Книги з теми "Secret fiscal"

The British state in the long eighteenth century created an effective fiscal–military state based on an efficient tax system that allowed borrowing without the default that afflicted France. The result was success in wars with France and the expansion of the empire. After the victory at Waterloo in 1815, consent was lost as a result of the high level of debt service which fell on producers within an unreformed political system. This chapter explains how consent was re-established by the use of a political language of neutrality and equity between classes, and by the design of parliamentary and administrative controls over spending. The fiscal state secured a high level of legitimacy and consent that prepared the ground for an expansion of public spending on welfare and warfare in the early twentieth century.

Abstract This book outlines the legal history of pignus and hypotheca in terms of an iterative relationship between transactional lawyers drafting legal transactions and jurists deploying their analytical skills in order to accommodate new transactional practices into the Roman legal system. It reconstructs the evolution of the Roman law of real security, well known through the legal sources (Justinian’s Digest and Code), while matching it with actual banking practices, in particular the secured lending transactions documented in the archive of the Sulpicii. In the late classical period the imperial chancery increasingly interfered with the law of real security in order to provide a considerable degree of protection to debtors. This aspect of legal evolution will not be ignored in this book. The largely but not completely spontaneous evolution of Roman law produced a law of secured transactions that was highly sophisticated and versatile, allowing non-possessory security, multiple charges, pledges of receivables, antichretic pledges, and even floating charges over a dynamic fund of assets. The complexity of the Roman law of real security indicates that pignus and fiducia did play a significant role in the Roman economy. It will be shown that this role was generally a positive one. Its main weaknesses were lack of publicity and the presence of fiscal charges but even these weaknesses did not undermine the effectiveness of secured transactions.

Just a few years ago, Greece appeared to be a politically secure nation with a healthy economy. Today, Greece can be found at the center of the economic maelstrom in Europe. Beginning in late 2008, the Greek economy entered a nosedive that would transform it into the European country with the most serious and intractable fiscal problems. Both the deficit and the unemployment rate skyrocketed. Quickly thereafter, Greece edged toward a pre-revolutionary condition, as massive anti-austerity protests punctuated by violence and vandalism spread throughout Greek cities. Greece was certainly not the only country hit hard by the recession, but nevertheless the entire world turned its focus toward it for a simple reason: the possibility of a Greek exit from the European Monetary Union, and its potential to unravel the entire Union, with other weaker members heading for the exits as well. The fate of Greece is inextricably tied up with the global politics surrounding austerity as well. Is austerity rough but necessary medicine, or is it an intellectually bankrupt approach to fiscal policy that causes ruin? Through it all, Greece has staggered from crisis to crisis, and the European central bank’s periodic attempts to prop up its economy fall short in the face of popular recalcitrance and negative economic growth. Though the catalysts for Greece’s current economic crises can be found in the conditions and events of the past few years, one can only understand the factors that helped to transform these crises into a terrible political and social catastrophe by tracing Greece’s development as an independent country over the past two centuries. In Greece: What Everyone Needs to Know, Stathis Kalyvas, an eminent scholar of conflict, Europe, and Greece, begins by elucidating the crisis’s impact on contemporary Greek society. He then shifts his focus to modern Greek history, tracing the nation’s development from the early nineteenth century to the present. Key episodes include the independence movement of the early nineteenth century, the aftermath of World War I (in which Turkey and Greece engaged in a massive mutual ethnic cleansing), the German occupation of World War II, the brutal civil war that followed, the postwar conflict with Turkey over Cyprus, the military coup of 1967, and-finally-democracy and entry into the European Union. The final part of the book will cover the recent crisis in detail. Written by one of the most brilliant political scientists in the academy, Greece is the go-to resource for understanding both the present turmoil and the deeper past that has brought the country to where it is now.

In 2012, Cambodia — an epicenter of violent land grabbing — announced a bold new initiative to develop land redistribution efforts inside agribusiness concessions. This book focuses on this land reform to understand the larger nature of democracy in Cambodia. The book contends that the national land-titling program, the so-called leopard skin land reform, was first and foremost a political campaign orchestrated by the world's longest-serving prime minister, Hun Sen. The reform aimed to secure the loyalty of rural voters, produce “modern” farmers, and wrest control over land distribution from local officials. Through ambiguous legal directives and unwritten rules guiding the allocation of land, the government fostered uncertainty and fear within local communities. The book gives pause both to celebratory claims that land reform will enable land tenure security, and to critical claims that land reform will enmesh rural people more tightly in state bureaucracies and create a fiscally legible landscape. Instead, the book argues that the extension of formal property rights strengthened the very patronage-based politics that Western development agencies hope to subvert.

Two SHAPE America Physical Education Administrators of the Year share what it takes to be an outstanding administrator in Organization and Administration of Physical Education: Theory and Practice. Jayne Greenberg and Judy LoBianco, veteran leaders in the field with decades of successful administration experience, head a sterling list of contributors who have taught at the elementary, middle school, high school, and college levels in urban, suburban, and rural settings. Together, these contributors expound on the roles and responsibilities of physical education administrators through both theoretical and practical lenses. The result is a book that will be highly useful to undergraduate students looking to enter the field, as well as a resource for administrators in physical education leadership positions who are looking to acquire new skills and innovative ideas in each of the five areas of responsibility covered in the book. Part I covers leadership, organization, and planning. It explores leadership and management styles and presents practical theories of motivation, development, and planning. It also looks at how to plan for the essential components of an effective, quality physical education program. In part II, readers examine various curriculum and instruction models and navigate through curriculum theory and mapping. This section also offers guidance on planning events, including special programs and fundraising projects, and how to build a team and secure community connections for those special events. Part III helps administrators plan and design new school sites or renovate existing ones, and it presents contemporary concepts in universal design and sustainable environmental design. It also offers ideas on how to incorporate technology to meet the needs of 21st-century learners, including the use of social media and robotics in delivering instruction and communication. Part IV explores written, verbal, and electronic communication issues, as well as legal and human resource issues. Administrators learn how to lobby and advocate for physical education, how the legal system affects schools, and how to examine personnel issues, bullying, and harassment. Part V explains the fiscal responsibilities inherent in administrative positions, including budgeting, bidding, and purchasing. It also shows how administrators can secure funding independent of district or local funding, offering many examples of grants and fundraising opportunities with sample grant applications. Throughout the text, special features―Advice From the Field and Leadership in Action―share tips, nuggets of wisdom, and examples of administrators excelling in their various responsibilities. The book also comes with many practical examples of forms that are useful in carrying out responsibilities, and each chapter offers objectives, a list of key concepts, and review questions to facilitate the learning. In addition, the text has related online resources consisting of supportive materials and documents. Organization and Administration of Physical Education: Theory and Practice, published with SHAPE America, offers the solid foundational theory that administrators need and shows how to put that theory into daily practice.

Anyone concerned about finances―and that's just about everyone―will welcome this step-by-step guide to opening up about a difficult subject. It offers a strategy that can save money, improve relationships, and help people raise fiscally responsible children. Almost half of Americans say that the most difficult topic to discuss with loved ones is their personal finances, so much so that they would rather talk about death, politics, or religion. But what price do you pay for staying quiet? In her fifth book, Kathleen Burns Kingsbury, a wealth psychology expert with over twenty-five years of experience empowering women, couples, parents, families, and wealth advisors, provides you with the answer. This book equips you with the practical tools needed to navigate difficult conversations and future-proof your finances. Discover how to identify your thoughts and beliefs about wealth, and how doing so can help you talk more openly and honestly about money with loved ones. Acquire skills for engaging in effective dialogues with aging parents about healthcare costs, estate planning, and end-of-life issues. Learn tips for fighting fair financially with your partner, and for raising a financially literate next generation. Using Money Talk Challenges and real-life stories, Kingsbury coaches you (and your trusted advisor) to take action. You'll walk away with a roadmap for putting what you learn into practice. Breaking Money Silence is a catalyst for a money revolution leading to a more gender-savvy, financially secure, and financially literate world.

Atendiendo al trabajo colaborativo de la Red Interinstitucional -Derecho Procesal y Justicia- y al esfuerzo mancomunado de diferentes maestros que presentan los productos resultados de sus investigaciones, Instituciones de Educación Superior, y al Colegio de Jueces y Fiscales, se presenta para la discusión de la comunidad académica y científica, el libro resultado de investigación titulado Luces y sombras de la constitucionalización en la justicia, socializado en el V Seminario Internacional sobre el Proceso y la Justicia, realizado en Medellín, Colombia, en Plaza Mayor. Se propuso el tema de la constitucionalización, por considerarlo de suma importancia en el derecho procesal y en el mundo jurídico en general, entendiendo que produce efectos directos, desde la juridización con el precedente constitucional, la producción de normas y las transformaciones de las sociedades. Se encontrarán temas de discusión necesarios para la actualidad en la formación jurídica e interdisciplinar de los futuros abogados del país, y para el debate en el mundo operativo del derecho. Entre otros asuntos, se analizan y se presentan reflexiones sobre el reconocimiento de los límites sociológicos, se cuestiona sobre quiénes son los verdaderos formalistas en la teoría de la decisión judicial, quién debe defender 10 la Constitución desde el punto de vista de Schmitt y Kelsen, se habla sobre la tutela colectiva de derechos en las nuevas tendencias procesales, se presentan reflexiones sobre el acceso a la información ambiental y el secreto empresarial, pasando por la promoción del derecho a la convivencia pacífica, la minería en Colombia, el sacrificio de la tutela judicial efectiva, el derecho privado y la sanción penal, la seguridad social y su fundamentalidad, la violación de los derechos humanos en Argentina en las décadas de los 70 y 80 y el abordaje jurídico en la salida democrática, la decisión judicial desde los derechos fundamentales, el análisis sobre la propiedad privada como derecho sin límite, para terminar con las reflexiones frente a la conciliación en la propiedad intelectual desde la constitucionalización en Colombia. Es posiblemente temprano todavía en Colombia para presentar en su totalidad los efectos de la constitucionalización del derecho, ya que se requiere promover su difusión e investigación, por lo tanto, desde la Red, se pretende abrir camino para que progresivamente se continúen los estudios sistemáticos y sistémicos frente a la importancia del tema planteado. Asimismo, se hace una resignificación de la Constitución como la norma de normas y la importancia de los principios y las reglas constitucionales, desde los productos resultados de investigación de cada uno de los autores, en donde se observa que queda atrás la doctrina de Montesquieu, referente a la constitución programática, en donde la norma constitucional debía contar con la ley, desconociendo que la Constitución tiene carácter normativo y más que ley, es considerada como la ley suprema. Se debe comprender que el proceso judicial actualmente, necesita estar humanizado, tal como lo plantea el profesor Devis Echandía, de forma tal que se procure la inmediación del juez con los justiciables, comprendiendo que se trata de actuaciones de personas que juzgan a otras personas, por lo que es tan importante tener en cuenta los derechos fundamentales, de acuerdo a los estudios de gran impacto en Latinoamérica y en el mundo de los profesores Michelle Taruffo y Domingo 11 García Belaúnde se tendría una real constitucionalización de la justicia. Por ello la academia, la investigación y los versados en el conocimiento disciplinar del derecho en Colombia, proponen difundir entre los fines esenciales del Estado–como lo establece la Constitución Política – el predominio de la convivencia pacífica, sin maltratos emocionales, jurídicos, legales o constitucionales, promoviendo la vigencia de un orden justo para todos. En manos de los diferentes operadores jurídicos, abogados defensores, jueces de la República, abogados de los consultorios jurídicos y centros de conciliación, entre otros, se encuentra el entender que las personas no solo entregan sus problemas jurídicos, legales o contractuales, sino que también entregan su confianza, su ser, una vida, un sentir, una vivencia y, por ende, una realidad o un conflicto social; y los operadores jurídicos no podemos ser inferiores a esa expectativa, porque ante todo se debe tener en cuenta lo humano, el ser holístico. La sociedad suplica jueces y operadores jurídicos que obren con sensibilidad y, en este sentido, se plantea la idea de promover, difundir, posicionar e investigar sobre la humanización con la constitucionalización de la justicia. Teniendo en cuenta todo lo anterior, se plantean los nuevos modelos procesales, precisamente en la constitucionalización del derecho procesal, humanizando el proceso judicial para cumplir la función social de interés público, entre otros, el lograr la armonía social, reconociendo ante todo al ser humano.