Статті в журналах: "Sea current power"

1

McCormick, Michael E., and R. Cengiz Ertekin. "Renewable Sea Power." Mechanical Engineering 131, no. 05 (May 1, 2009): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2009-may-4.

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This article discusses various aspects of research funding that seeks to use waves, tides, and thermal in different useful ways. The Department of Energy (DOE) program is set to explore technology that aims to harness some of the ocean’s energy and put it to work. It also presents a conception of a field of water mills designed by Marine Current turbines that turn the currents of tides into electricity. The researchers believe that the tidal energy resource is both reliable and predictable. With the escalating costs of oil and natural gas, it will become a viable resource soon. The DOE’s new program in marine renewable energies is an attempt to tap into a vast resource. Electrical utilities and private companies have made early commitments to participate in the centers. While conducting their own research, the universities will assist in the establishment of ocean field-testing sites and help the DOE keep a recently created marine renewable energy data base up to date.

2

Ehrenman, Gayle. "Current From Currents." Mechanical Engineering 125, no. 02 (February 1, 2003): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2003-feb-2.

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This article discusses that in the quest for renewable energy, the oceans’ tides and flow have gone largely untapped. Companies in the United Kingdom and Canada are trying to harvest the power of sea current through new application of an old technology: turbines. IT Power is using technology from its spin-off company, Marine Current Turbines, also in Hampshire. The technology consists of a pair of axial flow rotors that are roughly 50 to 65 feet in diameter. Each drives a generator via a gearbox, much like a wind turbine. Blue Energy Canada is also working the currents. Its approach differs from that of IT Power in two significant ways: orientation of the turbine blades and their arrangement. A study conducted in 2001 by Triton Consultants, based in Vancouver, BC, on behalf of BC Hydro (one of the largest electrical utilities in Canada), found that the cost to develop a current turbine site is rather high, but the cost of annual power generation would be low. The study considered a site at the Discovery Passage in British Columbia, which it speculated would run 7941-MW Marine Current Turbines spread over roughly 3922 acres.

3

Almenhali, Abdulrahman, Hatem Alshamsi, Yaser Aljunaibi, Dheyab Almussabi, Ahmed Alshehhi, and Hassan Bu Hilal. "Mini Solar and Sea Current Power Generation System." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 73 (July 2017): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/73/1/012012.

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4

YILDIRIM, Alper. "Statistical characteristics, probability distribution, and power potential of sea water velocity in Turkey." European Mechanical Science 6, no. 4 (December 20, 2022): 285–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.26701/ems.1195271.

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Sea currents have the potential to supply electricity from a renewable energy source to coastal regions. The assessment of the potential energy that could be generated is the first step toward developing this resource. In this study, the data was collected at 5 m and 35 m depths below the sea surface level, including sea current velocity and direction. A detailed field measurement, of the probability of sea water velocity at three stations (Antalya, Silivri, Istanbul) for 5 months is carried out. The sea current power density values in these stations were 10.41, 4.92, and 7.91 W/m2 at 5 m depth, respectively. Besides, average sea current power density values were seen to be closely arranged with 11.44, 4.07, and 9.06 W/m2 at 35 depths, respectively. In addition, statistical analysis applying Weibull and Rayleigh models is also presented. It is shown that the use of a Weibull probability distribution facilitates the analysis of sea velocity conditions and is also able to predict the power density with a high degree of accuracy. The results of this study are useful for the understanding of marine hydrodynamics of these areas, where sea current power projects may be started in Turkey.

5

Ozturk, Mehmet, Cihan Sahin, and Yalcin Yuksel. "Current power potential of a sea strait: The Bosphorus." Renewable Energy 114 (December 2017): 191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.04.003.

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6

Pritchard, Robert S. "Sea-ice mechanical energy balance: nearshore Chukchi Sea, 1982." Annals of Glaciology 15 (1991): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/1991aog15-1-63-72.

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The mechanical energy balance of sea ice provides information about ice dynamic behavior, driving forces and the constitutive law. The energy balance equation, formed as the product of ice velocity with the ice momentum balance equation, describes changes to the kinetic and potential energy densities as power is input to the ice by wind and current. The momentum balance equation may also be used to describe the ice-stress divergence, air stress, and water stress, but the scalar form of the energy balance is simpler to understand. This paper provides new interpretations of several terms in the energy balance equation, in particular power input by air and water stress and by sea-surface tilt. Barometric pressure fields and drifting buoys deployed on the Chukchi Sea ice cover during 1982 provide wind, ice motion and current measurements that allow each term in the energy balance equation to be evaluated as a function of time. Magnitudes of power input by wind and current show how the energy balance is decomposed and help describe the relative importance of these driving forces. In the nearshore Chukchi Sea during February, March and April 1982, both wind and current provided significant forcing of the ice. Ice stress was also important and, at times, dominated other terms in the mechanical energy balance.

7

Pritchard, Robert S. "Sea-ice mechanical energy balance: nearshore Chukchi Sea, 1982." Annals of Glaciology 15 (1991): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500009551.

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The mechanical energy balance of sea ice provides information about ice dynamic behavior, driving forces and the constitutive law. The energy balance equation, formed as the product of ice velocity with the ice momentum balance equation, describes changes to the kinetic and potential energy densities as power is input to the ice by wind and current. The momentum balance equation may also be used to describe the ice-stress divergence, air stress, and water stress, but the scalar form of the energy balance is simpler to understand. This paper provides new interpretations of several terms in the energy balance equation, in particular power input by air and water stress and by sea-surface tilt. Barometric pressure fields and drifting buoys deployed on the Chukchi Sea ice cover during 1982 provide wind, ice motion and current measurements that allow each term in the energy balance equation to be evaluated as a function of time. Magnitudes of power input by wind and current show how the energy balance is decomposed and help describe the relative importance of these driving forces. In the nearshore Chukchi Sea during February, March and April 1982, both wind and current provided significant forcing of the ice. Ice stress was also important and, at times, dominated other terms in the mechanical energy balance.

8

Wijaya Kusuma, I. G. B., and Rukmi Sari Hartati. "Design of Sea Currents Turbine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 758 (April 2015): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.758.113.

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. Research on sea current energy uses as a sea current electrical power plant (PLTAL) in the region of Lembongan-Nusa Penida-Ceningan carried out since 2013, aiming to meet the demand for electricity in the coastal areas and remote islands. This study aims to design a marine current turbine which is planned to generate electricity of about 50 kW, with a construction system made fixed and the turbine set inside that can spin revolving without interruption. Simulation model of the flow is done by using Computational Fluid Dynamics analysis, CFD. Simulations conducted in private with a variety of flow velocity and pressure of the sea water and various forms of channels. Based on the results obtained by simulation, the best flow of sea currents is with a slope angle of 300 with a channel length of 15 m where the flow speed of the turbine of about 39 m/s with a flow pressure of 201,426 Pa, which predicted to be capable of producing 1,500 kW turbine power.

9

Ã–zturk, Mehmet, Cihan Sahin, and Yalcin Yuksel. "ANALYZING FLOW ENERGY POTENTIAL OF THE BOSPHORUS STRAIT." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.risk.76.

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Ocean currents represent a potentially notable, currently untapped, reservoir of energy. The regions with strong current velocities such as narrow straits connecting two water bodies exhibit high current energy (power) potential especially where the water depths are relatively shallow (EECA, 2009). The Bosphorus, connecting the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara, is a typical narrow sea strait that generally exhibits a two-layered flow pattern: the upper layer current flows south towards the Sea of Marmara while the underlying current flows in opposite direction towards the Black Sea (YÃ¼ksel et al., 2008). The predominant mechanisms for the upper and lower layer flows are the higher water level of the Black Sea and the denser water of the Sea of Marmara, respectively.

10

CHIRIAC, Olga R. "POLITICAL THREATS TO ENERGY SECURITY IN THE BLACK SEA." Romanian Military Thinking 2021, no. 3 (November 2021): 142–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.55535/gmr.2021.3.08.

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The International World Order is the system of states we function in. It has been the dominant narrative, especially since 2014, that revisionist powers are trying to challenge and destabilise the order and replace it with one where they influence geopolitical outcomes exclusively in their favour and exert much more power than they would be able to in the current international system. This competition for strategic dominance is often called Great Power Competition having the US as the centre and the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China as challenger great powers. The overall purpose of the current study is to succinctly analyse Russia’s approach to grand strategy and understanding national interest, and to apply the mentioned aspects to the energy realm specifically, all the while being geographically focused on the Black Sea

11

CHIRIAC, Olga R. "POLITICAL THREATS TO ENERGY SECURITY IN THE BLACK SEA." Romanian Military Thinking 2021, no. 3 (November 2021): 142–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2021.3.08.

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The International World Order is the system of states we function in. It has been the dominant narrative, especially since 2014, that revisionist powers are trying to challenge and destabilise the order and replace it with one where they influence geopolitical outcomes exclusively in their favour and exert much more power than they would be able to in the current international system. This competition for strategic dominance is often called Great Power Competition having the US as the centre and the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China as challenger great powers. The overall purpose of the current study is to succinctly analyse Russia’s approach to grand strategy and understanding national interest, and to apply the mentioned aspects to the energy realm specifically, all the while being geographically focused on the Black Sea

12

Zhou, Bowen, Zhibo Zhang, Guangdi Li, Dongsheng Yang, and Matilde Santos. "Review of Key Technologies for Offshore Floating Wind Power Generation." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 7, 2023): 710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020710.

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In recent years, due to the global energy crisis, increasingly more countries have recognized the importance of developing clean energy. Offshore wind energy, as a basic form of clean energy, has become one of the current research priorities. In the future, offshore wind farms will be developed in deep and distant sea areas. In these areas, there is a new trend of floating offshore wind platforms replacing fixed wind power platforms, due to their low cost, ease of installation, and independence from the water depth. However, the stability of offshore floating platforms is poor and their power fluctuations are significant; furthermore, they are more prone to failure because of sea wind, waves, and currents. This paper summarizes and analyzes the current research progress and critical technical issues of offshore floating wind power generation, such as stability control technology, integrated wind storage technology, wind power energy management, and long-distance transmission of electricity for floating wind power generation at sea. Finally, future research directions for key offshore wind power technologies are presented.

13

Miyashiro, S., A. Tanaka, L. Yan, Y. Nakatani, Y. Kabata, S. Murata, K. Akamine, and S. Nagaya. "ICOPE-15-1118 Evaluation of material degradation in sea-water for development of ocean current power generation system." Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Engineering (ICOPE) 2015.12 (2015): _ICOPE—15——_ICOPE—15—. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicope.2015.12._icope-15-_80.

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14

Khasawneh, Qais A., Bourhan Tashtoush, Anas Nawafleh, and Bayan Kan’an. "Techno-Economic Feasibility Study of a Hypersaline Pressure-Retarded Osmosis Power Plants: Dead Sea–Red Sea Conveyor." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 11, 2018): 3118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113118.

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In this study, three pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) power plants are proposed to be built on the Red Sea–Dead Sea (RSDS) water conveyance project, to generate power from the salinity gradient between two water streams at different salt concentrations. The first two proposed plants are to be built after sea water reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination plants, where Red Sea water and the rejected brine from SWRO plants are used as feed and draw solutions, respectively. In the third proposed plant, Red Sea water and Dead Sea water will be used. Results showed that the three proposed plants are technically feasible while the third plant is the only one that is economically feasible with a 134.5 MW capacity and a 0.056 $/KWh levelized cost of electricity (LCE). The power generated from the third PRO power plant accounts for about 24.7% of the power needed for the RSDS project that can be used to power SWRO-2 in order to reduce the electricity consumption by 49.3%. If the generated power from the proposed PRO plant is sold to the Jordanian national electricity grid at the current selling price in accordance with Jordanian prices of electricity, a saving of about 21.2% can be attained. It is found that using the power generated by the current proposed plants for desalination project purposes will significantly reduce the price of desalinated water produced from SWRO desalination plants.

15

Metheny, Boris, Rosyida Permatasari, and Muhammad Sjahrul Annas. "DESIGN MODELING OF SAVONIUS-DARRIEUS TURBINE FOR SEA CURRENT ELECTRIC POWER PLANT." SINERGI 25, no. 1 (November 11, 2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/sinergi.2021.1.004.

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Turbines convert the kinetic energy of ocean currents into electrical energy produced by the sea current electric power plant. This study aims to design a power generator turbine modeling that is carried out using the Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) approach by comparing the geometric performance based on the angle of attack and the Tip Speed Ratio (TSR) value of the Savonius-Darrieus Turbine. Having done several trials and errors during collecting the data, the value of the TSR 1.427; 2.853; 4.28; 5; and 5.7 is proposed. Here, the NACA 0018 series has been adopted on the current design of Savonius-Darrieus Turbine. The turbine has three blades, length of the span 357 mm, the diameter of turbine 428 mm, and length of the hydrofoil chord 40 mm. Effect of various angle of attacks from 0°up to 10° has been taken into account in the computational to obtain the coefficient power for each variation. The results revealed that the turbine with an angle of attack of 5°and TSR value of 5.0 has higher power coefficient value by 0.469 as compared with its angle of attack of 10°. It should be noted here that the increase of the angle of attack up to 10° resulted in a significant reduction of the power coefficient value of 0.206 as the value of TSR about 4.28. The addition of the Savonius Rotor results in increasing efficiency of the turbine for sea current applications.

16

Kuehn, John. "Carriers and Amphibs: Shibboleths of Sea Power." Journal of Advanced Military Studies 11, no. 2 (December 16, 2020): 106–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21140/mcuj.20201102006.

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This article argues that American naval force packages built around aircraft carriers and amphibious assault ships no longer serve maritime security interests as effectively as in the past. It further claims that the current commitment in the published maritime strategy of the United States to the twin shibboleths of “carriers and amphibs” comes from a variety of attitudes held by senior decision makers and military leaders. This commitment betrays both cultural misunderstanding or even ignorance of seapower—“sea blindness”—as well as less than rational attachments to two operational capabilities that served the United States well in the past, but in doing so engendered emotional commitments that are little grounded in the facts.

17

Guo, Yi Ni, Yan Zhang, Jian Wang, and Ye Huang. "Research of Offshore Wind Power Generation Technology." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 634–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.634.

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Offshore wind farm development direction is from shallow sea to sea . In this paper, according to the current on the wind power base also can not meet the requirements of the problem deep, analysed the base cost will not be particularly high reason. In view of the Hainan offshore wind power, put forward the design train of thought, the analysis obtained an ideal design model.

18

Nobukawa, Hisashi, Junichi Michimoto, Masanori Kobayashi, Hiroyuki Nakagawa, Jitsuo Sakakibara, Norio Takagi, and Masayuki Tamehiro. "Development of Floating Type-Extraction System of Uranium from Sea Water Using Sea Current and Wave Power." Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Japan 1990, no. 168 (1990): 319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2534/jjasnaoe1968.1990.168_319.

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19

Barber, Marion, and David Crane. "Current flow in the north-west Weddell Sea." Antarctic Science 7, no. 1 (March 1995): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102095000083.

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Properties of the surface and bottom circulation in the north-west Weddell and south Scotia seas in the region 59–66°S, 36–46°W are examined. The bottom currents have been recorded at different heights from 5–800 m above the seabed, and surface velocities have been obtained from the drift tracks of ARGOS buoys deployed in ice floes. The tidal regime is mixed and the power of motions at inertial frequencies is very variable and most dominant in the Scotia Sea. Flow is influenced by topography, effects of which are seen in eddy features and the damping of inertial motions in some areas. The sea ice motion is shown to be influenced by the bottom topography at very low frequencies whilst tidal periodicities observed in the north-western Weddell Sea are below the level of the noise in the region of the study. In this area the higher frequency ice motion is mainly wind driven with little of the energy being transferred to the underlying deep water.

20

Chen, Yanhu, Yujia Zang, Canjun Yang, Zhiyong Duan, Haoyu Zhang, and Gul Muhammad. "Reconfigurable Power Converter for Constant Current Underwater Observatory." Electronics 9, no. 2 (February 10, 2020): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9020307.

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A constant current (CC) underwater observatory employing the shunt method to provide constant voltage (CV) power for external loads is favored in occasions where shunt-fault tolerance is required. However, low efficiency of CC to CV conversion with the shunt method limits its application, especially in scenarios of varying loads. In this paper, a highly reliable and stable CC/CV converter with better efficiency is introduced based on the proposed novel active soft bypass (ASB) technology and the proposed novel priority-based power management strategy (PPMS). The ASB technology is a method that employs switches and a special control sequence which greatly depresses the large voltage transient presenting on the input side when trying hard bypass redundant modules, and the PPMS makes the system easy to monitor and ensures the absolute reliability of ASB technology. The theoretical study of this novel reconfigurable CC/CV converter and validation experiments on a prototype are carried out, with results showing great improvement in the performance. In addition, the proposed reconfigurable power converter is applied to a coastal observatory in the East China Sea.

21

Hu, Chao, Chenxuan Tang, Chenyang Yuwen, and Yong Ma. "Coupled Interactions Analysis of a Floating Tidal Current Power Station in Uniform Flow." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 9 (September 3, 2021): 958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9090958.

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For a floating tidal current power station moored in the sea, the mutual interactions between the carrier and the turbine are pretty complex. Current simulation methods based on potential flow theory could not consider the complicated viscous effects between the carrier motion and rotor rotation. To accurately account for the viscous effect, developing a different numerical simulation method based on computational fluid dynamics is necessary. This paper deals with a moored FTCPS (floating tidal current power station) with 6-degree-of-freedom motion in uniform flow based on dynamic fluid body interactions (DFBI) method. Results showed that the blockage effect caused by the columns would increase the average power output of the turbine, while the power output fluctuation also increased. When the carrier is individually moored in the sea, the motion response of the carrier is pretty small, and the carrier is obviously trimming by the bow. However, when the turbine is mounted on the carrier, the carrier motion response is simple harmonic. The motion response frequency of the carrier is in relation to the rotation frequency of the turbine.

22

Nobukawa, Hisashi, Masayuki Tamehiro, Masanori Kobayashi, Hiroyuki Nakagawa, Jitsuo Sakakibara, and Norio Takagi. "Development of Floating Type-Extraction System of Uranium from Sea Water Using Sea Water Current and Wave Power." Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Japan 1989, no. 165 (1989): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2534/jjasnaoe1968.1989.281.

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23

Li, Donglin, Fuhang Guo, Liping Xu, Shuai Wang, Youpeng Yan, Xianshuai Ma, and Yinshui Liu. "Analysis of Efficiency Characteristics of a Deep-Sea Hydraulic Power Source." Lubricants 11, no. 11 (November 9, 2023): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11110485.

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Deep-sea submersibles carry limited energy sources, so a high efficiency of the equipment is required to improve endurance. In the deep-sea environment, the hydraulic power source is filled with oil, which causes structural deformation of the power source and changes in the physical properties of the medium, leading to unknown changes in the efficiency characteristics of the power source. In order to explore the efficiency characteristics of the deep-sea hydraulic power source composed of a gear pump and a DC (direct current) brushless motor in a variable sea depth environment, we undertook the following. First, considering the effects of seawater pressure and temperature on the physical properties of the medium and the radial clearance deformation of the gear pump, a mathematical model for the total efficiency of the hydraulic power source was established. The results indicate that the deformation of the pump body is mainly determined by the seawater pressure and working pressure. Subsequently, by analyzing the effects of the two factors on the efficiency of the power source, respectively, when the oil temperature range is large enough, the total efficiency of the power source will increase and then decrease under six sea depths; the total efficiency of the power source decreases with the increase in the rotational speed. However, in a land environment, the trend of the efficiency characteristics of the power source is opposite to that of the remaining six deep-sea environments, both in terms of oil temperature and rotational speed. Finally, the efficiency trend of the power source with changes in sea depth under rated conditions was obtained. Under different sea depth ranges, the optimal operating oil temperatures and suitable rotational speed ranges of the power source could be obtained. This paper could provide a certain theoretical basis for the research and development of deep-sea equipment.

24

Kelly, James, Endika Aldaiturriaga, and Pablo Ruiz-Minguela. "Applying International Power Quality Standards for Current Harmonic Distortion to Wave Energy Converters and Verified Device Emulators." Energies 12, no. 19 (September 24, 2019): 3654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193654.

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The push for carbon-free energy sources has helped encourage the development of the ocean renewable energy sector. As ocean renewable energy approaches commercial maturity, the industry must be able to prove it can provide clean electrical power of good quality for consumers. As part of the EU funded Open Sea Operating Experience to Reduce Wave Energy Cost (OPERA) project that is tasked with developing the wave energy sector, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) developed electrical power quality standards for marine energy converters, which were applied to an oscillating water column (OWC). This was done both in the laboratory and in the real world. Precise electrical monitoring equipment was installed in the Mutriku Wave Power Plant in Spain and to an OWC emulator in the Lir National Ocean Test Facility at University College Cork in Ireland to monitor the electrical power of both. The electrical power generated was analysed for harmonic current distortion and the results were compared. The observations from sea trials and laboratory trials demonstrate that laboratory emulators can be used in early stage development to identify the harmonic characteristics of a wave energy converter.

25

Falca˜o, A. F. de O. "First-Generation Wave Power Plants: Current Status and R&D Requirements." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 126, no. 4 (March 7, 2005): 384–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1839882.

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The paper concentrates on the wave energy devices developed to be located on the shoreline or near shore (the so-called first generation devices) that have reached the stage of full-sized prototype deployed in open sea waters, including in special the oscillating water column. The principal factors affecting the technological development and the economics are identified and analyzed, taking into consideration the experience from existing prototypes: device siting, hydrodynamics and structure geometry, structural design and construction, power take-off equipment (turbine, electrical generator) and control.

26

Lv, Wei, Zhiyun Mao, and Lihong Zhang. "Random vibration analysis of an offshore flexible direct current converter valve." E3S Web of Conferences 252 (2021): 01050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125201050.

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With the rapid development of the direct-current grid technology and construction, the flexible direct-current transmission technology has been widely used in many aspects, such as long-distance large-capacity power transmissions, offshore platforms and island power supplies. The offshore flexible direct current converter valve will encounter a variety of unfavorable loads during the marine transportation and the long-term operation on the sea. The safety requirements of the offshore flexible direct current converter valve are higher as a result. Based on the structural characteristics of the converter valve, the converter valve is calculated by finite element method. Under two working conditions of the marine transportation and the long-term operation on the sea, this paper carries out modal analysis and random vibration analysis of the converter valve tower respectively. This paper gives the unfavorable position of the force from the calculation results, and provides a reference for the design and selection of the flexible direct current converter valve to meet the needs of the offshore converter station’s construction.

27

Tong, Jun Jie. "A Costal Wave Energy Power Station Equipment." Advanced Materials Research 986-987 (July 2014): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.986-987.177.

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This paper introduced a coastal wave energy power generation and its unique dual channel structure, in which two–way coastal current was transformed into single direction rotation of the impeller. Also according to coastal wave energy characteristics, the paper analyzed relationship between inshore sea water kinetic energy and the wave amplitude away from the coast. In addition, the water velocity and flow area of equipment through power generation equipment are studied.

28

Li, Ye, Jin-Hak Yi, Huimin Song, Qi Wang, Zhaoqing Yang, Neil D. Kelley, and Kwang-Soo Lee. "On the natural frequency of tidal current power systems—A discussion of sea testing." Applied Physics Letters 105, no. 2 (July 14, 2014): 023902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4886797.

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29

Curto, Domenico, Vincenzo Franzitta, and Andrea Guercio. "Sea Wave Energy. A Review of the Current Technologies and Perspectives." Energies 14, no. 20 (October 13, 2021): 6604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14206604.

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The proposal of new technologies capable of producing electrical energy from renewable sources has driven research into seas and oceans. Research finds this field very promising in the future of renewable energies, especially in areas where there are specific climatic and morphological characteristics to exploit large amounts of energy from the sea. In general, this kind of energy is referred to as six energy resources: waves, tidal range, tidal current, ocean current, ocean thermal energy conversion, and saline gradient. This review has the aim to list several wave-energy converter power plants and to analyze their years of operation. In this way, a focus is created to understand how many wave-energy converter plants work on average and whether it is indeed an established technology.

30

Wyatt, L. "Wave and tidal power measurement using HF radar." International Marine Energy Journal 1, no. 2 (Nov) (November 1, 2018): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36688/imej.1.123-127.

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The use of HF radar systems located on the coast to measure ocean surface waves and currents is reviewed. Examples are given showing temporal, spatial and directional variability in the wave and tidal power resource. HF radars are unique in being able to provide such data continuously and over wide areas of sea where marine renewable installations are being considered or already in place. Two projects just getting underway at the time of writing are described. One will use HF radar to provide current and wave data for a French tidal stream power application and the other is aimed at supporting the Welsh Wave Hub site whilst also exploring methods to improve the robustness of the HF radar wave measurements.

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Djufri, Idham A. "Planning Analysis of the Utilization of Ocean Currents as a Power Plant Using Gorlov Turbines in the Botang Lomang District, South Halmahera Regency." International Journal Of Electrical Engineering And Intelligent Computing 1, no. 1 (December 16, 2023): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33387/ijeeic.v1i1.6968.

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Electrical energy is a basic need of the community and supports aspects of national life and development, including improving living standards. Indonesia actually has the potential for new renewable energy sources in large quantities. Ocean current energy is one of the renewable energy whose existence is continuous and environmentally friendly. One of the potential energy of ocean currents is in the Botang Lomang District Area. This study aims to determine the amount of power generated from the potential of ocean currents. The minimum average speed at a depth of 10 meters is (0.21 m/s) and the maximum is (1.26 m/s). And the minimum average speed at a depth of 20 meters is (0.28 m/s) and maximum (1.67 m/s). The power obtained from the minimum and maximum ocean current speeds at a depth of 10 meters is 252 Watts to 54.654 kW. While the power obtained from the minimum and maximum sea current speeds at a depth of 20 meters is 599 Watts to 127,252 kW.

32

Nguyen, Hai Van, Anh Đong Nguyen, and Hieu Nhu Nguyen. "FABRICATION AND EXPERIMENT OF AN ELECTRICAL GENERATOR FOR SEA WAVE ENERGY." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 55, no. 6 (December 11, 2017): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-708x/55/1/9116.

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This paper presents some results of fabrication and experiment of an electrical generator for sea wave energy. The electrical generator device is fixed on the bottom of the sea and works in the vertical direction of sea waves. The experiment results show that, for the received voltage and current, the power of the electrical generator is up to 300 W and operates stably at about 200 W during experiment at sea. The output voltage is at 220 VAC frequency 50 Hz and is a pure sine wave.

33

Xu, Yuhe. "Research on the safety and practicability of the combination of offshore wind and solar energy." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2649, no. 1 (November 1, 2023): 012054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2649/1/012054.

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Abstract Wind power is a renewable way of power generation. It features simple scale construction, considerable efficiency and clean and pollution-free. The current situation of offshore wind power generation is also facing many challenges, safety, economy, feasibility. In this paper, the design method is adopted and the structure is checked and analyzed, and the current problems and solutions of offshore wind power generation are analyzed from the perspectives of structural safety, cost estimation and design feasibility. Through practical design and calculation, this study makes a breakthrough in the structure of offshore floating wind power generation, and provides a solution for the spar structure to limit the sea state.

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Hasankhani, Arezoo, James VanZwieten, Yufei Tang, Broc Dunlap, Alexandra De Luera, Cornel Sultan, and Nikolaos Xiros. "Modeling and Numerical Simulation of a Buoyancy Controlled Ocean Current Turbine." International Marine Energy Journal 4, no. 2 (September 5, 2021): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.36688/imej.4.47-58.

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Increased global renewable power demands and the high energy density of ocean currents have motivated the development of ocean current turbines (OCTs). These compliantly mooring systems will maintain desired near-surface operating depths using variable buoyancy, lifting surface, sub-sea winches, and/or surface buoys. This paper presents a complete numerical simulation of a 700 kW variable buoyancy controlled OCT that includes detailed turbine system, inflow, actuator (i.e., generator and variable buoyancy), sensor, and fault models. Simulation predictions of OCT performance are made for normal, hurricane, and fault scenarios. Results suggest this OCT can operate between depths of 38 m to 329 m for all homogeneous flow speeds between 1.0-2.5 m/s. Fault scenarios show that rotor braking results in a rapid vertical OCT system assent and that blade pitch faults create power fluctuations apparent in the frequency domain. Finally, simulated OCT operations in measured ocean currents (i.e., normal and hurricane conditions) quantify power statistics and system behavior typical and extreme conditions.

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Abdul Rozak, Ojak. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SEA WAVE POWER PLANT WITH MECHANICAL BUYING SYSTEM." Journal of Renewable Energy and Mechanics 5, no. 02 (September 30, 2022): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/rem.2022.vol5.no02.10196.

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The need for electrical energy in Indonesia continues to increase, triggering an electrical energy crisis due to the increasing number of consumers of electrical energy which has an impact on the reduction of non-renewable fossil energy sources. Alternative energy sourced from new and renewable energy is needed, the use of electric generators from ocean wave energy in coastal areas needs to be empowered to be used as electrical energy that is useful for the community. This ocean wave power plant consists of: generator, power storage and voltage riser. A fixed magnetic generator connected to the buoy ball, the kinetic energy and potential energy of the ocean waves move the buoy ball so that the generator can rotate and produce electrical energy. This system can be used as a 12 V direct current (DC) battery charger as a backup energy supply and then increased to 220 V alternating current (AC) using an inverter. The average result of generator rotation is 182.34 ratio per minute (RPM). The average voltage generated by the generator is 12.53 V and the average current is 1.06 A and the output voltage of the inverter is 217 V when the load is 100 W.

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Sulisetyono, Aries, Lalu Muhammad Jaelani, and Eddy Setyo. "Marine Current Technology Design to Support the Poteran Island Economy Based on Fisheries." Applied Mechanics and Materials 874 (January 2018): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.874.37.

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Poteran is a small island as part of Sumenep Madura Indonesia where it has the natural resorces to be developed into a sustainable small island. Increasing the local economy based on fisheries sector has a high potential to be developed. In small fisheries industry, the electrical energy is necessary needed, so that the marine power plant technology is relevant to be employed in this island. This paper describe the concept design of current power technology which is suitable to be implemented in the island consider to the enviromental sea condition. Potential current energy captured is identified based on the measurement of current speed for the short period of time at the coastal area of island. Futhermore, the turbine design of current power technology is introduced as well as the design of floating platform.

37

Xie, Yu, Tao Yu, and Wei Zhu. "Discussion on low-carbon energy supply and scour protection technology for cross-sea bridges combined with tidal current energy." E3S Web of Conferences 512 (2024): 02014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202451202014.

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In the context of achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality, the construction and maintenance of transportation infrastructure should also comply with the requirements of green and low-carbon development. There are many long-span cross-sea bridges in Zhejiang Province, which consume large amounts of electricity for lighting, dehumidification, and anticorrosion, etc., and the energy required usually relies on external energy transfer, which is costly and intermediate losses are high. Tidal current energy, which is the kinetic energy generated during ebb and flood tides, is abundant along the coast of Zhejiang Province, mainly concentrated in Hangzhou Bay and Zhoushan Islands, which is also a dense area of sea-spanning bridges, and the foundation of sea-spanning bridges often suffers from severe scouring to the strong tidal current action. This paper discusses two forms of joint development of tidal current power generators and cross-sea bridges, analyses the advantages and disadvantages as well as the feasibility of each scheme, and gives suggestions for subsequent development.

38

Choi, Byung Ho. "TIDAL COMPUTATIONS FOR THE YELLOW SEA." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 20 (January 29, 1986): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v20.6.

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A two-dimensional numerical model of the Yellow Sea has been used to compute cotidal and coamplitude charts and harmonic constants of tidal currents for the four major tidal constituents M2, S2, Ki, Oi tides in the region with the mesh resolution of 1/5 degree latitude by 1/4 degree longitude finite difference grid system. An additional model incorporating dynamical grid nesting procedure which employs a one-third grid refinement scheme was also used to reproduce the M2 tidal regime in more detailed resolution for the part of west coast of Korea where extensive coastal development including potential tidal power and land reclamation scheme is concerned. Comparisons between observations and model result have been carried out based on coastal gauges and moored current meter data. Reasonable agreement was found between obsevations and model results, thus supporting the computed distribution of tides in the region. It was also shown that the dynamically linkaged model particularly well within 5% in amplitude and 5 degrees in phase of observed M2 tide in the refined mesh region of the west coast of Korea.

39

Dong, Yong Jun, Wan Qiang Zhu, Yang Zhao, Jian Mei Chen, and Jing Fu Guo. "Environment Research with Development and Application of a Low Cost and Long Life Ice Buoy for Arctic Environment Monitoring." Advanced Materials Research 908 (March 2014): 469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.908.469.

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The study on Arctic sea ice change and its influence to the global climate has become one of the most important scientific propositions. It is necessary to development the equipment with high reliability for monitoring Arctic sea ice change. In this paper, we design a low cost and long life ice buoy based on GPS and ARGOS PMT. The MCU of the system adopts low power consumption enhanced 8051 SCM (Single-Chip Microcomputer), which could collect the environmental parameters by all kinds of sensors, such as atmospheric pressure, temperature (air and sea ice), humidity, position of sea ice, and so on. Through optimizing circuit design and adopting intelligent power management method, the system could operate under very low power consumption. Meanwhile, we adopt the supercapacitor to supply the required large electric current of data transmission. By above methods, it efficiently prolongs the batteries life so as to ensure the long life of the ice buoy. Several prototypes of the ice buoy were deployed on the Arctic sea ice one and a half years ago, and some of them have still operated normally until now. The buoys operating status and the data validity indicate that it is an effective means to observe Arctic sea ice environment by deploying this kind of ice buoy.

40

Qiu, Shou, Guo Yu, and Wenhao Zhang. "Marine Power Generation Methods and Future Developments." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 46 (April 25, 2023): 106–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v46i.7687.

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With the continuous advancement of science and technology, ocean energy continues to develop because of its renewable, clean and stable advantages. This paper mainly studies the issue of ocean energy power generation, focusing on tidal energy power generation, wave energy power generation and ocean current power generation. The practical application of tidal energy power generation, and the negative and positive impacts of clean energy such as tidal energy on the marine environment after application, various methods and advantages and disadvantages of ocean current/ocean current power generation are described, and the explanation of many instruments in these power generation methods. For instance, the equipment used in tidal energy, wave energy and ocean current power generation are oscillating water column wave energy converter, mechanical wave energy generation, the diffuser-augmented floating hydro turbine, Darrieus deep-sea vertical axis turbine and so on. At last, from the actual cases of China's use of clean energy such as tidal energy and wave energy to generate electricity, we analyzed the future development trend of ocean energy and concluded that ocean energy will be vigorously developed in the future to replace some fossil energy.

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Knepp, T. N., J. Bottenheim, M. Carlsen, D. Carlson, D. Donohoue, G. Friederich, P. M. Matrai, et al. "Development of an autonomous sea ice tethered buoy for the study of ocean-atmosphere-sea ice-snow pack interactions: the O-buoy." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 2, no. 5 (September 2, 2009): 2087–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-2-2087-2009.

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Abstract. A buoy based instrument platform (the "O-buoy") was designed, constructed, and field tested for year-round measurement of ozone, bromine monoxide, carbon dioxide, and meteorological variables over Arctic sea ice. The O-buoy operated in an autonomous manner with daily, bi-directional data transmissions using Iridium satellite communication. The O-buoy was equipped with three power sources: primary lithium-ion battery packs, rechargeable lead acid packs, and solar panels that recharge the lead acid packs, and can fully power the O-buoy during summer operation. This system was designed to operate under the harsh conditions present in the Arctic, with minimal direct human interaction, to aid in our understanding of the atmospheric chemistry that occurs in this remote region of the world. The current design requires approximately yearly maintenance limited by the lifetime of the primary power supply. The O-buoy system was field tested in Elson Lagoon, Barrow, Alaska from February to May 2009, and here we describe the design and present preliminary data.

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Sobotka, Anna, Kajetan Chmielewski, Marcin Rowicki, Justyna Dudzińska, Przemysław Janiak, and Krzysztof Badyda. "Analysis of offshore wind farm located on Baltic Sea." E3S Web of Conferences 137 (2019): 01049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913701049.

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Poland is currently at the beginning of the energy transformation. Nowadays, most of the electricity generated in Poland comes from coal combustion. However, in accordance to the European Union policy of reducing the emission of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, there are already plans to switch to low-emission energy sources in Poland, one of which are offshore wind farms. The article presents the current regulatory environment of the offshore wind energy in Poland, along with a reference to Polish and European decarbonisation plans. In the further part of the article, the methods of determining the kinetic energy of wind and the power curve of a wind turbine are discussed. Then, on the basis of historical data of wind speeds collected in the area of the Baltic Sea, calculations are carried out leading to obtain statistical distributions of power that could be generated by an exemplary wind farm with a power capacity of 400 MW, located at the place of wind measurements. On their basis, statistical differences in the wind power generation between years, months of the year and hours of the day are analysed.

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Chen, Meng, Xiaojun Tang, Dezhi Chen, Wujie Chao, Wenman Gao, Daye Yang, Hongmei Luo, Yucheng Zou, and Lijie Pei. "Reactive Power Compensation Configuration of Offshore Wind Power Based on Economic Differential Pressure Theory." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2401, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2401/1/012061.

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Abstract The conventional reactive power balance analysis method for offshore wind power transmission projects can be used to obtain many feasible solutions for reactive power compensation configuration, which requires a large number of simulation calculations to eliminate unreasonable schemes. The work is tedious and lacks theoretical guidance. In this paper, the main influencing factors, such as the current carrying capacity of offshore wind power and submarine cable, the mode of real-time power generation, and the reactive power output regulation of the wind turbine itself, are considered. The reactive power balance of offshore wind power transmission projects is derived. Combined with the economic differential pressure theory, the sea-side and land-side configuration methods of high reactance and dynamic reactive power compensation are put forward. On the basis of realizing real-time reactive power balance, the recommended reactive power compensation configuration scheme effectively reduces the active power loss of the transmission project, and at the same time, lowers the bus voltage of each node at sea, thus reducing the high risk of the excessive voltage of offshore wind farm. This project is supported by the Science and Technology Project of State Grid Corporation of China under “Research on multiple temporal and spatial coordinated optimal control theory for medium and long-distance large-scale offshore wind power transmission system” (No. 5100-202155305A-0-0-00).

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Jiang, Chuhua, Xuedao Shu, Junhua Chen, Lingjie Bao, and Hao Li. "Research on Performance Evaluation of Tidal Energy Turbine under Variable Velocity." Energies 13, no. 23 (November 30, 2020): 6313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236313.

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Aiming at the performance evaluation problem of tidal energy turbines in the application of periodic time-varying flow velocity, with the goal of maximizing the efficiency of energy harvesting in practical applications, an evaluation system combining the characteristics of flow velocity changes in practical applications is proposed. After long-term monitoring of tidal current flow velocity in the applied sea area, the actual measured tidal current periodic flow velocity is divided into several flow velocity segments by using statistical segmentation, and the evaluation flow velocity of each flow velocity segment and its time proportion in the tidal current cycle are obtained. A test device with constant torque regulation is built, and capture power tests of different torque loads are carried out under each evaluation flow rate. After comparison, the maximum captured power at each evaluation flow rate is determined. We calculate the weight based on the time proportion of each evaluation flow velocity and obtain the turbine average power of the tidal cycle, thereby evaluating the overall energy capture performance of the turbine under the periodic time-varying flow velocity. Finally, the application test of the turbine in the actual sea area shows that the thin-walled airfoil turbine is more suitable for the sea area, which is the same as the pool evaluation result. The result shows that the evaluation system is reliable and effective and has significance for guiding practical engineering.

45

Yu, Le, Han Sun, Shangwei Su, Huixuan Tang, Hao Sun, and Xiaoyu Zhang. "Review of Crucial Problems of Underwater Wireless Power Transmission." Electronics 12, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12010163.

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In order to solve the problem of energy supply for underwater equipment, wireless power transmission technology is becoming a new way of underwater power transmission. It has incomparable technical advantages over traditional power supply method, and can effectively improve the safety, reliability, convenience and concealment of power supply for underwater equipment. The WPT has a natural electrical isolation between the primary and secondary sides to ensure safe charging in an underwater environment. This breakthrough technology greatly facilitates power transmission in the deep sea. However, current transmission power and efficiency levels are not at the level of WPT systems in air. Based on the analysis of the development status of underwater wireless power transmission technology, this paper firstly puts forward the challenges of underwater wireless power transmission, and summarizes the electromagnetic coupler structure, underwater docking mode, compensation topology, control method and eddy current loss. The current research hotspots in the field of underwater wireless power transmission are summarized and analyzed. Finally, according to the development trend of technology, the urgent technical problems in underwater wireless power transmission are expounded.

46

Worster, M. Grae, and David W. Rees Jones. "Sea-ice thermodynamics and brine drainage." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, no. 2045 (July 13, 2015): 20140166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0166.

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Significant changes in the state of the Arctic ice cover are occurring. As the summertime extent of sea ice diminishes, the Arctic is increasingly characterized by first-year rather than multi-year ice. It is during the early stages of ice growth that most brine is injected into the oceans, contributing to the buoyancy flux that mediates the thermo-haline circulation. Current operational sea-ice components of climate models often treat brine rejection between sea ice and the ocean similarly to a thermodynamic segregation process, assigning a fixed salinity to the sea ice, typical of multi-year ice. However, brine rejection is a dynamical, buoyancy-driven process and the salinity of sea ice varies significantly during the first growth season. As a result, current operational models may over predict the early brine fluxes from newly formed sea ice, which may have consequences for coupled simulations of the polar oceans. Improvements both in computational power and our understanding of the processes involved have led to the emergence of a new class of sea-ice models that treat brine rejection dynamically and should enhance predictions of the buoyancy forcing of the oceans.

47

Rachmat, Beben, and Delyuzar Ilahude. "PENENTUAN LOKASI TURBIN PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA ARUS LAUT SKALA KECIL DI PERAIRAN SELAT LIRUNG, TALAUD, SULAWESI UTARA." JURNAL GEOLOGI KELAUTAN 13, no. 3 (February 16, 2016): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.32693/jgk.13.3.2015.268.

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Selat Lirung adalah selat yang terletak antara Pulau Salibabu dan Pulau Karakelong, Kepulauan Talaud. Penelitian potensi energi arus laut telah dilakukan di lokasi ini, untuk mengkaji kemungkinan dikembangkannya Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Arus Laut (PLTAL) skala kecil (2 kW) dengan model turbin sumbu vertikal. Salah satu tahapan dalam implementasi PLTAL skala kecil adalah penentuan lokasi penempatan turbin. Beberapa kriteria teknis yang dipersyaratkan harus dipenuhi pada tahapan ini. Untuk maksud tersebut dilakukan kajian awal dengan melakukan analisis data kedalaman laut, Sea Bottom Profiling (SBP), arus bergerak, arus insitu, pasang surut, dan meteorologi. Data tersebut direpresentasikan dalam data kecepatan arus laut, morfologi dasar laut, kedalaman laut, durasi waktu kecepatan arus kuat, jarak terhadap garis pantai, dan pengaruh gelombang laut. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data tersebut diperoleh 2 (dua) lokasi yang paling representatif. Lokasi pertama di alur antara P. Sara Besar dengan Sara Kecil pada kedalaman laut sekitar 25 m dengan kecepatan arus maksimum sebesar 1.0 m/det-1.75 m/det. Sedangkan lokasi kedua di alur antara P. Sara Besar dengan P. Salibabu pada kedalaman laut antara 25 m-35 m dengan kecepatan arus maksimum sebesar 1.0 m/det-1.3 m/det. Kata kunci Tenaga arus laut, turbin, kecepatan arus, morfologi dasar laut, kedalaman laut The Lirung Strait is a strait located between the Salibabu Island and Karakelong Island, Talaud. Energy potential of marine current research has been done in this location, to examine the possibility of the development of Marine Current Power Plant (MCPP) small scale (2 kW). One of the stages in the implementation of MCPP small scale is determining the location of the turbines placement. Some technical criteria required to be met at this stage. For the purpose of initial studies to perform data analysis depth of the sea, Sea Bottom Profiling (SBP), the current is moving, insitu currents, tides, and meteorology. That data are represented within the sea current speed, the morphology of the seabed, ocean depth, duration of strong current speed, distance to the coastline,and the influence of waves. Based on the results of the analysis of the data obtained two (2) most representative locations. The first location is in the groove between the Sara Besar Island with Sara Kecil Island at the depths between 25 m with the maximum current speed of 1.0 m/s-1.75 m/s. The second location is in the groove between the Sara Besar Island with Salibabu Island at the depths between 25 m - 35 m with the maximum current speed of 1.0 m/s-1.3 m/s. Keywords: Power of marine currents, turbines, current speed, seabed morphology, ocean depths

48

Su, Wenbin, Hongbo Wei, Penghua Guo, Qiao Hu, Mengyuan Guo, Yuanjie Zhou, Dayu Zhang, Zhufeng Lei, and Chaohui Wang. "Research on Hydraulic Conversion Technology of Small Ocean Current Turbines for Low-Flow Current Energy Generation." Energies 14, no. 20 (October 11, 2021): 6499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14206499.

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Ocean energy is a kind of renewable energy contained in seawater, which has the characteristics of large total reserves, sustainable use, and its being green and clean. Influenced by rising oil prices and global climate change, an increasing number of countries are attaching great importance to the strategic position of ocean energy in the future energy sector, and are formulating national ocean energy development roadmaps and conducting research and development on ocean energy technologies. Ocean current energy is a widely existing kind of ocean energy with abundant reserves. However, due to the low current velocity in most of the deep sea, low current energy has not been effectively exploited. In this paper, the Blade element momentum (BEM) theory based on Vortex column theory is used to design a special airfoil for low current energy applications, and a prototype turbine with rotor diameter of 4.46 m and tip speed ratio (TSR) of 6 is fabricated. In order to achieve stable electric power output, this paper designs a hydraulic conversion power generation control system with flexible control, and the hydraulic system working pressure designed to 21 MPa. In this paper, we conducted towing experiments on the prototype of an ocean current energy turbine, with hydraulic transmission and a control power generation system applied to the low flow rate, and achieved the target of hydraulic motor speed in the range of 14.7~15.9 r/min and steady-state speed accuracy in the range of ±1%. The research conducted in this paper can provide a research basis for the efficient exploitation of low-flow ocean current energy.

49

Shaw, John. "Beach Morphodynamics of an Atlantic Coast Embayment: Runkerry Strand, County Antrim." Irish Geography 18, no. 1 (December 20, 2016): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.55650/igj.1985.726.

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Runkerry Strand is exposed to high energy Atlantic wind and wave processes. Rhythmic topography found on the beach and in the nearshore zone includes beach cusps, rip current channels, longshore rip feeder channels, rip current embayments (giant cusps), transverse and crescentic bars. Changes in beach/nearshore zone morphology are cyclic and although no link with incident wave power was demonstrated, it is suggested that the Australian beach state model is applicable. Sand is moved seawards by rip currents which scour the sea bed. exposing an underlying gravel frame, and returns landwards on migrating crescentic bars which become welded to the upper beach.

50

Knepp, T. N., J. Bottenheim, M. Carlsen, D. Carlson, D. Donohoue, G. Friederich, P. A. Matrai, et al. "Development of an autonomous sea ice tethered buoy for the study of ocean-atmosphere-sea ice-snow pack interactions: the O-buoy." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 3, no. 1 (February 17, 2010): 249–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-249-2010.

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Abstract. A buoy based instrument platform (the "O-buoy") was designed, constructed, and field tested for year-round measurement of ozone, bromine monoxide, carbon dioxide, and meteorological variables over Arctic sea ice. The O-buoy operated in an autonomous manner with daily, bi-directional data transmissions using Iridium satellite communication. The O-buoy was equipped with three power sources: primary lithium-ion battery packs, rechargeable lead acid packs, and solar panels that recharge the lead acid packs, and can fully power the O-buoy during summer operation. This system was designed to operate under the harsh conditions present in the Arctic, with minimal direct human interaction, to aid in our understanding of the atmospheric chemistry that occurs in this remote region of the world. The current design requires approximately yearly maintenance limited by the lifetime of the primary power supply. The O-buoy system was field tested in Elson Lagoon, Barrow, Alaska from February to May 2009, and deployed in the Beaufort Sea in October 2009. Here, we describe the design and present preliminary data.

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