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Статті в журналах з теми "Secondary-emission cathode"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022

Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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1

Lee, Ha Rim, Da Woon Kim, Alfi Rodiansyah, Boklae Cho, Joonwon Lim, and Kyu Chang Park. "Investigation of the Effect of Structural Properties of a Vertically Standing CNT Cold Cathode on Electron Beam Brightness and Resolution of Secondary Electron Images." Nanomaterials 11, no. 8 (July 26, 2021): 1918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11081918.

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Carbon nanotube (CNT)-based cold cathodes are promising sources of field emission electrons for advanced electron devices, particularly for ultra-high-resolution imaging systems, due to their high brightness and low energy spread. While the electron field emission properties of single-tip CNT cathodes have been intensively studied in the last few decades, a systematic study of the influencing factors on the electron beam properties of CNT cold cathodes and the resolution of the secondary electron images has been overlooked in this field. Here, we have systematically investigated the effect of the structural properties of a CNT cold cathode on the electron beam properties and resolution of secondary electron microscope (SEM) images. The aspect ratio (geometric factor) and the diameter of the tip of a vertically standing CNT cold cathode significantly affect the electron beam properties, including the beam size and brightness, and consequently determine the resolution of the secondary electron images obtained by SEM systems equipped with a CNT cold cathode module. Theoretical simulation elucidated the dependence of the structural features of CNT cold cathodes and electron beam properties on the contribution of edge-emitted electrons to the total field emission current. Investigating the correlations between the structural properties of CNT cold cathodes, the properties of the emitted electron beams, and the resolution of the secondary electron images captured by SEM equipped with CNT cold cathode modules is highly important and informative as a basic model.

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2

Wang, Jinshu, Wei Liu, Zhiyuan Ren, Fan Yang, Yiman Wang, and Meiling Zhou. "Secondary electron emission of Y2O3–Mo cermet cathode." Materials Research Bulletin 45, no. 3 (March 2010): 324–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2009.12.004.

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3

Radwan, Samah I., H. El-Khabeary, and A. G. Helal. "Study of the secondary electron emission coefficient using disc and conical electrodes." Canadian Journal of Physics 94, no. 12 (December 2016): 1275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2016-0334.

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In this work, glow discharge is formed by similar disc and conical electrode shapes from aluminum material at constant anode–cathode gap distance equal to 10 cm. The breakdown voltage and discharge current against the pressure × distance are measured at different pressures. The secondary electron emission coefficient is calculated using Townsend’s secondary ionization coefficient equation. A comparison is made between the breakdown voltage, discharge current, and secondary electron emission coefficient using disc and conical anode–cathode electrodes. Hence with a product of pressure and distance equal to 6 Torr cm, the secondary electron emission coefficient value of conical shape is higher than for the disc shape.

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4

Boldasov, V. S., A. I. Kuz'michev, D. S. Fillipychev, and A. Yu Shabarov. "Nitrogen gas-discharge electron source with secondary-emission cathode." Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics 37, no. 4 (April 1994): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01046033.

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5

Li, H. Y., Jin Shu Wang, Mei Ling Zhou, and Xin De Bai. "New Style Thin Film Cathode Materials of Rare Earth Oxide Sintered by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS)." Key Engineering Materials 280-283 (February 2007): 553–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.280-283.553.

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The molybdenum powder doped with rare earth oxide was processed by powder metallurgy method and a new style thin film cathode material was firstly processed by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) method in this paper. The secondary emission property of such kind of cathode materials were studied, the maxim secondary emission coefficient after the material was activated at 1600°C reached to 3.84 about double that of traditional cathode materials application in magneto. The microstructure, element analysis and phase constitution of materials before and after the secondary emission property was measured were studied through SEM, EDAX and XRD. The results show that a rare earth layer about 5um thickness was created after the material was activated at 1600°C. The material grain size is about 1 um or even smaller and the distribution of elements in such materials is even.

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6

Suvorov, A. N., V. D. Naumenko, and V. A. Myand. "Selecting the Starter Cathode for the Pulsed Magnetron with a Cold Secondary-Emission Cathode." Telecommunications and Radio Engineering 59, no. 10-12 (2003): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/telecomradeng.v59.i1012.90.

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7

Yusop, Umira Asyikin, Hamimah Abdul Rahman, Suraya Irdina Abdullah, and Dedikarni Panuh. "Effect of Milling Process and Calcination Temperature on the Properties of BSCF-SDC Composite Cathode." Key Engineering Materials 791 (November 2018): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.791.74.

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The ionic conductivity, super conductivity, ferroelectricity, and magnetic resistance of barium strontium cobalt ferrite (BSCF) make it a good solid cathode material. This study aims to investigate the influence of milling process and calcination temperature on the behaviour of nanocomposite cathode BSCF–samarium-doped ceria (SDC). The BSCF–SDC composite powders were mixed using two milling processes, namely, wet milling and dry milling. The composite cathode powders were mixed through wet milling by high-energy ball milling at 550 rpm for 2 hours. For dry milling, the powders were milled at 150 rpm for 30 minutes. The powders then underwent calcination at 900 °C, 950 °C, 1050 °C, and 1150 °C for 2 hours. The composite cathodes were examined on the basis of phase and microstructure through field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. In conclusion, the selection of suitable milling process and calcination temperature is important in eliminating secondary phases in BSCF–SDC composite cathodes and in enhancing their properties.

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8

Li, Jing, Qiu Ting Yu, Yun Dong Cao, Xiao Ming Liu, and Chong Xu. "A Microscopic Study of Before-Arc Process in Metal Vapor Plasma's Proximal Cathode Region. Part II the Influence of Macroscopic Parameters on the Proximal Cathode Region." Applied Mechanics and Materials 325-326 (June 2013): 1343–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.325-326.1343.

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The moment of vacuum breaker contacts opening to arc creating process is an unbalanced gaseous breakdown process. This before-arc process is the foundation of studying arc process. The mechanism of the metal vapor arc is different from other gas medium and contains complex electrode process. The proximal cathode region is the important area for vacuum arc forming and it is affected by many factors. The influences of the different electrode separations, different secondary emission coefficient on electronic density, electronic temperature and electric potential, were analysed in this paper. The simulation results show that the change of electrode separations barely impacts the thickness of sheath and the decrease of electrode separations will lead to the decrease of electronic energy near the cathode sheath. The increase of secondary electron emission will increase charged particles energy, which is the important condition of forming cathode sheath.

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9

Qi Shikai, 漆世锴, 王小霞 Wang Xiaoxia, 罗积润 Luo Jirun, 赵世柯 Zhao Shike, 李云 Li Yun, and 赵青兰 Zhao Qinlan. "Secondary electron emission coefficient of metal doping W-base alloy cathode." High Power Laser and Particle Beams 26, no. 12 (2014): 123006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/hplpb20142612.123006.

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10

Avtomonov, N. I., D. M. Vavriv, and S. V. Sosnytsky. "Theoretical study of cold start of magnetrons with secondary emission cathode." Radioelectronics and Communications Systems 53, no. 1 (January 2010): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0735272710010012.

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11

Ordonez, C. A., and R. E. Peterkin. "Secondary electron emission at anode, cathode, and floating plasma‐facing surfaces." Journal of Applied Physics 79, no. 5 (March 1996): 2270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.361151.

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12

Kalinin, Yu A., and A. V. Starodubov. "Ultralow-voltage generator of chaotic microwave oscillations with secondary-emission cathode." Technical Physics Letters 37, no. 8 (August 2011): 760–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063785011080219.

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13

Volkolupov, Yu Ya, A. N. Dovbnya, V. V. Zakutin, M. A. Krasnogolovets, N. G. Reshetnyak, V. V. Mitrochenko, V. P. Romas’ko, and G. I. Churyumov. "Electron beam generation in a magnetron diode with metal secondary-emission cathode." Technical Physics 46, no. 2 (February 2001): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1349282.

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14

Duli, Mao, Yang Lingyun, and Wang Shushen. "An investigation on secondary emission properties of impregnated barium scandate dispenser cathode." Journal of Electronics (China) 6, no. 4 (October 1989): 350–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02778919.

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15

Yao, Xiaomei, Nan Jiang, Bangfa Peng, Yun Xia, Na Lu, Kefeng Shang, Jie Li, and Yan Wu. "DC discharge with high secondary electron emission oxide cathode: Effects of gas pressure and oxide cathode structure." Vacuum 166 (August 2019): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2019.04.035.

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16

Li, Peng, Sheng Xiang Bao, De Zheng Zhang, Li Bo Zhuang, and Li Li Ma. "Application of Secondary Electron Composition Contrast Imaging Method in Microstructure Studies on Cathode Materials of TWT." Materials Science Forum 689 (June 2011): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.689.255.

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Анотація:

The study of the secondary electron composition contrast imaging method have been developed with a conventional scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with ultra-thin window energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). On the basis of the study of the principle of secondary electron emission, secondary electron composition contrast imaging method has been investigated, and the ranges of its application were also discussed. This method was applied in the microstructure studies on cathode materials of TWT (traveling wave tube). The results showed that, compared with backscattered electron image, the secondary electron image could also reveal composition contrast well in certain conditions. Furthermore, the resolution of secondary electron composition contrast image is higher. In some cases, the secondary electron image could distinguish impurities which might bring wrong results. In the microstructure studies on cathode materials of TWT, compared with backscattered electron image, secondary electron composition contrast imaging method is reasonable and practicable.

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17

Liu, Wei, Jin Shu Wang, Fei Gao, Na Li, Hong Yi Li, Mei Ling Zhou, and Tie Yong Zuo. "Study on the RE₂O₃-Mo Secondary Electron Emitters." Solid State Phenomena 147-149 (January 2009): 845–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.147-149.845.

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A systematic investigation of the fabrication process, microstructure and treatment technology of the Rare earth oxide doped Mo cermet (REO-Mo in brief) on the secondary electron emission (SEE) mainly has been performed. The REO-Mo samples were fabricated by liquid-liquid, Liquid-Solid and Liquid-Liquid doping method and subsequently by the Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) techniques. It was found that the uniform mixing of REO with Mo would have considerable benefit for enhancement of SEE coefficient (δ). Annealing the cathode in hydrogen (called as the pre-activation treatment) could greatly improve the SEE performance by removing the absorbed water and oxygen at the cathode surface which might cause the oxidation of molybdenum during cathode high temperature operation. It is found that the activation temperature of REO-Mo cathode annealed in hydrogen could decrease to 1000oC, about 300oC lower than that of the cathode without pre-activation treatment, which is favorable for the practical application.

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18

Avtonomov, N. I., Dmitry M. Vavriv, and S. V. Sosnytskiy. "INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE MECHANISMS FOR "COLD" TRIGGERING OF SECONDARY ELECTRON-EMISSION CATHODE MAGNETRONS." Telecommunications and Radio Engineering 70, no. 3 (2011): 253–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/telecomradeng.v70.i3.50.

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19

Vavriv, D. M., V. D. Naumenko, and V. O. Markov. "Spatial-Harmonic Magnetrons with Cold Secondary-Emission Cathode: State-of-the-Art (Review)." Radioelectronics and Communications Systems 61, no. 7 (July 2018): 283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0735272718070014.

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20

Schunemann, K., S. V. Sosnytskiy, and D. M. Vavriv. "Self-consistent simulation of the spatial-harmonic magnetron with cold secondary-emission cathode." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 48, no. 5 (May 2001): 993–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/16.918248.

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21

Dovbnya, A. N., V. V. Zakutin, N. G. Reshetnyak, M. I. Ayzatsky, V. N. Boriskin, and N. A. Dovbnya. "Increasing accelerator electron beam current based on magnetron gun with secondary-emission cathode." Physics of Particles and Nuclei Letters 7, no. 7 (December 2010): 572–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1547477110070320.

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22

Desen, Chen, and Sun Xueming. "New method for measuring secondary electron emission of thermionic cathode and its application." Journal of Electronics (China) 7, no. 3 (July 1990): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02778430.

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23

Wang, Yan, Guang Yang, Qian Peng, and Pei Xiang Lu. "Excellent Electrochemical Performance and Thermal Stability of LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ Thin-Film Cathode Prepared by Pulsed Laser Deposition." Advanced Materials Research 853 (December 2013): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.853.83.

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Lithium secondary batteries using LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) films as a cathode material were prepared by pulsed laser deposition on stainless steel substrates. X-ray diffraction and Field-emission Scanning Electron Microscope results show that the film deposited at 750°C exhibits good crystallinity with well-defined grains structure. Galvanostatic charge/discharge measurement results revealed that the reversible capacity maintains 116.8mAhg-1 after 100 cycles at 0.5C. It also exhibits excellent rate capability, as the rates increase to 5 and 10 C, about 95.4% and 92.3% of its initial capacity at 0.2C can be retained. In additional, thermal stability of the Al2O3 coated LNMO thin film cathodes were also explored. The high temperature cyclic performance of LNMO thin film electrode was significantly enhanced by the coating.

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24

Hong, Y. J., M. Yoon, G. J. Kim, F. Iza, and J. K. Lee. "Two-Dimensional Particle Simulations for Microhollow-Cathode Discharges: Comparison of Secondary Electron Emission Models." Journal of the Korean Physical Society 53, no. 9(6) (December 15, 2008): 3777–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3938/jkps.53.3777.

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25

Wang, Jinshu, Hongyi Li, Juan Liu, Yiman Wang, Meiling Zhou, Yujuan Gao, Siwu Tao, and Jiuxing Zhang. "A study of secondary electron emission properties of the molybdenum cathode doped with RE2O3." Applied Surface Science 215, no. 1-4 (June 2003): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-4332(03)00294-0.

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26

WANG, Jinshu, Wei LIU, Zhiyuan REN, Fan YANG, Fei GAO, and Meiling ZHOU. "Enhancement of secondary emission property of molybdenum cathode co-doped with La2O3 and Y2O3." Journal of Rare Earths 27, no. 6 (December 2009): 975–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1002-0721(08)60373-7.

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27

Schweidler, Simon, Sören L. Dreyer, Ben Breitung, and Torsten Brezesinski. "Acoustic Emission Monitoring of High-Entropy Oxyfluoride Rock-Salt Cathodes during Battery Operation." Coatings 12, no. 3 (March 18, 2022): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12030402.

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High-entropy materials with tailorable properties are receiving increasing interest for energy applications. Among them, (disordered) rock-salt oxyfluorides hold promise as next-generation cathodes for use in secondary batteries. Here, we study the degradation behavior of a high-entropy oxyfluoride cathode material in lithium cells in situ via acoustic emission (AE) monitoring. The AE signals allow acoustic events to be correlated with different processes occurring during battery operation. The initial cycle proved to be the most acoustically active due to significant chemo-mechanical degradation and gas evolution, depending on the voltage window. Irrespective of the cutoff voltage on charge, the formation and propagation of cracks in the electrode was found to be the primary source of acoustic activity. Taken together, the findings help advance our understanding of the conditions that affect the cycling performance and provide a foundation for future investigations on the topic.

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28

Park, Junghum, Hojae Lee, Yonghyun Lim, Jisung Yoon, Miju Ku, and Young-Beom Kim. "Flash Light Sintered Lanthanum Strontium Cobalt Ferrite(LSCF) Electrode for High Performance IT-SOFCs." Ceramist 24, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 399–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.31613/ceramist.2021.24.4.07.

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The high temperature(900oC~) thermal sintering process is necessary to fabricate the Solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs). However, the chemical reaction has occurred between solid oxide material components, electrode and electrolyte. In the case of lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite (La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ, LSCF) electrode, the SrZrO3(SZO) secondary phase is produced at the electrolyte interface even when using the gadolinium doped ceria(GDC) buffer layer for blocking the strontium and zirconium diffusion. The SZO layer hinders the oxygen ion transfer and deteriorates fuel cell performance. By using a novel flash light sintering(FLS) method, we have successfully solved the problem of secondary phase formation in the conventional high temperature thermal sintering process. The microstructure and thickness of the LSCF electrode are analyzed using a field emission scanning electron microscope(FE-SEM). The strontium diffusion and secondary phase are confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectrometer method of SEM, TEM (SEM-, TEM-EDS). The NiO-YSZ anode supported LSCF cathode cells are adopted for electro chemical analysis which is measured at 750oC. The maximum power density of the thermal sintered LSCF cathode at 1050oC is 699.6mW/cm2, while that of the flash light sintered LSCF cathode is 711.6mW/cm2. This result proves that the electrode was successfully sintered without a secondary phase using flash light sintering.

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29

Park, Kyung Hyun, Min Soo Ko, and Yong Seog Kim. "Effect of Hydrogen on Electron Emission Characteristics of MgO for Plasma Display Panel." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 351–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.351.

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Characteristics of MgO layer deposited under hydrogen atmosphere were investigated. Hydrogen gas was introduced during e-beam evaporation coating process of MgO layer and its effects on microstructure, cathode luminescence spectra, discharge voltages and effective yield of secondary electron emission were examined. The results indicated that the hydrogen influences the concentration and energy levels of defects in MgO layer and that affects the luminance efficiency and discharge delays of the panels significantly.

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30

Bondarenko, G. G., M. R. Fisher, V. I. Kristya, and P. Żukowski. "Modeling of an Impact of Thin Insulating Film on the Electrode Surface on Discharge Ignition in Mercury Illuminating Lamps at Low Ambient Temperatures." Devices and Methods of Measurements 10, no. 1 (March 15, 2019): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2019-10-1-7-13.

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The mixture of argon and mercury vapor with temperature-dependent composition is used as the background gas in different types of gas discharge illuminating lamps. The aim of this work was to develop a model of the low-current discharge in an argon-mercury mixture at presence of a thin insulating film on the cathode and to investigate the influence of film on the discharge ignition voltage at low ambient temperatures. When discharge modeling, we used the obtained earlier expression which describes dependence of the mixture ionization coefficient on temperature. When there was a thin insulating film on the cathode the model took into account that positive charges are accumulated on its surface during the discharge. They generate an electric field in the film sufficient for the field emission of electrons from the metal substrate of the electrode into the insulator and some of them can overcome the potential barrier at the film outer boundary and go out in the discharge volume improving emission characteristics of the cathode.Calculations showed that at a temperature decrease the electric field strengthes in the discharge gap and the voltage in it are increased due to reduction of the saturated mercury vapor density in the mixture followed by the decrease of its ionization coefficient. Existence of a thin insulating film on the cathode surface results in an increase of the cathode effective secondary electron emission yield which compensates the reduction of the mixture ionization coefficient value.The results of discharge characteristics modeling demonstrate that in case of the cathode with an insulating film the discharge ignition becomes possible at a lower inter-electrode voltage. This ensures outdoor mercury lamp turning on at a reduced supply voltage and increases its reliability under low ambient temperatures.

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31

Pejović, MM, V. Lj Marković, G. S. Ristić, and SI Mekić. "Efficiency of copper and gold cathode in initiation of secondary emission in nitrogen-filled tube." Vacuum 48, no. 6 (June 1997): 531–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0042-207x(97)00029-8.

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32

Matsuda, Junji, Shinya Omori, Hideaki Nakane, and Hiroshi Adachi. "Measurement of ion induced secondary electron emission from electrode materials for cold cathode fluorescent lamps." JOURNAL OF THE ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF JAPAN 85, Appendix (2001): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2150/jieij1980.85.appendix_56.

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33

Nasr Esfahani, Nasrin, and Klaus Schunemann. "Particle-in-Cell Simulation of a Spatial-Harmonic Magnetron With a Cold Secondary Emission Cathode." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 40, no. 12 (December 2012): 3512–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2012.2222934.

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34

Lei, Wei, Xiaobing Zhang, Xuedong Zhou, Zuoya Zhu, Chaogang Lou, and Hongping Zhao. "Characteristics of a cold cathode electron source combined with secondary electron emission in a FED." Applied Surface Science 251, no. 1-4 (September 2005): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2005.03.201.

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35

Ayzatsky, N. I., A. N. Dovbnya, V. V. Zakutin, N. G. Reshetnyak, V. P. Romas'ko, Yu Ya Volkolupov, M. A. Krasnogolovets, and A. E. Tenishev. "Inquiry into the Processes of Electron Beam Generation in a Magnetron Gun with Secondary-Emission Cathode." Telecommunications and Radio Engineering 53, no. 4-5 (1999): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/telecomradeng.v53.i4-5.240.

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36

Soin, A. V. "Excitation of Oscillations in Magnetrons with Secondary-Emission Cathode by Means of an External Microwave Signal." Telecommunications and Radio Engineering 59, no. 10-12 (2003): 100–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/telecomradeng.v59.i1012.120.

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37

Suvorov, O. M., V. D. Naumenko, and S. V. Grytsayenko. "Processes upon the Surface of Details of Millimeter-Wave Band Magnetrons with Secondary Emission Platinum Cathode." Telecommunications and Radio Engineering 66, no. 16 (2007): 1489–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/telecomradeng.v66.i16.60.

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38

Volkolupov, Yu Ya, A. N. Dovbnya, V. V. Zakutin, M. A. Krasnogolovets, N. G. Reshetnyak, and V. P. Romas’ko. "Rapid formation of an electron beam in a magnetron gun with a secondary-emission metallic cathode." Technical Physics 47, no. 10 (October 2002): 1326–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1514816.

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39

Volkolupov, Yu Ya, A. N. Dovbnya, V. V. Zakutin, M. A. Krasnogolovets, N. G. Reshetnyak, and V. P. Romas’ko. "Fast generation of an electron beam in a magnetron gun with a secondary-emission metallic cathode." Technical Physics 46, no. 9 (September 2001): 1196–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1404176.

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40

Liu, Meiqin, Bolun Li, Chunliang Liu, Fuks Mikhail, and Edl Schamiloglu. "Simulation of Secondary Electron and Backscattered Electron Emission in A6 Relativistic Magnetron Driven by Different Cathode." Plasma Science and Technology 17, no. 1 (January 2015): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1009-0630/17/1/12.

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41

Burdovitsin, V. A., and E. M. Oks. "Fore-vacuum plasma-cathode electron sources." Laser and Particle Beams 26, no. 4 (November 12, 2008): 619–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034608000694.

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AbstractThis paper presents a review of physical principles, design, and performances of plasma-cathode direct current (dc) electron beam guns operated in so called fore-vacuum pressure (1–15 Pa). That operation pressure range was not reached before for any kind of electron sources. A number of unique parameters of the e-beam were obtained, such as electron energy (up to 25 kV), dc beam current (up 0.5 A), and total beam power (up to 7 kW). For electron beam generation at these relatively high pressures, the following special features are important: high probability of electrical breakdown within the accelerating gap, a strong influence of back-streaming ions on both the emission electrode and the emitting plasma, generation of secondary plasma in the beam propagation region, and intense beam-plasma interactions that lead in turn to broadening of the beam energy spectrum and beam defocusing. Yet other unique peculiarities can occur for the case of ribbon electron beams, having to do with local maxima in the lateral beam current density distribution. The construction details of several plasma-cathode electron sources and some specific applications are also presented.

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42

Zhu, Di, Le Song, Xiong Zhang, and Hiroshi Kajiyama. "Vacuum ultra-violet emission of plasma discharges with high Xe partial pressure using a cathode protective layer with high secondary electron emission." Journal of Applied Physics 115, no. 6 (February 14, 2014): 063302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4865505.

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43

Delgado, Hernan E., Daniel T. Elg, David M. Bartels, Paul Rumbach, and David B. Go. "Chemical Analysis of Secondary Electron Emission from a Water Cathode at the Interface with a Nonthermal Plasma." Langmuir 36, no. 5 (January 29, 2020): 1156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03654.

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44

Zakharchenko, Yu F., N. I. Sinitsyn, Yu V. Gulyaev, and S. G. Saveliev. "Peculiarities of constructing planar microminiature current sources based on secondary emission cathode excited by an edge FEA." Applied Surface Science 215, no. 1-4 (June 2003): 280–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-4332(03)00341-6.

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45

Elong, Kelimah, and Norlida Kamarulzaman. "Effect of High-Energy Ball Milling on the Charge-Discharge Behaviour of LiCo_0.3Ni_0.7O₂." Advanced Materials Research 895 (February 2014): 400–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.895.400.

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Li-ion cathode materials in the nanodimension should show improvement in capacity retention from the normal material. This is because the electrochemical performance of the cathode material in lithium secondary batteries depends on the electrochemical redox reaction which is affected by the surface area to volume ratio of the particles. In this work, LiCo0.3Ni0.7O2 powder will be prepared via a self-propagating combustion method and the high-energy ball milling method will be used to prepare LiCo0.3Ni0.7O2 nanopowders. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) are used to characterize the materials. The materials are observed to be phase pure. Li-ion cells are then fabricated and tested. The cells are subjected to a series of charge-discharge cycling in the voltage range of 3.0 to 4.3 V. It was found that the nanomaterial exhibit specific capacities less than that of the normal material.

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46

Ayzatsky, N. I., A. N. Dovbnya, V. V. Zakutin, N. G. Reshetnyak, V. N. Boriskin, N. A. Dovbnya, V. P. Romas’ko, and I. A. Chertishchev. "Investigations of electron beam characteristics using an accelerator based on a magnetron gun with a secondary-emission cathode." Physics of Particles and Nuclei Letters 5, no. 7 (November 25, 2008): 634–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1547477108070224.

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47

Ohtsu, Y., and H. Fujita. "Production of high-density capacitive plasma by the effects of multihollow cathode discharge and high-secondary-electron emission." Applied Physics Letters 92, no. 17 (April 28, 2008): 171501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2917795.

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48

Calvo, Eduardo, Mário Pinheiro, and Paulo Sá. "Modelling an Argon Propellant Dual Stage Cylindrical Electrohydrodynamic Thruster at Low Pressure." U.Porto Journal of Engineering 7, no. 3 (April 30, 2021): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2183-6493_007.003_0003.

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In recent years, electric propulsion reached a high level of impact for space orbital maneuvers, planetary journeys, or deep space missions mostly because of its significant exhaust velocity, and its high specific impulse. In this study, we model a corona discharge to describe the behaviour of several key parameters in dual-stage electrohydrodynamic (EHD) thrusters investigating two different configurations. It was found that, between the two geometries, the three-electrode geometry was the better method since the four-electrode geometry would create a slowdown area, thus decreasing the output thrust. By setting the first cathode with a negative voltage and the second connected to the ground, the ions and electrons would be accelerated in the first cathode and would be neutralized, by virtue of secondary electron emission taking place in the second. Overall, the dual stage three electrodes EHD thruster spends 8mW of electric power and delivers a thrust of 157nN with an efficiency of 32mN/kW.

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49

Donkó, Z. "A Study of the Motion of High-Energy Electrons in a Helium Hollow Cathode Discharge." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 48, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 457–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1993-0303.

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Abstract The motion of high-energy electrons was studied in a helium hollow cathode discharge using Monte Carlo simulation. The calculations were carried out in the pressure range of 2-10 mbar. The length of the cathode dark space (CDS) was determined by simulation in an iterative way using experimental voltage-current density characteristics of the discharge. At the lowest helium pressure (2 mbar) the concentration of high-energy electrons was found to be the same at the CDS-negative glow boundary and at the midplane of the discharge while at 8 mbars it was found to be by 1-2 orders of magnitude smaller. The results of our calculations support the existence of "oscillating" electrons. The probability of 1, 2 and 3 transfers through the negative glow (NG) for primary electrons was found to be 37%, 11 % and 2%, respectively, at 2 mbar pressure. The spatial distribution of ionizations and the angular distribution of electron velocity at the CDS-NG boundary were also investigated. The pressure dependence of the current balance at the cathode was obtained, and the results indicate that with decreasing pressure other secondary emission processes than ion impact become important in the maintenance of the discharge.

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50

Radovic, Miodrag, Cedomir Maluckov, Slobodan Mitic, and Bratislav Radovanovic. "Two step current increases in glow discharge development in neon filled diode at 4 mbar." Facta universitatis - series: Physics, Chemistry and Technology 5, no. 1 (2007): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fupct0701001r.

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The results are presented of investigating temporal and spatial development of electrical glow discharge in a neon filled tube under 4mbar pressure. Linear increasing voltage (at 5 V/s increasing voltage rate) is applied to the gas diode. Time dependence of 585.2 nm line light emitted from negative glow is observed from various positions in the diode during formation of electrical discharge. The results show that the development of glow discharge starts in the gap, and propagates to the cathode and in the space around and behind the cathode. An unexpected two-step current rise is found. In the stationary regime, most of the emitted light occupied the cathode carrier rod. This indicates the position where the secondary electron emission is intensive. It corresponds to the second step in the current increase app. 3 ms after the breakdown has already taken place. It is assumed that this step originates from different surface characteristics of the rode material. The analysis of time dependencies of the current and light from the negative glow, from different positions in the gas diode, suggests that the observation of deexcitation processes in gas can be used for determination of early discharge formative processes, as well as processes that lead to the stationary regime in the gas diode tube.

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