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Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 6 вересня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Seawater study"

1

Živković, Igor, Jan Gačnik, Slaven Jozić, Jože Kotnik, Mladen Šolić, and Milena Horvat. "A Simplified Approach to Modeling the Dispersion of Mercury from Precipitation to Surface Waters—The Bay of Kaštela Case Study." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 4 (April 14, 2022): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10040539.

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Wet deposition is the main source of mercury (Hg) from the atmosphere to the Earth’s surface. However, the processes that govern the dispersion of deposited Hg in seawater are currently not well understood. To address this issue, total mercury (THg) concentrations in surface seawaters and precipitation were determined on a monthly basis in the Bay of Kaštela (Central Adriatic Sea). Following the assumption that deposited THg is diluted in the seawater bulk due to mixing processes, an exponential decay-like model was developed and the wet deposition of THg was normalized based on periods between precipitation events and seawater sampling. Normalized wet deposition of THg showed significant correlation with the THg gradient in surface seawater after removal of an outlier. To explain the observed outlier, further data normalization included wind data to account for enhanced seawater mixing due to strong winds. Wind-normalized THg deposition of all datapoints showed significant correlation with the THg gradient in surface seawater. The correlation showed that the THg gradient in surface seawater of 0.378 pg L−1 m−1 corresponds to THg wet deposition of 1 ng m−2 after including the influence of wind speed on seawater mixing.
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2

Hastuti, Yuni Puji, Yuli Siti Fatma, Hardi Pitoyo, Yusli Wardiatno, and Siska Tridesianti. "Bacterial and plankton communities in mariculture water sources: a case study in Nampu and Sembukan seawaters, Wonogiri, Indonesia." Natura Croatica 30, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 351–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20302/nc.2021.30.22.

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Seawaters in Indonesia, part of the tropical marine ecosystem, have great microbial and plankton diversity. Seawater is used as a water source for marine aquacultures, such as shrimp, milkfish, lobster, and mud crab. Sustainability of environmental resources for supporting aquaculture activities can be assessed by analyzing the actual conditions of the water source environment, including bacterial and plankton communities. However, the characteristics of bacteria and plankton communities in Indonesian seawaters have not been well documented. In this study, we investigated the bacterial and plankton communities in surface seawater from two coastal areas, i.e. Nampu and Sembukan, Wonogiri regency, Central Java, Indonesia. Bacterial diversity was analyzed using the Illumina-based high throughput sequencing with a primer set targeting the V3-V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Meanwhile, the plankton community (phytoplankton and zooplankton) was calculated and identified using a counting chamber method. Sequencing analysis revealed that the five dominant bacterial phyla in the two seawater samples were similar, consisting of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteriodetes, and Cyanobacteria. Although the two sites are separated by several kilometres, the distribution of dominant bacterial phyla in both seawater samples is similar. Phytoplankton in Nampu and Sembukan were similarly dominated by Trichodesmium sp., Navicula sp., and Rhabdonema sp. Dominant zooplankton in the two sites were Euterpina, Nauplius, Oithona sp., Oncaea sp., Tigriopus sp., and Gastropoda larvae. The seawater in Nampu and Sembukan is suitable as a water source for aquaculture.
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Ding, Fei, Takao Yamashita, and Han Soo Lee. "Atmosphere-Ocean-Groundwater Modeling System for Seawater Intrusion Simulation in Liaodong Bay Coastal Plain, China." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 4155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.4155.

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Precipitation and seawater level are the two important factors to be considered in seawater intrusion simulation. However, these data are lacking in some regions of the world. Thus, limits the study on seawater intrusion. Considering the lack of availability of data on precipitation and seawater level, an atmosphere–ocean-groundwater modeling system was constructed in this paper. In the modeling system, the atmosphere model (MM5) and the ocean model (POM) is used to simulate the precipitation and seawater level, respectively while the SEAWAT model is used for groundwater model simulation. The system is used for seawater intrusion simulation case study in the Liaodong Bay coastal plain. The study shows that the atmosphere–ocean-groundwater modeling system provides a very reasonable result.
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4

Nasser, Abid M., Lital Telser, and Yeshayahu Nitzan. "Effect of sunlight on the infectivity ofCryptosporidium parvumin seawater." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 53, no. 9 (September 2007): 1101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w07-043.

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The prevalence of pathogenic microorganisms in seawater can result in waterborne and food borne outbreaks. This study was performed to determine the effect of sunlight and salinity on the die-off of Cryptosporidium parvum . Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, Escherichia coli , and MS2 coliphage were seeded into tap water and seawater samples and then exposed to sunlight. The die-off of C. parvum in seawater, as measured by infectivity, was greater under sunlight (–3.08 log10) than under dark conditions (–1.31 log10). While, no significant difference was recorded in the die-off of C. parvum, under dark conditions, in tap water as compared to seawater (P < 0.05), indicating that the synergistic effect of salinity and sunlight was responsible for the enhanced die-off in seawater. The die-off of MS2 coliphage and E. coli was greater than that observed for C. parvum under all tested conditions. This indicates that these microorganisms cannot serve as indicators for the presence of C. parvum oocysts in seawaters. The results of the study suggest that C. parvum can persist as infectious oocysts for a long time in seawater and can thus pose a serious hazard by direct and indirect contact with humans.
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Abd-Elhamid, Hany F., Gamal M. Abdel-Aal, Maha Fahmy, Mohsen Sherif, Martina Zeleňáková, and Ismail Abd-Elaty. "Experimental and Numerical Study to Investigate the Impact of Changing the Boundary Water Levels on Saltwater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers." Water 14, no. 4 (February 18, 2022): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14040631.

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Experimental and numerical models can be used to investigate saltwater intrusion (SWI) in coastal aquifers. Sea level rise (SLR) and decline of freshwater heads due to climate change are the two key variables that may affect saltwater intrusion. This study aims to give a better understanding of the impact of increasing seawater levels and decreasing freshwater heads due to climate change and increasing abstraction rates due to overpopulation using experimental and numerical models on SWI. The experimental model was conducted using a flow tank and the SEAWAT code was used for the numerical simulation. Different scenarios were examined to assess the effect of seawater rise and landside groundwater level decline. The experimental and numerical studies were conducted on three scenarios: increasing seawater head by 25%, 50% and 75% from the difference between seawater and freshwater heads, decreasing freshwater head by 75%, 50% and 25% from the difference between seawater and freshwater heads, and a combination of these two scenarios. Good agreement was attained between experimental and numerical results. The results showed that increasing the seawater level and decreasing freshwater head increased saltwater intrusion, but the combination of these two scenarios had a severe effect on saltwater intrusion. The numerical model was then applied to a real case study, the Biscayne aquifer, Florida, USA. The results indicated that the Biscayne aquifer is highly vulnerable to SWI under the possible consequences of climate change. A 25 cm seawater rise and 28% reduction in the freshwater flux would cause a loss of 0.833 million m3 of freshwater storage per each kilometer width of the Biscayne aquifer. This study provides a better understanding and a quantitative assessment for the impacts of changing water levels’ boundaries on intrusion of seawater in coastal aquifers.
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Βουδούρης, K., K. Νίκας, and A. Αντωνάκος. "STUDY OF EVOLUTION OF THE SEAWATER INTRUSION IN COASTAL AQUIFERS. CASE STUDY: THE COASTAL AQUIFER SYSTEM OF NW ACHAIA." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 36, no. 4 (January 1, 2004): 1952. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16690.

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Seawater intrusion problems are recorded in coastal aquifers, which constitute the main sources of drinking water and agricultural irrigation in many countries. The aim of this work is to describe the evolution of the salinity distribution by seawater intrusion, based on results from chemical analyses, of 29 groundwater samples in the NWAchaia area (Peloponnesus, Greece). The study of these data indicates that aquifer waters in large part of area reflect salinization related to seawater intrusion. The occurrence of Ca-CI hydrochemical types of groundwater indicates active seawater intrusion. Cation exchange is the most noticeable hydrogeochemical process in the movement of the saline front in the coastal aquifer. Geographical distribution of Careact index was mapped. The areas with advance or decline of the seawater intrusion front are defined from this map.
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Seiedi, Omolbanin, Mohammad Zahedzadeh, Emad Roayaei, Morteza Aminnaji, and Hossein Fazeli. "Experimental and modeling study of wettability alteration through seawater injection in limestone: a case study." Petroleum Science 17, no. 3 (January 9, 2020): 749–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12182-019-00407-y.

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AbstractWater flooding is widely applied for pressure maintenance or increasing the oil recovery of reservoirs. The heterogeneity and wettability of formation rocks strongly affect the oil recovery efficiency in carbonate reservoirs. During seawater injection in carbonate formations, the interactions between potential seawater ions and the carbonate rock at a high temperature can alter the wettability to a more water-wet condition. This paper studies the wettability of one of the Iranian carbonate reservoirs which has been under Persian Gulf seawater injection for more than 10 years. The wettability of the rock is determined by indirect contact angle measurement using Rise in Core technique. Further, the characterization of the rock surface is evaluated by molecular kinetic theory (MKT) modeling. The data obtained from experiments show that rocks are undergoing neutral wetting after the aging process. While the wettability of low permeable samples changes to be slightly water-wet, the wettability of the samples with higher permeability remains unchanged after soaking in seawater. Experimental data and MKT analysis indicate that wettability alteration of these carbonate rocks through prolonged seawater injection might be insignificant.
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8

Wang, Hongbo, Zhipeng Li, Xiaoguo Wang, Qingsong Zhang, and Lianzhen Zhang. "Study on Grouted Body Deterioration Mechanism of Sand Layer in Seawater Environment." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (September 9, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6329257.

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Water-rich sand is a common stratum in marine underground engineering. Grouting is the most common method for solving geological disasters in water-rich sand. However, the marine environment differs greatly from the land environment. The erosion and seepage of seawater ion cause significant deterioration of grouted body, which reduces the physical and mechanical properties of grouted body. The maintenance of grouted body performance is the guarantee of long-term safe operation of the tunnel in the marine environment. In order to solve the problem of long-life grouting design for sand layer in seawater environment, an accelerated test of grouted body erosion under seawater erosion environment is designed to study the mesomorphological characteristics of seawater erosion on grouted body erosion and to reveal the mechanism of seawater erosion and solids. The evolution law of grouting plus solid strength under different slurry water-cement ratios and different seawater erosion time conditions is analyzed. The results show that the grouting plus solid effective time for water-cement ratios of 0.8 : 1, 1 : 1, 1.4 : 1, and 2 : 1 is 75a, 60a, 30a, and 15a; the index of strength degradation ratio of seawater environment to grouting plus solids is proposed, and the quantitative relationship between seawater erosion time and grouting plus solids strength is established, which provides theoretical basis for sand layer grouting reinforcement in seawater environment. We hope to provide some reference for the design and construction of sand grouting in seawater environment.
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Ding, Rui, Ziyu Wang, Xiangyu Zhao, Peng Cao, Xin Chen, and Wenjing Chen. "Experimental Study on Coastal Sediment Reinforcement by Induced Carbonate Precipitation by Different Enzyme Sources." Water 15, no. 8 (April 13, 2023): 1525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15081525.

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Coastal erosion is increasing worldwide due to the increasing frequency of extreme natural phenomena and excessive human exploitation. In this study, a small model experiment was conducted to investigate the solidification effects of three enzyme sources—soybean urease, freshwater Bacillus pasteurella, and seawater domesticated Bacillus pasteurella—on coastal sediments and their impacts in a seawater environment. The solidifying effect of different enzyme sources was determined by measuring the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the cured specimen model. The influence of solidified seawater in a seawater environment was obtained by measuring the changes in the pH value, calcium ion concentration, and ammonia nitrogen content of solidified seawater. The results show that different enzyme sources have a certain strengthening effect on coastal sediments. The mechanical properties of coastal sediments can be enhanced by increasing the amount of enzyme solution or level of solidification and can effectively resist simulated flow erosion. Comparing the reinforcement effects of different enzyme sources, it can be seen. It was observed that Bacillus pasteurella acclimated in seawater had better reinforcement effects than Bacillus pasteurella fresh water, and Bacillus pasteurella fresh water had better reinforcement effects than soybean urease. In the seawater measurement tests, the solidification of coastal sediments using different enzyme sources led to a decrease in the seawater pH value, and the acidification of seawater dissolved the generated calcium carbonate, increased the concentration of calcium ions in seawater, and produced ammonia nitrogen as a byproduct in the seawater. It was observed that, compared with the other two enzyme source solutions, the seawater-domesticated Bacillus pasteurella can better adapt to the high-salt environment of seawater, microbial metabolism is not inhibited, urea decomposition ability is improved, and calcium carbonate production is higher, which can effectively improve the engineering characteristics of coastal sediments and play a positive role in coastal protection and development.
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Angel, Brad M., Simon C. Apte, Graeme E. Batley, and Mark D. Raven. "Lead solubility in seawater: an experimental study." Environmental Chemistry 13, no. 3 (2016): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en15150.

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Environmental contextMany trace metals including lead are only sparingly soluble in seawater and may exist in both dissolved and particulate forms (e.g. as precipitates). Aquatic organisms may experience different toxic effects from exposure to dissolved and particulate trace metals. This study reports the limits to lead solubility in seawater that influence the exposure to these forms of lead in the field and the laboratory. AbstractA combination of laboratory investigations and thermodynamic modelling were conducted in order to gain an understanding of the factors controlling lead solubility in seawater. In experiments where increasing amounts of lead were added to seawater (in order to avoid supersaturation) and equilibrated for up to 28 days, the maximum solubility was ~2mgL–1 (pH 8.15, 22°C). However, at higher added lead concentrations, which caused the rapid formation of lead precipitates, the solution chemistry became dynamic and the observed solubility was markedly lower, varying with both reaction time and precipitate concentration. For instance, when seawater solutions were spiked with 10mgL–1 of total lead, precipitation occurred immediately and only 1.6mgL–1 of dissolved lead was measured after 1h, with this concentration decreasing to 1.3mgL–1 after 28 days. The solubility of lead in artificial seawater (0.68mgL–1) was much lower than in natural seawater. This difference was attributed to the significant role played by natural organic matter in complexing dissolved lead. X-Ray diffraction and elemental analysis data suggest that the phase controlling lead solubility is a previously unidentified lead chlorocarbonate, which rapidly transforms to hydrocerussite on washing with deionised water. These observations are of particular relevance to toxicity tests where organisms are exposed to wide ranges of metal concentrations in order to obtain dose–response curves.
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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Seawater study"

1

Reed, Jason. "Grower Attitudes Towards Water Management Strategies While Mitigating Seawater Intrusion| A Case Study of the Castroville Seawater Intrusion Project." Thesis, San Jose State University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10635156.

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The Salinas River Valley Watershed has endured the effects of seawater intrusion for decades caused by overpumping groundwater from the Salinas River Groundwater Basin. The Castroville Seawater Intrusion Project began delivering recycled water in 1998 with other water sources due to wells becoming too saline. One-on-one, in-person interviews with eighteen growers, who own or lease farmland within the Project’s service area, were conducted during a severe, statewide drought. Interview questions explored grower attitudes and concerns regarding their water supply, and the impact of management strategies on the mitigation of seawater intrusion. Two research questions were posed, exploring factors that influence grower acceptance of alternative water supplies, and whether environmental impacts affect their attitudes. Four prominent factors were found that influence grower acceptance of alternative water supplies: perceived need for water supply, changes to cost and/or water quality, information/education, and level of trust. The study also revealed three motivations of growers for choosing water supplies that do not increase seawater intrusion or contribute to adverse environmental impacts: protecting harvest/land, managing associated cost of operations, and avoiding increased regulations and/or oversight. Growers with fewer numbers of farms and smaller acreage of farmland tended to have a greater perceived need to acquire sustainable water supplies, while being more reluctant to implement water sources of lesser quality.

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2

Bin, Marshad Saud Mohammed H. "Economic evaluation of seawater desalination : a case study analysis of cost of water production from seawater desalination in Saudi Arabia." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/2996.

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As a result of the increasing scarcity of freshwater resources worldwide, many countries have resorted to the use of unconventional sources, of which seawater desalination is the most significant, for meeting the supply-demand gap. However, despite the recorded advances in desalination technologies of recent decades, desalination remains a very expensive operation and operators will be greatly assisted if reliable means of predicting the costs are available to aid effective decision making during planning of new plants or the operation of existing plants. To achieve this, it is important to fully understand the factors that contribute to desalination costs, which could then be used to develop appropriate models for predicting costs that can support budgeting and/or cost reductions decision making. Consequently, this project has investigated the development of such models for predicting monthly production costs using data from 16 operational plants in Saudi Arabia. Monthly and annual data spanning 2001 – 2010 were collected on total water production, type of desalination technique, sea water salinity, product water salinity, energy consumption, and total (capital and operational) unit cost of water production. Because of the way in which the data were archived, some of the variables only had the annual totals for some of the years, which made them unsuitable for the monthly scale adopted for the analyses. Consequently, disaggregation schemes based on several variants of the method of fragments widely used in hydrological studies were used to obtain monthly data from the annual data. Exploratory analysis showed that the monthly costs correlated most with the total water production, which then formed the lone independent variable for various tested regression model formulations. In general, an inverse regression model performed best during both calibration and validation. To enhance the usefulness of the predictive model for decision making, uncertainty limits of the predictions were constructed using a Monte Carlo simulation approach involving the seasonal, lag-1 autoregressive generation of equally likely realisations of the available historic records that have been transformed to remove the skewness. Extensive testing of the data generation technique showed that the assumed lag-1 auto-regressive dependence structure was adequate. This study thus provides for the first time a predictive model for costs of desalination in Saudi Arabia and its uncertainty range for effective budgeting and operational management. Although the models were developed using Saudi Arabia data, the fact that only one independent variable was used means that the replication of the methodology in other desalination-intensive countries can be readily carried out.
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3

Buckley, P. J. M. "Organic speciation of copper, zinc and lead in seawater : A comparative study using electrochemical and ion exchange methods." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.354547.

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4

Persson, Söderman Jennie. "A Study of the Short-term Variability of Seawater pCO2 near Östergarnsholm." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-222286.

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In this study, an analysis of upwelling and biological activities impact on the seawater pCO2 variability was done to improve the knowledge about the pCO2 variability in seawater in the Baltic Sea. During upwelling activity, CO2 rich waters are upwelled to the surface. This influences air-sea CO2 flux and thus the net uptake/emission of CO2 by the sea. pCO2 and SST measurements from a SAMI sensor, located at the Östergarnsholm site in the Baltic Sea, and SST satellite data, was used to identify periods affected by upwelling activity. A strong variability due to upwelling activity was observed on the pCO2 concentration. The frequency of upwelling activity at the Östergarnsholm site was estimated to be around 20 % of the time from May-November. The relationship between pCO2 and SST during upwelling activity was found to depend of the month. In November, this relationship can be used to characterise the effect of upwelling, but for the other months there are no differences between the none- upwelling periods and the upwelling periods. Another type of period, characterized by a diurnal variability of pCO2 mainly driven by the biological effect, was also observed.
I denna studie undersöktes hur uppvällning och biologisk aktivitet påverkar koncentrationen av pCO2 i havet. Detta gjordes för att få ökad förståelse för korttidsvariationen av pCO2 i Östersjön. Under uppvällning pressas CO2-rikt vatten upp till ytan. Detta påverkar flödet av CO2 mellan hav och atmosfär och då även det totala upptaget/utsläppet av CO2 från havet. I studien användes pCO2 och SST mätningar från en SAMI-sensor, placerad vid Östergarnsholm i Östersjön, och en del satellitdata för att identifiera perioder påverkade av uppvällning. Det observerades att uppvällnings inverkan på koncentrationen av pCO2 varierar kraftigt. Frekvensen av uppvällning vid Östergarnsholm uppskattades vara ungefär 20 % av tiden under maj-november. Relationen mellan SST och pCO2 under perioder med uppvällning observerades variera från maj-november. I november kan denna relation användas till att uppskatta effekten av uppvällning men under de andra månaderna är relationen under uppvällning för lika relationen under icke- uppvällning. Även en annan slags perioder observerades; under dessa perioder observerades en dygnscykel av pCO2, driven av biologisk aktivitet.
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5

Xu, Yongfu. "A study of the biogeochemical cycle of CO←2 in the ocean using a parcel model." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.256896.

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6

Fishwick, Matthew Paul. "A study of the dissolution of atmospherically derived trace metals into North Atlantic seawater." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/5288.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the factors that affect the dissolution of a suite of trace metals from aerosols into seawater from wet and dry deposition, with a focus on important trace metals: manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu) and lead (Pb). To this end, aerosol and rainwater samples were collected from Tudor Hill (Bermuda) and Penlee Point (Cornwall) atmospheric observatories and surface seawater samples were collected from the Sargasso Sea and the Celtic Sea. These representative aerosol, rainwater and seawater samples were used in aerosol leaching and rainwater mixing experiments, which simulated the processes of mixing and trace metal dissolution following wet and dry deposition as closely as possible within the laboratory. Key variables were changed to investigate the effect of aerosol source/composition, seawater temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen concentration and organic ligand amendments on aerosol and rainwater trace metal dissolution. Results for aerosol leaching experiments revealed that changes to key physico-chemical conditions had little effect on the amount of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Pb leached from aerosols and therefore plausible future changes in ocean surface temperature, pH and oxygenation are unlikely to affect the flux of these important trace metals to surface waters. Conversely, aerosol source and composition had a significant effect on the dissolution of aerosol Fe, Co and Pb, with the most anthropogenically influenced aerosol samples displaying the highest solubilities. Therefore, future changes in land use and fossil fuel combustion are likely to affect the flux of these metals to the surface ocean. Fractional solubilities were in the range of 50 – 104% for Mn, 0.3 – 3.2% for Fe, 29 – 58% for Co, 40 – 85% for Ni and 67 – 112% for Pb. In addition, novel empirical relationships were found between the fractional solubilities of Fe, Co and Pb and enrichment factors for antimony, vanadium, Ni and Cu. This suggests that these fractional solubilities in seawater could be predicted using only total aerosol trace metal concentrations. The use of ultrafiltration provided unique insight into the size fractionation (colloidal 0.02 – 0.4 μm; soluble < 0.02 μm) of dissolved aerosol trace metals and showed Fe and Pb were mostly colloidal (77 – 98% colloidal), Mn and Co were mostly soluble (0 – 48% colloidal) and Ni showed a mixed profile (6 – 58% colloidal) when released from aerosols into ambient seawater. However, in the presence of a sufficient concentration of strong organic ligands the majority colloidal Fe was converted to soluble Fe (up to 100% soluble). Some of these organic ligands were also able to increase the soluble fraction of dissolved aerosol Mn. Similarly, the presence of organic ligands in rainwater maintained Mn, Fe, Co, Cu and Pb in the dissolved phase following delivery by rain into seawater. Rainwater ligands had no effect on the typically varied size fractionation profile of Mn, Fe, Co and Cu in rainwater mixed with seawater, UV-irradiation of rainwater, however, shifted the size fractionation of Pb in rainwater/seawater mixtures from 80 – 100% colloidal to 13 – 63% soluble, indicating that Pb-binding rainwater ligands are either colloidal or attached to colloidal matter. These findings highlight the importance of organic ligands in rainwater and seawater for retaining trace metal micronutrients and toxicants in the surface ocean, with implications for primary production.
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7

Abd-Elhamid, Hany Farhat. "A simulation-optimization model to study the control of seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3054.

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Groundwater contamination is a very serious problem as it leads to the depletion of water resources. Seawater intrusion is a special category of groundwater contamination that threatens the health and possibly lives of many people living in coastal areas. The focus of this work is to develop a numerical model to study seawater intrusion and its effects on groundwater quality and develop a control method to effectively control seawater intrusion. Two major approaches are used in this study: the first approach is the development of a finite element model to simulate seawater intrusion; the second is the development of a simulation-optimization model to study the control of seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers using different management scenarios. The simulation-optimization model is based on the integration of a genetic algorithm optimization technique with the transient density-dependent finite element model developed in this research. The finite element model considers the coupled flow of air and water and solute transport in saturated and unsaturated soils. The governing differential equations include two mass balance equations of water and air phases and the energy balance equation for heat transfer, together with a balance equation for miscible solute transport. The nonlinear governing differential equations are solved using the finite element method in the space domain and a finite difference scheme in the time domain. A two dimensional finite element model is developed to solve the governing equations and provide values of solute concentration, pore water pressure, pore air pressure and temperature at different points within the region at different times. The mathematical formulation and numerical implementation of the model are presented. The numerical model is validated by application to standard examples from literature followed by application to a number of case studies involving seawater intrusion problems. The results show good agreement with previous results reported in the literature. The model is then used to predict seawater intrusion for a number of real world case studies. The developed model is capable of predicting, with a good accuracy, the intrusion of seawater in coastal aquifers. In the second approach, a simulation-optimization model is developed to study the control of seawater intrusion using three management scenarios: abstraction of brackish water, recharge of fresh water and combination of abstraction and recharge. The objectives of these management scenarios include minimizing the total costs for construction and operation, minimizing salt concentrations in the aquifer and determining the optimal depths, locations and abstraction/recharge rates for the wells. Also, a new methodology is presented to control seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers. In the proposed methodology ADR (abstraction, desalination and recharge), seawater intrusion is controlled by abstracting brackish water, desalinating it using a small scale reverse osmosis plant and recharging to the aquifer. The simulation-optimization model is applied to a number of case studies. The efficiencies of three different scenarios are examined and compared. Results show that all the three scenarios could be effective in controlling seawater intrusion. However, ADR methodology can result in the lowest cost and salt concentration in aquifers and maximum movement of the transition zone towards the sea. The results also show that for the case studies considered in this work, the amount of abstracted and treated water is about three times the amount required for recharge; therefore the remaining treated water can be used directly for different proposes. The application of ADR methodology is shown to be more efficient and more practical, since it is a cost-effective method to control seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers. This technology can be used for sustainable development of water resources in coastal areas where it provides a new source of treated water. The developed method is regard as an effective tool to control seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers and can be applied in areas where there is a risk of seawater intrusion. Finally, the developed FE model is applied to study the effects of likely climate change and sea level rise on seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers. The results show that the developed model is capable of predicting the movement of the transition zone considering the effects of sea level rise and over-abstraction. The results also indicate that the change of water level in the sea side has a significant effect on the position of the transition zone especially if the effect of sea level rise is combined with the effect of increasing abstraction from the aquifer.
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Moollye, Sun Veer. "A Comparative Study on the Seawater Quality of the Coral Environment between Miri (Sarawak) and Sipadan (Sabah)." Thesis, Curtin University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/59024.

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This study created a baseline for the seawater quality at Miri (Sarawak) and compared it to that of Sipadan (Sabah). Three locations in the Miri-Sibuti Coral Reef National Park were chosen and sampled during summer, transition period and monsoon at three depths. Two sites with the same attributes were chosen and sampled during monsoon at Sipadan. Physical parameters, nutrients, major ions, and trace metals were studied together with photo-documentation of the corals.
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Singla, Milà Mireia. "Study of microplastics role in seawater based on collected samples across the oceans during the Barcelona World Race 2015." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669954.

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Els microplàstics s’han convertit en un gran problema mediambiental. La sobreproducció i l’ús excessiu del plàstic ha dificultat el seu correcte tractament y això provoca que sigui el sector amb un major creixement en la generació de residus. Els residus plàstics, a través de diversos processos es degraden i es trenquen en partícules mes petites donant lloc als microplàstics. També es poden trobar un altre tipus de microplàstics, aquells originats i fabricats d’aquesta mida de forma intencionada. Tot i que s’han publicat diversos articles científics demostrant la presencia de microplàstics a zones mol localitzades, cap d’ells mostra una visió global sobre aquest problema mediambiental. En aquesta tesis presentem el desenvolupament d’una nova metodologia de mostreig de microplàstics a més de la retenció d’altres contaminants orgànics suspesos en l’aigua de mar. Per això, hem col·laborat amb la Fundació de Navegació Oceànica de Barcelona (FNOB), entitat organitzadora de la Barcelona World Race (BWR) y amb el grup Sailing Technologies. A través d’aquesta col·laboració, hem desenvolupat un dispositiu de mostreig instal·lat en un dels vaixells participants en la BWR 2015 que es capaç de col·lectar microplàstics i contaminants orgànics en aigua superficials en varies localitzacions del mon passant per quatre oceans (Mar Mediterrani i Oceans Atlàntic, Pacífic e Índic). Hem realitzat la caracterització dels microplàstics mostrejats durant la BWR 2015. L’anàlisi de la seva morfologia, composició i distribució ens ha permès conèixer el nivell de contaminació i l’impacte de tenir aquest tipus de micropartícules en els oceans. També hem demostrat el efecte concentrador dels microplàstics. Hem desenvolupat un mètode analític reproduïble per l’extracció i quantificació de varies famílies de contaminants orgànics de diferents tipus de micropartícules polimèriques. Per últim, es desenvolupa una metodologia per l’elució dels cartutxos SPE utilitzats durant la BWR 2015. A més, s’ha realitzat un anàlisis PCA i s’han agrupat les mostres en funció de diferents paràmetres com les corrents, la localització o la seva posició respecte l’equador. En conclusió, aquesta tesis proporciona informació sobre l’estat global dels oceans en relació als microplàstics i les seves conseqüències. L’estudi del efecte dels microplàstics en els oceans de forma global ajuda a comprendre la situació mediambiental actual.
Los microplasticos se han convertido en un gran problema medioambiental. La sobreproducción y el uso excesivo del plástico ha dificultado mucho su tratamiento y esto provoca que sea el sector con un mayor crecimiento en la generación de residuos. Los desechos plásticos, a través de varios procesos se degradan o rompen en partículas más pequeñas dando lugar a los microplasticos. También se pueden encontrar otro tipo de microplasticos, esos originados y fabricados en ese tamaño de forma intencionada. Aunque ya se han publicado varios artículos científicos demostrando la presencia de microplasticos en zonas localizadas, ninguno de ellos muestra una visión global acerca de este problema medioambiental. En esta tesis presentamos el desarrollo de una nueva metodología de muestreo de microplásticos además de la retención de otros contaminantes orgánicos suspendidos en agua de mar. Para ello, hemos colaborado con la Fundación de Navegación Oceánica de Barcelona (FNOB), entidad organizadora de la Barcelona World Race (BWR) y con el Grupo Sailing Technologies. A través de esta colaboración, hemos desarrollado un nuevo dispositivo de muestreo instalado en uno de los barcos participantes en la BWR 2015 que es capaz de colectar microplasticos y contaminantes orgánicos de agua superficial en varias localizaciones del mundo pasando por cuatro océanos (Mar Mediterráneo y Océanos Atlántico, Pacífico y Índico). Hemos realizado la caracterización de los microplasticos muestreados durante la BWR 2015. El análisis de su morfología, composición y distribución nos ha permitido conocer el nivel de contaminación y el impacto de tener este tipo de micropartículas en los océanos. También hemos demostrado el efecto concentrador que poseen los microplasticos. Hemos desarrollado un método analítico reproducible para la extracción y cuantificación de varias familias de contaminantes orgánicos de distintos tipos de micropartículas poliméricas. Por último, se desarrolla una metodología para la elución de los cartuchos SPE usados en la BWR 2015. Además, se ha realizado un análisis PCA y se han agrupado las muestras en función de varios parámetros como las corrientes, la localización o su posición respecto al ecuador. En conclusión, esta tesis proporciona información sobre el estado global de los océanos en relación con los microplasticos y sus consecuencias. El estudio del efecto de los microplasticos en los océanos de forma global es de ayuda para comprender la situación medioambiental actual.
Microplastics have become a huge environmental concern in recent years. The overproduction and excessive use of plastic have made difficult a proper manage and that is why it has become the fastest growing segment of the waste stream. Plastic debris, through several physical, chemical and biological processes can degrade or breakdown resulting in microplastics. In addition to these it can also find other type of microplastics which are those originally and intentionally manufactured in that size. Although several research studies have been published demonstrating the presence of microplastics in localised coastal regions, any of them show a global scenario about this environmental concern. Here we present the development of a new methodology for microplastics sampling and retention of pollutants present in seawater. In this sense, we have collaborated with the Barcelona World Race (BWR) organization and the “Fundació de Navegació Oceànica de Barcelona” (FNOB). Throughout this collaboration, we have developed a device, named COA device, installed in a racing boat of the BWR 2015 which collects microplastics and pollutants on superficial seawater from the different locations of the world going through four oceans (Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans). Furthermore, we performed the characterization of the microparticles collected during the BWR 2015. The analysis, based on microscopic techniques, of their morphology, composition and distribution has allowed us to know better the level of pollution of the marine environment and which is the global impact of having that particles in the oceans. In addition to that, we demonstrate the microplastics concentration effect of persistent organic pollutants. We also developed a reproducible analytical methodology based on a new approach for the release and quantification of different families of pollutants from polymeric microparticles. Finally, different analytical methods have been optimized for the analysis of several pollutants solved in seawater. The elution of pollutants retained in the SPE cartridges used in the BWR 2015 has been performed. In conclusion, this thesis provides information about the overall status of the oceans in terms of microplastics and their consequences at present. The study of the role of microplastics in seawater in a global way have been helpful to understand the actual environmental situation.
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McWilliam, Iain Stuart. "Development of microarray techniques for the study of gene expression in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) during silvering and migration to seawater." Thesis, St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/502.

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Книги з теми "Seawater study"

1

1953-, Aoyama Michio, ed. 2006 inter-laboratory comparison study for reference material for nutrients in seawater. Tsukuba, Japan: Meteorological Research Institute, 2008.

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Aoyama, Michio. 2008 inter-laboratory comparison study of a reference material for nutrients in seawater. Tsukuba, Japan: Meteorological Research Institute, 2010.

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der, Tuin H. van, and International Hydrological Programme. Working Group of Project 4.4b (IHP-III), eds. Guidelines on the study of seawater intrusion into rivers. Paris: UNESCO, 1991.

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Griffith, Andrew. Epoxy coated reinforcement study: Final report. Salem, OR: Oregon Dept. of Transportation, 1999.

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5

Salmon, Rick. Rotating convection: 1995 Summer Study Program in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. Woods Hole, Mass: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1996.

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New Jersey. Environmental Health Service., ed. A Study of the relationship between illnesses in swimmers and ocean beach water quality: Progress report. [Trenton]: Environmental Health Service, Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, New Jersey State Dept. of Health, 1988.

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7

Zohdy, Adel A. R. A study of seawater intrusion using direct-current soundings in the southeastern part of the Oxnard Plain, California. Denver, Colo: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993.

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8

Joseph, Rhea W., Tran An Van, and Jet Propulsion Laboratory (U.S.), eds. Joint Global Ocean Flux Study, Hawaii Ocean Time-Series, HOT-3: R/V Moana Wave, January 6-10, 1989. Pasadena, Calif: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 1990.

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9

Nazel, M. A. Tarek. Deterioration and conservation of granite monuments recovered from under seawater: A case study on the recovered artefacts from the Mediterranean Sea in Alexandria, Egypt. Berlin: Mensch & Buch Verlag, 2004.

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10

Seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers: Guidelines for study, monitoring and control. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1997.

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Частини книг з теми "Seawater study"

1

Tomura, J., and K. Shimizu. "Study on Cathodic Protection in Various Seawater Environments." In Ocean Space Utilization ’85, 585–91. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68284-4_65.

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2

Abdel-Aal, Hussein K. "Magnesium and Mineral Salts from Seawater: Exploration Study." In Magnesium, 23–37. First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, 2018. | “A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.”: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351170642-3.

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3

Mamatha, K., K. Suresh Kumar, N. Srinivas, D. Gopamma, and Akbar Ziauddin. "Preliminary Study on Seawater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers of Visakhapatnam." In Advances in Behavioral Based Safety, 113–25. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8270-4_9.

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4

Parida, J., S. C. Mishra, Abhishek Behera, and S. Sahoo. "Corrosion Behaviour study of Plasma Processed LM6 Alloy in Seawater." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 1–9. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4795-3_1.

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5

Tian, Xiangsheng, Yijie Huang, Jingxue Zhang, and Li Dong. "Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Seawater Sea-Sand Recycled Concrete Under Sulfate Attack." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 199–207. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1748-8_16.

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AbstractThe preparation of seawater sea-sand recycled concrete (SSRAC) by combining seawater, sea-sand and recycled coarse aggregate is of great significance for the utilization of marine resources and environmental protection in China. The sulfate corrosion test in this paper uses dry wet cycle to simulate the alternating dry wet environment, and compares the ordinary concrete (OC) and freshwater river sand recycled concrete (RAC) to study the mechanical property deterioration characteristics of SSRAC in dry–wet cycle (30d, 60d, 90d, 120d). The results show that with the increase of the dry–wet cycle, the apparent damage of SSRAC gradually extends from the diagonal to the periphery, and finally the cracks spread all over the whole. The mass, strength and strength corrosion resistance coefficient of SSRAC show the same law as OC and RAC, which increase first and then decrease. The resistance of SSRAC to sulfate attack is lower than OC and slightly higher than RAC, and the strength corrosion resistance coefficient is lower than 75% at 120 times of dry–wet cycle.
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Figueredo, Federico, Federico Girolametti, Silvia Illuminati, Cristina Truzzi, Anna Annibaldi, and Sabina Susmel. "Electrochemical phosphate detection in oligotrophic seawater with a stand-alone plastic electrode." In Proceedings e report, 705–12. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-147-1.70.

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The northern Adriatic Sea is a particular water system, in which the levels of nutrients are commonly low or unbalanced. In general, phosphate detection can be done with the classical molybdenum-blue method. However, the method cannot be used in oligotrophic seawater samples due to its low sensitivity and high interference problems. In this study, we present a new electrochemical method, based on the application of a plastic conductive electrode containing a molybdenum reagent embedded. The sensitivity for phosphate was high enough to detect this nutrient in oligotrophic seawater.
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Queirazza, G., M. Roveri, R. Delfanti, and C. Papucci. "Gas Exchange at the Air-Sea Interface: A Technique for Radon Measurements in Seawater." In Radionuclides in the Study of Marine Processes, 94–104. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3686-0_10.

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8

Jena, T., and K. C. Panda. "Study on Strength Reduction Factor of Blended Concrete Exposed to Seawater." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 787–801. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0362-3_64.

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9

McCubbin, D., and K. S. Leonard. "A Preliminary Study to Assess the Effect of Some Seawater Components on the Speciation of Plutonium." In Radionuclides in the Study of Marine Processes, 373. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3686-0_49.

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Vaseashta, Ashok, Viktor Stabnikov, Maris Klavins, and Volodymyr Ivanov. "Decontamination of Seawater in a Harbor: Case Study of Potential Bioterrorism Attack." In Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, 217–26. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4884-7_17.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Seawater study"

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Pedenaud, Pierre, Raymond Hallot, Graeme Skivington, Luc Kristian Riviere, and Stephane Jean Anres. "Springs: Subsea Seawater Treatment - Case Study." In OTC Brasil. Offshore Technology Conference, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/24273-ms.

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Xia, Nan, Yu Chen, Shushen Zhang, Suling Liu, Hongbo Zheng, and Yun Zhang. "System Dynamics Method Study of Seawater Intrusion." In 2010 International Conference on Management and Service Science (MASS 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmss.2010.5577452.

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Edge, Billy L., and Roger S. Schlueter. "Engineering Study for a New Seawater Intake System." In 21st International Conference on Coastal Engineering. New York, NY: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780872626874.203.

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4

Letha, J., and D. B. Krishnan. "Seawater intrusion into coastal aquifers – a case study." In SUSTAINABLE CITY 2008. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/sc080211.

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5

Wang, Yanqing, Xiang Li, and Jun Lu. "Experimental Study and Numerical Modeling of Seawater Breakthrough Using Inherent Boron as Tracer." In SPE Western Regional Meeting. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/200827-ms.

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Abstract Seawater injection is widely used to maintain the offshore oil reservoir pressure and improve oil recovery. However, injecting seawater into reservoirs can cause many issues such as reservoir souring and scaling, which are tightly related to the seawater breakthrough percentage. Accurately calculating the seawater breakthrough percentage is important for estimating the severity of those problems and further developing corresponding strategies to solve those issues. The validation of using natural ion boron as tracer to calculate seawater breakthrough percentage was investigated. Boron can interact with clays, which can influence the accuracy in seawater breakthrough calculation using boron. Therefore, the interaction between boron and different clays at various conditions were studied, and Freundlich adsorption equation was used to describe the boron adsorption isotherms. Then boron adsorption isotherms were coupled into the reservoir simulator to investigate the boron transportation in porous media, and the results in turn were further analyzed to calculate the accurate seawater breakthrough percentage. Results indicated that boron adsorption by different clays varied. pH value of solution can significantly influence the amount of boron adsorbed. As a result, the boron concentration profile was delayed in coreflood test. The results of reservoir model fit perfectly with that of coreflood test, indicating the validation of boron reaction model. Based on the reservoir simulator results, boron concentration profile in produced water was successfully used to calculate seawater breakthrough percentage by considering the clay content distribution. However, the seawater breakthrough point cannot be calculated by boron as boron concentration is still at the formation level due to boron desorption.
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Lv, Qiang, Mingxiang Chen, Xiqu Chen, and Zhiyin Gan. "Experimental Study on Carbon Nanotube Generators in Seawater Environment." In 2010 International Conference on Electrical and Control Engineering (ICECE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icece.2010.1265.

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Fuhr, Michael, Sonja Geilert, Mark Schmidt, and Klaus Wallmann. "Kinetics of olivine weathering in seawater: an experimental study." In Goldschmidt2021. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7185/gold2021.7375.

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Abu Bakar, Nurul Anis Dzakirah, Zalizawati Abdullah, Nor Hazelah Kasmuri, Fuzieah Subari, and Suhaiza Hanim Hanipah. "Simulation Study of Reverse Osmosis Membrane for Seawater Desalination." In 5th International Conference on Global Sustainability and Chemical Engineering 2021 (ICGSCE2021). Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-4d7gp8.

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Seawater desalination can be applied in Malaysia to overcome water supply issues which majorly due to water pollution. The desalination using membrane technology highly depends on the design of the membrane, operating conditions of the process, and the feed characteristics of the seawater. The aim of this research is to identify the effect of these factors on the performance of the reverse osmosis membrane in desalinating seawater in Malaysia. The simulation study is conducted by using the IMS Design program. The reverse osmosis (RO) membrane process that consists of three membrane stages arranged in series is designed accordingly. The effect of operating temperature, feed concentration, feed pH, and membrane stages on the salt rejection and permeate flux are evaluated. As a result, an increase in temperature and feed concentration reduces the salt rejection percentage, while increasing the permeate flux. However, there is no significant effect of feed pH on the salt rejection percentage and permeate flux since the type of membrane used is able to operate in a wide pH range. Lastly, the four stages membrane increases the permeate recovery and permeate flux but reduces the percentage of salt rejection.
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Li, Yuanjie, Shuai Ren, and Chin Pan. "Experimental Study of Boiling Characteristics of Seawater After an Accidental Shutdown of the Pump." In 2020 International Conference on Nuclear Engineering collocated with the ASME 2020 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone2020-16648.

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Abstract Water is the most common working fluid using as the coolant for most of nuclear power plants due to its low cost, wide availability, and high heat capacity. In the Fukushima Daiichi accident caused by the tsunami following a powerful earthquake on 11th March 2011, the loss of heat sink occurred. Seawater, which had been considered as an alternative coolant before, was eventually injected into the nuclear reactor for more than one week as an emergency measure. The studies about the characteristics of heat transfer with the seawater as the working fluid have received much more attentions after the Fukushima Daiichi accident. The differences of thermophysical properties such as density, dynamic viscosity, and surface tension, between deionized water and seawater play an important role in the heat transfer. In addition, different boiling behaviors exhibit in the boiling process for two types of working fluid. Compared to pure water, the diameter of bubbles in seawater during pool boiling could be smaller than in water. To improve the safety of a nuclear reactor power plant, mechanisms of the heat transfer using seawater as an alternative emergency coolant should be studied thoroughly. In the present research, experiments of pool boiling in an annulus gap with a riser section after the sudden shutdown of the pump are investigated. Heat transfer characteristic of the heated surface using DI water and 3.5 wt% artificial seawater are described. Boiling behaviors at each fluid are compared and studied.
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Zhou, Zhihua, and Zhang Zhihong. "The Study of Influence Factor to Desulphurization Efficiency in Seawater." In 2008 2nd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2008.434.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Seawater study"

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Simandl, G. J., R. J. D'Souza, S. Paradis, and J. Spence. Rare-earth element content of carbonate minerals in sediment-hosted Pb-Zn deposits, southern Canadian Rocky Mountains. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328001.

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Paleozoic platform carbonate rocks of the Rocky Mountains host Mississippi Valley-type (MVT), magnesite, barite, and REE-barite-fluorite deposits. Farther west, platform carbonate rocks of the Kootenay Arc host MVT and fracture-controlled replacement (FCR) deposits. This is the first systematic LA-ICP-MS study of carbonates in MVT and FCR deposits. We investigated seven MVT deposits in the Rocky Mountains, and five MVT deposits in the Kootenay Arc. None of the post-Archean Australian shale (PAAS)-normalized REE profiles show light REE (LREE) depletion and strong negative Ce anomalies characteristic of modern seawater: some profiles are nearly flat; others show depletion in LREE similar to seawater but without negative Ce anomalies; others are middle REE enriched. Carbonates with a strong positive Eu anomaly precipitated from or interacted with different fluids than carbonates with flatter profiles without a strong positive Eu anomaly. REE signatures reflect crystallization conditions of primary carbonates, and crystallization and re-equilibration conditions of carbonates with ambient fluids during diagenesis, deep burial, and/or metamorphic recrystallization. Chemical evolution of fluids along their migration path, fluid-to-rock ratio, fluid acidity, redox, and temperature also influence REE profile shape, which helps establish genetic and timing constraints on studied deposits and improves knowledge of the metallogeny of the Kootenay Arc and Rocky Mountains.
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2

Kontak, D. J., S. Paradis, Z. Waller, and M. Fayek. Petrographic, fluid inclusion, and secondary ion mass spectrometry stable isotopic (O, S) study of Mississippi Valley-type mineralization in British Columbia and Alberta. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/327994.

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A comprehensive study of Mississippi Valley-type base-metal deposits across the Canadian Cordillera was done to compare and contrast their features. Extensive dissolution of host rocks is followed by multiple generations of dolomite cements from early, low-temperature, fine-grained to coarser, higher temperature types that overlap with Zn-Pb sulfide minerals; late-stage calcite occludes residual porosity. Dolomite is generally chemically stoichiometric, but ore-stage types are often rich in Fe (&amp;lt;1.3 weight per cent FeO) with small sphalerite inclusions. Sphalerite-hosted fluid inclusions record ranges for homogenization temperatures (77-214°C) and fluid salinity (1-28 weight per cent equiv. NaCl±CaCl2). These data suggest fluid mixing with no single fluid type related to all sulfide mineralization. In situ secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) generated delta-18OVSMOW values for carbonate minerals (13-33 permille) reflect dolomite and calcite formation involving several fluids (seawater, basinal, meteoric) over a large temperature range at varying fluid-rock ratios. Sphalerite and pyrite SIMS delta-34SVCDT values vary (8-33 permille) but in single settings have small ranges (&amp;lt;2-3 permille) that suggest sulfur was reduced via thermochemical sulfate reduction from homogeneous sulfur reservoirs. Collectively, the data implicate several fluids in the mineralizing process and suggest mixing of a sulfur-poor, metal-bearing fluid with a metal-poor, sulfide-bearing fluid.
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3

Cnaani, Avner, Gordon Grau, Darren Lerner, and Sheenan Harpaz. Gastrointestinal osmoregulatory activity in Tilapia and its effects on growth, an opportunity for fish diet developments. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594393.bard.

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Fish living in freshwater and seawater environments experience constant osmotic pressure between their internal body and the surrounding water. Regulation of ion and water balance under these conditions is highly energetic demanding, and eventually, affects the fish growth. While the role of the gills in osmoregulation was extensively studied, the osmoregulatory activity of the gastrointestinal tract is less known. In this study we characterized the tilapia intestine as a multifunctional organ, having a role in both nutrition and in ion regulation. We studied the pituitary endocrine regulation of intestinal salinity adaptation, the salinity-dependent physiological activity along different intestinal sections, and specific genes that are linking nutrient absorption with ion and acid-base regulation. The results of this study indicate that different intestinal sections developed various specific activities. Their endocrine regulation is now better understood, a large data-set of salinity dependent gene transcript was developed, as well as new tools and methods to study new aspects of intestinal physiology.
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4

Greinert, Jens. Mine Monitoring in the German Baltic Sea 2020; Dumped munition monitoring AL548, 03rd – 16th November 2020, Kiel (Germany) – Kiel (Germany) „MineMoni-II 2020“. GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/cr_al548.

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ALKOR cruise AL548 took place as part of the EMFF (European Maritime and Fisheries Fund)-funded project BASTA (Boost Applied munition detection through Smart data inTegration and AI workflows; https://www.basta-munition.eu) and as continuation of the munition monitoring started within the BMBF-funded project UDEMM (Environmental Monitoring for the Delaboration of Munition in the Sea; https://udemm.geomar.de/). In October 2018, a first cruise (POS530 MineMoni2018) was conducted, to gather data for a broad baseline study in the German Baltic Sea. Results show a moderate contamination level on regional and coastal scale, but indicate higher levels for specific local areas. Within UDEMM, expertise was developed to detect, exactly locate and monitor munition (e.g. torpedoes, sea mines, ground mines) on the seafloor using optical and hydroacoustic means. In addition, chemical analyses of dissolved contaminants in the water and sediments was performed. Data acquired during this cruise are used in BASTA, which aims for enhanced munition detection via AUV-based artificial intelligence applied on multi-sensor datasets. At the same time, the project ExPloTect (Ex-situ, near-real-time exPlosive compound deTection in seawater) (also EMFF-funded) addresses the need for an innovative approach to detect explosive compounds in seawater. A prototype system was used and successfully tested for the first time during this cruise. The main focus was placed onto the two already known dumpsites Kolberger Heide and Lübeck Bight. Additionally, new areas Falshöft (Schleswig-Holstein) and Cadet Channel, Trollegrund and Großklützhöved (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) were explored. In each area high-resolution multibeam mapping was performed and contact lists, indicating potential munition objects were produced on board. AUV surveys were conducted to ground-truth possible contacts via detailed photograph and magnetometer mapping. This was complemented with towed video (TV)-CTD profiles. The transits to and between those sites were planned along former constraint routes during WWII. These routes were main targets of the British Air Force and mines and bombs can be expected along these ways. During transits water samples were taken with on a CTD- (conductivity, temperature, depth) rosette-mounted Niskin bottles in regular distances, in order to obtain a comprehensive understanding munition compounds (inter alia trinitrotoluene (TNT)) measurements across the German Baltic Sea.
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5

Israel, Alvaro, and John Merrill. Production of Seed Stocks for Sustainable Tank Cultivation of the Red Edible Seaweed Porphyra. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7696527.bard.

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Porphyra species (commonly known as ‘nori’ or ‘purple laver’) are edible red seaweeds rich in proteins, vitamins and other highly valued biogenic compounds. For years Porphyra has been cultured using seeded nets extended in the open sea, and its biomass consumed primarily in the Far East. While demands for international markets have increased steadily at an average of 20% per year, supplies are on the verge and not expected to meet future demands. Alternatively, land-based cultivation of seaweed has become attractive in the mariculture industry since (1) important growth parameters can be controlled, (2) is environmentally friendly and (3) perfectly matches with integrated aquaculture leading to sustainable, high quality products. During the last few years a tank cultivation technology for Porphyra has been developed at the Israeli institution. This technology is based on indoor production of asexual spores and their subsequent growth to 1-2 mm seedlings. The seedlings are then transferred to outdoor tanks and ponds when seawater temperatures drop to 20 °C, or below, and days become shorter during winter time. However, the current technology efficiently serves only about 100 m2 of ponds during one growth season. In order to produce seedlings in sufficient amounts, it is critical to address both technical and biological aspects of seedling production, securing optimal up-scale to commercial-size cultivation farms. We hypothesize that massive production of spores is related to thalli origin, thalli age and sporulation triggers, and that seedling survival and their subsequent growth potential is determined by the seawater quality and overall indoor growth conditions imposed. A series of bio-reactors were constructed and tested in which spore release and spore growth were separately studied. The main assessment criteria for optimal viability of the seedlings will be by determining their electron transport rate using PAM fluorometry and by subsequent growth and biomass yields in outdoor ponds. Altogether the project showed (1), controlled sporulation is possible in big outdoor/growth chamber settings provided initial stock material (small frozen seedlings) is at hand, (2), contamination problems can be almost completely avoided if stock material is properly handled (clean as possible and partially dehydrated prior to freezing), (3), spore release can significantly be enhance using high nutrient levels during thawing for P. yezoensis and P. haitanensis, but not for P. rosengurttii, (4), PAM fluorometry is an efficient tool to estimate growth capacity in both seedlings and juvenile thalli. The BARD funding also served to explore other aspects of Porphyra biology and cultivation. For example, the taxonomical status of Porphyra strains used in this study was defined (see appendix), and the potential use of this seaweed in bioremediation was well substantiated. In addition, BARD funding supported a number of opportunities and activities in the Israeli lab, direct or indirectly related to the initial objectives of the project such as: additional molecular work in other seaweeds, description of at least 2 new species for the Israeli Mediterranean, and continuous support for the writing of a book on Global Change and applied aspects of seaweeds. The technology for Porphyra cultivation in land-based ponds is readily available. This study corroborated previous know-how of Porphyra growth in tanks and ponds, and yet offers important improvements regarding seedling production and their handling for successful cultivation. This study supported various other activities opening additional important issues in the biology/cultivation/use of Porphyra and other seaweeds.
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6

Van Rijn, Jaap, Harold Schreier, and Yossi Tal. Anaerobic ammonia oxidation as a novel approach for water treatment in marine and freshwater aquaculture recirculating systems. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7696511.bard.

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Ammonia waste removal in recirculating aquaculture systems is typically accomplished via the action of nitrifying bacteria in specially designed biofilters that oxidize ammonia to produce nitrate. In the majority of these systems nitrate is discharged to the environment through frequent water exchanges. As environmental considerations have made it necessary to eliminate nitrate release, new strategies for nitrate consumption are being developed. In the funding period we showed that ammonia removal from wastewater could take place by an anaerobic ammonia oxidation process carried out by bacterial Planctomycetessp. Referred to as “anammox”, this process occurs in the absence of an organic source and in the presence of nitrite (or nitrate) as an electron acceptor as follows: NH₃ + HNO₂ -> N₂ + 2H₂O. Annamox has been estimated to result in savings of up to 90% of the costs associated with was wastewater treatment plants. Our objective was to study the applicability of the anammox process in a variety of recirculating aquaculture systems to determine optimal conditions necessary for efficient ammonia waste removal. Both seawater and freshwater systems operated with either conventional aerobic treatment of ammonia to nitrate (USA) or, in addition, denitrifying biofilters as well as anaerobic digestion of sludge (Israel) were tested. Molecular tools were used to screen and monitor different treatment compartments for the presence of Planctomycetes. Optimal conditions for the enrichment of the anammox bacteria were tested using laboratory scale biofilters as well as a semi-commercial system. Enrichment studies resulted in the isolation of some unique heterotrophic bacteria capable of plasmid-mediated autotrophic growth in the presence of ammonia and nitrite. Our studies have not only demonstrated the presence and viability of Planctomycetes spp. in recirculating marine and freshwater systems biofilter units but also demonstrated the applicability of the anammox process in these systems. Using our results we have developed treatment schemes that have allowed for optimizing the anammox process and applying it to recirculating systems.
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7

Taucher, Jan, and Markus Schartau. Report on parameterizing seasonal response patterns in primary- and net community production to ocean alkalinization. OceanNETs, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/oceannets_d5.2.

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We applied a 1-D plankton ecosystem-biogeochemical model to assess the impacts of ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) on seasonal changes in biogeochemistry and plankton dynamics. Depending on deployment scenarios, OAE should theoretically have variable effects on pH and seawater pCO2, which might in turn affect (a) plankton growth conditions and (b) the efficiency of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) via OAE. Thus, a major focus of our work is how different magnitudes and temporal frequencies of OAE might affect seasonal response patterns of net primary productivity (NPP), ecosystem functioning and biogeochemical cycling. With our study we aimed at identifying a parameterization of how magnitude and frequency of OAE affect net growth rates, so that these effects could be employed for Earth System Modell applications. So far we learned that a meaningful response parameterization has to resolve positive and negative anomalies that covary with temporal shifts. As to the intricacy of the response patterns, the derivation of such parameterization is work in progress. However, our study readily provides valuable insights to how OAE can alter plankton dynamics and biogeochemistry. Our modelling study first focuses at a local site where time series data are available (European Station for Time series in the Ocean Canary Islands ESTOC), including measurements of pH, concentrations of total alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), chlorophyll-a and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN). These observational data were made available by Andres Cianca (personal communication, PLOCAN, Spain), Melchor Gonzalez and Magdalena Santana Casiano (personal communication, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria). The choice of this location was underpinned by the fact that the first OAE mesocosm experiment was conducted on the Canary Island Gran Canaria, which will facilitate synthesizing our modelling approach with experimental findings. For our simulations at the ESTOC site in the Subtropical North Atlantic we found distinct, non-linear responses of NPP to different temporal modes of alkalinity deployment. In particular, phytoplankton bloom patterns displayed pronounced temporal phase shifts and changes in their amplitude. Notably, our simulations suggest that OAE can have a slightly stimulating effect on NPP, which is however variable, depending on the magnitude of OAE and the temporal mode of alkalinity addition. Furthermore, we find that increasing alkalinity perturbations can lead to a shift in phytoplankton community composition (towards coccolithophores), which even persists after OAE has stopped. In terms of CDR, we found that a decrease in efficiency with increasing magnitude of alkalinity addition, as well as substantial differences related to the timing of addition. Altogether, our results suggest that annual OAE during the right season (i.e. physical and biological conditions), could be a reasonable compromise in terms of logistical feasibility, efficiency of CDR and side-effects on marine biota. With respect to transferability to global models, the complex, non-linear responses of biological processes to OAE identified in our simulations do not allow for simple parameterizations that can easily adapted. Dedicated future work is required to transfer the observed responses at small spatiotemporal scales to the coarser resolution of global models.
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8

Boily-Auclair, É., P. Mercier-Langevin, P. S. Ross, and D. Pitre. Alteration and ore assemblages of the LaRonde Zone 5 (LZ5) deposit and Ellison mineralized zones, Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde mining camp, Abitibi, Quebec. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329637.

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The LaRonde Zone 5 (LZ5) mine is part of the Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde mining camp and is located in the southern part of the Abitibi greenstone belt in northwestern Quebec. The LZ5 deposit consists of three stacked mineralized corridors: Zone 4, Zone 4.1, and Zone 5. Zones 4 and 4.1 are discontinuous satellite mineralized corridors, whereas Zone 5 represents the main mineralized body. The mineralized zones of the LZ5 deposit and adjacent Ellison property (Ellison A and B zones) are hosted in the strongly-deformed, 2699-2695 Ma transitional to calcalkaline, intermediate to felsic, volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks of the Bousquet Formation upper member, which is part of the Blake River Group (2704-2695 Ma). Zones 4, 4.1, and 5 at the LZ5 mine are hosted in intermediate volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks of the Westwood andesitic to rhyodacitic unit (unit 5.1a), which forms the base of the upper member of the Bousquet Formation. The Ellison Zone A is hosted higher up in the stratigraphic sequence within a newly described intermediate volcanic unit. The Ellison Zone B is hosted in felsic volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks of the Westwood feldsparphyric rhyolite dome (subunit 5.3a-(b)). Mineralization in all three zones of the LZ5 deposit consists of discordant networks of millimeter- to centimeter-thick pyrite ±chalcopyrite ±sphalerite ±pyrrhotite veins and veinlets (10-20 % of the volume of the rock) and, to a lesser extent, very finely disseminated pyrite and boudinaged veins (less than or equal to 5 vol. % each) in strongly altered host rocks. Gold commonly occurs as microscopic inclusions in granoblastic pyrite and at the triple junction between recrystallized grains. The veins, stockworks, and disseminations were intensely folded and transposed in the steeply south-dipping, east-west trending S2 foliation. The vein network is at least partly discordant to the stratigraphy. A distal alteration halo envelops the LZ5 mineralized corridors and consists of a sericite-carbonate-chlorite- feldspar ±biotite assemblage. A proximal sericite-carbonate-chlorite-pyrite-quartz- feldspar-biotite ±epidote alteration assemblage is present within the LZ5 mineralized zones. A local proximal alteration assemblage of sericite-quartz-pyrite is also locally developed within Zone 4 and Zone 5 of the LZ5 deposit. Mass gains in Fe2O3 (t) and K2O, and mass losses in CaO, MgO, Na2O, and locally SiO2, are characteristic of the LZ5 alteration zones. The Ellison zone A and B are similar to LZ5 in terms of style of mineralization, but thin (10-20 cm) veins or bands of semi-massive to massive, finely recrystallized disseminated pyrite (0.1-1 mm) are distinctive. Chalcopyrite and sphalerite are also slightly more abundant in the mineralized corridors of the Ellison property and are usually associated with elevated gold grades. The zones are also slightly richer than at LZ5 in terms of gold and silver content, but narrower and less continuous in general. The Ellison Zone A is characterized by gains in Fe2O3 (t) and K2O and losses in CaO, MgO, Na2O, and SiO2. Gains in Fe2O3 (t) and local gains in K2O, MgO, and MnO, and losses in CO2, Na2O, P2O5, and SiO2, characterize the felsic host rocks of the Zone B corridor. The style of mineralization at LZ5 (pyrite ±chalcopyrite veins and veinlets, ±disseminated pyrite with low base metal content), its setting (i.e. in rocks of intermediate composition at the base of the upper member of the Bousquet Formation), and the geometry of its ore zones (stacked lenses of sulfide veins and veinlets, without massive sulfide lenses) differ from the other major deposits of the Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde mining camp. Despite these differences, this study indicates that the LZ5 and Ellison mineralized corridors are of synvolcanic hydrothermal origin and have most likely been formed by convective circulation of seawater below the seafloor. An influx of magmatic fluids from the Mooshla synvolcanic intrusive complex or its parent magma chamber could explain the Au enrichment at LZ5, as has been suggested for other deposits of the camp. Evidence for a pre-deformation synvolcanic mineralization at LZ5 includes ductile deformation and recrystallization of the sulfides, the stacked nature of its ore zones, subconcordant alteration halos that envelop the mineralized corridors, evidence that the mineralized system was already active when the LZ5 lenses were deposited and control on mineralization by primary volcanic features such as the permeability and porosity of the volcanic rocks.
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