Статті в журналах: "Seawater electrolysis"

1

Zhang, Fan, Junjie Zhou, Xiaofeng Chen, Shengxiao Zhao, Yayun Zhao, Yulong Tang, Ziqi Tian, et al. "The Recent Progresses of Electrodes and Electrolysers for Seawater Electrolysis." Nanomaterials 14, no. 3 (January 23, 2024): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14030239.

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The utilization of renewable energy for hydrogen production presents a promising pathway towards achieving carbon neutrality in energy consumption. Water electrolysis, utilizing pure water, has proven to be a robust technology for clean hydrogen production. Recently, seawater electrolysis has emerged as an attractive alternative due to the limitations of deep-sea regions imposed by the transmission capacity of long-distance undersea cables. However, seawater electrolysis faces several challenges, including the slow kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), the competing chlorine evolution reaction (CER) processes, electrode degradation caused by chloride ions, and the formation of precipitates on the cathode. The electrode and catalyst materials are corroded by the Cl− under long-term operations. Numerous efforts have been made to address these issues arising from impurities in the seawater. This review focuses on recent progress in developing high-performance electrodes and electrolyser designs for efficient seawater electrolysis. Its aim is to provide a systematic and insightful introduction and discussion on seawater electrolysers and electrodes with the hope of promoting the utilization of offshore renewable energy sources through seawater electrolysis.

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2

González-Cobos, Jesús, Bárbara Rodríguez-García, Mabel Torréns, Òscar Alonso-Almirall, Martí Aliaguilla, David Galí, David Gutiérrez-Tauste, Magí Galindo-Anguera, Felipe A. Garcés-Pineda, and José Ramón Galán-Mascarós. "An Autonomous Device for Solar Hydrogen Production from Sea Water." Water 14, no. 3 (February 2, 2022): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14030453.

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Hydrogen production from water electrolysis is one of the most promising approaches for the production of green H2, a fundamental asset for the decarbonization of the energy cycle and industrial processes. Seawater is the most abundant water source on Earth, and it should be the feedstock for these new technologies. However, commercial electrolyzers still need ultrapure water. The debate over the advantages and disadvantages of direct sea water electrolysis when compared with the implementation of a distillation/purification process before the electrolysis stage is building in the relevant research. However, this debate will remain open for some time, essentially because there are no seawater electrolyser technologies with which to compare the modular approach. In this study, we attempted to build and validate an autonomous sea water electrolyzer able to produce high-purity green hydrogen (>90%) from seawater. We were able to solve most of the problems that natural seawater electrolyses imposes (high corrosion, impurities, etc.), with decisions based on simplicity and sustainability, and those issues that are yet to be overcome were rationally discussed in view of future electrolyzer designs. Even though the performance we achieved may still be far from industrial standards, our results demonstrate that direct seawater electrolysis with a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of ≈7% can be achieved with common, low-cost materials and affordable fabrication methods.

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3

Li, Pengsong, Shiyuan Wang, Imran Ahmed Samo, Xingheng Zhang, Zhaolei Wang, Cheng Wang, Yang Li, et al. "Common-Ion Effect Triggered Highly Sustained Seawater Electrolysis with Additional NaCl Production." Research 2020 (September 24, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2020/2872141.

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Developing efficient seawater-electrolysis system for mass production of hydrogen is highly desirable due to the abundance of seawater. However, continuous electrolysis with seawater feeding boosts the concentration of sodium chloride in the electrolyzer, leading to severe electrode corrosion and chlorine evolution. Herein, the common-ion effect was utilized into the electrolyzer to depress the solubility of NaCl. Specifically, utilization of 6 M NaOH halved the solubility of NaCl in the electrolyte, affording efficient, durable, and sustained seawater electrolysis in NaCl-saturated electrolytes with triple production of H2, O2, and crystalline NaCl. Ternary NiCoFe phosphide was employed as a bifunctional anode and cathode in simulative and Ca/Mg-free seawater-electrolysis systems, which could stably work under 500 mA/cm2 for over 100 h. We attribute the high stability to the increased Na+ concentration, which reduces the concentration of dissolved Cl- in the electrolyte according to the common-ion effect, resulting in crystallization of NaCl, eliminated anode corrosion, and chlorine oxidation during continuous supplementation of Ca/Mg-free seawater to the electrolysis system.

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4

Zhao, Li, Xiao Li, Jiayuan Yu, and Weijia Zhou. "Design Strategy of Corrosion-Resistant Electrodes for Seawater Electrolysis." Materials 16, no. 7 (March 28, 2023): 2709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16072709.

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Electrocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen (H2) production has attracted more and more attention in the context of energy shortages. The use of scarce pure water resources, such as electrolyte, not only increases the cost but also makes application difficult on a large scale. Compared to pure water electrolysis, seawater electrolysis is more competitive in terms of both resource acquisition and economic benefits; however, the complex ionic environment in seawater also brings great challenges to seawater electrolysis technology. Specifically, chloride oxidation-related corrosion and the deposition of insoluble solids on the surface of electrodes during seawater electrolysis make a significant difference to electrocatalytic performance. In response to this issue, design strategies have been proposed to improve the stability of electrodes. Herein, basic principles of seawater electrolysis are first discussed. Then, the design strategy for corrosion-resistant electrodes for seawater electrolysis is recommended. Finally, a development direction for seawater electrolysis in the industrialization process is proposed.

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5

Vitale-Sullivan, Molly E., Quinn Quinn Carvalho, and Kelsey A. Stoerzinger. "Facet-Dependent Selectivity of Rutile IrO₂ for Oxygen and Chlorine Evolution Reactions." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 50 (August 28, 2023): 2577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01502577mtgabs.

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Water electrolysis is a promising route for sustainable production of hydrogen as an energy storage medium and valuable precursor for industrial chemical syntheses such as ammonia and methanol. Direct electrolysis of seawater circumvents costly desalination and purification steps to reduce the price of renewable hydrogen to achieve cost parity with carbon-intensive steam reforming. However, the significant concentration of chloride salts in seawater poses a challenge to selectivity of seawater electrolysis. In aqueous chloride electrolytes, the chlorine evolution reaction (CER) is kinetically favored over the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Rutile-type iridium dioxide (IrO2) is a state-of-the-art electrocatalyst for water electrolysis but is also a benchmark chlorine evolution electrocatalyst in the industrial chlor-alkali process. Understanding OER/CER selectivity is needed to make seawater electrolysis a viable energy conversion technology in the future. In this work, we seek to understand the relationship between crystallographic facet and competitive reaction pathway between OER and CER on epitaxial, rutile IrO2 thin films. We investigate facet-dependent OER and CER activity on a series of single-crystalline IrO2 thin films using a rotating disk electrode geometry. The OER/CER selectivity, reaction rate order, and reaction intermediate electroadsorption affinities are explored to add fundamental insight into the reactivity of rutile IrO2 surface. To gain further insight into OER intermediate adsorption affinities, we paired electrochemical measurements with surface-sensitive ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS). Moving forward, our facet-dependent study of OER/CER selectivity of rutile IrO2 can be used to design selective seawater electrocatalysts for cost-effective and sustainable hydrogen production.

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6

Nie, Jing, Shou Zhi Yi, and Di Miao. "Study on Advanced Pretreatment of Seawater by Electrolysis." Advanced Materials Research 881-883 (January 2014): 598–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.881-883.598.

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The advanced pretreatment by electrolysis of Bohai seawater in Tianjin used a diaphragm electrolyzer in the experiment. Removal efficiency and influence factors of the method were analyzed. Results show that turbidity, organic compounds, SDI and chroma of seawater were effectively decreased by electrolysis. Removal efficiency was significantly increased by current density, operation time and inter-electrode distance, and the optimum electrolytic conditions was determined as inter-electrode distance of 2 cm, current density of 15.87 mA·cm-2, operation time of 10 minutes. It was investigated that when the water quality after electrolysis was of pH 8.6, the chroma and turbidity decreasing trend slowed down, with chroma of 0.052 A, removal rate reached 88.4%; the residual turbidity reduced to 2.52 NTU, removal rate reached 90.71%. A PH of about 8.5, CODCr decreasing trend slowed down, and when CODCr < 750 mg/L, it conformed to the requirements of the reverse osmosis water.

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7

Park, Yoo Sei, Jooyoung Lee, Myeong Je Jang, Juchan Yang, Jaehoon Jeong, Jaeho Park, Yangdo Kim, Min Ho Seo, Zhongwei Chen, and Sung Mook Choi. "High-performance anion exchange membrane alkaline seawater electrolysis." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 9, no. 15 (2021): 9586–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta12336f.

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Seawater electrolysis is a promising technology for the production of hydrogen energy and seawater desalination. To produce hydrogen energy through seawater electrolysis, highly active electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction are required.

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8

Jiang, Siqi, Hongli Suo, Teng Zhang, Caizhi Liao, Yunxiao Wang, Qinglan Zhao, and Weihong Lai. "Recent Advances in Seawater Electrolysis." Catalysts 12, no. 2 (January 20, 2022): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12020123.

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Hydrogen energy, as a clean and renewable energy, has attracted much attention in recent years. Water electrolysis via the hydrogen evolution reaction at the cathode coupled with the oxygen evolution reaction at the anode is a promising method to produce hydrogen. Given the shortage of freshwater resources on the planet, the direct use of seawater as an electrolyte for hydrogen production has become a hot research topic. Direct use of seawater as the electrolyte for water electrolysis can reduce the cost of hydrogen production due to the great abundance and wide availability. In recent years, various high-efficiency electrocatalysts have made great progress in seawater splitting and have shown great potential. This review introduces the mechanisms and challenges of seawater splitting and summarizes the recent progress of various electrocatalysts used for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reaction in seawater electrolysis in recent years. Finally, the challenges and future opportunities of seawater electrolysis for hydrogen and oxygen production are presented.

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9

Sunaryo, S. "Hydrogen Production as Alternative Energy Through the Electrolysis Process of Sea Water Originating from Mangrove Plant Areas." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2377, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2377/1/012056.

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This research was conducted by utilizing seawater around mangrove forests, namely multi-functional areas in education. One of the objects of research by electrolysis seawater to determine the content of hydrogen gas is one of the renewable energy that has many advantages compared to other renewable energy. One simple method to produce hydrogen gas is by electrolysis of seawater whose source is unlimited. The electrolysis method in this study uses direct electric current or DC (Power Supply) and seawater with an electrolyte volume of 1000 ml, electrolysis time of 2, 4, 6, 8 minute using Copper electrodes (anode) and Aluminum (cathode) selection of cylindrical reactor types volume 1500 ml, operating conditions 36°C and 1 atm. As for the free variables, namely voltages of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 volt. With time variations, the results of the study showed that voltage greatly affects the decomposition of seawater into hydrogen gas. The highest hydrogen gas flow rate results can be at a voltage of 20 volts with 8 minutes of 1.8172 cc/sec (6545.51 ml/hour). The electrolysis time study on the decomposition of seawater into hydrogen gas had no significant effect. The electrolysis time of 6 and 8 minutes at a voltage of 20 and 15 volt showed high hydrogen gas results.

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10

Tahri, Walid, Xu Zhou, Rashid Khan, and Muhammad Sajid. "Recent Trends in Transition Metal Phosphide (TMP)-Based Seawater Electrolysis for Hydrogen Evolution." Sustainability 15, no. 19 (September 29, 2023): 14389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151914389.

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Large-scale hydrogen (H2) production is an essential gear in the future bioeconomy. Hydrogen production through electrocatalytic seawater splitting is a crucial technique and has gained considerable attention. The direct seawater electrolysis technique has been designed to use seawater in place of highly purified water, which is essential for electrolysis, since seawater is widely available. This paper offers a structured approach by briefly describing the chemical processes, such as competitive chloride evolution, anodic oxygen evolution, and cathodic hydrogen evolution, that govern seawater electrocatalytic reactions. In this review, advanced technologies in transition metal phosphide-based seawater electrolysis catalysts are briefly discussed, including transition metal doping with phosphorus, the nanosheet structure of phosphides, and structural engineering approaches. Application progress, catalytic process efficiency, opportunities, and problems related to transition metal phosphides are also highlighted in detail. Collectively, this review is a comprehensive summary of the topic, focusing on the challenges and opportunities.

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11

Bacquart, Thomas, Niamh Moore, Robbie Wilmot, Sam Bartlett, Abigail Siân Olivia Morris, James Olden, Hans Becker, et al. "Hydrogen for Maritime Application—Quality of Hydrogen Generated Onboard Ship by Electrolysis of Purified Seawater." Processes 9, no. 7 (July 20, 2021): 1252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9071252.

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Maritime transport is investigating several options to reduce its greenhouse gases and air pollutant emissions. An experimental ship, Energy Observer, is using excess renewable energy to generate onboard hydrogen by electrolysis of purified seawater. As a promising option for storing energy, it can provide on-demand energy to the ship through a hydrogen fuel cell (FC). As hydrogen FCs lifetime and performance are correlated to hydrogen quality, the hydrogen produced onboard needs to be monitored. This study assesses the probability of contaminants presence for this electrolyser, using purified seawater and supports the results with a hydrogen fuel quality analysis from the Energy Observer ship. It demonstrates that an electrolyser using onboard purified seawater can generate hydrogen of a quality compliant with ISO 14687:2019. Additional contaminants (i.e., ions, heavy metal) were also measured. The study highlights the potential contaminants to be monitored and future research on new contaminants from seawater to further develop hydrogen fuel for maritime applications.

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12

Badea, Gabriela Elena, Cristina Hora, Ioana Maior, Anca Cojocaru, Calin Secui, Sanda Monica Filip, and Florin Ciprian Dan. "Sustainable Hydrogen Production from Seawater Electrolysis: Through Fundamental Electrochemical Principles to the Most Recent Development." Energies 15, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 8560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15228560.

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Among the many potential future energy sources, hydrogen stands out as particularly promising. Because it is a green and renewable chemical process, water electrolysis has earned much interest among the different hydrogen production techniques. Seawater is the most abundant source of water and the ideal and cheapest electrolyte. The first part of this review includes the description of the general theoretical concepts: chemical, physical, and electrochemical, that stands on the basis of water electrolysis. Due to the rapid development of new electrode materials and cell technology, research has focused on specific seawater electrolysis parameters: the cathodic evolution of hydrogen; the concurrent anodic evolution of oxygen and chlorine; specific seawater catalyst electrodes; and analytical methods to describe their catalytic activity and seawater electrolyzer efficiency. Once the specific objectives of seawater electrolysis have been established through the design and energy performance of the electrolyzer, the study further describes the newest challenges that an accessible facility for the electrochemical production of hydrogen as fuel from seawater must respond to for sustainable development: capitalizing on known and emerging technologies; protecting the environment; utilizing green, renewable energies as sources of electricity; and above all, economic efficiency as a whole.

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13

Tereshchuk, V. S., and D. L. Rakov. "Technology of Water Purification from Hydrogen Sulphide and Its Utilization." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 988, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 022044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/988/2/022044.

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Abstract The article discussed a technology for cleaning natural reservoirs from hydrogen sulphide to improve the environment. The choice of research methods was to organize the creation of an airlift due to the electrolysis of seawater. To purify seawater from hydrogen sulphide, electrolysis with the release of hydrogen and oxygen is used. The released gases create an airlift effect, due to which the hydrogen sulphide rises to the surface, where it is captured for further separation. By-products of the electrolysis of seawater, chlorine and sodium, due to their good solubility in water, are converted into alkali and acid and, as a result of the neutralization reaction, return to the reservoir. The paper also discusses the features of the electrolysis of seawater. The use of the proposed approach will improve the ecological situation and, in particular, will lead to an increase in fish stocks and in the restoration of the red algae population.

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14

Moretti, Enzo, Ragnar Kiebach, and Mikkel Rykær Kraglund. "Seacat - Catalysts for Direct Seawater Electrolysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 34 (July 7, 2022): 1397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01341397mtgabs.

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With current technology, the direct electrolysis of seawater struggles with ACSFRs (active chlorine species formation reactions), including the ClER (chlorine evolution reaction), competing with the formation of gaseous oxygen on the anode side. The corrosive and poisonous chlorine compounds produced in the ClER pose a significant issue, essentially destroying the electrolyser in a short period of time. Since the purification of seawater requires both energy and increased investment and maintenance costs, today water electrolysis is often not economically feasible in regions with no fresh water access. This marks the starting point of this PhD project. The primary goal of this thesis is the development and demonstration of a catalyst suitable for direct electrolysis of seawater to hydrogen and oxygen, without the formation of Cl2. Nickel based layered double hydroxides (Ni-LDH) and oxyhydroxides (Ni-OOH), particularly when doped with other transition metals, have shown very high catalytic activity with respect to the OER. If sufficient current densities under practical conditions (1A/cm2, < 80 °C, stable for several thousand hours) below the thermodynamic onset potential of the ClER of around 1.7 V could be reached, an active suppression of the ClER is not necessarily needed. Initially, we investigate potential highly active mixed-metal LDH catalysts for the OER in sea water splitting, which are synthesized by a particularly simple, quick and efficient procedure proposed by Li et al. in 2020. Based on their work, we conduct a screening study of 36 unique compounds derived from abundantly available transition metals (Ni, Fe, Mn, Cr, Co, Cu, Zn, Al). The LDHs are coated onto a Ni foam substrate by a two-step dip coating process from metal nitrate solutions. In a first approach, we only consider compounds consisting of two transition metals with equal molar ratios. We then investigate their catalytic activity as well as the long term stability for up to 1000 hours in industrially relevant (60 – 80°C, 6M KOH) fresh water and sea water conditions, particularly regarding catalyst poisoning effects of the sea water constituents on the catalyst. We then give an outlook on the next step in the project, which will be to make use of the simple synthesis procedure by implementing it into an autonomous lab robot setup. The robot platform will comprise all steps of the experiment from synthesis over electrochemical testing, data analysis and machine learning based optimization. This way, we will showcase the potential of combining high-throughput screening with AI-assisted materials discovery. As a proof-of-concept, the robot will reproduce the initial screening study that was carried out manually. Subsequently, autonomous data analysis and synthesis optimization functionality will be implemented and the robot will run several iterations of closed-loop catalyst optimization experiments without human interaction.

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15

Lyu, Xiang, Alexey Serov, and Jianlin Li. "Investigation of Ni Foam and Stainless-Steel Mesh Substrates Toward Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Seawater Electrolysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 36 (August 28, 2023): 2093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01362093mtgabs.

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Electrolysis of alkaline seawater is a promising approach for the large-scale production of hydrogen, however, little effort has been devoted in studying the substrates for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts. Stainless-steel mesh (SS mesh) and Ni foam were investigated systematically for OER in alkaline seawater electrolysis in this study. The overpotentials and Tafel slopes with SS meshes are smaller than Ni foams. Interestingly, the performance of the SS mesh even outperforms various non-noble metal electrocatalysts and is comparable to commercial RuO2 and IrO2 catalysts. Additionally, the Ni foam exhibits much poorer resistance to corrosion compared with SS meshes. This work suggests inexpensive and commercially available SS mesh is an outstanding substrate for OER in alkaline seawater electrolysis.

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16

Wang, Cheng, Hongyuan Shang, Liujun Jin, Hui Xu, and Yukou Du. "Advances in hydrogen production from electrocatalytic seawater splitting." Nanoscale 13, no. 17 (2021): 7897–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1nr00784j.

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Seawater is one of the most abundant natural resources on our planet. Electrolysis of seawater is not only a promising approach to produce clean hydrogen energy, but also of great significance for seawater desalination.

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17

Nie, Jing, Shou Zhi Yi, and Di Miao. "Study on Advanced Pretreatment of Seawater by Electrolysis and Neutralization of Acidic Waste Water with By-Product Magnesium Hydroxide." Advanced Materials Research 821-822 (September 2013): 1071–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.821-822.1071.

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The advanced pretreatment by electrolysis of Bohai seawater in Tianjin used a diaphragm electrolyzer in the experiment. Removal efficiency and influence factors of the method were analyzed. Results show that turbidity, organic compounds, SDI and chroma of seawater were effectively decreased by electrolysis. Removal efficiency was significantly increased by current density, operation time and inter-electrode distance, and the optimum electrolytic conditions was determined as inter-electrode distance of 2 cm, current density of 15.87 mA·cm-2, operation time of 10 minutes. It was investigated that when the water quality after electrolysis was of pH 8.6, the chroma and turbidity decreasing trend slowed down, with chroma of 0.052 A, removal rate reached 88.4%; the residual turbidity reduced to 2.52 NTU, removal rate reached 90.71%. A PH of about 8.5, CODCr decreasing trend slowed down, and when CODCr < 750 mg/L, it conformed to the requirements of the reverse osmosis water. With the study on neutralization of steel pickling waste liquor by the by-product of magnesium hydroxide, it is found that the quality of treated water reached 3rd level national emissions standards (300-1000 mg/L). Magnesium hydroxide slurry of Cr (VI) removal rate reached 100%, conforming to the 1st level national industrial wastewater discharge standards (< 0.5 mg/L).

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18

Khatun, Sakila, Harish Hirani, and Poulomi Roy. "Seawater electrocatalysis: activity and selectivity." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 9, no. 1 (2021): 74–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta08709b.

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Seawater electrolysis can be considered the solution to the global energy demand. The current review discusses the recent advancements and limitations related to its practical application for providing clean hydrogen gas.

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19

Bhattarai, Jagadeesh. "The durability of Mn–Mo–Sn–W–Sb–O/Ir_1–x–ySn_xSb_yO_2+0.5y /Ti oxygen evolution anode for hydrogen production from seawater electrolysis." BIBECHANA 9 (December 10, 2012): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v9i0.7177.

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New types of electrodeposited nanocrystalline Mn–Mo–Sn–W–Sb–O/Ir1–x–ySnxSbyO2+0.5y/Ti anode is successfully tailored for hydrogen production from seawater electrolysis. Simultaneous additions of tungsten and antimony in an electrodeposited Mn–Mo–Sn–W–Sb–O/Ir1–x–ySnxSbyO2+0.5y/Ti anode are found to be more effective for better durability than that of the electrodeposited Mn–Mo–Sn–O/Ir1–x–ySnxSbyO2+0.5y/Ti anode for long period seawater electrolysis. The examined Mn–Mo–Sn–W–Sb–O/Ir1–x–ySnxSbyO2+0.5y/Ti anode showed nearly 100% oxygen evolution efficiency at the current density of 1000 A.m-2 in 0.5 M NaCl solution of pH 1 at 25°C and it is guaranteed the stable anode performance with 99.7–99.8% oxygen evolution efficiency for more than five months in seawater electrolysis for hydrogen production. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v9i0.7177 BIBECHANA 9 (2013) 69-74

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Zhuang, Linzhou, Shiyi Li, Jiankun Li, Keyu Wang, Zeyu Guan, Chen Liang, and Zhi Xu. "Recent Advances on Hydrogen Evolution and Oxygen Evolution Catalysts for Direct Seawater Splitting." Coatings 12, no. 5 (May 12, 2022): 659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12050659.

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Producing hydrogen via water electrolysis could be a favorable technique for energy conversion, but the freshwater shortage would inevitably limit the industrial application of the electrolyzers. Being an inexhaustible resource of water on our planet, seawater can be a promising alternative electrolyte for industrial hydrogen production. However, many challenges are hindering the actual application of seawater splitting, especially the competing reactions relating to chlorine at the anode that could severely corrode the catalysts. The execution of direct seawater electrolysis needs efficient and robust electrocatalysts that can prevent the interference of competing reactions and resist different impurities. In recent years, researchers have made great advances in developing high-efficiency electrocatalysts with improved activity and stability. This review will provide the macroscopic understanding of direct seawater splitting, the strategies for rational electrocatalyst design, and the development prospects of hydrogen production via seawater splitting. The nonprecious metal-based electrocatalysts for stable seawater splitting and their catalytic mechanisms are emphasized to offer guidance for designing the efficient and robust electrocatalyst, so as to promote the production of green hydrogen via seawater splitting.

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21

Khan, M. A., Tareq Al-Attas, Soumyabrata Roy, Muhammad M. Rahman, Noreddine Ghaffour, Venkataraman Thangadurai, Stephen Larter, Jinguang Hu, Pulickel M. Ajayan, and Md Golam Kibria. "Seawater electrolysis for hydrogen production: a solution looking for a problem?" Energy & Environmental Science 14, no. 9 (2021): 4831–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ee00870f.

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This study assesses research and development needs for direct seawater electrolysis from energy, cost and environmental aspects and presents a forward-looking perspective on future R&D priorities in desalination and electrolysis technologies.

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22

Kim, Dong-Seog, and Young-Seek Park. "Zooplankton Removal in Seawater using UV, Electrolysis and UV+electrolysis Process." Journal of Environmental Science International 30, no. 7 (July 30, 2021): 597–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.5322/jesi.2021.30.7.597.

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23

Zhang, Fan, Sixie Yang, Yuemin Du, Chao Li, Jiejun Bao, Ping He, and Haoshen Zhou. "A low-cost anodic catalyst of transition metal oxides for lithium extraction from seawater." Chemical Communications 56, no. 47 (2020): 6396–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc01883j.

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A schematic diagram of Li extraction from seawater by electrolysis with a hybrid electrolyte is shown. NiO@SP herein shows a satisfactory balance between the performance and cost for lithium recovery from seawater.

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24

Ngo Thanh, Trung, Aleks Arinchtein, Marvin Frisch, Linus Hager, Paul Wolfgang Buchheister, Jochen Alfred Kerres, and Peter Strasser. "Design of Noble-Metal-Free Membrane Electrode Assemblies Based on Metal Chalcogenides for Electrochemical Hydrogen Production Via Alkaline Seawater Electrolysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 36 (August 28, 2023): 2060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01362060mtgabs.

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The production of large amounts of green hydrogen (H2) by electrochemical water splitting represents one of the key pillars to reach net-zero by 2050. As one of the major drawbacks, both low-temperature proton-exchange membrane (PEM) as well as anion-exchange membrane (AEM) electrolysis still rely on the utilization of noble metals in the catalyst layers driving the evolution of H2 and oxygen (O2) on the cathode (HER) and on the anode (OER), respectively. Beyond that, the requirement for highly pure water feeds to prevent degradation of the cell performance over time was previously addressed as one of the main concerns. In particular, this holds true for arid regions located close to the ocean. Advantageously, these coastal arid zones provide essentially unlimited access to seawater, coupled with ample solar irradiation and wind throughout the entire year.[1] One of the major challenges for direct seawater electrolysis lies in the development of selective catalysts, especially for the anode due to the inherently faster reaction kinetics of the competing two-electron chlorine evolution reaction (ClER). Nickel-iron layered double hydroxides (NiFe-LDH) were identified as active and selective OER electrocatalysts in a previous study[2] by our group. Dionigi et al.[3] recently reported a general design principle for selective seawater electrolysis, in which alkaline pH values > 7.5 are claimed to favor OER over ClER for overpotentials < 480 mV. At the cathode, state-of-the-art electrolyzers utilize Pt-based catalysts for an efficient HER.[2] For direct seawater electrolysis, however, not only the high cost but also the weak stability due to chloride-induced corrosion restrict the applicability of Pt-based electrodes. In our contribution, we thus present noble-metal free catalyst materials based on metal chalcogenides with high HER activity and improved stability in alkaline seawater electrolyte in a single-cell electrolyzer setup. Membrane-electrode assemblies (MEAs) with superior corrosion-resistance by a modification of the porous transport layers (PTLs) for both cathode and anode will be presented, which outperform reference MEAs containing Pt-based cathodes in alkaline seawater electrolysis. The optimized noble-metal-free electrode design (fig. 1) combined with well-controlled electrolyte feeding enables alkaline seawater electrolysis operating at industrially relevant current densities. References [1] S. Dresp, F. Dionigi, M. Klingenhof, P. Strasser, ACS Energy Lett. 2019, 4, 933. [2] S. Dresp, T. N. Thanh, M. Klingenhof, S. Brückner, P. Hauke, P. Strasser, Energy Environ. Sci. 2020, 13, 1725. [3] F. Dionigi, T. Reier, Z. Pawolek, M. Gliech, P. Strasser, ChemSusChem 2016, 9, 962. Figure 1

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25

Long, Xiao, Ke Cheng Liu, Li Jun Zhang, and Xin Nie. "An Experimental Study on Desalination Brine for Electrolytic Chlorination." Advanced Materials Research 781-784 (September 2013): 2022–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.781-784.2022.

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A power plant in Hebei province aimed to use sodium hypochlorite as fungicide for the circulating water in its seawater electrolysis system by recycling desalination brine. The feasibility of this process was intensively studied using water quality analysis, electrochemical corrosion tests, and dynamic simulation tests. The results showed that this process is more efficient than that using seawater and would not aggravate the corrosion problem that is present in the current system. Scale produced by the electrolysis can be completely removed by acid-washing.

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26

Baxter, Amanda F., Marissa Beatty, Amar Bhardwaj, and Daniel V. Esposito. "(Invited) Membrane Coated Electrocatalysts for Seawater Electrolysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2021-01, no. 38 (May 30, 2021): 1231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2021-01381231mtgabs.

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27

Kumari, Sudesh, R. Turner White, Bijandra Kumar, and Joshua M. Spurgeon. "Solar hydrogen production from seawater vapor electrolysis." Energy & Environmental Science 9, no. 5 (2016): 1725–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ee03568f.

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Solar photovoltaic utilities require large land areas and also must be coupled to cost-effective energy storage to provide reliable, continuous energy generation. To target both of these disadvantages, a method was demonstrated to produce hydrogen fuel from solar energy by splitting seawater vapor from ambient humidity at near-surface ocean conditions.

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28

Kato, Zenta, Koichi Izumiya, Naokazu Kumagai, and Koji Hashimoto. "Energy-saving seawater electrolysis for hydrogen production." Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 13, no. 2 (April 19, 2008): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10008-008-0548-9.

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29

Baxter, Amanda F., Daniela V. Fraga Alvarez, Dhruti Kuvar, and Daniel V. Esposito. "(Invited) Membrane Coated Electrocatalysts for Selective and Stable Oxygen Evolution in Seawater." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 39 (July 7, 2022): 1790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01391790mtgabs.

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Seawater electrolysis has the potential to be a more sustainable means of hydrogen production compared to conventional water electrolysis which relies on highly pure water. This is particularly true for arid coastal regions with access to seawater and ideal conditions for harvesting solar and wind energy, but where fresh water is already scarce.[1] Seawater electrolysis is challenging due to the large concentration of chloride ions, which can be detrimental to electrocatalyst stability. Furthermore, the presence of chloride ions allows the chlorine evolution reaction (CER) to compete with the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at the anode. Although Cl2 is of industrial value, global hydrogen production already exceeds chlorine production, and demand for hydrogen is projected to grow more rapidly. Additionally, since Cl2 is toxic and harmful to the environment, implementing seawater electrolysis is simplified if pure oxygen is produced and can be safely vented to the atmosphere. Our group has shown that ultrathin semi permeable oxide overlayers can be designed to selectively transport reactants to the active catalyst at the buried interface.[2-3] Importantly for seawater electrolysis, the oxide overlayer selectively rejected chloride ions while allowing for water transport.[4] Thus, the oxide overlayer acts as a membrane, and the composite material can be referred to as a membrane coated electrocatalyst (MCEC). An additional advantage of the MCEC architecture compared to conventional electrocatalysts is enhanced stability.[5] This makes MCECs particularly attractive for stable and selective OER in seawater. This work describes how MCECs can (i) improve catalyst stability and (ii) enable selectivity for OER over CER by impeding transport of chloride ions to the catalyst at the buried interface. This work explores the fundamental relationships between chloride ion transport through different oxide overlayer materials. This knowledge is then applied to prepare MCECs supported on high surface area porous electrodes. References [1] S. Dresp, et al., ACS Energy Lett., 4, 933 (2019). [2] N. Y. Labrador, et al. , ACS Catal. , 8, 1767 (2018). [3] M. E. S. Beatty, et al., ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 3 , 12338 (2020). [4] A. A. Bhardwaj, et al. , ACS Catal. , 11, 1316 (2021). [5] N. Y. Labrador, et al . , Nano Lett. , 16 , 6452 (201 6 ).

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30

Jiang, Shanshan, Yang Liu, Hao Qiu, Chao Su, and Zongping Shao. "High Selectivity Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction and Anti-Chlorine Corrosion Strategies in Seawater Splitting." Catalysts 12, no. 3 (February 25, 2022): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12030261.

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Seawater is one of the most abundant and clean hydrogen atom resources on our planet, so hydrogen production from seawater splitting has notable advantages. Direct electrolysis of seawater would not be in competition with growing demands for pure water. Using green electricity generated from renewable sources (e.g., solar, tidal, and wind energies), the direct electrolytic splitting of seawater into hydrogen and oxygen is a potentially attractive technology under the framework of carbon-neutral energy production. High selectivity and efficiency, as well as stable electrocatalysts, are prerequisites to facilitate the practical applications of seawater splitting. Even though the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is thermodynamically favorable, the most desirable reaction process, the four-electron reaction, exhibits a high energy barrier. Furthermore, due to the presence of a high concentration of chloride ions (Cl−) in seawater, chlorine evolution reactions involving two electrons are more competitive. Therefore, intensive research efforts have been devoted to optimizing the design and construction of highly efficient and anticorrosive OER electrocatalysts. Based on this, in this review, we summarize the progress of recent research in advanced electrocatalysts for seawater splitting, with an emphasis on their remarkable OER selectivity and distinguished anti-chlorine corrosion performance, including the recent progress in seawater OER electrocatalysts with their corresponding optimized strategies. The future perspectives for the development of seawater-splitting electrocatalysts are also demonstrated.

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31

Adiga, Prajwal, Nathan Doi, Cindy Wong, Daniel M. Santosa, Li-Jung Kuo, Gary A. Gill, Joshua A. Silverstein, et al. "The Influence of Transitional Metal Dopants on Reducing Chlorine Evolution during the Electrolysis of Raw Seawater." Applied Sciences 11, no. 24 (December 15, 2021): 11911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112411911.

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Electrocatalytic water splitting is a possible route to the expanded generation of green hydrogen; however, a long-term challenge is the requirement of fresh water as an electrolyzer feed. The use of seawater as a direct feed for electrolytic hydrogen production would alleviate fresh water needs and potentially open an avenue for locally generated hydrogen from marine hydrokinetic or off-shore power sources. One environmental limitation to seawater electrolysis is the generation of chlorine as a competitive anodic reaction. This work evaluates transition metal (W, Co, Fe, Sn, and Ru) doping of Mn-Mo-based catalysts as a strategy to suppress chlorine evolution while sustaining catalytic efficiency. Electrochemical evaluations in neutral chloride solution and raw seawater showed the promise of a novel Mn-Mo-Ru electrode system for oxygen evolution efficiency and enhanced catalytic activity. Subsequent stability testing in a flowing raw seawater flume highlighted the need for improved catalyst stability for long-term applications of Mn-Mo-Ru catalysts. This work highlights that elements known to be selective toward chlorine evolution in simple oxide form (e.g., RuO2) may display different trends in selectivity when used as isolated dopants, where Ru suppressed chlorine evolution in Mn-based catalysts.

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32

Hausmann, J. Niklas, Robert Schlögl, Prashanth W. Menezes, and Matthias Driess. "Is direct seawater splitting economically meaningful?" Energy & Environmental Science 14, no. 7 (2021): 3679–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ee03659e.

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In this analysis, we show that direct seawater splitting with or without additives faces significant challenges and bears almost no advantage with respect to the costs and energy demands to purify water prior to water electrolysis.

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33

Badreldin, Ahmed, Abdellatif El Ghenymy, Abdel-Rahman Al-Zubi, Ahmed Ashour, Noor Hassan, Anuj Prakash, Marcin Kozusznik, Daniel V. Esposito, Sabah UI Solim, and Ahmed Abdel-Wahab. "Stepwise strategies for overcoming limitations of membraneless electrolysis for direct seawater electrolysis." Journal of Power Sources 593 (February 2024): 233991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.233991.

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34

Aziz, Fauzan Abiyyu, Cecep E. Rustana, and Riser Fahdiran. "STUDY OF ELECTRODE LIFESPAN IN SEAWATER ELECTROLYSIS PROCESS TO PRODUCE HYDROGEN GAS." Jurnal Neutrino 14, no. 2 (April 19, 2022): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/neu.v14i2.15218.

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This study aims to analyze the effect of the type of electrode in the electrolysis of seawater for the production of hydrogen gas. The methods used include two types of electrodes, namely copper and aluminum and also design tools for electrolysis of seawater. Data collection is carried out every 20 minutes, the electrolysis process takes place at a constant voltage of 12 volts. The results obtained showed that the copper electrode produced 732 ml of hydrogen gas and a lifetime of 820 minutes with an average rate of 0.893 ml/minute and the highest hydrogen yield of 3.83% at 400 to 440 minutes while the aluminum electrode produced 693 ml of hydrogen gas. and a lifetime of 680 minutes with an average rate of 1.019 ml/minute and the highest hydrogen yield of 5.92% at 120 minutes.

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35

Aziz, Fauzan Abiyyu, Cecep E. Rustana, and Riser Fahdiran. "STUDY OF ELECTRODE LIFESPAN IN SEAWATER ELECTROLYSIS PROCESS TO PRODUCE HYDROGEN GAS." Jurnal Neutrino 14, no. 2 (April 19, 2022): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/neu.v14i2.15218.

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This study aims to analyze the effect of the type of electrode in the electrolysis of seawater for the production of hydrogen gas. The methods used include two types of electrodes, namely copper and aluminum and also design tools for electrolysis of seawater. Data collection is carried out every 20 minutes, the electrolysis process takes place at a constant voltage of 12 volts. The results obtained showed that the copper electrode produced 732 ml of hydrogen gas and a lifetime of 820 minutes with an average rate of 0.893 ml/minute and the highest hydrogen yield of 3.83% at 400 to 440 minutes while the aluminum electrode produced 693 ml of hydrogen gas. and a lifetime of 680 minutes with an average rate of 1.019 ml/minute and the highest hydrogen yield of 5.92% at 120 minutes.

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36

Chen, Zhibin, Kang Huang, Tianyi Zhang, Jiuyang Xia, Junsheng Wu, Zequn Zhang, and Bowei Zhang. "Surface Modified CoCrFeNiMo High Entropy Alloys for Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Seawater." Processes 11, no. 1 (January 12, 2023): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11010245.

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Electrolysis of seawater is a promising technique to desalinate seawater and produce high-purity hydrogen production for freshwater and renewable energy, respectively. For the application of seawater electrolysis technique on a large scale, simplicity of manufacture method, repeatability of catalyst products, and stable product quality is generally required in the industry. In this work, a facile, one-step, and metal salt-free fabrication method was developed for the seawater-oxygen-evolution-active catalysts composed of CoCrFeNiMo layered double hydroxide array self-supported on CoCrFeNiMo high entropy alloy substrate. The obtained catalysts show improved performance for oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline artificial seawater solution. The best-performing sample delivered the current densities of 10, 50, and 100 mA cm−2 at low overpotentials of 260.1, 294.3, and 308.4 mV, respectively. In addition, high stability is also achieved since no degradation was observed over the chronoamperometry test of 24 h at the overpotential corresponding to 100 mA cm−2. Furthermore, a failure mechanism OER activity of multi-element LDHs catalysts was put forward in order to enhance catalytic performance and design catalysts with long-term durability.

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37

Wahyono, Yoyon, Hadiyanto Hadiyanto, Rifqi Ahmad Baihaqi, and Wisnu Indrawan. "Analyzing Hydrogen Gas Production from Seawater Using the Electrolysis Method with the Addition of Acetic Acid and Sulfuric Acid Catalysts." E3S Web of Conferences 448 (2023): 04008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202344804008.

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Based on proven reserves, Indonesia's natural gas is roughly 34 years old. Consequently, it is necessary to develop new renewable gas-based energy. This study offers an alternative, sustainable energy option in the form of the creation of hydrogen gas. Electrolysis of saltwater results in the creation of hydrogen gas. In this research, the constant variables are the raw materials, the electrolysis period of 5 minutes, and the voltage of 6 volts. 2000 ml seawater electrolysis, variation of addition of acetic acid catalyst, and variation of addition of sulfuric acid catalyst are not fixed variables in this study. The electrolysis of 0.8 L seawater and 1.2 L sulfuric acid yielded the best mass, volume, and concentration of hydrogen gas: 1.37 x 10-3 g, 1.37 x 10-2 L, and 4500 ppm. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis revealed that the salt's particle size was 25 µm. The Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) examination revealed that Magnesium Oxide (MgO) comprised 35.76 wt% of the biggest salt composition. Periodically, electrodes must be changed because they get oxidized.

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38

Lee, Chong-Yong, and Gordon G. Wallace. "CO2 electrolysis in seawater: calcification effect and a hybrid self-powered concept." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 46 (2018): 23301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta09368g.

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39

Yang, Jeong-Hyeon, Jong-Beom Choi, and Yong-Sup Yun. "Sterilization and ecofriendly neutralization of seawater using electrolysis." Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Engineering 41, no. 3 (March 31, 2017): 276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5916/jkosme.2017.41.3.276.

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40

Zhang, Qin, Shouzhi Yi, Shaoyu Wang, Ronghui Shi, Xingang Li, and Hongyun Ma. "Study on pretreatment of seawater electrolysis for desalination." Desalination and Water Treatment 51, no. 19-21 (May 2013): 3858–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.782088.

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41

Mohammed-Ibrahim, Jamesh, and Harb Moussab. "Recent advances on hydrogen production through seawater electrolysis." Materials Science for Energy Technologies 3 (2020): 780–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mset.2020.09.005.

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42

Amikam, Gidon, Paz Nativ, and Youri Gendel. "Chlorine-free alkaline seawater electrolysis for hydrogen production." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 43, no. 13 (March 2018): 6504–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.02.082.

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43

Kuang, Yun, Michael J. Kenney, Yongtao Meng, Wei-Hsuan Hung, Yijin Liu, Jianan Erick Huang, Rohit Prasanna, et al. "Solar-driven, highly sustained splitting of seawater into hydrogen and oxygen fuels." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 14 (March 18, 2019): 6624–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900556116.

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Electrolysis of water to generate hydrogen fuel is an attractive renewable energy storage technology. However, grid-scale freshwater electrolysis would put a heavy strain on vital water resources. Developing cheap electrocatalysts and electrodes that can sustain seawater splitting without chloride corrosion could address the water scarcity issue. Here we present a multilayer anode consisting of a nickel–iron hydroxide (NiFe) electrocatalyst layer uniformly coated on a nickel sulfide (NiSx) layer formed on porous Ni foam (NiFe/NiSx-Ni), affording superior catalytic activity and corrosion resistance in solar-driven alkaline seawater electrolysis operating at industrially required current densities (0.4 to 1 A/cm2) over 1,000 h. A continuous, highly oxygen evolution reaction-active NiFe electrocatalyst layer drawing anodic currents toward water oxidation and an in situ-generated polyatomic sulfate and carbonate-rich passivating layers formed in the anode are responsible for chloride repelling and superior corrosion resistance of the salty-water-splitting anode.

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44

Yan, Haofeng, Xuyun Wang, Vladimir Linkov, Shan Ji та Rongfang Wang. "Selectivity of Oxygen Evolution Reaction on Carbon Cloth-Supported δ-MnO2 Nanosheets in Electrolysis of Real Seawater". Molecules 28, № 2 (14 січня 2023): 854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020854.

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Electrolysis of seawater using solar and wind energy is a promising technology for hydrogen production which is not affected by the shortage of freshwater resources. However, the competition of chlorine evolution reactions and oxygen evolution reactions on the anode is a major obstacle in the upscaling of seawater electrolyzers for hydrogen production and energy storage, which require chlorine-inhibited oxygen evolution electrodes to become commercially viable. In this study, such an electrode was prepared by growing δ-MnO2 nanosheet arrays on the carbon cloth surface. The selectivity of the newly prepared anode towards the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) was 66.3% after 30 min of electrolyzer operation. The insertion of Fe, Co and Ni ions into MnO2 nanosheets resulted in an increased number of trivalent Mn atoms, which had a negative effect on the OER selectivity. Good tolerance of MnO2/CC electrodes to chlorine evolution in seawater electrolysis indicates its suitability for upscaling this important energy conversion and storage technology.

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45

Liu, Shoujie, Yinjuan Chen, Li Yu, Yan Lin, Zhi Liu, Minmin Wang, Yanju Chen, et al. "A supramolecular-confinement pyrolysis route to ultrasmall rhodium phosphide nanoparticles as a robust electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution in the entire pH range and seawater electrolysis." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 48 (2020): 25768–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta09644j.

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46

Rustana, C. E., Sunaryo, I. N. Salam, I. Sugihartono, W. Sasmitaningsihhiadayah, A. D. R. Madjid, and F. S. Hananto. "Preliminary Study on The Effect of Time on Hydrogen Production from Electrolysis of The Seawater." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2019, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2019/1/012095.

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Abstract To know the effect of electrode type on the production of hydrogen gas through the electrolysis of sea water, this research was conducted. At a constant potential difference of 12 Volt, the electrolysis process is carried out by alternately using graphite and copper as electrodes. The electrolysis process time was varied from 10 to 55 minutes with increments every 5 minutes for each electrode. The results showed that the use of copper in the electrolysis of sea water produced a maximum of 82 ml of hydrogen gas better than 76 ml of graphite with a total processing time of 5 hours and 25 minutes. The results also show that the production of hydrogen gas in graphite has the largest hydrogen production rate in the first 10 minutes, but continues to decline, while the copper electrode has the largest hydrogen production rate at 220 minutes and decreases when the electrolysis process reaches 270 minutes when the electric current experiences drop. This can be understood due to the corrosion of the electrode by chlorine, which causes the electrode life to be limited. Meanwhile, the water displacement measurement method is used to determine the volume of hydrogen gas produced from the electrolysis of seawater in this study.

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47

Yang, Xiya, Xun He, Lang He, Jie Chen, Longcheng Zhang, Qian Liu, Zhengwei Cai, et al. "A Hierarchical CuO Nanowire@CoFe-Layered Double Hydroxide Nanosheet Array as a High-Efficiency Seawater Oxidation Electrocatalyst." Molecules 28, no. 15 (July 28, 2023): 5718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28155718.

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Seawater electrolysis has great potential to generate clean hydrogen energy, but it is a formidable challenge. In this study, we report CoFe-LDH nanosheet uniformly decorated on a CuO nanowire array on Cu foam (CuO@CoFe-LDH/CF) for seawater oxidation. Such CuO@CoFe-LDH/CF exhibits high oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalytic activity, demanding only an overpotential of 336 mV to generate a current density of 100 mA cm−2 in alkaline seawater. Moreover, it can operate continuously for at least 50 h without obvious activity attenuation.

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48

Cao, Xun, Liyin Zhang, Kang Huang, Bowei Zhang, Junsheng Wu, and Yizhong Huang. "Strained carbon steel as a highly efficient catalyst for seawater electrolysis." Energy Materials 2, no. 3 (2022): 200010. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2022.06.

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In response to the global energy crisis, water splitting has become one of the most efficient methods to produce hydrogen as an excellent substitute for fossil fuels. The diffusion coefficient of hydrogen and its interaction with iron have granted carbon steel (CS) the susceptible nature to hydrogen, and therefore CS is considered a promising electrocatalyst in the hydrogen evolution reaction. Compared to many traditional alkaline electrolytes, simulated seawater exhibits reasonable performance that facilitates an effective hydrogen evolution reaction. In the electrolysis of simulated seawater, the lowest overpotential of strained CS samples (-391.08 mV) is comparable to that of Pt plate electrodes (-377.31 mV). This is the result of the plane strain introduced to CS samples by a hydraulic press and indentation, which help to facilitate mass transport through diffusion for hydrogen evolution. The susceptibility of CS is verified by the formation of nanoscale hydrogen blisters that form in the proximity of grain boundaries. These blisters are the result of hydrogen gas pressure that is built up by the absorbed atomic hydrogen. These hydrogen atoms are believed to accumulate along the CS {1 1 0} planes adjacent to grain boundaries. CS has so far not been studied for the catalysis of water splitting. In this study, CS is used as an electrocatalyst for the first time as a cost-effective method for the utilization of seawater that further contributes to the promotion of green energy production.

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49

Zhang, Dan, Yue Shi, Jiao Yin, and Jianping Lai. "Recent Advances for Seawater Hydrogen Evolution." ChemCatChem, January 23, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cctc.202301305.

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Hydrogen production from electrolysis of seawater is considered one of the most promising endeavors. However, the complexity of the seawater environment (corrosion‐prone, slow kinetics, and side reactions such as precipitation generation) leaves much room for progress in research on efficient and stable catalysts. In recent years, in order to improve the technology of hydrogen production from electrolytic seawater, scientists have focused on the preparation of catalysts and the design of electrolytes, which has resulted in important progress. In order to further understand the current research status and development prospects of seawater hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), this article summarizes the general design rules for electrocatalysts and electrolytes in seawater HER in recent years. For structure modulation, the effects of catalyst modulation strategies such as heterostructures, elemental doping, manufacturing defects, morphology engineering and others on performance enhancement are highlighted. Overall design guidelines are summarized for the electrolyte and directions for future in‐depth exploration are proposed with a view to the early realization of seawater hydrogen production on an industrial scale.

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50

Gu, Yanli, Nanzhu Nie, Jiaxin Liu, Yu Yang, Liang Zhao, Zheng Lv, Qi Zhang, and Jianping Lai. "Enriching H₂O through boron nitride as a support to promote hydrogen evolution from non‐filtered seawater." EcoEnergy, November 27, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece2.9.

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AbstractNonfiltered seawater electrolysis is promising for sustainable hydrogen gas. However, hydrogen production from seawater electrolysis faces many challenges, including corrosion caused by insoluble precipitates such as Cl−, Mg2+ and Ca2+ in alkaline seawater as well as marine pollutants can lead to blocking active sites, together with high energy consumption, resulting in low efficiency and poor stability of electrocatalyst, which hinders the application of seawater electrolysis technology. In this work, we report H2O enrichment of the Pt/hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) electrocatalyst. Electrochemical tests and in situ experiments both demonstrate that h‐BN as the support loaded Pt effectively prevents the corrosion of the cathode, the formation of fouling, and reduces energy consumption, resulting in prolonged operating stability at high current density. The electrocatalyst works stably for over 1000 h at a high current density of 500 mA cm−2 in alkaline seawater electrolytes. Pt/h‐BN shows better hydrogen evolution performance than Pt/C under industrial production conditions and has good industrial application prospects.

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