislation is fragmented, sometimes inconsistent and the concentration of the heritages continues. How to explain the absence of notion of heritage in tax law? The imposition of the properties is the result of the historic evolution, the taxes are only modified when money are necessary by making punctual modifications. In the XXth century the tax also becomes an instrument of the politics. Nevertheless, the non-existence of the notion of heritage can not only be explained by the reasons given by the legislator during the modification of a text. It is the social strengths, in the sense given by Ripert, which are the origin of the legislation. But there are many social strengths, some of them are imposed and reject therefore the possibility of excessive taxes of all the belongings of a tax payer

Symbole de protection des libertés individuelles, le secret bancaire est perçu par les profanes, avec le développement de la criminalité financière transfrontalière, comme étant un élément qui favorise les fraudes, le blanchiment de capitaux, le financement du terrorisme ainsi que l’évasion fiscale. L’analyse juridique de cette institution nous montre qu’elle est l’élément le plus important de la réussite des opérations ayant pour but les flux internationaux de capitaux, et un facteur qui stimule la réussite économique et la mondialisation. La réglementation et la régulation des flux internationaux de fonds par un certain nombre de législations éparses et variées modifie considérablement la notion du secret bancaire. Une des caractéristiques fondamentales de ce bouleversement est qu’il institue des liens entre les différents opérateurs qui interviennent dans le contrat. Le contrôle de cette opération pousse les Etats à mutualiser leurs efforts et à se mettre ensemble en vue de défendre leurs intérêts financiers respectifs à travers la lutte contre les flux de capitaux illicites. Par ailleurs, la défense de ces intérêts financiers entraine incontestablement la redéfinition substantielle des missions du banquier d’une part, notamment sa façon de percevoir la relation avec la clientèle, de recueillir et d’échanger des informations, ainsi que la coopération avec les autorités publiques et de contrôle internes et internationales. D’autre part, on note du fait de cet élargissement de missions du banquier, une extension des risques pénaux à l’égard de ce dernier. Cependant, la dilution du secret bancaire à l’échelle internationale tant pour des nécessités contractuelles, que pour les nécessités de la lutte contre la criminalité entraine des dérives importantes se manifestant à travers le manque de stratégies adaptées permettant d’éviter dangers et de réagir en cas d’atteinte aux droits de l’Homme. D’où la nécessité de redéfinir un nouveau cadre juridique qui permet non seulement de limiter les atteintes au secret bancaire et aux droits de l’Homme, mais aussi, oblige les différents intervenants dans la chaine des transferts internationaux de fonds, «de jouer aux mêmes règles du jeu», d’être tributaires de mêmes droits, et surtout des mêmes obligations. C’est à ce prix et à ce prix seulement, que le secret bancaire pourra être réhabilité en tant qu’institution fondamentale
The regulation of the international flows of fund by a number of scattered and varied legislations modifies considerably the notion of the bank secrecy. One of the fundamental characteristics of this upheaval is that it establishes links between the various operators who intervene in the contract. The control of this operation urges States to mutualize their efforts and to put itself together to defend their respective financial interests through the fight against the illicit capital flows. Besides, the defense of these financial interest conduct unmistakably the substancial redefining of the banker on one hand, in particular the way it perceives the relation with the clientele, of collects and of exchanges information, as well as the cooperation with the public authorities and control internal and international. On the other hand, we note because of this extension of missions of the banker, an extension of the penal risks towards him

Plusieurs cultures se sont mêlées à la conception du système fiscal actuel au Liban. Ce système cédulaire, inchangeable depuis les années cinquante, se caractérise par la prédominance des impôts indirects reflétant une difficulté à atteindre l’assiette des impôts directs.C’est dans cette perspective qu’une révision intégrale du système fiscal Libanais s’avère cruciale. Cette révision doit tenir en compte les spécificités de l’économie libanaise basée sur les secteurs du tourisme et des finances et caractérisée par un secret bancaire très développé, des finances publiques rongées par le poids de la dette publique et du déficit budgétaire, et de la situation géopolitique du Liban, situé dans une région objet de conflits permanents.Dans ce cadre, plusieurs réformes ont déjà été mises en place; l’introduction de la TVA en 2002 constituait la réforme majeure des impôts indirects, la création de la DASS, de la DGE du côté des impôts directs.Toutefois la réforme en cours traite l’unification des impôts cédulaires en un impôt global; cela peut établir une meilleure justice entre les contribuables et engendrer une augmentation des recettes fiscales. Le secret bancaire constitue un important défi à ce type d’imposition. A noter que l’abolition du secret bancaire n’est pas envisageable actuellement considérant son rôle majeur dans l’attraction des capitaux étrangers. Pour cela, la nouvelle loi doit essayer de trouver des solutions pour parvenir à la bonne application de l’imposition globale. A ce niveau, les expériences égyptienne (contrôle fiscal des revenus des capitaux mobiliers, des activités commerciales et industrielles et des professions libérales) et tunisienne (l’application des « acomptes provisionnelles » et de « la retenue à la source ») peuvent constituer des sources d’inspiration
Many cultures contributed to draw the current Lebanese tax system. This system, where taxes differ according to the source of income, haven’t been reformed since the fifties. The predominance of indirect taxation is the main characteristic reflecting the disability to reach the tax base within the direct taxation.Under this perspective, a full revision of the taxation system seems to be crucial. This revision should take into consideration the specificity of the Lebanese economy based on tourism and financial sectors and where banking secrecy is very developed, the public finance gnaw at by the public debt burden and the budget deficit, and the geopolitical situation where Lebanon is located in the heart of a conflict region.Many reforms had been already undertaken; the VAT implementation in 2002 is the main indirect tax reform; the introduction of DASS and DGE are the reform undertaken on the direct taxes side.Moreover, the current reform aim to unify the different income tax under one global tax; this can lead to a better justice among taxpayers and therefore to an increase in tax revenues.The banking secrecy is an important challenge to this taxation. In fact, due to its major role attracting the foreign capitals, the abolition of this system is not currently considered. For this reason, the new law should figure out the appropriate conducts for a better application of the global tax.At this level, the Egyptian and the Tunisian experiences could be sources of inspiration. The first one regarding the tax audit on the revenues from movable capitals, commercial and industrial activities and the liberal professions. The second one related to the application of the “forecasted installments” and the “stopping at source”

Cette thèse présente trois essais sur la répartition mondiale des fortunes. Le premier chapitre, « La richesse manquante des nations: l'Europe et les Etats-Unis sont-ils débiteurs ou créditeurs nets? » chercher à mesurer les fortunes détenues par les hauts patrimoines dans les paradis fiscaux, en utilisant des données suisses uniques et en exploitant des anomalies systématiques dans les positions internationales des pays. Le résultat principal est qu'environ 8 % de la richesse financière nette des ménages est détenue offshore, et qu'au moins les trois-quarts de ce total ne sont pas enregistrés. La prise en compte de la richesse offshore non enregistrée transforme le second plus grand débiteur net de la planète, la zone euro, en un créditeur net, et améliore significativement la position net du plus grand débiteur, mondial, les Etats-Unis. Le second chapitre, « La fin du secret bancaire? Une évaluation de la lutte du G20 contre les paradis fiscaux», co-écrit avec Niels Johannesen; cherche à analyser l'efficacité des actions récentes pour contrer la fraude fiscale. Au lendemain de la crise financière, les pays du G20 ont forcé les paradis fiscaux à signer des traités d'échange d'informations bancaires à la demande. En utilisant une base de données très riche de la Banque des règlements internationaux, le chapitre montre que la signature des traités n'a pas provoqué de rapatriement de fonds massifs, mais a simplement conduit à une relocalisation des fortunes au sein des paradis fiscaux, au profit des moins coopératifs. Le dernier chapitre, « Le capital est de retour: les ratios capital/revenu dans les pays riches, 1700-2010 », co-écrit avec Thomas Piketty, chercher à documenter et à expliquer l'évolution de long terme des ratios agrégés patrimoine / revenu
This PhD dissertation gathers three essays on the world distribution of wealth. The first chapter, "The Missing Wealth of Nations: Are Europe and the U. S. Net Debtors or net Creditors?" attempts to measure the wealth held by rich individuals in offshore tax havens, using unique Swiss statistics and systematic anomalies in the international investment data of countries. The main finding is that about 8\% of the world's financial wealth of households is he Id offshore, of which at least three-quarters go unrecorded in the official data. Accounting for this missing wealth can turn the world's second largest net debtor, the Eurozone, into a net creditor, and significantly improves the net position of the world's largest net debtor, the U. S. The second chapter, "The End of Bank Secrecy? An Evaluation of the G20 Tax Haven Crackdown", written with Niels Johannesen, investigates whether recent policy initiatives aimed at curbing tax evasion has been effective. In the aftermath of the financial crisis, G20 countries compelled tax havens to sign bilateral tax treaties providing for the exchange of bank information upon request. Based on a rich dataset from the Bank for International Settlements, the chapter shows that the signature of treaties has not provoked any substantial repatriation of wealth onshore but so far has led to a relocation of offshore fortunes to the benefit of the least compliant tax havens. The last chapter, "Capital is Back: Wealth-Income Ratios in Rich Countries, 1700-2010", written with Thomas Piketty, attempts to document and explain the long run evolution of aggregate wealth to income ratios

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
A coexistência de valores e interesses diversos nas sociedades atuais exige que o ordenamento jurídico não se deixe mover por normas unilateralmente fixadas ou valores absolutos. No Brasil, a Constituição que assegura o direito à intimidade, considerado pela doutrina e jurisprudência fundamento do sigilo bancário, estabelece ser facultado à administração tributária, especialmente para conferir efetividade ao princípio da capacidade econômica do contribuinte, identificar, respeitados os direitos individuais e nos termos da lei, o patrimônio, os rendimentos e as atividades econômicas dos contribuintes, sendo vedado atribuir tratamento desigual àqueles que se encontrem em situação equivalente. Além disso, é inegável o fato de que as instituições financeiras vêm sendo utilizadas com finalidade ilícita, servindo de meio para a realização de crimes como a lavagem de dinheiro e a evasão de divisas, cujo combate tem sido intensificado tanto no Brasil, quanto no cenário mundial. Neste processo, surge a tensão entre o interesse público na obtenção, pela autoridade fiscal, de dados que podem comprovar a realização de ilícitos e proporcionar a concretização dos princípios da isonomia e da capacidade contributiva, e a necessidade de proteção da esfera privada do indivíduo, objeto da presente dissertação.
The coexistence of valuables and several interests in the current societies demand that the legal system will not make any movement on account of rules that have been established by one-sided only, or on account of values that are absolute. In Brazil, the Constitution that assures the right to intimacy (privacy s right), considered by the doctrine and by the jurisprudence as a ground of the bank secrecy, establishes that it is facilitated to the tax administration, specially to onfer effectiveness to the principle of the economic capacity of the taxpayers, to identify, respected the individual rights and the law terms, the assets, their incomes and their economic activities, being forbidden to attribute different treatment to those who are found under an equivalent situation. Moreover, the fact that the financial institutions are being used for illegal purposes is undeniable, serving as a way for the performance of crimes such as money laundering and foreing currency s evasion, which combat has been intensified as much as in Brazil as in the world scenery. In this process, the tension between the public interest raises, to obtain from the fiscal authority, the data that can prove the performance of illegal acts and that can provide the realization of the isonomy principles and of the tax- paying ability, as well as the protection needed of the individual private sphere, object of this present work.

La famille et la fiscalité entretiennent des relations aussi anciennes que complexes. Cette imbrication connut même son âge d’or au cours du XXe siècle. L’avènement de l’idéal de justice fiscale ainsi que certaines considérations politiques justifièrent en effet un déploiement significatif de l’aménagement familial de l’impôt. L’évolution corrélative des moeurs, à cette même période, révéla cependant les limites de cet ancrage de la famille dans le droit fiscal. La diversification et l’internationalisation des structures familiales, de même que l’explosion des écarts de niveau de vie entre les familles ou en leur sein, font aujourd’hui le lit d’un délitement de la place de la famille dans le droit fiscal. En outre, elles alimentent le plaidoyer en faveur de l’adoption d’une fiscalité individualisée. Partant de ce constat, la thèse envisage deux axes possibles d’évolution. À la recherche d’une neutralité et d’une efficacité perdues, elle propose, en premier lieu, de parachever ce processus d’individualisation des impôts et de renoncer à toute référence à la famille dans le droit fiscal. Pour des raisons tant techniques que symboliques, la thèse privilégie toutefois, et en second lieu, la voie d’une affirmation de cette place de la famille, actuellement en déclin. Il s’agira alors de repenser le modèle et les fonctions de cette institution sociale afin de mieux la préserver au sein des textes
Family and taxation have relationships that are as old as they are complex. This interweaving even reached its golden age during the 20th century. The advent of the ideal of tax justice as well as certain political considerations indeed justified a significant deployment of the family tax arrangement. However, the correlative changes in mores, during this same period, revealed the limits of this anchoring of the family in tax law. The diversification and internationalization of family structures, as well as the explosion in the differences in living standards between families or within them, are today the bed of a disintegration of the place of the family in tax law. In addition, they fuel the advocacy for the adoption of an individualized tax system. Based on this observation, the thesis considers two possible axes of development. In search of lost neutrality and efficiency, it proposes, in the first place, to complete this process of individualization of taxes and to abandon any reference to the family in tax law. However, for both technical and symbolic reasons, the thesis favors, and secondly, the path of affirming this place of the family, which is currently in decline. It will then be a question of rethinking the model and functions of this social institution in order to better preserve it within the texts

Créée en 1954, la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée a toujours été présentée comme un impôt difficile à frauder en raison de la règle du paiement fractionné qui incite à rapprocher les déclarations effectuées par les opérateurs. Malgré cette qualité originelle, la TVA est actuellement l’impôt qui engendre les plus fortes pertes dans l’Union européenne. Ceci est révélateur d’un système d’imposition qui n’a pas su s’adapter à l’évolution de la construction européenne et à l’apparition des nouvelles technologies. Malgré cela, il est évident que les détournements en matière de TVA ont une cause plus profonde qui réside dans le rôle de collecteur d’impôt confié aux entreprises. Pour remédier au fléau de la fraude, plusieurs solutions sont envisageables. S’il est indispensable, comme le souhaite la Commission européenne, d’évoluer vers un système définitif de TVA prévoyant une taxation des opérations intracommunautaires, cette approche doit se combiner avec une modernisation de l’impôt. Les nouvelles technologies offrent désormais de nombreuses opportunités pour sécuriser les échanges et rendre le système étanche à la fraude
Established in 1954, the value-added tax has always been considered as a levy that is not easily defrauded because of the divided payment rule that encourages bringing closer the reportings done by the operators. In spite of that original ability, the VAT is currently the tax that makes the most important losses within the European Union. This reveals that this taxation system could not adjust to the evolution of the European construction and to the emergence of new technologies. Despite this, it is obvious that the embezzlements concerning the VAT have a much more sizable cause that lies in the tax collector’s role given to the companies. To rectify the scourge that is the fraud, several solutions are intended. If it is necessary, as the European Commission wishes, to move towards a definitive system of VAT planning taxation on the intercommunity operations, this perspective must combine with an upgrading of the levy. The new technologies henceforth offer numerous opportunities to secure the exchanges and make the system hermetic to the fraud

La politique fiscale porte sur la répartition des recettes publiques entre les différents impôts, ainsi que sur l’assiette et le taux de ces derniers. Dans les Etats membres de l’espace OHADA, la politique fiscale des sociétés doit permettre une mobilisation substantielle des recettes fiscales pour assurer le financement du développement. Une politique des règles d’assiettes fiscales étroite n’est pas de nature à mobiliser des recettes conséquentes. Une administration fiscale qui ne dispose pas de moyens matériels et humains suffisants ne contribue pas également à lutter efficacement contre la fraude et l’évasion fiscale en vue d’accroître les recettes nécessaires. Face à la mondialisation et des politiques d’intégration, les individualités étatiques ne permettent pas également d’asseoir une véritable politique fiscale de développement en Afrique. Une nouvelle stratégie de politique fiscale pour le développement dans les Etats Membres de l’espace OHADA est nécessaire. Elle passe par une politique d’élargissement des règles d’assiettes fiscales. Une redéfinition de la politique des exonérations fiscales des codes d’investissements. Il faut donner à l’administration fiscale des moyens matériels et humains suffisants pour jouer son véritable rôle. En fin développer la coopération entre administrations fiscales des Etats membres pour tenir compte de l’évolution de la politique fiscale. L’harmonisation fiscale est devenue une véritable stratégie de développement en Afrique
The fiscal policy deals with the sharing out of the public recipe between the different taxes, on the base and the rate of the latter. In the states which are members of the OHCLA space, the tax policy of the societies must permit a substantial mobilization of fiscal bases in order to reassure the financial means of the the development policy of narrow tax base duties is by no means a strategy to mobilise consequent recipe. A fiscal administration which does not possess material human and satisfactory means does not contribute in fighting efficiently fraud and tax evasion in order to increase necessary fiscal recipes. Facing the globalization and the policies of integration, the state individualities do not also allow to sustain a genuine development tax policy in Africa. A new strategy of fiscal policy for the development of members states within the OHCLA is necessary. IT passes through a large policy of the norms of the recipes. A redefinition of the fiscal exoneration policy of the investment codes. One must give material, human and satisfactory means to the tax administration to play a genuin part (role). To put it in a nutshell, we have to develop the cooperation between tax administratin of the members states in order to take into account of the consideration of the tax policy. The fiscal harmonization has become a genuine strategy for the development of Africa

La investigación presenta un análisis de la revelación de los mecanismos de las planificaciones fiscales agresivas por parte de los profesionales del Derecho a las administraciones tributarias, obligación que forma parte de la acción 12 del llamado "Plan de Acción contra el BEPS". Esta tendría un impacto negativo en el ejercicio del derecho constitucional a la reserva profesional del abogado debido a sus medidas que pretenden luchar contra la erosión de la base imponible y el traslado de beneficios. Para dilucidar este aspecto, se analiza si la información que se brinda a los profesionales del derecho para la elaboración de planeamientos fiscales, forma parte de la esfera de protección que otorga el derecho obligación a guardar el secreto profesional que tenemos todos los abogados. Se concluye que en Perú, la revelación de los mecanismos de las planificaciones fiscales agresivas por parte de los profesionales del derecho a las administraciones tributarias, no sería posible, puesto que se contrapondría al derecho constitucional a guardar el secreto profesional que protege a los abogados.
The investigation presents an analysis of the disclosure of the mechanisms of aggressive tax planning by law professionals to tax administrations, an obligation that is part of Action 12 of the called "Plan of Action against BEPS." This would have a negative impact on the exercise of the constitutional right to the professionalreserve of the lawyer due to its measures that aim to fight the base erotion and profit shifting. In order to elucidate this aspect, it is analyzed if the information that is provided to the professionals of the right for the elaboration offiscal planning, forms part of the sphere of protection that grants the right obligation to keep the professional secretthat we have all the lawyers. It is concluded that in Peru, disclosure of the mechanisms of aggressive tax planningby professionals of the right to tax administrations would not be possible, because it would be opposed to theconstitutional right to keep professional secret that protects lawyers.
Tesis

Les sectes sont devenues un phenomene de societe et le droit penal a ete confronte aux agissements reprehensibles commis par certaines d'entre elles. La question de l'efficacite du droit penal et, au-dela, celle de son application pratique s'est alors posee. L'insuffisance et la difficulte de la repression ont pousse des auteurs et des associations a demander la prise en compte de la notion de manipulations mentales, c'est-a-dire des pressions d'ordre psychologique qui seraient effectuees sur les adeptes et qui annhileraient leur libre-arbitre
Sects are today a society phenomenon and the penal law is now confronted with the reprehensible doings of some of them. Then, the matter of the effectiveness of the penal law sets up and, beyond that, the matter of its practical application. The inadequacy of repression and the difficulties met by this repression led some authors and associations of victimes to ask the taking into account of the mental manipulations, in other words, psychological pressure brought on the adepts to suppress their free will

Étudier la fiscalité locale au prisme de l’égalité, c’est observer deux notions juridiques reliées ensemble dans un système complexe qui révèle tout à la fois l’antinomie et la conciliation qui les unissent. L’intérêt du sujet surgit au constat des critiques subies par un système d’impositions considéré comme vecteur d’injustices majeures, et de la radicalité des solutions qui conduit à un certain déclin de la fiscalité locale. Dès lors, il convient de corréler les deux notions pour déterminer le rapport qu’elles entretiennent. La problématique s’inscrit là dans un vaste champ de réflexion qui entoure plus largement la mise en œuvre d’une décentralisation dont l’organisation entraîne mécaniquement des ruptures de l’égalité, de surcroît lorsqu’une autonomie financière est consentie aux organes décentralisés. En ce sens, la recherche nécessite, au-delà d’une vision historique permettant de relativiser les inégalités actuelles, de procéder à une conceptualisation de la notion de fiscalité locale. Celle-ci permet de comprendre l’antinomie qui oppose les deux notions, mais également d’imposer une conciliation qui s’opère entre elles. En effet, la fiscalité locale doit poursuivre l’objectif d’égalité. Le législateur met en œuvre cette conciliation par la conception technique de l’impôt ainsi qu’à travers le cadre territorial dans lequel l’impôt local se développe. Ce n’est qu’au prix de cette double conciliation que la fiscalité locale peut s’inscrire dans une démarche globalement égalitaire
Taking a look at local taxation through equality means observing two legal notions linked to one another, in a complex system that reveals what sets them apart, and what brings them together. The interest of the subject stems from the criticism of a taxation system considered as a vector of major inequalities, and the radical solutions that lead to a decline in local taxation. As such, it is necessary to link the two concepts to determine their relation. This problem is part of broader study that more generally addresses the implementation of government decentralization, whose organization inevitably leads to inequalities, especially when decentralized authorities are given financial autonomy. This is why this research not only looks back on our past in order to take some perspective on the current inequalities, but also aims at conceptualizing the notion of local taxation. This allows us to understand why those two notions are polarised, as well as striking the right balance between them. The objective of local taxation should be equality. Lawmakers find this balance though the conception of taxation itself, and through the local framework where the local tax is developed. This balance must be found if we want local taxation to fully meet equality

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Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o processo de concretização normativa do art. 198 do Código Tributário Nacional. Tal dispositivo veda a divulgação, por parte da Fazenda Pública ou de seus servidores, de informação obtida em razão do ofício sobre a situação econômica ou financeira do sujeito passivo ou de terceiros e sobre a natureza e o estado de seus negócios ou atividades. Trata-se do chamado 'sigilo fiscal', hipótese infraconstitucional de proteção de dados pessoais no âmbito tributário que visa dar efetividade ao direito fundamental à privacidade. Inicialmente, adota-se como pressuposto o conceito de Estado de Direito, que se fundamenta na previsibilidade conferida pelas normas e procedimentos estabelecidos previamente a respeito das consequências jurídicas das condutas praticadas por cada indivíduo. Também se utiliza o conceito de zona de autarquia para demonstrar que, mesmo em sociedades democráticas, há decisões jurídicas que são tomadas de modo puramente arbitrário, sem se preocupar em demonstrar os raciocínios dogmáticos que pautam a tomada de decisão. Tais conceitos, aplicados em pesquisa empírica que analisa os argumentos propugnados em atos de interpretação e aplicação da norma do sigilo fiscal, aliados ao histórico de pesquisas do Núcleo de Estudos Fiscais da DireitoGV, demonstram que há um déficit de informações tributárias no Brasil. Ademais, permitem apontar uma série de contradições e incoerências na interpretação atualmente predominante do 'conceito' de sigilo fiscal. Tendo em vista as mencionadas incoerências, e com o objetivo de incrementar a conformidade ao ideal político do Estado de Direito, apresentam-se parâmetros interpretativos que permitem conciliar a necessidade de sigilo e proteção a informações tributárias, de um lado, e de publicidade de atos de aplicação da legislação tributária, de outro. Basicamente, defende-se que a publicidade dos atos de aplicação do direito pode contribuir para o aumento de shared sensibilities (expectativas compartilhadas) entre contribuintes e instituições fiscais, tornando mais segura a aplicação das normas tributárias.
This work intends to analyze the process of normative enforcement of Article 198 of the Brazilian Tax Code. Such Article prohibits the disclosure, by the Tax Administration or its servers, of information obtained by virtue of the tax audits and other kinds of services on the economic or financial condition of the taxpayer or a third party and the nature and condition of its business or activities. It constitutes the so-called "tax secrecy", legal hypothesis of protection of personal data in the tax framework that aims to give effect to the right to privacy. Initially, we adopt the concept of rule of law which is based on predictability enabled by rules and procedures regarding the legal consequences of behaviors practiced by individuals. We also use the concept of zone of authority, which demonstrates that even in democratic societies, there are legal decisions taken in a purely arbitrary way, without bothering to demonstrate the dogmatic reasoning that guide the decision-making. Such concepts, applied in the empirical research that examines the arguments developed in documents and decisions which apply the tax secrecy rule, combined with the historical of researches of the Center for Fiscal Studies of DireitoGV, demonstrate that there is a shortfall of tax information in Brazil. Furthermore, it enables to indicate contradictions and inconsistencies in the currently prevailing interpretation of the "concept " of tax secrecy . Given the inconsistencies mentioned, and with the aim of increasing conformity to the political ideal of the rule of law, we present interpretative parameters for reconciling the need for secrecy and protection of tax information, on one hand, and disclosure of decisions applying tax law, on the other. Basically, it is argued that disclosing decisions which apply tax legislation may contribute to the increase of shared sensibilities between taxpayers and tax authorities, making the application of tax rules more certain.

« Si les Vallées d’Andorre jouissent de certains privilèges et franchises et ont une organisation judiciaire distincte de celle de la France, elles ne constituent ni un État, ni une personne de droit international ». La lecture de cet arrêt rendu par la Cour de Cassation le 6 janvier 1971 laisse entrevoir les nombreuses difficultés rencontrées par les micro-États dans l’affirmation de leur souveraineté. L’Europe est le théâtre à la fin du XIXe d’une véritable refonte des États. Nombreux furent les vestiges de l’époque féodale qui disparurent absorbés dans de grands ensembles à caractère étatique à l’origine des grand États européens. L'État en droit international est une personne souveraine, c’est ce qui le singularise par rapport aux autres sujets de droit international. Il bénéficie d’une souveraineté interne qui fait de lui l’autorité suprême sur son territoire et d’une souveraineté internationale qui ne le subordonne à aucune autre autorité. Cette souveraineté lui confère une personnalité juridique et une capacité juridique qui lui permettent d’être reconnu comme un sujet de droit, distinct des habitants qui le composent. De facto, un micro-État dispose des mêmes caractéristiques qu’un État mais s’identifie comme tel par l’exiguïté de son territoire et la faiblesse de sa population. Nombreux furent les auteurs qui s’essayèrent dans l’élaboration d’une définition précise et qui échouèrent tant les critères démographiques et de superficies peuvent s’apprécier différemment. Pour cette présente étude seront pris comme critères, les États européens de moins de 500 km2 avec une population de moins de 100.000 habitants. La question qui se pose dès lors, laquelle n'a jamais fait l'objet d'une thèse de doctorat sur ce sujet, est celle de savoir : dans quelle mesure les micro-États européens sont ils arrivés à résister à une évolution historique européenne qui a amené de grosses entités étatiques à disparaître ?
« If the Valleys of Andorre enjoy certain privileges, franchises and a judicial system different from that of France, they are neither a state nor a person of international law ». The reading of this decision by Cour de Cassation, January 6th, 1971, shows the many challenges faced by micro-states in claiming their sovereignty and their legal status. Europe is considered to be the oldest continent in the world because of its history. Designed over the centuries, after wars and monarchical alliances, it gathers many people who have both a common heritage and many cultural differences. Fragmented during many centuries into various estates and other entities with official status. At the end of the nineteenth century, Europe was modified. The estates of feudal period disappered and gave birth to large groups which became the states today. The State in international law has a sovereign status, that makes it different from the other public international entities. Moreover, the states has an internal sovereignty that makes it be the autority over its territory and an international soverignty that subordinates any authority from other states. The sovereignty confers legal personality that allows it to be recognized as a matter of right in itself, separate from the people who compose it and benefiting from international legal capacity and heritage. The micro-state has the same characteristics as a state but it has a small territory and low population. There were many writers who tried to give a precise definition of micro-states but they failed because of the different number of the populations and the different areas. For this research work, we will take into account the European states which have less than 500 km2 with a population under 100.000. The question which has never been the matter of doctoral thesis is that : « micro-states, micro-sovereign states ? Are constitutional and institutional garantees developed on national and international stages by micro-states sufficient to ensure their sovereignty, independence and integrity ? How do the european micro-states resist to the european historical developement which led the large states entities to disappear ? » If the protection of large states was necessary for their construction, micro-states had to defend their full sovereignty. In order to assert their existence in a world of globalization, they are guaranteed a sovereignty reinforced by the constitutionalism which is not recognized by the other states. But this was compensated by international agreements and international organisations

La participation étrangère dans de nombreux secteurs clés continuant de croitre , le gouvernement chinois a pris conscience du potentiel de la protection des droits de propriété intellectuelle. Les innovations sont un des éléments clés pour le développement durable des économies et nécessitent une protection adaptée. Cependant , les opérations sur la technologie sont soumises à un cadre juridique complexe qui peut varier d'un droit étranger de façon importante. Ainsi , cette étude , à travers l' analyse du régime de la technologie , a pour objectif d' exposer les difficultés mais également les opportunités offertes par le droit chinois à l' investisseur étranger. L' élaboration de dispositions proches des standards internationaux ne doit pas masquer les spécificités propres d' une législation au service du développement économique. Il s' agira d'aborder les différents moyens de protection, que ce soit par le brevet ou le secret d' affaire; mais également les opérations de droit des sociétés , les contrats sur la technologie et les incitations fiscales relatives aux activités d'innovation sur le territoire de l' Empire du Milieu. On envisagera ces thèmes tout en appréhendant les considérations pratiques inhérentes aux opérations d' affaires en Chine, tant pour les techniques de protection que pour les moyens en défense de des droits sur la technologie
As foreign participation in many key sectors continues to grow, the Chinese government has become more and more aware of the potential of intellectual property rights' protection in China. Innovation is one of the key elements for the sustainable development of economies. The legislation regarding technology is very complex, thus foreign law practitioners must understand it thoroughly, if they want to avoid pitfalls. Given that applicable Chinese laws can differ from foreign law in important ways, technology legislation in China is fraught with traps for the unwary.Thus, this study aims at highlighting , through the analysis of the technology law system ,the difficulties but also the opportunities offered by Chinese law to a foreign investor.The drafting of provisions in line with international standards should not undermine the specificities of provisions designed for economic development. These analyses will address the various means of protection, either by patent or trade secret ; but also the operations of corporate law , technology contract and tax incentives on innovation activities in China. These issues will be tackled while also looking at practical aspects that are inherent to business operations in terms of both protection techniques and means of enforcing technology rights

La notion de péréquation financière n’est pas une notion propre au droit des collectivités territoriales. De manière générale, elle renvoie à une technique de répartition financière. Seulement, appliquée à un droit spécifique et à des sujets particuliers, il convient de définir précisément cette notion et d’identifier les implications de l’application d’une telle technique dans un Etat unitaire décentralisé. La péréquation financière entre les collectivités territoriales est une redistribution des ressources destinée à doter chaque collectivité territoriale de la capacité de s’administrer librement. Cette définition ne correspond pourtant pas à la mise en œuvre de la péréquation financière aujourd’hui. Du fait de son extrême complexité et du flou qui entoure sa définition constitutionnelle, l’esprit de la péréquation financière semble s’être dévoyé au risque de faire de cet outil l’instrument de la recentralisation de l’Etat
The concept of financial equalization is not a concept specific to the law of local authorities. In general, it refers to a technique of financial distribution. However, when applied to a specific law and to particular subjects, it is necessary to precisely define this notion and to identify the implications of the application of such a technique in a decentralized unitary state. Financial equalization between local authorities is a redistribution of resources intended to endow each local authority with the capacity to administer itself freely. This definition, however, does not correspond to the implementation of financial equalization today. Due to its extreme complexity and the vagueness surrounding its constitutional definition, the spirit of financial equalization seems to have gone astray at the risk of making this tool the instrument of the recentralization of the state

La tendance contemporaine vers plus de transparence dans la vie des affaires illustre une désaffection générale pour toute forme de confidentialité. Toutefois, cette dernière bénéficie de traductions juridiques dont les sources lui confèrent une indéniable légitimité. Cette observation doit amener à reconnaître l'existence d'un "principe de confidentialité". La rencontre des normes sur la prévention de la criminalité financière avec le principe de confidentialité est source d'insécurité juridique, non seulement pour les professionnels assujettis aux obligations de lutte anti-blanchiment et contre le financement du terrorisme, mais également pour tous les individus dont les données son traitées dans ce cadre. Ces deux blocs de normes aux logiques contradictoires tendant pourtant vers des objectifs communs : le respect des droits fondamentaux. Néanmoins, les excès liés à l'utilisation potentiellement illicite des outils juridiques offerts par l'un, et les défauts des dispositions constituant l'autre, font obstacle à l'application efficace et mesurée du droit. Cette étude se propose d'analyser ces principes antagonistes pour mieux envisager leur équilibre latent au moyen de solutions préservant leurs intérêts propres et concourant à l'amélioration de la sécurité juridique. Dans cette optique, l'exercice de droit comparé permet de parfaire l'interprétation des obligations de vigilance tout en plaidant la réhabilitation du principe de confidentialité. Il témoigne de l'émergence d'un véritable "droit du blanchiment", et en particulier de son volet préventif qui occupe désormais une place prépondérante dans le domaine de la régulation bancaire et financière
The recent trend towards transaprency in business highlights a more global disenchantment with the concept of secrecy. The concept of secrecy benefits from various legal expressions whose origins give it as undisputable legitimacy. This observation leads us to recognise the existence of a "Principle of confidentiality". The clash betxeen the rules of Financial Crime prevention and this principle of confidentiality is causing legal uncertainty not only for professional subject to Anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing regulations but also gor persons whose data is being processed. These two sets of conflicting rules nevertheless share a common goal, namely to ensure respect for fundamental rights. Notwithstanding this, both the risk of abuse of legal instruments offered by one set for illegitimate purposes and the shortcomings attached to the other set potentially hinder the efficient and reasonable use of Law. This study aims at analysing antagonistic principles to reach a certain balance by applying solutions which preserve their respective interests and contribute to legal certainty. In this regard, the comparative law analysis helps better interpret customer due diligence measures whilst rehabilitating the arguments in favour of the principle of confidentiality. This shows the development of e genuine AML/CFT Law and in particular its preventive aspects that form a major part of the Banking and Financial Regulations

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Taxation and Human Rights are interconnected institutes. The federated beings, when exercising that power, must be guided by Human Rights. The State, which is responsible for safeguarding and promoting them, uses tax revenues to effective them to do so. Sometimes when exercising his empire power it ends up restricting certain rights such as the right to intimacy and to privacy as provided in sections X and XII of art. 5 of the Federal Constitution of 1988. When involving cases related to bank secrecy, which although are not included explicitly in the list of fundamental rights, were recognized by the Supreme Court as a fundamental right and to occur its relativisation it is necessary the authorization of the Judiciary (understanding of the Supreme Court). However the Complementary Law No. 105/2001, in its Articles 5 and 6, brought the prediction of the Tax Administration which has access to taxpayers??? data banking, provided that there is administrative process instituted or tax proceeding in progress, prescription which has turned into a target of some Direct actions of Unconstitutionalities (ADI's), which are open to trial until the present time. We understand that there are no reasons for the Guardian of the Federal Constitution to declare the unconstitutionality of the referred law, given that there isn???t jurisdiction reservation consignment in sections X and XII of art. 5 of the Magna Carta, so that at first the participation of the judiciary would not be mandatory, but the last to be checked in each case, a failure to follow legal requirements or possible abuse of power by of the IRS agents. The right to bank secrecy should not be opposed to the tax authorities, given that the information obtained will be safeguarded by the functional duty, and any abuse will be punished with the rigors of the law. The access to taxpayers??? banking data and the exchange of international information in tax matters have become a very important tool for Tax Administration nowadays. In today's international arena for exchanging information, the Federative Republic of Brazil signed up with the United States an Intergovernmental Agreement for implementing a set of North American standards, known as Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act - FATCA - which amended the Court Code of this country, predicting that financial institutions should send automatically banking information of American account holders to the tax authorities of the country like Brazil has incorporated this Agreement in Brazilian law, it will be left to the Constitution Guardian to determine the subject once it has prevailed in this Court that bank secrecy, except in cases permitted constitutionally, can only be qualified by court order.
Tributa????o e Direitos Humanos s??o institutos interligados. Os entes federados ao exercerem a compet??ncia tribut??ria devem ser norteados pelos Direitos Humanos. O Estado, sendo respons??vel pela tutela e promo????o de tais, utiliza-se da arrecada????o tribut??ria para efetiv??-los, para tanto, ??s vezes ao exercer seu poder de imp??rio acaba por ter que restringir alguns direitos, como ?? o caso do direito ?? intimidade e ?? vida privada, previsto nos incisos X e XII, do art. 5??, da Constitui????o Federal de 1988, quando envolvem casos relacionados com o sigilo banc??rio, que apesar de n??o est?? inclu??do de forma expressa no rol dos direitos fundamentais, foi reconhecido pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal como direito fundamental e, para que ocorra sua relativiza????o, prescinde de autoriza????o do Poder Judici??rio (entendimento do STF). Por??m, a Lei Complementar n?? 105/2001, em seus artigos 5?? e 6??, trouxe a previs??o da Administra????o Tribut??ria tem acesso a dados banc??rios dos contribuintes, desde que exista processo administrativo instaurado ou procedimento fiscal em curso, prescri????o esta que virou alvo de algumas A????es Diretas de Inconstitucionalidades (ADI??s), que encontram-se pendentes de julgamento at?? o presente momento. Entendemos que n??o h?? motivos, para o Guardi??o da Constitui????o Federal, declarar a inconstitucionalidade de referida Lei, tendo em vista que n??o existe nos incisos X e XII, do art. 5??, da Carta Magna, consigna????o de reserva de jurisdi????o, de modo que no primeiro momento, n??o seria obrigat??rio a participa????o do Poder Judici??rio, mas a ??ltima em se verificando, em cada caso concreto, inobserv??ncia dos preceitos legais ou eventuais abuso de poder por parte dos agentes do Fisco. O direito ao sigilo banc??rio, n??o deve ser oposto ?? Administra????o Tribut??ria, tendo em vista que ??s informa????es obtidas, estar??o resguardadas pelo dever funcional, e eventuais abusos, ser??o punidos com os rigores da lei. O acesso aos dados banc??rios dos contribuintes e a troca de informa????es internacionais em mat??ria tribut??rias, tem se tornado, nos dias atuais, uma ferramenta de suma import??ncia ?? Administra????o Tribut??ria. Diante do atual cen??rio internacional de troca de informa????es, a Rep??blica Federativa do Brasil celebrou com os Estados Unidos um Acordo Intergovernamental, para implementar um conjunto de normas norte-americana, conhecida Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act ??? FATCA - que alterou o C??digo Tribunal deste pa??s, prevendo que ??s institui????es financeiras devem encaminhar de forma autom??tica informa????es banc??rias dos correntistas norte-americanos ?? Administra????o Tribut??ria do pa??s, como o Brasil incorporou tal Acordo no direito brasileiro, restar?? ao Guardi??o da Constitui????o se manifestar acerca do assunto, uma vez que, tem prevalecido neste Tribunal, que o sigilo banc??rio, ressalvados os casos permitidos constitucionalmente, apenas pode ser relativizado mediante ordem judicial.

Tax evasion and fraud threaten the economic and social objectives of modern tax systems, precluding the state funding for the satisfaction of collective needs and the fair distribution of wealth, being a violation of basic principles and values of our society. In tax law, to give tax administration the necessary powers to supervise and control the information provided by taxpayers and combat tax evasion and fraud, over the last years the grounds for a derogation of bank secrecy without judicial authorization have been extended, which raises some constitutional compatibility issues. Similarly, this tendency of making this legal regime more flexible and increasing automatic exchange of information has been followed by the European Union and the international community. Banking secrecy, as a professional secrecy, is an instrument to protect the right to privacy but also appears as an anti-abuse and repressive mechanism of evasive and fraudulent behaviors. Because of the conflict of interests will always be necessary to make a practical agreement between them, ensuring the legality and the due guarantees of the taxpayers but also an effective way to combat tax evasion and fraud. Bank secrecy cannot be one method to, behind the right to privacy, taxpayers practice illegal activities. But the practice of these irregular conducts also does not justify a total annihilation of the right to banking secrecy, uncovering all documents and bank information’s. Although considering the legislative changes, the administrative derogation of bank secrecy will always be what the tax administration does of it.
A evasão e fraude fiscais atentam contra os fins económicos e sociais dos sistemas fiscais modernos, impedindo o financiamento do Estado para satisfação das necessidades coletivas e uma justa repartição da riqueza, afigurando-se como um atentado aos princípios e valores basilares da nossa sociedade. No âmbito tributário, para que a administração fiscal detenha os poderes necessários para controlar e fiscalizar as informações fornecidas pelos contribuintes e combater a evasão e fraude fiscais, ao longo dos últimos anos têm sido alargados os motivos que justificam uma derrogação do sigilo bancário sem autorização judicial, o que levanta alguns problemas de compatibilidade constitucional. Similarmente, esta tendência de flexibilização deste regime e o incremento da troca automática de informações tem sido seguida pela União Europeia e pela comunidade internacional. O sigilo bancário, enquanto segredo profissional, para além de instrumento de proteção do direito à reserva da intimidade da vida privada surge também como um mecanismo antiabuso e de repressão dos comportamentos evasivos e fraudulentos. Em virtude deste confronto de interesses será sempre necessário fazer uma concordância prática entre eles, zelar pela legalidade e pelas devidas garantias do contribuinte mas simultaneamente por uma forma eficaz de combater a evasão e fraude fiscais. O sigilo bancário não pode ser um meio para que, ao abrigo do direito à intimidade, os contribuintes pratiquem atividades ilícitas. Mas também não se justificará que a prática destes comportamentos ilícitos legitimem uma aniquilação total do direito ao sigilo bancário, deixando a descoberto todo e qualquer documento ou informação bancária. Embora pesando as alterações legislativas efetuadas, o levantamento administrativo do sigilo bancário será sempre aquilo que a administração fiscal fizer dele.

Relatório de Estágio do Mestrado em Administração Público-Privada apresentado à Faculdade de Direito
O relatório de estágio assenta, maioritariamente, no dever de confidencialidade, ainda que tenha um capítulo sobre União Bancária. As relações entre a administração pública e contribuinte têm cada vez mais impacto na sociedade, por isso, torna-se imperioso aplicar novos mecanismo de proteção, de modo a favorecer, tanto o contribuinte como a Administração Tributária. Em contexto de prestação tributária, os contribuintes estão obrigados a cumprir elementos de gestão fiscal, e ficam sujeitos a facultar, à AT, dados e informações que serão relevantes para procedimentos fiscais. O sigilo fiscal garante um laço de confiança entre a AT e o contribuinte, pois impede que haja transmissão de dados, que não tenham um propósito, a terceiros. Deste modo, os dados pessoais sobre a vida íntima e privada, encontram-se sob proteção, ao abrigo do direito fundamental à reserva da vida privada. Com o reforço da Lei Geral Tributária, o dever de confidencialidade coadjuvado por várias legislações. A legislação trouxe pequenos momentos em que é possível restringir o dever de confidencialidade, com base legal. A crise financeira de 2007/2008 que devastou a economia americana, estendeu-se para a Europa. Para evitar um efeito contágio, a evolução da dívida soberana e a evolução da dívida bancária, e as preocupações com as carteiras de obrigações soberanas, é necessária uma supervisão para a harmonização e impedir que os mercados financeiros se fragmentem. A União Bancária surge como resposta e assenta em três pilares, o Mecanismo Único de Supervisão, o Mecanismo Único de Resolução e o Sistema Europeu de Garantia de Depósitos. Tomando, o BCE, as competências de supervisão, assegura as práticas de supervisão bancária na zona euro e fortalece o sistema financeiro.
The internship report is mostly based on the duty of confidentiality, even though it has a chapter on Banking Union. The relationship between the public administration and the taxpayer has an increasing impact on society, therefore, it is imperative to apply new protection mechanisms, to support both the taxpayer and the Tax Administration. In the context of tax provision, taxpayers are obliged to comply with tax management elements, and are subject to providing the Tax Authority with data and information that will be relevant for tax procedures. Fiscal secrecy guarantees a bond of trust between the AT and the taxpayer, as it prevents the transmission of data, which has no purpose, to third parties. In this way, personal data on private and intimate life are under protection, under the fundamental right to reserve private life. With the strengthening of the General Tax Law, the duty of confidentiality was assisted by several laws. The legislation brought small moments when it is possible to restrict the duty of confidentiality, with a legal basis. The 2007/2008 financial crisis that devastated the American economy, extended to Europe. To avoid a contagion effect, the evolution of sovereign debt and the evolution of bank debt, and concerns about sovereign bond portfolios, supervision for harmonization is necessary and to prevent financial markets from fragmenting. The Banking Union emerges as an answer and is based on three pillars, the Single Supervisory Mechanism, the Single Resolution Mechanism, and the European Deposit Guarantee System. Taking the ECB's supervisory powers, it ensures banking supervisory practices in the euro area and strengthens the financial system.

O presente estudo tem como objeto a derrogação do sigilo bancário pela administração fiscal, no exercício das suas funções de fiscalização. A derrogação do sigilo bancário pela administração tributária, ao mesmo tempo que visa o combate à fraude e evasão fiscais e assegura os interesses públicos de arrecadação e cobrança de receita, coloca em causa valores constitucionalmente protegidos, como é o caso do direito à reserva da intimidade da vida privada e familiar. Ao longo do tempo, têm vindo a ser alargados os poderes conferidos à administração para aceder a informações e documentos bancários dos contribuintes, originando um vasto leque de alterações legislativas, e dando lugar ao modelo derrogação que temos hoje em dia, em que o acesso da administração tributária a informações e dados bancários do contribuinte pode ser efetuada por mera decisão administrativa, isto é, sem necessidade de autorização judicial e sem necessidade do consentimento do titular da conta. Estas alterações legislativas são, em grande parte, influenciadas pela tendência internacional e europeia de criação de mecanismos de tax transparency, visando combater a fraude e evasão fiscais. Deste modo, há que fazer uma ponderação dos interesses e princípios constitucionais subjacentes ao sigilo bancário, bem como dos que estão na base da sua derrogação e ainda da necessidade imposta a nível internacional de haver uma cooperação entre os vários países, e tentar compreender se o modelo atual de derrogação é o mais adequado a compatibilizar todos estes interesses.
This study aims to analyse the derogation of bank secrecy by Tax Authorities, when in the performance of supervision duties. The derogation of bank secrecy by Tax Authorities, while seeking to combat fraud and tax evasion and ensuring public interests of tax collection, imposes concerns to principles constitutionally protected, namely those related to the taxpayer’s private life. In the recent past, Tax Authorities’ power has been increasing in order to access taxpayers personal and financial data, as a result of legislative evolution. The evolution gave origin to the present derogation model, in which the Tax Authority can have access to those data by mere administrative decision, or in other words, without the need for judicial authorization and without the taxpayer’s consent. These legislative changes are mostly influenced by the international and European tendency in favour of tax transparency mechanisms in order to fight fiscal fraud and tax evasions. Thus, there is a need to establish an adequate balance between constitutional principles that protect fundamental private interests of individuals and bank secrecy and those that constitute the main reasons for its derogation and finally the need, internationally imposed, to promote cooperation between countries in order to find out whether the contemporary model of derogation is the most suitable to match all those interests.

A presente dissertação versa sobre a importância da mais recente alteração à Diretiva de Troca de Informações. Em concreto, uma análise aturada às mudanças que a Diretiva (UE) 2018/822, do Conselho, de 25 de maio de 2018 aporta relativamente à anterior e quais os efeitos e implicações da sua transposição no sistema fiscal português. Ao longo desta escrita serão também abordados alguns dos motivos que deram origem à referida Diretiva. Surgindo a mesma como um meio de combate à fraude e evasão fiscal importará atentar ao contexto do planeamento fiscal agressivo, com expressa menção à Ação 12 do BEPS e ainda refletir no objetivo da transparência que informa todos os meios de combate à fraude e evasão fiscal. Será analisado o alcance da lei portuguesa face à Diretiva, superior ao visado por esta última, impondo uma mudança de paradigma no dever de sigilo profissional e alargando as regras da Diretiva às operações internas. Será feita uma reflexão sobre os benefícios e/ou prejuízos que seja previsível retirar da opção do legislador nacional, e analisar-se-ão as exigências que passarão a ser impostas a todos os contribuintes e à Administração Tributária. A dissertação prosseguirá com uma previsão pessoal acerca do resultado das novas imposições resultantes da mesma transposição e da forma como o novo paradigma poderá ser qualificado em termos dos novos procedimentos exigíveis. Depois de uma breve referência à forma como a mesma Diretiva foi transposta em outros Estados-Membros, extrair-se-ão as respetivas conclusões.
This dissertation focuses on the importance of the most recent amendment to the Directive of Administrative Cooperation. In particular, a thorough analysis of the changes that the Council Directive (EU) 2018/822, of May 25 2018, brings regards to the previous one and what are the effects and implications of its transposition in the portuguese tax system. Throughout this writing, some of the reasons that gave rise to the aforementioned Directive will also be addressed. Since it appears as a means to combat tax evasion and avoidance, it is important to pay attention to the context of aggressive tax planning, with express mention to BEPS Action 12 and also reflect on the objective of transparency that informs all means of combating tax evasion and avoidance. The scope of the Portuguese law in relation to the Directive will be analyzed, which is higher than that intended by the latter, imposing a paradigm shift in the professional secrecy and extending the rules of the Directive to internal operations. A reflection will be made on the benefits and/or damages that can be expected from the national legislator's option, and the requirements that will now be imposed on all taxpayers and on the Tax Administration will also be reviewed. The dissertation will continue with a personal forecast about the result of the new impositions resulting from the same transposition and how the new paradigm may be qualified in terms of the new required procedures. After a brief reference to how the same Directive has been transposed in other Member States, the respective conclusions will be drawn.

La taxation a toujours été un enjeu d’envergure pour notre société. Dès le début du XVIII siècle, les institutions religieuses se réclamaient d’une exemption de taxes en contrepartie des nombreux services sociaux qu’elles rendaient. Basée sur des principes d’équité, l’imposition d’une taxe permet de défrayer les dépenses communes de notre société. Introduite localement autour des années 1876, la fiscalité municipale a toujours reconnu que les biens de l’État ne pouvaient être l’objet d’une quelconque taxation puisque bénéficiant à tous. De la même manière, les biens des institutions religieuses ont également eu le même privilège depuis le début de l’imposition de la taxe ou presque. Cet historique n’est pas sans explication! En effet, nos Églises participaient activement au développement de la société par le biais de services tant sociaux (aide aux plus démunis, santé, registre de l’état civil, etc.) qu’éducationnels (écoles, enseignements religieux…). Qu’en est-il aujourd’hui? Est-il toujours pertinent de maintenir ces exemptions alors que l’État a pris en main l’éducation, la santé, etc. Alors que les églises catholiques sont cédées, une à une, aux municipalités faute de financement et de disciples, que notre gouvernement québécois tend vers une neutralité pour faire place à un pluralisme religieux grandissant, que nos municipalités cherchent de nouvelles sources de financement, pourquoi conserver ce régime d’exemptions qui semble aller à l’encontre de toutes les tendances de la société? C’est précisément ce que nous étudierons dans ce mémoire. En résumé, l’objet de ce mémoire est d’identifier l’origine de ces exemptions de taxes foncières municipales et d’analyser de manière objective l’évolution juridique de celles-ci. Le tout, pour comprendre les motifs qui soutiennent leur maintien, encore aujourd’hui, dans le but de déterminer leur pertinence ou non lors d’une nouvelle législation. Ainsi, la première partie met donc en contexte l’exemption foncière pour les institutions religieuses au Québec. Elle traite d’abord de la relation entre l’État et la religion, puis présente les principaux impacts fiscaux du régime d’exemption de taxes foncières sur les municipalités. La seconde partie, quant à elle, établit le cadre juridique entourant ce régime. Elle aborde le régime fiscal applicable aux exemptions de taxes foncières, en s’attardant principalement aux articles relatifs aux institutions religieuses et aux presbytères. Ensuite, elle présente des motifs au soutien du maintien ou non du régime d’exemption. Et puis, la troisième partie propose des pistes de solution pour faire évoluer juridiquement ces exemptions dans le respect des attentes de notre société québécoise. Pour finalement, conclure sur une unique destinée de celles-ci.
Taxation has always been a major issue for our society. By the early eighteenth century, religious institutions claimed a tax exemption in exchange for the many social services they rendered. Based on principles of equity, the imposition of a tax makes it possible to defray the common expenses of our society. Introduced locally in the 1876, municipal taxation has always recognized that state property could not be the subject of any taxation since benefiting all. In the same way, the property of religious institutions has also had the same privilege since the beginning of the imposition of the tax or almost. This history is not without explanation! Indeed, our churches were actively involved in the development of society through both social services (assistance to the poor, health, registry of civil status, etc.) and educational (schools, religious teachings ...). What about today? Is it still relevant to maintain these exemptions while the state has taken over education, health, etc.? While Catholic churches are handed over one by one to municipalities for lack of funding and disciples, that our Quebec government is moving towards neutrality to make room for growing religious pluralism, that our municipalities are looking for new sources of funding, why keep this system of exemptions that seems to go against all trends in society? This is precisely what we will study in this memoir. In summary, the purpose of this brief is to identify the source of these exemptions from municipal property taxes and to analyze objectively their legal evolution. All, to understand the reasons that support their maintenance, even today, in order to determine their relevance or not in a new legislation. Thus, the first part puts into context the land exemption for religious institutions in Quebec. It first covers the relationship between the state and religion, then presents the main tax impacts of the property tax exemption system on municipalities. The second part establishes the legal framework surrounding this scheme. It discusses the tax regime applicable to property tax exemptions, focusing mainly on articles relating to religious institutions and presbyteries. Then, it presents reasons in support of whether or not to maintain the exemption scheme. And then, the third part proposes possible solutions to legally evolve these exemptions in accordance with the expectations of our Quebec society. Finally, to conclude on a unique destiny of these.