Статті в журналах з теми "Search and rescue operations – Indian Ocean"
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1
Francis, P. A., A. K. Jithin, J. B. Effy, A. Chatterjee, K. Chakraborty, A. Paul, B. Balaji, et al. "High-Resolution Operational Ocean Forecast and Reanalysis System for the Indian Ocean." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 101, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): E1340—E1356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-19-0083.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract A good understanding of the general circulation features of the oceans, particularly of the coastal waters, and ability to predict the key oceanographic parameters with good accuracy and sufficient lead time are necessary for the safe conduct of maritime activities such as fishing, shipping, and offshore industries. Considering these requirements and buoyed by the advancements in the field of ocean modeling, data assimilation, and ocean observation networks along with the availability of the high-performance computational facility in India, Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services has set up a “High-Resolution Operational Ocean Forecast and Reanalysis System” (HOOFS) with an aim to provide accurate ocean analysis and forecasts for the public, researchers, and other types of users like navigators and the Indian Coast Guard. Major components of HOOFS are (i) a suite of numerical ocean models configured for the Indian Ocean and the coastal waters using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) for forecasting physical and biogeochemical state of the ocean and (ii) the data assimilation based on local ensemble transform Kalman filter that assimilates in situ and satellite observations in ROMS. Apart from the routine forecasts of key oceanographic parameters, a few important applications such as (i) Potential Fishing Zone forecasting system and (ii) Search and Rescue Aid Tool are also developed as part of the HOOFS project. The architecture of HOOFS, an account of the quality of ocean analysis and forecasts produced by it and important applications developed based on HOOFS are briefly discussed in this article.
2
Rai, Durgesh C., C. V. R. Murty, Sudhir K. Jain, Hemant B. Kaushik, Goutam Mondal, Suresh R. Dash, Alex Tang, Mark Yashinsky, and Martin Eskijian. "The Effect of the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami on Transportation Systems in India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands." Earthquake Spectra 22, no. 3_suppl (June 2006): 561–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2206809.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Boats and ships are the major modes of transportation among the Andaman and Nicobar group of islands. The Andaman Trunk Road also forms an important part of the transportation system in the Andaman Islands north of Port Blair. The harbor structures in the islands were the most affected during the ground shaking; the result heavily disrupted the lives of the island residents. These transportation systems are expected to be in working condition after a major disaster, to facilitate the search and rescue operations and the relief work in the affected areas. A reconnaissance team surveyed the damage that the 2004 earthquake and tsunami caused to the transportation structures in the islands. Damage was observed in all transportation systems, including harbors, highways, airports, and hangars.
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Kang, Hee Jin, Dongkon Lee, Jong-Gye Shin, Cheol-Soo Park, Beom Jin Park, and Jin Choi. "A Study of a Rescue Device for Marine Accidents Using Radar Cross Section Characteristics." Marine Technology Society Journal 42, no. 4 (December 1, 2008): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533208787157732.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Despite continued advances in life-saving technological devices, communications, and search and rescue, people continue to lose their lives at sea. Search time is a very important factor in determining the success of rescue operations. However, visual searches by aircraft and ship can be restricted by weather conditions and are impossible at nighttime. The personal-use light stick is not bright enough at daytime. Search and Rescue Transponders (SART) for life-saving appliances are too large and too heavy to equip individual personnel, and moreover have limited range. Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacons (EPIRBs) using satellite communication also require large and expensive equipment, and generally have an error range of 3 nautical miles. Therefore, a new device that is simple, convenient and efficient is required to reduce search time and prevent loss of life at sea. In this paper, we undertake a study of a new rescue device based on Radar Cross Section characteristics to improve search and rescue (SAR) activities. First, the characteristics of current rescue devices were investigated; the characteristics of Radar Cross Section (RCS), which is the measure of a target's ability to reflect radar signals, were also reviewed. New radar-reflecting rescue devices for personal and life-saving use were also designed, and the RCS of these designed devices was analyzed. The proposed device will aid in SAR activities and save lives.
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Roarty, Hugh, Scott Glenn, Josh Kohut, Donglai Gong, Ethan Handel, Erick Rivera, Teresa Garner, et al. "Operation and Application of a Regional High-Frequency Radar Network in the Mid-Atlantic Bight." Marine Technology Society Journal 44, no. 6 (November 1, 2010): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.44.6.5.
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AbstractThe Mid-Atlantic Regional Coastal Ocean Observing System (MARCOOS) High-Frequency Radar Network, which comprises 13 long-range sites, 2 medium-range sites, and 12 standard-range sites, is operated as part of the Integrated Ocean Observing System. This regional implementation of the network has been operational for 2 years and has matured to the point where the radars provide consistent coverage from Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras. A concerted effort was made in the MARCOOS project to increase the resiliency of the radar stations from the elements, power issues, and other issues that can disable the hardware of the system. The quality control and assurance activities in the Mid-Atlantic Bight have been guided by the needs of the Coast Guard Search and Rescue Office. As of May 4, 2009, these quality-controlled MARCOOS High-Frequency Radar totals are being served through the Coast Guard’s Environmental Data Server to the Coast Guard Search and Rescue Optimal Planning System. In addition to the service to U.S. Coast Guard Search and Rescue Operations, these data support water quality, physical oceanographic, and fisheries research throughout the Mid-Atlantic Bight.
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Deebaj, Richard, Maaret Castrén, and Gunnar Öhlén. "Asia Tsunami Disaster 2004: Experience at Three International Airports." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, no. 1 (February 2011): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x10000105.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractIntroduction: On 26 December 2004, a large earthquake in the Indian Ocean and the resulting tsunami created a disaster on a scale unprecedented in recorded history. Thousands of foreign tourists, predominantly Europeans, were affected. Their governments were required to organize rapid rescue responses for a catastrophe thousands of miles away, something for which they had little or no experience. The rescue operations at three international airports in Sweden, the UK, and Finland are analyzed with emphasis on “lessons learned” and recommendations for future similar rescue efforts.Methods: This report is based on interviews with and unpublished reports from medical personnel involved in the rescue operations at the three airports, as well as selected references from an electronic literature search.Results: In the period immediately following the tsunami, tens of thousands of Swedes, Britons, and Finns returned home from the affected areas in Southeast Asia. More than 7,800, 104, and approximately 3,700 casualties from Sweden, the UK, and Finland, respectively, received medical and/or psychological care at the temporary medical clinics organized at the home airports. Psychiatric presentations and soft tissue and orthopedic injuries predominated.Conclusions: All three airport medical operations suffered from the lack of a national catastrophe plan that addressed the contingency of a natural or disaster due to a natural or man-made project occurring outside the country's borders involving a large number of its citizens. While the rescue operations at the three airports functioned variably well, much of the success could be attributed to individual initiative and impromptu problem-solving. Anticipation of the psychological and aftercare needs of all those involved contributed to the relative effectiveness of the Finnish and Swedish operations.
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Casalino, Giuseppe, Massimo Caccia, Stefano Caselli, Claudio Melchiorri, Gianluca Antonelli, Andrea Caiti, Giovanni Indiveri, et al. "Underwater Intervention Robotics: An Outline of the Italian National Project MARIS." Marine Technology Society Journal 50, no. 4 (July 1, 2016): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.50.4.7.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe Italian national project MARIS (Marine Robotics for Interventions) pursues the strategic objective of studying, developing, and integrating technologies and methodologies to enable the development of autonomous underwater robotic systems employable for intervention activities. These activities are becoming progressively more typical for the underwater offshore industry, for search-and-rescue operations, and for underwater scientific missions. Within such an ambitious objective, the project consortium also intends to demonstrate the achievable operational capabilities at a proof-of-concept level by integrating the results with prototype experimental systems.
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Mu, Lin, Haiwen Tu, Xiongfei Geng, Fangli Qiao, Zhihui Chen, Sen Jia, Ruifei Zhu, Tianyu Zhang, and Zhi Chen. "Research on the Drift Prediction of Marine Floating Debris: A Case Study of the South China Sea Maritime Drift Experiment." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 2 (February 19, 2024): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse12020357.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Annually, hundreds of individuals tragically lose their lives at sea due to shipwrecks or aircraft accidents. For search and rescue personnel, the task of locating the debris of a downed aircraft in the vastness of the ocean presents a formidable challenge. A primary task these teams face is determining the search area, which is a critical step in the rescue operation. The movement of aircraft wreckage on the ocean surface is extremely complex, influenced by the combined effects of surface winds, waves, and currents. Establishing an appropriate drift motion prediction model is instrumental in accurately determining the search area for the wreckage. This article initially conducts maritime drift observation experiments on wreckage, and based on the results of these experiments, analyzes the drift characteristics and patterns of the debris. Subsequently, employing a wealth of observational experimental data, three types of drift prediction models for the wreckage are established using the least squares method. These models include the AP98 model, the dynamics model, and an improved model. In conclusion, the effectiveness and accuracy of the three models is evaluated and analyzed using Monte Carlo techniques. The results indicate that the probability of positive crosswind leeway (CWL) is 47.4%, while the probability of negative crosswind leeway (CWL) is 52.6%. The jibing frequency is 7.7% per hour, and the maximum leeway divergence angle observed is 40.4 degrees. Among the three drift prediction models, the refined AP98 drift model demonstrates the highest forecasting precision. The findings of this study offer a more accurate drift prediction model for the search of an aircraft lost at sea. These results hold significant guiding importance for maritime search and rescue operations in the South China Sea.
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Asiedu, Yaw, and Mark Rempel. "A multiobjective coverage-based model for Civilian search and rescue." Naval Research Logistics (NRL) 58, no. 3 (March 23, 2011): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nav.20387.
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Tavakoli, Sasan, Cagil Kirezci, Junghoon Lee, Daniel Sgarioto, Alexei T. Skvortsov, and Alexander V. Babanin. "A simple method for calculating the probability of quiescent periods in random seas for maritime search and rescue operations." Ocean Engineering 304 (July 2024): 117838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.117838.
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Jordi, A., M. I. Ferrer, G. Vizoso, A. Orfila, G. Basterretxea, B. Casas, A. Álvarez, et al. "Scientific management of Mediterranean coastal zone: A hybrid ocean forecasting system for oil spill and search and rescue operations." Marine Pollution Bulletin 53, no. 5-7 (January 2006): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.10.008.
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Berkson, Jonathan M., Arthur A. Allen, Donald L. Murphy, and Kenneth J. Boda. "Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS®) Supports Marine Operations: A Look from the U.S. Coast Guard." Marine Technology Society Journal 44, no. 6 (November 1, 2010): 156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.44.6.22.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) is primarily a user of ocean observations but is also a provider of observations—especially in high-latitude regions. USCG has a long history of making ocean observations for mission activities and in support of other federal agencies. USCG uses the Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS®) to understand maritime conditions while conducting the Coast Guard’s roles of Maritime Safety, Maritime Security, and Maritime Stewardship. IOOS data are critical in planning search and rescue operations, ensuring safe navigation at high latitudes, responding to oil and hazardous spills, providing vessel traffic services, and maintaining maritime domain awareness (MDA). The International Ice Patrol makes and uses ocean observations to estimate drift and deterioration of icebergs. The North American Ice Service products are needed in polar and domestic ice operations. The National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration and the USCG are developing a way to disseminate the Physical Oceanographic Real-Time System data via the USCG Automatic Identification System. The Coast Guard provides personnel and vessel support for the National Data Buoy Center observational program, a component of the IOOS. Many key oceanographic, biologic, and geologic discoveries in the Arctic and Antarctic have been made from Coast Guard cutters. As oceanographic data acquisition moves from vessel observations to satellite remote sensing and unmanned in situ data acquisition systems, the USCG will continue to support this effort.
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Sutherland, Graig, Victor de Aguiar, Lars-Robert Hole, Jean Rabault, Mohammed Dabboor, and Øyvind Breivik. "Estimating a mean transport velocity in the marginal ice zone using ice–ocean prediction systems." Cryosphere 16, no. 5 (June 1, 2022): 2103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2103-2022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Understanding the transport of objects and material in the marginal ice zone (MIZ) is critical for human operations in polar regions. This can be the transport of pollutants, such as spilled oil, or the transport of objects, such as drifting ships and search and rescue operations. For emergency response, the use of environmental prediction systems are required which predict ice and ocean parameters and are run operationally by many centres in the world. As these prediction systems predict both ice and ocean velocities, as well as ice concentration, it must be chosen how to combine these data to best predict the mean transport velocities. In this paper we present a case study of four drifting buoys in the MIZ deployed at four distinct ice concentrations. We compare short-term trajectories, i.e. up to 48 h lead times, with standard transport models using ice and ocean velocities from two operational prediction systems. A new transport model for the MIZ is developed with two key features aimed to help mitigate uncertainties in ice–ocean prediction systems: first, including both ice and ocean velocities and linearly weighting them by ice concentration, and second, allowing for a non-zero leeway to be added to the ice velocity component. This new transport model is found to reduce the error by a factor of 2 to 3 for drifters furthest in the MIZ using ice-based transport models in trajectory location after 48 h.
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Jacobs, Todd, Michelle Jacobi, Mark Rogers, Jeremy Adams, John “JC” Coffey, John Walker, and Bob Johnston. "Testing and Evaluating Low Altitude Unmanned Aircraft System Technology for Maritime Domain Awareness and Oil Spill Response in the Arctic." Marine Technology Society Journal 49, no. 2 (March 1, 2015): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.49.2.23.
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AbstractNational and international policies and treaties require the protection and exploration of the Arctic. The maritime services play a primary role in pursuing responsible Arctic stewardship by protecting the environment and the personnel conducting operations and research in this harsh environment. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is an important partner to the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) in hazard response and mitigation (including oil spills and search and rescue). During Arctic Shield exercises, as part of the USCG Research and Development Center's Arctic Technology Evaluation, manned and unmanned systems including the AeroVironment Puma™ All Environment (AE) (Puma) Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS), were used to provide real-time information for maritime domain awareness and oil spill response in the Arctic. Real-time information distribution and maritime domain awareness are critical to prepare for and respond to potential environmental disasters in the Arctic. Additionally, the Puma was assessed for shipboard operations capabilities, Arctic air space coordination, deconfliction and safety issues, and real-time data visualization through the Arctic Environmental Response Management Application® as part of a larger data management plan. The results are provided from the successful Puma testing during the Arctic Shield 2013 and 2014 exercises aboard the USCG Cutter (USCGC; Icebreaker) Healy. An overview of these operations is given with recommendations for future testing and technology assessments of small UAS platforms for Arctic shipboard operational deployments. These findings are put into context for utilization in the field to support operations and decision making in the case of a real oil spill in the Arctic region.
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Маринов, М. Л., and О. А. Королев. "Analysis of possible search options for sea vessels of small displacement in the regions coverage of the Arctic emergency rescue centers of the EMERCOM of Russia." MORSKIE INTELLEKTUAL`NYE TEHNOLOGII)</msg>, no. 2(60) (May 25, 2023): 136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37220/mit.2023.60.2.017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
В настоящее время процесс поиска морских судов небольшого водоизмещения не учитывает внешние факторы, специфичные для мелководья Арктической зоны РФ, например, непредсказуемость и изменчивость направления ветра, сложного характера течений и волнения моря, перемещения больших скоплений льда и т.д., которые оказывают существенное влияние на итоговый результат обнаружения объекта. На сегодняшний момент при планировании и реализации поисковых мероприятий морских судов малого водоизмещения аварийно-спасательные службы руководствуются регламентирующими международными документами по поиску и спасению на море, которые не позволяют обеспечить оптимальный вариант поиска, так как не учитывают климатических и гидрометеорологических особенностей мелководья Арктической зоны РФ, вызывающих дрейф судна по сложным и непредсказуемым траекториям. При этом усугубляющий фактор отсутствия на объекте технической возможности оповещения о своём местоположении не позволяет локализовать район поиска и делает поисковые мероприятия крайне затратными и малоэффективными. В статье приводятся результаты теоретического, модельного и экспериментального исследования особенностей дрейфа и поведения судов небольшого водоизмещения, терпящих бедствие на мелководье Арктической зоны РФ, и выявляются закономерности их поиска. Целью публикации является определение оптимального, научно обоснованного подхода к планированию поиска морских судов небольшого водоизмещения, в котором могут быть учтены особенности их поведения во время дрейфа на мелководье под влиянием различных гидрометеорологических факторов. Currently, the search process for small displacement vessels in the Arctic region of the Russian Federation does not take into account external factors specific to shallow waters, such as the unpredictability and variability of wind direction, complex ocean currents and waves, the movement of large ice floes, and so on, which significantly affect the final result of detecting the object. At present, when planning and implementing search and rescue operations for small displacement vessels, emergency services are guided by international regulations on search and rescue at sea, which do not provide an optimal search option, as they do not consider the climatic and hydrometeorological features of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, which cause the ship to drift along complex and unpredictable trajectories. Furthermore, the absence of technical means for alerting the ship's location exacerbates the problem, making search and rescue operations costly and inefficient. The article presents the results of theoretical, model, and experimental research on the characteristics of drift and behavior of small displacement vessels that are in distress in the shallow waters of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, and identifies the regularities of their search. The publication aims to develop an optimal, scientifically based approach to planning the search for small displacement vessels, which takes into account the peculiarities of their behavior during drift in shallow waters under the influence of various hydrometeorological factors.
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Read, Jennifer, Val Klump, Tom Johengen, David Schwab, Kelli Paige, Stuart Eddy, Eric Anderson, and Christine Manninen. "Working in Freshwater: The Great Lakes Observing System Contributions to Regional and National Observations, Data Infrastructure, and Decision Support." Marine Technology Society Journal 44, no. 6 (November 1, 2010): 84–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.44.6.12.
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AbstractThe Laurentian Great Lakes is the world’s largest freshwater ecosystem. A charge of the Great Lakes Observing System (GLOS) Regional Association is to help coordinate and integrate data and information relative to the needs of multiple user communities—decision makers with responsibility for coastal resources, maritime operations, human health and water security data, and issues associated with adapting to climate change and weather-related hazards. This article outlines the process GLOS has developed for determining regional data and information needs, how GLOS outreach activities inform data management functions and the development of decision support tools, and how the nearshore network of multiple observation platform types was conceived and is being implemented. The article finishes with a case study of this approach as it is being applied to source water protection, spill response, and search and rescue in the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, and Detroit River, the connecting channels that link Lake Huron to Lake Erie.
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Zverev, Dmitry P., Yuri M. Bobrov, Alexey A. Myasnikov, Andrey A. Andrusenko, and Arseny Yu Shitov. "The role of professor I.A. Sapov in the development of the department of physiology of diving and rescue affairs of the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov." Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 23, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma83072.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Historical materials about the life and work of Ivan Akimovich Sapov, head of the Department of Physiology of Diving and Rescue Affairs of the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov, Major General of the Medical Service, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Chief Physiologist of the Navy, Laureate of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics State Prize, Honorary Member of the Physiological Society named after I.M. Sechenov, Honorary Chairman of the Scientific Society of Barotherapists of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region, Honorary Doctor of the Military Medical Academy, Honorary Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, and an outstanding scientist in the field of naval medicine. I.A. Sapov created a scientific school, of which the main areas of activity include the development of hyperbaric physiology and diving medicine, the physiology of labor of naval specialists and the habitability of ships of the Navy, methods of barotherapy, and medical support for emergency rescue operations at sea. The multifaceted activities of I.A. Sapov as Head of the Department of Physiology of Diving and Rescue of the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov, improved the educational, methodological, and research work at the department in the interests of the Navy. The work that was conducted on the instructions of the Academy of Sciences and the Council of Ministers of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in planning and coordinating scientific research in the country on topical problems of hyperbaric physiology and diving medicine, the development and use of the World Ocean, the human adaptation to Antarctica, the medical support of ship trips, and the improvement of providing qualified medical assistance to diving personnel and seafarers both under normal conditions and during search and rescue operations at sea.
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Kite-Powell, Hauke. "The Value of Ocean Surface Wind Information for Maritime Commerce." Marine Technology Society Journal 45, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.45.1.13.
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AbstractObservations, nowcasts, and forecasts of ocean surface wind conditions are of economic value to activities such as maritime transportation, commercial fishing, offshore energy, recreational boating, and search and rescue. In this paper, we estimate the value to the maritime shipping industry of ocean surface wind information and of wind and wave condition forecasts based on this information. Commercial ships transiting the North Pacific and North Atlantic oceans are exposed to severe wind and wave conditions associated with extratropical storms. These storms impose costs on maritime commerce by delaying and sometimes damaging vessels or causing loss of cargo. Ocean surface wind information allows ships to limit their exposure to these conditions. We estimate that average expected annual losses to container shipping (lost containers and associated damage to vessels) in the absence of good information about extratropical storm conditions would be on the order of $250 million/year in the North Pacific and $120 million/year in the North Atlantic, and we estimate average expected annual losses to bulk shipping operations from extratropical storm exposure in these regions to be on the order of $150 million/year. A significant fraction of this risk can be avoided with ocean surface vector wind observations and forecasts. Our model results suggest that the QuikSCAT information (available until November 2009) and associated forecasts enabled a reduction in annual exposure for shipping traffic in the North Atlantic and North Pacific of about 50%, with total annual net savings around $150 million. The estimate of annual benefits to shipping operations from a hypothetical improved satellite instrument is around $200 million.
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Emery, Brian, and Libe Washburn. "Uncertainty Estimates for SeaSonde HF Radar Ocean Current Observations." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 36, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 231–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-18-0104.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract HF radars typically produce maps of surface current velocities without estimates of the measurement uncertainties. Many users of HF radar data, including spill response and search and rescue operations, incorporate these observations into models and would thus benefit from quantified uncertainties. Using both simulations and coincident observations from the baseline between two operational SeaSonde HF radars, we demonstrate the utility of expressions for estimating the uncertainty in the direction obtained with the Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm. Simulations of radar backscatter using surface currents from the Regional Ocean Modeling System show a close correspondence between direction of arrival (DOA) errors and estimated uncertainties, with mean values of 15° at 10 dB, falling to less than 3° at 30 dB. Observations from two operational SeaSondes have average DOA uncertainties of 2.7° and 3.8°, with a fraction of the observations (10.5% and 7.1%, respectively) having uncertainties of >10°. Using DOA uncertainties for data quality control improves time series comparison statistics between the two radars, with r2=0.6 increasing to r2=0.75 and RMS difference decreasing from 15 to 12 cm s−1. The analysis illustrates the major sources of error in oceanographic HF radars and suggests that the DOA uncertainties are suitable for assimilation into numerical models.
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Munro, J. Forbes. "Shipping Subsidies and Railway Guarantees: William Mackinnon, Eastern Africa and the Indian Ocean, 1860–93." Journal of African History 28, no. 2 (July 1987): 209–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700029753.
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This article reassesses Sir William Mackinnon's role in the evolution of Victorian imperialism in Eastern Africa. It rejects the view that Mackinnon's activities in Eastern Africa were motivated by a desire for self-glorification and attempts, by contrast, to demonstrate the relevance of business considerations. A search for shipping subsidies and railway guarantees, spreading out from British India, accompanied the Mackinnon Group's development of steamshipping and mercantile interests in Africa, in support of investments in the Persian Gulf and western India. Promotion of these interests drew Mackinnon into schemes to lease the Sultan of Zanzibar's mainland territories and to consolidate British rule in the Transvaal by the construction of a railway from Delagoa Bay. During the 1880s the Group's shipping and commercial operations were threatened by the rise of foreign competition. Behind the formation of the Imperial British East Africa Company lay the hopes of Mackinnon and his business associates that public funds could be attracted to the defence of the Group's interests in Eastern Africa and to the reconstruction of its shipping services in the western Indian Ocean.
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Chin, T. Mike, and Arthur J. Mariano. "A Particle Filter for Inverse Lagrangian Prediction Problems." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 27, no. 2 (February 1, 2010): 371–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jtecho675.1.
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Abstract The authors present a numerical method for the inverse Lagrangian prediction problem, which addresses retrospective estimation of drifter trajectories through a turbulent flow, given their final positions and some knowledge of the flow field. Of particular interest is probabilistic estimation of the origin (or launch site) of drifters for practical applications in search and rescue operations, drifting sensor array design, and biochemical source location. A typical solution involves a Monte Carlo simulation of an ensemble of Lagrangian trajectories backward in time using the known final locations, a set of velocity estimates, and a stochastic model for the unresolved flow components. Because of the exponential dispersion of the trajectories, however, the distribution of the drifter locations tends to be too diffuse to be able to reliably locate the launch site. A particle filter that constrains the drifter ensemble according to the empirical dispersion characteristics of the flow field is examined. Using the filtering method, launch-site prediction cases with and without a dispersion constraint are compared in idealized as well as realistic scenarios. It is shown that the ensemble with the dispersion constraint can locate the launch site more specifically and accurately than the unconstrained ensemble.
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Schoch, G. Carl, Yi Chao, Francois Colas, John Farrara, Molly McCammon, Peter Olsson, and Gaurav Singhal. "An Ocean Observing and Prediction Experiment in Prince William Sound, Alaska." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 92, no. 8 (August 1, 2011): 997–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011bams3023.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The observing and forecasting conditions of coastal oceans in Alaska is technically challenging because of the mountainous terrain, the notoriously stormy seas, and a complex hydrological system of freshwater from rivers and glaciers. The Alaska Ocean Observing System and their partners developed a demonstration project over a 5-yr period in Prince William Sound. This location was chosen because of historical efforts to monitor ocean circulation following the Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989. The primary goal is to develop a quasi-operational system that delivers weather and ocean information in near–real time to diverse user communities. This observing system now consists of a spatial array of atmospheric and oceanic sensors and a new generation of computer models to numerically simulate and forecast weather, waves, and ocean circulation. The project culminated in a 2009 field experiment that evaluated the performance of the model forecasts. Three ships, 44 surface drifters, an underwater glider, and an autonomous underwater vehicle, as well as two shore-based surface current radar systems, augmented the routine atmospheric and oceanographic measurements from weather stations and oceanographic buoys. Observations from terrestrial and moored weather stations were compared with atmospheric circulation forecasts, and wave gauges provided data that were used to evaluate the forecasts of significant wave heights and periods. The radar current mappers and drifter buoys validated the surface ocean circulation forecasts. Improved observations and forecasts of coastal oceans will benefit oil spill responders, commercial shippers that convey large amounts of freight to and from Alaska, and U.S. Coast Guard search-and-rescue operations.
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Paulauskas, Vytautas, Martynas Simutis, Birute Plačiene, Raimondas Barzdžiukas, Martynas Jonkus, and Donatas Paulauskas. "The Influence of Port Tugs on Improving the Navigational Safety of the Port." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 3 (March 20, 2021): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9030342.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Port tugs are an important element in port activity and navigational safety issues. Port tugs ensure the safety of big ships while they are entering, manoeuvring, mooring and unmooring, and are of huge importance during other port operations. At the same time, optimizing the number of port tugs and tug bollard pull is also important from a port navigational safety and economic point of view. Calculation and evaluation methods of the optimal request for tugs bollard pull, in particular, port operations, are very important in order to guarantee the navigational safety of the port and ships during the main ship operations in the port. This article provides the number of requested port tugs and bollard pull calculation and evaluation methods on the basis of forces and moments acting on ships. On the basis of real ship voyages and manoeuvring at ports data as well as high accuracy simulators, theoretical methods were used, which were followed by our conclusions and recommendations, which can be used by port harbour masters and tug companies. Modern tugs have become an important element and integral part of modern port navigational safety. Such modern port tugs are also used for navigational safety and other important port functions and activities, such as fire protection and search and rescue operations. The optimal number and capacity evaluation of port tugs depending on port capacity and conditions are studied in this article.
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Dong, Yaxin, Hongxiang Ren, Yuzhu Zhu, Rui Tao, Yating Duan, and Nianjun Shao. "A Multi-Objective Optimization Method for Maritime Search and Rescue Resource Allocation: An Application to the South China Sea." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 1 (January 19, 2024): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse12010184.
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To effectively address the increase in maritime accidents and the challenges posed by the trend toward larger ships for maritime safety, it is crucial to rationally allocate the limited maritime search and rescue (MSAR) resources and enhance accident response capabilities. We present a comprehensive method for allocating MSAR resources, aiming to improve the overall efficiency of MSAR operations. First, we use long short-term memory to predict the number of future accidents and employ the K-medoids algorithm to identify the accident black spots in the studied area. Next, we analyze the multi-constraint conditions in the MSAR resource allocation process. A multi-objective integer programming model is constructed to minimize the response time and allocation cost. Finally, we use the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (DNSGA-II) with Deb’s rules to solve the model, and we propose a multi-attribute decision optimization-based method for MSAR resource allocation. We found that the DNSGA-II exhibits better convergence and generates higher-quality solutions compared to the NSGA-II, particle swarm optimization (PSO), and enhanced particle swarm optimization (EPSO) algorithms. Compared with the existing MSAR resource emergency response system, the optimized scheme reduces the response time and allocation cost by 11.32% and 6.15%, respectively. The proposed method can offer decision makers new insights when formulating MSAR resource allocation plans.
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Kumar Saka, Sujith, Aleena Elsa Mathew, Vivek Ganesh, Karthikaa Raja, Gopinath Gopalakrishnan, Muthukumarasamy Iyyappan, Sisir Kumar Dash, et al. "A Web-GIS and Mobile-Based Application for a Safe Ocean for Fishers." Marine Technology Society Journal 55, no. 3 (May 1, 2021): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.55.3.10.
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Abstract One of the societal outcomes envisaged for the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021‐2030) is a safe ocean where the safety of operations at sea and the coast are ensured. The Indian coast is prone to tropical cyclones, and the recent Ockhi, Gaja, Nilam, and Nivar cyclones devastated coastal Tamil Nadu in southern India, particularly the fishing community. This brought into focus the need to develop tools for the safety of fishermen at sea. A user-friendly application was developed named “Thoondil” (meaning fishing rod in the local language) by the National Centre for Coastal Research and made operational by the Department of Fisheries, Government of Tamil Nadu. It comprises a web-GIS-based dashboard for the state administrators and an android application for the fishermen. The salient features of the mobile application include the compass, weather, rescue plan, offline maps that provide the route to the nearest ports, incidence reporting, weather details, and potential fishing zone. The Thoondil dashboard provides information about the users and travel details, and helps to get information about the fishermen at sea at any point of time. A two-way communication between the administrators and the fishing community is enabled. The system is available in vernacular language with more than 15,000 downloads in a couple of months. Based on user interactions, it has evolved as a pan-India application and currently replicated in Kozhikode, Kerala. The use of the app has reduced risk to the fishing community, especially during hazards and has also contributed to the resilience of the coastal fishing communities.
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Dong, Chao, Xue Li, Xin-xi Chen, Jiu-cai Jin, and Cheng-yi Huang. "Recent Progress of Marine Survey Unmanned Surface Vehicle in China." Marine Technology Society Journal 53, no. 3 (May 1, 2019): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.53.3.4.
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AbstractBased on the ongoing techniques among control theory, communication networks, and sensor design, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), unmanned undersea vehicles (UUVs) and unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) are experiencing rapid development. Research on these unmanned systems and those intelligent sectors inside has absorbed interests and investments from not only military but also civil organizations. The well-applied fields include surveillance and reconnaissance, surface warfare, antisubmarine warfare, mine countermeasures, oceanic environment monitoring, search and rescue, hydrographic survey, and so on. Comparing with those studies on UAVs and UUVs, the one focusing on USVs was started later and has been developed quickly in the past 20 years. Since 2013, USV has advanced considerably in China, particularly in the marine survey field. Owing to its characteristics of light-weighting, intelligence, and unmanned operations, USV is attractive for shallow water, extreme environments, and marine accidents. This paper comprehensively summarizes the recent progress of the marine survey USV in China. The structure of the paper is divided into three parts. First, we briefly recall the developing history and introduce several excellent USVs of China in recent years. The marine survey USVs invested by the State Oceanic Administration (SOA) are then summarized in the next section, along with the details of hydrographic survey in the South China Sea, Antarctic marine survey, and oil spill emergency response. Finally, the paper points out current deficiencies and future directions of the potential technique.
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Catalin, Adetu. "Ballistic threats on military helicopters." Scientific Bulletin of Naval Academy XXIII, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21279/1454-864x-20-i2-026.
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The importance of helicopters cannot be disputed, since they perform missions of transport, search and rescue, medical evacuation, and of course, air ground-support, being a real weapon, when are properly equipped. This article presents the ballistic threats on military helicopters, the risks that helicopters face, the threats that appears during the missions and protective measure. Also, critical and sensitive areas of the helicopters will be presented.
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Stanev, Emil V., Johannes Schulz-Stellenfleth, Joanna Staneva, Sebastian Grayek, Sebastian Grashorn, Arno Behrens, Wolfgang Koch, and Johannes Pein. "Ocean forecasting for the German Bight: from regional to coastal scales." Ocean Science 12, no. 5 (October 7, 2016): 1105–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-12-1105-2016.
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Abstract. This paper describes recent developments based on advances in coastal ocean forecasting in the fields of numerical modeling, data assimilation, and observational array design, exemplified by the Coastal Observing System for the North and Arctic Seas (COSYNA). The region of interest is the North and Baltic seas, and most of the coastal examples are for the German Bight. Several pre-operational applications are presented to demonstrate the outcome of using the best available science in coastal ocean predictions. The applications address the nonlinear behavior of the coastal ocean, which for the studied region is manifested by the tidal distortion and generation of shallow-water tides. Led by the motivation to maximize the benefits of the observations, this study focuses on the integration of observations and modeling using advanced statistical methods. Coastal and regional ocean forecasting systems do not operate in isolation but are linked, either weakly by using forcing data or interactively using two-way nesting or unstructured-grid models. Therefore, the problems of downscaling and upscaling are addressed, along with a discussion of the potential influence of the information from coastal observatories or coastal forecasting systems on the regional models. One example of coupling coarse-resolution regional models with a fine-resolution model interface in the area of straits connecting the North and Baltic seas using a two-way nesting method is presented. Illustrations from the assimilation of remote sensing, in situ and high-frequency (HF) radar data, the prediction of wind waves and storm surges, and possible applications to search and rescue operations are also presented. Concepts for seamless approaches to link coastal and regional forecasting systems are exemplified by the application of an unstructured-grid model for the Ems Estuary.
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Sjöholm, Mikael, Nikolas Angelou, Per Hansen, Kasper Hjorth Hansen, Torben Mikkelsen, Steinar Haga, Jon Arne Silgjerd, and Neil Starsmore. "Two-Dimensional Rotorcraft Downwash Flow Field Measurements by Lidar-Based Wind Scanners with Agile Beam Steering." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 31, no. 4 (April 1, 2014): 930–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-13-00010.1.
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Abstract A major risk to helicopters is the unexpected encounter of degraded visual environments in close-to-ground operations, where a loss of visibility often is caused by clouds of dust (brownout) or snow (whiteout) stirred up by intense downwash. The understanding of the phenomenon is limited, and there is a need for instruments that can measure flow fields on scales larger than a few meters with good resolution. This paper reports on the use of synchronized continuous-wave Doppler lidars for rotorcraft downwash flow field studies. Built from a modified ZephIR wind lidar and a double-prism arrangement for agile beam steering, a wind scanner—WindScanner—has been developed at the Department of Wind Energy at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) Risø campus. The WindScanner measures the line-of-sight component of the airflow remotely and by rapid steering, the line-of-sight direction and the focus position; all points in space within a cone with a full opening angle of 120° can be reached from about 8 m out to some hundred meters depending on the range resolution required. The first two-dimensional mean wind fields measured in a horizontal plane and in a vertical plane below a hovering search and rescue helicopter are presented. Since the line-of-sight directions of the two synchronized WindScanners were scanned within the plane of interest, the influence of the wind component perpendicular to the plane was avoided. The results also demonstrate the possibilities within less demanding flows encountered within complex terrain and wind-energy-related research for which the WindScanner technology primarily has been developed.
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Lisovenko, D., and G. Belous. "MILITARY FORCES OF THE ARMED FORCES OF UKRAINE AND NATO AS THE BASIS OF SECURITY AND STABILITY IN THE BLACK SEA REGION." Collection of scientific works of Odesa Military Academy 2, no. 14 (January 25, 2021): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37129/2313-7509.2020.14.2.51-58.
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The article considers the issue of Cooperation of Ukraine with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Beginning in 2014, Ukraine is actually improving control with the use of international assistance in the security industry and the relevant reporting on operational and tactical levels. General activities of Ukraine and the Alliance in the direction of security and defence, objectives: transformation and strengthening of the national security and defence sector, in relation to the performance of inherent tasks, according to the interests of the country. To ensure regional, large-scale and stable security; to facilitate and improve the development of the Armed Forces of Ukraine; to involve Ukraine in the performance of tasks in accordance with the requirements of the state defence and participation in international operations; to achieve effective compatibility of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the context of other component parts of defence and security to ensure the performance of tasks in international operations and exercises. After the annexation of the Crimea by the Russian Federation, the Armed Forces of Ukraine received significant assistance in 2014. The priority of joint activities with NATO is primarily to guarantee the alliance of the principle of collective defence, to preserve and strengthen peace and to ensure the prospect of future security. The Alliance's ability to perform strategic tasks depends on a high degree of coordination and planning of compatible actions at the political level of the defence sector. Analysis of the participation of the Naval Forces of Ukraine and the Alliance during joint international exercises and operations, the events of the war in 2014, the military aggression of the Russian Federation, the construction of relations between Ukraine and the United States during the armed conflict, adaptation of NATO standards and principles – a number of issues for the need for rapid solution in turbo mode. Based on the analysis, the authors conclude that it is legitimate and expedient to use and gain experience in the context of the concept of development of the Navy of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Involvement and participation in multinational military exercises is a set of measures in the context of international military cooperation, which is allowed in conditions as close as possible to combat and real. Comprehensive improvement of the level of combat training of units of the Navy of the Armed Forces of Ukraine during the increase of the level of professionalism, combat readiness and combat ability. The necessity of introduction and application of compatible measures for performance of peacekeeping, humanitarian, search and rescue and other special tasks is the priority of the concept of modern Ukraine. Constant improvement of the combat readiness level in modern conditions is achieved during the international exercises for the necessity and possibility to strengthen the professional experience of partnership, which always fundamentally affects the quality of combat tasks ahead of the number of participants involved in joint activities. Keywords: NATO, Alliance, Ukrainian Navy, Armed Forces of Ukraine, standards, training, security, Charter.
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Aravind, H. M., Helga S. Huntley, A. D. Kirwan, and Michael R. Allshouse. "Drifter Deployment Strategies to Determine Lagrangian Surface Convergence in Submesoscale Flows." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 41, no. 1 (January 2024): 95–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-22-0129.1.
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Abstract Surface convergence in the ocean is associated with accumulation of buoyant pollutants as well as with vertical transport that is important to biological activity. Such surface convergence regions are marked by a high dilation rate, i.e., the finite time Lagrangian average divergence. Dilation-rate observations are most easily derived from the change of the area encompassed by a drifter swarm over time. The technological advances that have enabled the deployment of large numbers of drifters in a single experiment have raised new questions about optimal deployment strategies for extracting dilation-rate information with acceptable accuracy and as much spatial coverage as possible. Using a submesoscale-resolving operational model of the Mediterranean Sea, we analyze synthetic trajectories of drifter polygons to evaluate the impact of the number of drifters and their initial separation on the accuracy of the resulting dilation-rate estimates. The results confirm that estimates improve as the circumradius of the polygon decreases and as more drifters are added, but with only a marginal improvement for drifter polygons containing more than four drifters. Moreover, GPS positions obtained from drifters in the ocean are subject to uncertainty on the order of 2–50 m, and when this uncertainty is taken into account, an optimal circumradius can be identified that balances uncertainty from position measurements with that from the area approximations. Significance Statement Locating regions of convergence over a finite time interval on the ocean surface can help in pollution mitigation, locating biological hotspots, and even search-and-rescue operations. Finite time convergence can be quantified using the dilation rate, but it is hard to measure in the ocean. Hence, we present a method to estimate the dilation rate using trajectories of drifters, which are instruments widely used by oceanographers during field experiments to understand the local flow features. We show that even though the drifter-based dilation rates are prone to error as a result of a finite number of drifters and limited GPS accuracy, the estimates locate around 90% of the strongest convergent features in our model.
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Pettigrew, Neal R., Huijie Xue, James D. Irish, Will Perrie, Collin S. Roesler, Andrew C. Thomas, and David W. Townsend. "The Gulf of Maine Ocean Observing System: Generic Lessons Learned in the First Seven Years of Operation (2001-2008)." Marine Technology Society Journal 42, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533208786842444.
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The Gulf of Maine Ocean Observing System (GoMOOS) was established in the summer of 2001 as a prototype real-time observing system that now includes eleven solar powered buoys with physical and optical sensors, four shore-based long-range HF radar systems for surface current measurement, operational circulation and wave models, satellite observations, inshore nutrient monitoring, and hourly web delivery of data. The observing system in the Gulf of Maine (GoM) is one of the most comprehensive and operational of the Integrated Ocean Observing Systems (IOOS) systems that have been established in the United States to date. It has also been a very successful system, with data returns routinely in the 85-95% range.The Gulf of Maine is a harsh operational environment. Winter storms pose severe challenges, including high waves and the build-up of sea ice on buoy sensors, superstructure, and solar panels, and in summer its productive waters present severe biofouling problems that can affect the optical sensors. The periods of most difficult field operations often coincide with periods of greatest data value in terms of marine safety, search and rescue, and monitoring biological productivity.The challenges of the Gulf of Maine physical environment were paired with the unexpected challenges of the funding environment that have been the hallmark of the turn of this century. Funding for the system has been chronically short and subject to the unpredictable fluctuations of the congressional appropriations process. The inadequacy and variability of funding has substantially hampered the operations of many of the Integrated Ocean Observing Systems, including GoMOOS, and has hindered technological advancements and maintenance measures. As a result, the design of the GoMOOS infrastructure is little improved from that developed almost a decade ago, and it has deteriorated with age, usage, and suboptimal replacement schedules. In the absence of an adequate and reliable funding stream, the system is fast approaching the end of its expected operational lifetime. Unless this trend is reversed, the system will no longer well serve the many citizens, organizations, and agencies that have come to rely on the data it provides.In this article, we present lessons learned by the scientific and technical groups that have been responsible for the data acquisition of GoMOOS. We believe that these lessons are generic, rather than peculiar to the GoMOOS system, and that they have value for others who are embarking on similar endeavors. However, it is important to make clear that these lessons are from the perspective of the scientists, and that the views of others involved in complementary aspects of GoMOOS, including public outreach, fundraising, and providing data and products to the more general user community, are not represented here.
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Shay, Lynn K., Harvey E. Seim, Dana Savidge, Richard Styles, and Robert H. Weisberg. "High Frequency Radar Observing Systems in SEACOOS: 2002-2007 Lessons Learned." Marine Technology Society Journal 42, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533208786842435.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
From 2002-2007, the Southeast Coastal Ocean Observing System (SEACOOS) deployed high frequency (HF) radars to overlook several venues stretching from the West Florida Shelf to the North Carolina Shelf. Based on extensive deliberations within SEACOOS, we decided to assess the two differing types of coastal ocean current radars within the southeast that were on the commercial market. The long-range SeaSondes (SS) were deployed to sense surface currents at hourly intervals and a 6 km resolution along the West Florida Shelf and the North Carolina Shelf. The medium and long-range Wellen Radars (WERA) were deployed along the Florida Straits and along the South Atlantic Bight with spatial resolutions of 1.2 to 3 km sampling at time scales of minutes. A common theme in these deployments was to sense the Loop Current, Florida Current and the Gulf Stream, which transport heat poleward as part of the gyre circulation.Several lessons were learned as part of these deployments, such as the need to protect against lightening strikes and the challenge of providing robust communication links between the remote sites and a central hub to make the data available in near real-time. Since states in the southeast and surrounding the Gulf of Mexico are prone to the passage of hurricanes, surface current and wave measurements during hurricanes are invaluable for improving storm surge and inundation models that are now being coupled to surface waves. In addition, significant wave heights (and directional surface wave spectra) are critical in the model assessment. Data quality and accuracy of the surface current and wave fields remain a central issue to search and rescue and safe maritime operations and to understanding the limitations of these radar systems. As more phased array systems (i.e., WERAs) are deployed for surface current and wave measurements, more attention needs to be placed on the interoperability between the two types of systems to insure the highest quality data possible is available to meet applied and operational goals. To insure the highest quality data possible, a full-time technician and a half-time IT specialist are needed for each installation as well as access to spares to keep these systems running consistently and to make quality observations available in near real-time.
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Smith, Gregory C., Yimin Liu, Mounir Benkiran, Kamel Chikhar, Dorina Surcel Colan, Audrey-Anne Gauthier, Charles-Emmanuel Testut, et al. "The Regional Ice Ocean Prediction System v2: a pan-Canadian ocean analysis system using an online tidal harmonic analysis." Geoscientific Model Development 14, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): 1445–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1445-2021.
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Abstract. Canada has the longest coastline in the world and includes diverse ocean environments, from the frozen waters of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago to the confluence region of Labrador and Gulf Stream waters on the east coast. There is a strong need for a pan-Canadian operational regional ocean prediction capacity covering all Canadian coastal areas in support of marine activities including emergency response, search and rescue, and safe navigation in ice-infested waters. Here we present the first pan-Canadian operational regional ocean analysis system developed as part of the Regional Ice Ocean Prediction System version 2 (RIOPSv2) running in operations at the Canadian Centre for Meteorological and Environmental Prediction (CCMEP). The RIOPSv2 domain extends from 26∘ N in the Atlantic Ocean through the Arctic Ocean to 44∘ N in the Pacific Ocean, with a model grid resolution that varies between 3 and 8 km. RIOPSv2 includes a multivariate data assimilation system based on a reduced-order extended Kalman filter together with a 3D-Var bias correction system for water mass properties. The analysis system assimilates satellite observations of sea level anomaly and sea surface temperature, as well as in situ temperature and salinity measurements. Background model error is specified in terms of seasonally varying model anomalies from a 10-year forced model integration, allowing inhomogeneous anisotropic multivariate error covariances. A novel online tidal harmonic analysis method is introduced that uses a sliding-window approach to reduce numerical costs and allow for the time-varying harmonic constants necessary in seasonally ice-infested waters. Compared to the Global Ice Ocean Prediction System (GIOPS) running at CCMEP, RIOPSv2 also includes a spatial filtering of model fields as part of the observation operator for sea surface temperature (SST). In addition to the tidal harmonic analysis, the observation operator for sea level anomaly (SLA) is also modified to remove the inverse barometer effect due to the application of atmospheric pressure forcing fields. RIOPSv2 is compared to GIOPS and shown to provide similar innovation statistics over a 3-year evaluation period. Specific improvements are found near the Gulf Stream for all model fields due to the higher model grid resolution, with smaller root mean squared (rms) innovations for RIOPSv2 of about 5 cm for SLA and 0.5 ∘C for SST. Verification against along-track satellite observations demonstrates the improved representation of mesoscale features in RIOPSv2 compared to GIOPS, with increased correlations of SLA (0.83 compared to 0.73) and reduced rms differences (12 cm compared to 14 cm). While the RIOPSv2 grid resolution is 3 times higher than GIOPS, the power spectral density of surface kinetic energy provides an indication that the effective resolution of RIOPSv2 is roughly double that of the global system (35 km compared to 66 km). Observations made as part of the Year of Polar Prediction (2017–2019) provide a rare glimpse at errors in Arctic water mass properties and show average salinity biases over the upper 500 m of 0.3–0.4 psu in the eastern Beaufort Sea in RIOPSv2.
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Jansen, Eric, Giovanni Coppini, and Nadia Pinardi. "Drift simulation of MH370 debris using superensemble techniques." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 7 (July 27, 2016): 1623–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-1623-2016.
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Abstract. On 7 March 2014 (UTC), Malaysia Airlines flight 370 vanished without a trace. The aircraft is believed to have crashed in the southern Indian Ocean, but despite extensive search operations the location of the wreckage is still unknown. The first tangible evidence of the accident was discovered almost 17 months after the disappearance. On 29 July 2015, a small piece of the right wing of the aircraft was found washed up on the island of Réunion, approximately 4000 km from the assumed crash site. Since then a number of other parts have been found in Mozambique, South Africa and on Rodrigues Island. This paper presents a numerical simulation using high-resolution oceanographic and meteorological data to predict the movement of floating debris from the accident. Multiple model realisations are used with different starting locations and wind drag parameters. The model realisations are combined into a superensemble, adjusting the model weights to best represent the discovered debris. The superensemble is then used to predict the distribution of marine debris at various moments in time. This approach can be easily generalised to other drift simulations where observations are available to constrain unknown input parameters. The distribution at the time of the accident shows that the discovered debris most likely originated from the wide search area between 28 and 35° S. This partially overlaps with the current underwater search area, but extends further towards the north. Results at later times show that the most probable locations to discover washed-up debris are along the African east coast, especially in the area around Madagascar. The debris remaining at sea in 2016 is spread out over a wide area and its distribution changes only slowly.
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Olexandr A. Shchyptsov, Dmitry L. Kreta, Oleksiy G. Lebid, and Natalia A. Sheviakina. "Use of remote sensing results in the tasks of navigational and hydrographic situation monitoring." Environmental safety and natural resources 36, no. 4 (December 22, 2020): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2411-4049.2020.4.66-76.
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The paper presents the possibilities of using modern online sources of satellite information in the tasks of monitoring the ecological and navigational-hydrographic situation and building on their basis methods and information technologies to reflect the state of marine waters and operational forecasting of changes in this state. For the tasks of monitoring the ecological and navigational-hydrographic situation, one of the most convenient and informative is the marine environment monitoring service COPERNICUS (CMEMS). This service collects and presents data on observations of spatio-temporal variability of sea water temperature and salinity values, streams parameters, etc. by using specialized artificial satellites Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2, which intended for use in the mission of a dual satellite with high viewing frequency and high resolution. CMEMS provides, on a regular and systematic basis, information on the physical condition, variability and dynamics of the oceanic and marine ecosystems. The principle of measurement uses natural microwave emissions on the sea surface, which vary depending on the degree of roughness of the sea surface. You can get the parameters of wind direction, atmospheric water vapor, rain speed, sea ice (age, concentration and limit), the length of the snow cover and the water content in the snow. High-resolution ice mapping services provide ice classification and floating ice data to navies and shipping companies to ensure safe year-round shipping. The ability of the Sentinel-1 to conduct observations in any weather and during the day or night makes it ideal for accurately determining the location and movement of the vessel at sea. Oil detection applications are used to gather evidence of illegal discharges, analyze the spread of oil spills and search for oil reserves by detecting natural infiltration. Sentinel-1 marine products, in combination with global sea wave models, help determine the direction, wavelength and height of waves on the open sea, as well as help predict the weather, the movement of ships and the use of wave energy. In addition, Sentinel-1 can provide data on the interaction of ocean waves and streams, which allows you to visualize large-scale ocean streams, cold/warm water massifs, coastal streams and internal waves. Software and hardware complexes and information-analytical systems created with the use of these methods and technologies can significantly increase the efficiency and effectiveness of solving problems of environmental monitoring, navigation and hydrographic support of navigation, search and rescue operations in marine waters.
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Maddumage, U. S., J. Rajapaksha, and J. Gunatilake. "Effect of ocean circulation and chlorophyll-a concentration on yellowfin tuna catch rates in Sri Lankan logline fishery." Ceylon Journal of Science 52, no. 3 (September 1, 2023): 371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cjs.v52i3.8208.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sri Lanka has access to fishery resources in the Indian Ocean due to its location. While traditional fishing methods are still used in the Sri Lankan fishery industry, modern technologies such as remote sensing and GIS are employed to determine spatiotemporal distribution of tuna fish resources in the offshore fishery industry. However, due to uncertain catch rates, Sri Lankan fishers report low catch per unit effort, leading to increased fishing duration to meet targeted catch. Potential fishing areas can be identified based on oceanographic conditions to reduce search time and improve efficiency, particularly for highly migratory species like yellowfin tuna. Therefore, this study is focused on identifying the impact of subsurface ocean currents and chlorophyll-a concentration on yellowfin tuna aggregations. The study analysed fishery and oceanographic data from January 2018 to December 2019 within a latitudinal range of 0°N to 20°N and a longitudinal range of 70°E to 90°E. The data were gridded at a resolution of 0.25 degrees and then matched for analysis. The generalized additive model (GAM) and the empirical cumulative distribution function (ECDF) were applied to identify the nature of relationships between CPUE and the oceanographic conditions. The results showed high tuna aggregations occurred in chlorophyll-a concentration between 0.3– 0.4 mg/m3 and current speed less than 0.4 m/s at a depth of 60 – 75 m of Sri Lankan longliners. Yellowfin tuna fishable aggregations were available throughout the year, although the spatial distribution of yellowfin tuna varied depending on the prevailing oceanographic conditions. Thus, searching for fishing locations based on oceanographic factors is essential for successful fishing operations. Hence, tuna harvest can be enhanced by maintaining fishing areas and the longline depth according to the oceanographic factors.
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Petersen, Nikolaj. "Arktisk politik og regimedannelse i 2010'erne." Nordlit 16, no. 1 (May 1, 2012): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/13.2310.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Recent developments have placed the High North on the international agenda. These include global warming, the prospects of major oil and gas finds, the opening of the Arctic Ocean to international shipping and the ongoing partition of its outer continental shelf between the five coastal states. In the so-called Ilulissat Declaration of 2008 these "Arctic Five" promised to play according to the UNCLOS rules and to shoulder their responsibility as coastal states. Despite this, the future may see both cooperation and conflict in the Arctic. The aim of the article is to discuss the possibilities of cooperative schemes, regimes, to regulate the problems which increasing shipping and extraction industries and fisheries may cause. First, a survey of future Arctic actors and fora is presented. While Arctic politics isstill dominated by the eight members of the Arctic Council, other actors, most clearly China, South Korea, Japan and the European Commission, are pressuring for influence. Furthermore, the Arctic Council is pressured by the "Arctic Five" and has reacted by establishing a secretariat and by adopting its first binding decision, anagreement on cooperation in search and rescue operations. Other relevant fora are the IMO, the WMO and UNCLOS. Next, an inventory of future "tasks" facing the Arctic nations is presented. They include defence tasks, sovereignty tasks, national authority tasks, and tasks, which can only (or best) be handled in regimes. Such regimes seem most needed with respect to international shipping. In the final section the discussion on possible regimes gets more concrete. Many tasks can best be handled by the IMO, but the Arctic Council, the WMO and UNCLOS have also roles to play. In particular, the five Arctic costal states have acrucial role as providers of specific regime services. Without their participation Arctic regime-formation is a non-starter,
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Helmholz, P., S. Zlatanova, J. Barton, and M. Aleksandrov. "GEOINFORMATION FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT 2020 (Gi4DM2020): PREFACE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-3/W1-2020 (November 18, 2020): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-3-w1-2020-1-2020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Across the world, nature-triggered disasters fuelled by climate change are worsening. Some two billion people have been affected by the consequences of natural hazards over the last ten years, 95% of which were weather-related (such as floods and windstorms). Fires swept across large parts of California, and in Australia caused unprecedented destruction to lives, wildlife and bush. This picture is likely to become the new normal, and indeed may worsen if unchecked. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates that in some locations, disaster that once had a once-in-a-century frequency may become annual events by 2050.Disaster management needs to keep up. Good cooperation and coordination of crisis response operations are of critical importance to react rapidly and adequately to any crisis situation, while post-disaster recovery presents opportunities to build resilience towards reducing the scale of the next disaster. Technology to support crisis response has advanced greatly in the last few years. Systems for early warning, command and control and decision-making have been successfully implemented in many countries and regions all over the world. Efforts to improve humanitarian response, in particular in relation to combating disasters in rapidly urbanising cities, have also led to better approaches that grapple with complexity and uncertainty.The challenges however are daunting. Many aspects related to the efficient collection and integration of geo-information, applied semantics and situational awareness for disaster management are still open, while agencies, organisations and governmental authorities need to improve their practices for building better resilience.Gi4DM 2020 marked the 13th edition of the Geoinformation for Disaster Management series of conferences. The first conference was held in 2005 in the aftermath of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami which claimed the lives of over 220,000 civilians. The 2019-20 Australian Bushfire Season saw some 18.6 million Ha of bushland burn, 5,900 buildings destroyed and nearly three billion vertebrates killed. Gi4DM 2020 then was held during Covid-19 pandemic, which took the lives of more than 1,150,000 people by the time of the conference. The pandemic affected the organisation of the conference, but the situation also provided the opportunity to address important global problems.The fundamental goal of the Gi4DM has always been to provide a forum where emergency responders, disaster managers, urban planners, stakeholders, researchers, data providers and system developers can discuss challenges, share experience, discuss new ideas and demonstrate technology. The 12 previous editions of Gi4DM conferences were held in Delft, the Netherlands (March 2005), Goa, India (September 2006), Toronto, Canada (May 2007), Harbin, China (August 2008), Prague, Czech Republic (January 2009), Torino, Italy (February 2010), Antalya, Turkey (May 2011), Enschede, the Netherlands (December, 2012), Hanoi, Vietnam (December 2013), Montpellier, France (2015), Istanbul, Turkey (2018) and Prague, Czech Republic (2019). Through the years Gi4DM has been organised in cooperation with different international bodies such as ISPRS, UNOOSA, ICA, ISCRAM, FIG, IAG, OGC and WFP and supported by national organisations.Gi4DM 2020 was held as part of Climate Change and Disaster Management: Technology and Resilience for a Troubled World. The event took place through the whole week of 30th of November to 4th of December, Sydney, Australia and included three events: Gi4DM 2020, NSW Surveying and Spatial Sciences Institute (NSW SSSI) annual meeting and Urban Resilience Asia Pacific 2 (URAP2).The event explored two interlinked aspects of disaster management in relation to climate change. The first was geo-information technologies and their application for work in crisis situations, as well as sensor and communication networks and their roles for improving situational awareness. The second aspect was resilience, and its role and purpose across the entire cycle of disaster management, from pre-disaster preparedness to post-disaster recovery including challenges and opportunities in relation to rapid urbanisation and the role of security in improved disaster management practices.This volume consists of 22 scientific papers. These were selected on the basis of double-blind review from among the 40 short papers submitted to the Gi4DM 2020 conference. Each paper was reviewed by two scientific reviewers. The authors of the papers were encouraged to revise, extend and adapt their papers to reflect the comments of the reviewers and fit the goals of this volume. The selected papers concentrate on monitoring and analysis of various aspects related to Covid-19 (4), emergency response (4), earthquakes (3), flood (2), forest fire, landslides, glaciers, drought, land cover change, crop management, surface temperature, address standardisation and education for disaster management. The presented methods range from remote sensing, LiDAR and photogrammetry on different platforms to GIS and Web-based technologies. Figure 1 illustrates the covered topics via wordcount of keywords and titles.The Gi4DM 2020 program consisted of scientific presentations, keynote speeches, panel discussions and tutorials. The four keynotes speakers Prof Suzan Cutter (Hazard and Vulnerability Research Institute, USC, US), Jeremy Fewtrell (NSW Fire and Rescue, Australia), Prof Orhan Altan (Ad-hoc Committee on RISK and Disaster Management, GeoUnions, Turkey) and Prof Philip Gibbins (Fenner School of Environment and Society, ANU, Australia) concentrated on different aspects of disaster and risk management in the context of climate change. Eight tutorials offered exciting workshops and hands-on on: Semantic web tools and technologies within Disaster Management, Structure-from-motion photogrammetry, Radar Remote Sensing, Dam safety: Monitoring subsidence with SAR Interferometry, Location-based Augmented Reality apps with Unity and Mapbox, Visualising bush fires datasets using open source, Making data smarter to manage disasters and emergency situational awareness and Response using HERE Location Services. The scientific sessions were blended with panel discussions to provide more opportunities to exchange ideas and experiences, connect people and researchers from all over the world.The editors of this volume acknowledge all members of the scientific committee for their time, careful review and valuable comments: Abdoulaye Diakité (Australia), Alexander Rudloff (Germany), Alias Abdul Rahman (Malaysia), Alper Yilmaz (USA), Amy Parker (Australia), Ashraf Dewan (Australia), Bapon Shm Fakhruddin (New Zealand), Batuhan Osmanoglu (USA), Ben Gorte (Australia), Bo Huang (Hong Kong), Brendon McAtee (Australia), Brian Lee (Australia), Bruce Forster (Australia), Charity Mundava (Australia), Charles Toth (USA), Chris Bellman (Australia), Chris Pettit (Australia), Clive Fraser (Australia), Craig Glennie (USA), David Belton (Australia), Dev Raj Paudyal (Australia), Dimitri Bulatov (Germany), Dipak Paudyal (Australia), Dorota Iwaszczuk (Germany), Edward Verbree (The Netherlands), Eliseo Clementini (Italy), Fabio Giulio Tonolo (Italy), Fazlay Faruque (USA), Filip Biljecki (Singapore), Petra Helmholz (Australia), Francesco Nex (The Netherlands), Franz Rottensteiner (Germany), George Sithole (South Africa), Graciela Metternicht (Australia), Haigang Sui (China), Hans-Gerd Maas (Germany), Hao Wu (China), Huayi Wu (China), Ivana Ivanova (Australia), Iyyanki Murali Krishna (India), Jack Barton (Australia), Jagannath Aryal (Australia), Jie Jiang (China), Joep Compvoets (Belgium), Jonathan Li (Canada), Kourosh Khoshelham (Australia), Krzysztof Bakuła (Poland), Lars Bodum (Denmark), Lena Halounova (Czech Republic), Madhu Chandra (Germany), Maria Antonia Brovelli (Italy), Martin Breunig (Germany), Martin Tomko (Australia), Mila Koeva (The Netherlands), Mingshu Wang (The Netherlands), Mitko Aleksandrov (Australia), Mulhim Al Doori (UAE), Nancy Glenn (Australia), Negin Nazarian (Australia), Norbert Pfeifer (Austria), Norman Kerle (The Netherlands), Orhan Altan (Turkey), Ori Gudes (Australia), Pawel Boguslawski (Poland), Peter van Oosterom (The Netherlands), Petr Kubíček (Czech Republic), Petros Patias (Greece), Piero Boccardo (Italy), Qiaoli Wu (China), Qing Zhu (China), Riza Yosia Sunindijo (Australia), Roland Billen (Belgium), Rudi Stouffs (Singapore), Scott Hawken (Australia), Serene Coetzee (South Africa), Shawn Laffan (Australia), Shisong Cao (China), Sisi Zlatanova (Australia), Songnian Li (Canada), Stephan Winter (Australia), Tarun Ghawana (Australia), Ümit Işıkdağ (Turkey), Wei Li (Australia), Wolfgang Reinhardt (Germany), Xianlian Liang (Finland) and Yanan Liu (China).The editors would like to express their gratitude to all contributors, who made this volume possible. Many thanks go to all supporting organisations: ISPRS, SSSI, URAP2, Blackash, Mercury and ISPRS Journal of Geoinformation. The editors are grateful to the continued support of the involved Universities: The University of New South Wales, Curtin University, Australian National University and The University of Melbourne.
39
Helmholz, P., S. Zlatanova, J. Barton, and M. Aleksandrov. "GEOINFORMATION FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT 2020 (GI4DM2020): PREFACE." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences VI-3/W1-2020 (November 17, 2020): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-vi-3-w1-2020-1-2020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Across the world, nature-triggered disasters fuelled by climate change are worsening. Some two billion people have been affected by the consequences of natural hazards over the last ten years, 95% of which were weather-related (such as floods and windstorms). Fires swept across large parts of California, and in Australia caused unprecedented destruction to lives, wildlife and bush. This picture is likely to become the new normal, and indeed may worsen if unchecked. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates that in some locations, disaster that once had a once-in-a-century frequency may become annual events by 2050.Disaster management needs to keep up. Good cooperation and coordination of crisis response operations are of critical importance to react rapidly and adequately to any crisis situation, while post-disaster recovery presents opportunities to build resilience towards reducing the scale of the next disaster. Technology to support crisis response has advanced greatly in the last few years. Systems for early warning, command and control and decision-making have been successfully implemented in many countries and regions all over the world. Efforts to improve humanitarian response, in particular in relation to combating disasters in rapidly urbanising cities, have also led to better approaches that grapple with complexity and uncertainty.The challenges however are daunting. Many aspects related to the efficient collection and integration of geo-information, applied semantics and situational awareness for disaster management are still open, while agencies, organisations and governmental authorities need to improve their practices for building better resilience.Gi4DM 2020 marked the 13th edition of the Geoinformation for Disaster Management series of conferences. The first conference was held in 2005 in the aftermath of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami which claimed the lives of over 220,000 civilians. The 2019-20 Australian Bushfire Season saw some 18.6 million Ha of bushland burn, 5,900 buildings destroyed and nearly three billion vertebrates killed. Gi4DM 2020 then was held during Covid-19 pandemic, which took the lives of more than 1,150,000 people by the time of the conference. The pandemic affected the organisation of the conference, but the situation also provided the opportunity to address important global problems.The fundamental goal of the Gi4DM has always been to provide a forum where emergency responders, disaster managers, urban planners, stakeholders, researchers, data providers and system developers can discuss challenges, share experience, discuss new ideas and demonstrate technology. The 12 previous editions of Gi4DM conferences were held in Delft, the Netherlands (March 2005), Goa, India (September 2006), Toronto, Canada (May 2007), Harbin, China (August 2008), Prague, Czech Republic (January 2009), Torino, Italy (February 2010), Antalya, Turkey (May 2011), Enschede, the Netherlands (December, 2012), Hanoi, Vietnam (December 2013), Montpellier, France (2015), Istanbul, Turkey (2018) and Prague, Czech Republic (2019). Through the years Gi4DM has been organised in cooperation with different international bodies such as ISPRS, UNOOSA, ICA, ISCRAM, FIG, IAG, OGC and WFP and supported by national organisations.Gi4DM 2020 was held as part of Climate Change and Disaster Management: Technology and Resilience for a Troubled World. The event took place through the whole week of 30th of November to 4th of December, Sydney, Australia and included three events: Gi4DM 2020, NSW Surveying and Spatial Sciences Institute (NSW SSSI) annual meeting and Urban Resilience Asia Pacific 2 (URAP2).The event explored two interlinked aspects of disaster management in relation to climate change. The first was geo-information technologies and their application for work in crisis situations, as well as sensor and communication networks and their roles for improving situational awareness. The second aspect was resilience, and its role and purpose across the entire cycle of disaster management, from pre-disaster preparedness to post-disaster recovery including challenges and opportunities in relation to rapid urbanisation and the role of security in improved disaster management practices.This volume consists of 16 peer-reviewed scientific papers. These were selected on the basis of double-blind review from among the 25 full papers submitted to the Gi4DM 2020 conference. Each paper was reviewed by three scientific reviewers. The authors of the papers were encouraged to revise, extend and adapt their papers to reflect the comments of the reviewers and fit the goals of this volume. The selected papers concentrate on monitoring and analysis of forest fire (3), landslides (3), flood (2), earthquake, avalanches, water pollution, heat, evacuation and urban sustainability, applying a variety of remote sensing, GIS and Web-based technologies. Figure 1 illustrates the scope of the covered topics though the word count of keywords and titles.The Gi4DM 2020 program consisted of scientific presentations, keynote speeches, panel discussions and tutorials. The four keynotes speakers Prof Suzan Cutter (Hazard and Vulnerability Research Institute, USC, US), Jeremy Fewtrell (NSW Fire and Rescue, Australia), Prof Orhan Altan (Ad-hoc Committee on RISK and Disaster Management, GeoUnions, Turkey) and Prof Philip Gibbins (Fenner School of Environment and Society, ANU, Australia) concentrated on different aspects of disaster and risk management in the context of climate change. Eight tutorials offered exciting workshops and hands-on on: Semantic web tools and technologies within Disaster Management, Structure-from-motion photogrammetry, Radar Remote Sensing, Dam safety: Monitoring subsidence with SAR Interferometry, Location-based Augmented Reality apps with Unity and Mapbox, Visualising bush fires datasets using open source, Making data smarter to manage disasters and emergency situational awareness and Response using HERE Location Services. The scientific sessions were blended with panel discussions to provide more opportunities to exchange ideas and experiences, connect people and researchers from all over the world.The editors of this volume acknowledge all members of the scientific committee for their time, careful review and valuable comments: Abdoulaye Diakité (Australia), Alexander Rudloff (Germany), Alias Abdul Rahman (Malaysia), Alper Yilmaz (USA), Amy Parker (Australia), Ashraf Dewan (Australia), Bapon Shm Fakhruddin (New Zealand), Batuhan Osmanoglu (USA), Ben Gorte (Australia), Bo Huang (Hong Kong), Brendon McAtee (Australia), Brian Lee (Australia), Bruce Forster (Australia), Charity Mundava (Australia), Charles Toth (USA), Chris Bellman (Australia), Chris Pettit (Australia), Clive Fraser (Australia), Craig Glennie (USA), David Belton (Australia), Dev Raj Paudyal (Australia), Dimitri Bulatov (Germany), Dipak Paudyal (Australia), Dorota Iwaszczuk (Germany), Edward Verbree (The Netherlands), Eliseo Clementini (Italy), Fabio Giulio Tonolo (Italy), Fazlay Faruque (USA), Filip Biljecki (Singapore), Petra Helmholz (Australia), Francesco Nex (The Netherlands), Franz Rottensteiner (Germany), George Sithole (South Africa), Graciela Metternicht (Australia), Haigang Sui (China), Hans-Gerd Maas (Germany), Hao Wu (China), Huayi Wu (China), Ivana Ivanova (Australia), Iyyanki Murali Krishna (India), Jack Barton (Australia), Jagannath Aryal (Australia), Jie Jiang (China), Joep Compvoets (Belgium), Jonathan Li (Canada), Kourosh Khoshelham (Australia), Krzysztof Bakuła (Poland), Lars Bodum (Denmark), Lena Halounova (Czech Republic), Madhu Chandra (Germany), Maria Antonia Brovelli (Italy), Martin Breunig (Germany), Martin Tomko (Australia), Mila Koeva (The Netherlands), Mingshu Wang (The Netherlands), Mitko Aleksandrov (Australia), Mulhim Al Doori (UAE), Nancy Glenn (Australia), Negin Nazarian (Australia), Norbert Pfeifer (Austria), Norman Kerle (The Netherlands), Orhan Altan (Turkey), Ori Gudes (Australia), Pawel Boguslawski (Poland), Peter van Oosterom (The Netherlands), Petr Kubíček (Czech Republic), Petros Patias (Greece), Piero Boccardo (Italy), Qiaoli Wu (China), Qing Zhu (China), Riza Yosia Sunindijo (Australia), Roland Billen (Belgium), Rudi Stouffs (Singapore), Scott Hawken (Australia), Serene Coetzee (South Africa), Shawn Laffan (Australia), Shisong Cao (China), Sisi Zlatanova (Australia), Songnian Li (Canada), Stephan Winter (Australia), Tarun Ghawana (Australia), Ümit Işıkdağ (Turkey), Wei Li (Australia), Wolfgang Reinhardt (Germany), Xianlian Liang (Finland) and Yanan Liu (China).The editors would like to express their gratitude to all contributors, who made this volume possible. Many thanks go to all supporting organisations: ISPRS, SSSI, URAP2, Blackash, Mercury and ISPRS Journal of Geoinformation. The editors are grateful to the continued support of the involved Universities: The University of New South Wales, Curtin University, Australian National University and The University of Melbourne.
40
Mateus, Marcos, Ricardo Canelas, Ligia Pinto, and Nuno Vaz. "When Tragedy Strikes: Potential Contributions From Ocean Observation to Search and Rescue Operations After Drowning Accidents." Frontiers in Marine Science 7 (February 12, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00055.
Повний текст джерела
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-, Ansh Chanana, and Aparaajita Pandey -. "India's HADR Operations in the Past Decade." International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research 6, no. 3 (June 21, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i03.23353.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Over the past ten years, India has demonstrated its commitment to regional stability, cooperation, and resilience by actively participating in Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) operations. India is a prominent regional force. An outline of India's noteworthy HADR initiatives is given in this abstract, together with a focus on major initiatives, difficulties encountered, and lessons discovered. India has responded to multiple natural catastrophes and humanitarian crises on a national and international level during the last ten years. From catastrophic earthquakes in Afghanistan and Nepal to cyclones in the Indian Ocean region, India has continuously shown that it is prepared to offer support and aid when needed. During Operation Maitrei in 2015, India demonstrated its capabilities and readiness to support neighbouring countries in times of need by quickly deploying military and civilian assets to Nepal in the wake of a severe earthquake. India has engaged in a wide range of stakeholders in its disaster response operations, including non-governmental organisations, the military forces, and disaster response agencies. Particularly, the Indian military has been essential in HADR efforts, using its resources and experience to offer relief, medical care, and rescue in impacted areas. In order to improve coordination and cooperation in disaster response operations, India has also actively participated in regional and global collaborations like the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and the Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS). But there have also been difficulties with India's HADR activities, such as resource shortages, coordination problems, and logistical limits. Despite these obstacles, India has consistently enhanced its HADR capabilities by adding learning from each mission to strengthen reaction and readiness systems. With an eye towards the future, India is resolute in building up its HADR capacities and promoting regional collaboration in order to effectively address calamities and humanitarian emergencies. India seeks to strengthen its position as a dependable and proactive partner to HADR initiatives in the region and abroad by means of sustained investments in infrastructure, training, and international collaborations.
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Dutta, Prashant. "AWS IoT Core and LoRaWAN Based Sensory Network system for Military Search and Rescue Missions." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 06, no. 05 (June 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem16389.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Indian armed forces is the second largest Military force in the world comprising of 1.4 million+ personnel’s (Active force) and 1.1 million+ reserved personnel’s. Apart from their duty of safeguarding its borders, the Military personnel’s are also engaged in Search and Rescue operations (SAR) across the globe. The SAR is conducted both for Military personnel’s and Civilians. The search and rescue operations are carried on varied demographic regions ranging from Snow areas ( -500 C) to Deserts ( +550 C), also SAR is conducted during natural calamities like Earthquake, Floods, Tsunami, Avalanche, Landslides etc. But the main challenge for any Military personnel in SAR is to identify whom to rescue first. By saying this we mean that if the personnel has the knowledge about the Vitals of the individual he/she is rescuing then he/she will be able to assess the gravity of the situation through those vitals. Vitals like SP02, Blood Pressure, Pulse rate can predict the survivability factor of the individual. So it means that if out of three individuals the Vitals of 1st person are serious and Vitals of the 2nd Person are Normal and the Vitals of the 3rd Person are Null, then it can be predicted that the 1st person should be rescued first and the 2nd person be rescued Second and the 3rd person whose Vitals are Null can be presumed dead and shall be rescued at the last. Now the main challenge comes, and that is how to gather those Vitals. The answer to this problem has been suggested through the experiments conducted in this paper. This paper suggests for a wireless sensor wrist band supporting LoRaWAN protocol ( Long Range Wide Area Network). The LoRaWAN uses LoRa Radio to transmit in low power at long-range wide area network. The aforementioned wristband shall transmit data to the AWS Cloud using AWS IoT Core. The AWS Cloud will aggregate the data received from all the people wearing the wrist band. From the aforesaid data those persons can be easily identified whose Vitals are critical. This will prove to be a Life Saver for Armed forces.
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Kropotova, N. A. "Technological development of an ergonomic trailer for fi re and rescue units." Assembling in Mechanical Engineering and Instrument-Making, December 2021, 531–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36652/0202-3350-2021-22-12-531-535.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The use of fire-technical weapons for extinguishing landscape fi res and repairing equipment is analyzed. The modernization existing equipment is proposed by developing a universal trailer trolley, which solves two engineering and research tasks: providing fi re extinguishing and carrying out loading and unloading operations. The technological design of all stages of development from a sketch to a 3D model is described. A distinctive feature of the proposed design is its versatility: the ability to use both a trolley and a trailer for small-sized equipment, for example, an ATV, which serves as an addition to existing weapons and contributes to increasing the effectiveness of extinguishing landscape fi res and conducting reconnaissance and search operations.
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Preis, Tristan, Jendrik Schmidt, Alexander Klein, Enno Peters, Thomas Lübcke, and Maurice Stephan. "Optimizing Postprocessing of Range-Gated Viewing Data for Maritime Search and Rescue Operations at Night and in Bad Weather Conditions." Transactions on Maritime Science 13, no. 1 (March 15, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.7225/toms.v13.n01.w18.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
At night and in bad weather conditions the detection of persons and objects floating in the sea represents a major challenge for search and rescue operations (SAR). If conventional searchlights are used, backscattering from rain, fog and snow decreases detection range. Therefore, a compact and inexpensive range-gated viewing system which significantly reduces atmospheric backscattering was developed. The instrument was designed for detection ranges of several hundred meters. In this study, different image processing techniques were analyzed in terms of improved object detectability for a human observer and for a machine learning-based object detector, based on a real-world image dataset. On the one hand, noise of the camera is reduced by performing a non-uniformity correction (NUC) and on the other, the dynamic range of the images is adjusted and dark objects are accentuated by equalizing (EQ). The aim of this field study with the subsequent post processing steps was to improve visibility for both human observers and machine learning-based object detectors with low computing power, based on real-world image datasets. The results show that processing requirements are different in both cases, mainly due to human eye perception, which an automated detector does not rely on and therefore the performance of the object detector before the equalizing step is slightly better. However, the NUC improves the image quality in any case.
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Révelard, Adèle, Emma Reyes, Baptiste Mourre, Ismael Hernández-Carrasco, Anna Rubio, Pablo Lorente, Christian De Lera Fernández, Julien Mader, Enrique Álvarez-Fanjul, and Joaquín Tintoré. "Sensitivity of Skill Score Metric to Validate Lagrangian Simulations in Coastal Areas: Recommendations for Search and Rescue Applications." Frontiers in Marine Science 8 (March 29, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.630388.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Search and rescue (SAR) modeling applications, mostly based on Lagrangian tracking particle algorithms, rely on the accuracy of met-ocean forecast models. Skill assessment methods are therefore required to evaluate the performance of ocean models in predicting particle trajectories. The Skill Score (SS), based on the Normalized Cumulative Lagrangian Separation (NCLS) distance between simulated and satellite-tracked drifter trajectories, is a commonly used metric. However, its applicability in coastal areas, where most of the SAR incidents occur, is difficult and sometimes unfeasible, because of the high variability that characterizes the coastal dynamics and the lack of drifter observations. In this study, we assess the performance of four models available in the Ibiza Channel (Western Mediterranean Sea) and evaluate the applicability of the SS in such coastal risk-prone regions seeking for a functional implementation in the context of SAR operations. We analyze the SS sensitivity to different forecast horizons and examine the best way to quantify the average model performance, to avoid biased conclusions. Our results show that the SS increases with forecast time in most cases. At short forecast times (i.e., 6 h), the SS exhibits a much higher variability due to the short trajectory lengths observed compared to the separation distance obtained at timescales not properly resolved by the models. However, longer forecast times lead to the overestimation of the SS due to the high variability of the surface currents. Findings also show that the averaged SS, as originally defined, can be misleading because of the imposition of a lower limit value of zero. To properly evaluate the averaged skill of the models, a revision of its definition, the so-called SS∗, is recommended. Furthermore, whereas drifters only provide assessment along their drifting paths, we show that trajectories derived from high-frequency radar (HFR) effectively provide information about the spatial distribution of the model performance inside the HFR coverage. HFR-derived trajectories could therefore be used for complementing drifter observations. The SS is, on average, more favorable to coarser-resolution models because of the double-penalty error, whereas higher-resolution models show both very low and very high performance during the experiments.
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Tu, Haiwen, Lin Mu, Kai Xia, Xiaodi Wang, and Kui Zhu. "Determining the drift characteristics of open lifeboats based on large-scale drift experiments." Frontiers in Marine Science 9 (November 23, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.1017042.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Lifeboat is one of the most important life-saving equipment for escaping at sea when a ship is abandoned in an extreme emergency. An accurate drift model can help rescuers find the drift position of lifeboat in the shortest time, thus improving the efficiency of marine search and rescue (SAR) at sea and ensuring the safety of wrecked people. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the drift characteristics and to develop an accurate drift prediction model for the open lifeboat. First, large-scale drift experiments were conducted to analyze the drift characteristics with three 6.5-meter-long real-size open lifeboats in the South China Sea. Next, three drift prediction models of the lifeboats were developed using the least squares method based on the drift experimental data. Finally, the drift prediction models of the lifeboats were compared and evaluated using the Lagrangian method and Monte Carlo technique, respectively. Results indicate that the probability of positive crosswind leeway (CWL) of the open lifeboat is 47.5%. The jibing frequency is 6% per hour, and the maximum leeway divergence angle is 45°. These drift characteristics are very important for the prediction of the open lifeboat drift trajectory. The comparison results of three drift models show that the improved drift model is more accurate than the other two drift models for predicting drift trajectories of the open lifeboat, which can be directly applied to maritime search and rescue operations in the South China Sea.
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Beiser, Florian, Håavard Heitlo Holm, and Jo Eidsvik. "Comparison of Ensemble‐Based Data Assimilation Methods for Sparse Oceanographic Data." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, December 10, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.4637.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractProbabilistic forecasts in oceanographic applications, such as drift trajectory forecasts for search‐and‐rescue operations, face challenges due to high‐dimensional complex models and sparse spatial observations. We discuss localisation strategies for assimilating sparse point observations and compare the implicit equal‐weights particle filter and a localised version of the ensemble‐transform Kalman filter. First, we verify these methods thoroughly against the analytic Kalman filter solution for a linear advection diffusion model. We then use a non‐linear simplified ocean model to do state estimation and drift prediction. The methods are rigorously compared using a wide range of metrics and skill scores. Our findings indicate that both methods succeed in approximating the Kalman filter reference for linear models of moderate dimensions, even for small ensemble sizes. However, in high‐dimensional settings with a non‐linear model, we discover that the outcomes are significantly influenced by the dependence of the ensemble Kalman filter on relaxation and the particle filter's sensitivity to the chosen model error covariance structure. Upon proper relaxation and localisation parametrisation, the ensemble Kalman filter version outperforms the particle filter in our experiments.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Nain, Aniruddh, Deepika Jain, and Ashish Trivedi. "Multi-criteria decision-making methods: application in humanitarian operations." Benchmarking: An International Journal, June 13, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bij-11-2022-0673.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
PurposeThis paper aims to examine and compare extant literature on the application of multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques in humanitarian operations (HOs) and humanitarian supply chains (HSCs). It identifies the status of existing research in the field and suggests a roadmap for academicians to undertake further research in HOs and HSCs using MCDM techniques.Design/methodology/approachThe paper systematically reviews the research on MCDM applications in HO and HSC domains from 2011 to 2022, as the field gained traction post-2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami phenomena. In the first step, an exhaustive search for journal articles is conducted using 48 keyword searches. To ensure quality, only those articles published in journals featuring in the first quartile of the Scimago Journal Ranking were selected. A total of 103 peer-reviewed articles were selected for the review and then segregated into different categories for analysis.FindingsThe paper highlights insufficient high-quality research in HOs that utilizes MCDM methods. It proposes a roadmap for scholars to enhance the research outcomes by advocating adopting mixed methods. The analysis of various studies revealed a notable absence of contextual reference. A contextual mind map specific to HOs has been developed to assist future research endeavors. This resource can guide researchers in determining the appropriate contextual framework for their studies.Practical implicationsThis paper will help practitioners understand the research carried out in the field. The aspiring researchers will identify the gap in the extant research and work on future research directions.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first literature review on applying MCDM in HOs and HSCs. It summarises the current status and proposes future research directions.
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Danielis, Peter, Willi Brekenfelder, Helge Parzyjegla, Pranavkumar Ghogari, Paul Stube, and Frank Sill Torres. "Integrated Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Path Planning and Collision Avoidance Algorithms." Transactions on Maritime Science 13, no. 1 (April 20, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.7225/toms.v13.n01.003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper addresses the growing need for efficient autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) path planning, used in environmental monitoring, underwater surveillance, and search and rescue operations. The aim was to develop robust path planning strategies that ensure safe and efficient AUV navigation in complex and unpredictable underwater environments. Our approach combines path planning algorithms with the OMNeT++ network simulator. The procedures for the implementation of these algorithms and AUV motion simulation have been outlined. The algorithms were applied not only to single AUV missions but also to scenarios involving multiple AUVs, allowing exploration of cooperative and coordinated mission planning in diverse underwater settings. The results of the study demonstrate the potential of our approach to address real-world challenges encountered by AUVs. AUV behavior was observed in different simulated mission scenarios and environmental conditions. Our findings shed light on the adaptability of AUVs in the face of unexpected obstacles and dynamic ocean currents. In conclusion, this study contributes to the field of AUV applications, offering a path planning and simulation strategy adaptable to diverse AUV mission requirements. By utilizing simulation models, we illustrate AUVs' ability to autonomously adapt their mission plan and avoid obstacles during missions, improving operational efficiency and safety.
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Stelfox, Martin, Mercedes Martin-Cereceda, Karim Vahed, Jillian Hudgins, Stephanie Köhnk, Usman Iqbal, Ibrahim Shameel, Joana M. Hancock, and Michael Sweet. "The Olive Ridley Project (ORP): A successful example of how to engage researchers, conservation practitioners and civil society." Research for All 5, no. 2 (September 21, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.14324/rfa.05.2.17.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Olive Ridley Project (ORP) was set up to protect sea turtles and their habitats. The project was formed in 2013, and it became a registered charity in the UK in 2016. From its inception, ORP took a multidisciplinary approach to achieve its goals. Part of its objectives, and the reason why the charity came to fruition, are related to the issue of olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) entanglement in abandoned, lost or discarded fishing gear (also known as ‘ghost gear’ or ‘ghost nets’), and the search for ghost gear and turtle entanglement ‘hot spots’ throughout the Indian Ocean. The initial ORP research questions were soon challenged by societal interests to develop inclusive educational programmes in local communities and tourist resorts that could raise awareness about the need for conservation of all sea turtle species. In February 2017, ORP opened the first veterinarian-run, fully equipped Marine Turtle Rescue Centre in the Maldives, bringing together the work of researchers, citizen scientists, volunteers, environmentalists, marine biologists and veterinarians. The present work of ORP sits on a strong and scientifically robust collaborative plan. Current ORP research projects range from sea turtle population analyses, spatial ecology, rehabilitation of injured and sick individuals, epibiont parasite analyses, precise turtle identification through photo-ID research, linking ghost gear to responsible fisheries, and analyses of ghost gear drift patterns. The programme enhances community education and outreach by engaging schoolchildren, organizing workshops, promoting sustainable use of ghost gear waste, and training citizen scientists and local fishing communities. The ORP programme encompasses many principles of research engagement, effectively combining scientific knowledge, education and action. This article explores all stages of the process (from research planning and design, to knowledge exchange and inter- and trans-disciplinary impact assessments), describing the active engagement originated by the ORP initiative. A reflective insight into the learning, enrichment and challenges of engaging researchers and community actors is also included, considering the current social and scientific framework.