Дисертації з теми "SCRoF"

Au sein des Ongulés sauvages, le Sanglier (Sus scrofa scrofa) se distingue par une combinaison bien particulière de traits d’histoire de vie associant une fécondité élevée et un âge de première reproduction précoce à, une grande taille et une forte espérance de vie potentielle. De plus, au contraire de la plupart des autres ongulés qui sont des herbivores assez stricts, le Sanglier est omnivore. Cette stratégie d’histoire de vie peu commune est associée à un fort succès en terme d’effectifs, puisqu’en Europe, les populations de Sanglier sont en pleine expansion et sont à l’origine de problèmes socio-économiques principalement en raison des dégâts occasionnés aux activités humaines. Il est donc indispensable de déterminer les facteurs explicatifs de cette augmentation des effectifs et de développer un modèle de fonctionnement de populations pour réussir à mieux gérer la situation. Ce travail s’appuie sur une étude à long terme (25 ans) d’une population chassée de l’Est de la France (Haute-Marne). L’analyse de l’allocation maternelle dans la reproduction met en évidence que la sexe ratio in utero varie en fonction de la taille de la portée avec : une sexe ratio biaisée envers les mâles pour les portées de taille inférieure ou égale à six et une sexe ratio biaisée envers les femelles pour les portées de plus de six fœtus. Ce patron de variation peu commun pourrait avoir évolué sous la pression de sélection contre les grandes tailles de portée au sein desquelles une trop forte compétition apparaît entre frères et sœurs et ce, afin de maximiser le nombre de jeunes recrutés. Le poids seuil pour que les femelles puissent se reproduire est d’environ 28 kg (poids vif) et une fois la maturité sexuelle acquise, ces femelles sont susceptibles de se reproduire chaque année. Les ressources disponibles influencent cependant la phénologie de la reproduction qui varie d’une année à l’autre. La mortalité naturelle a pu être différenciée de celle due à la chasse grâce à l’emploi des modèles récemment développés de Capture-Recapture Multi-Etats. Les mâles ont une survie constante au cours du temps mais différente selon leur âge et une probabilité d’être tués à la chasse qui augmente avec l’âge jusqu’à atteindre près de 70%. La survie des femelles varient plus fortement entre années et diffère aussi selon l’âge avec, des femelles de moins de un an qui ont un taux de survie annuel inférieur aux femelles les plus âgées. Relativement aux autres grands mammifères, la survie des femelles adultes est plus faible et plus variable au cours du temps, peut-être en réponse à un investissement plus fort dans la reproduction, en particulier pour les jeunes adultes. Ces spécificités démographiques démontrent que le Sanglier ne peut donc être soumis aux mêmes règles de gestion que les autres Ongulés. Nous avons développé un modèle de gestion de population structuré en classe de sexe et de poids afin que les gestionnaires puissent comparer les résultats du modèle avec la distribution observée dans le tableau de chasse et apprécier ainsi l’efficacité des modalités de gestion qu’ils appliquent
Among Ungulates, the wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa) is characterised by a mixture of particular life history traits which associate a high fecundity and an early age at first reproduction with a large body size and a potential long life expectancy. Moreover, unlike most ungulates which are rather strict herbivores, the wild boar is an omnivore. This uncommon life-history strategy is associated with an increase in population size. Indeed, in Europe, wild boar populations are currently still growing and cause some socio-economical problems due to the damage that wild boars generate to the human activities. Hence the understanding of the factors primarily involved in this increase in population size as well as the modelling of population dynamics is now essential to better manage wild boar populations. This work rely on a long term data set (25 years) of a hunted wild boar population in the eastern part of France (Haute-Marne). The analyses of maternal allocation in reproduction highlighted that in utero, the sex ratio decreased as litter size increased. Sex ratio was male-biased for litter size up to 6 and then became female-biased in larger litters. Producing large female-biased litters may be an adaptive adjustment to avoid strong sibling competition during lactation and therefore to maximise the number of recruited offspring. The threshold weight above which females can reproduce is around 28 kg live weight but once females become sexually mature, they will reproduce every year. However, the onset of oestrus may be delayed according to the available resources and vary year-to-year. Natural mortality was disentangled from hunting mortality by using Capture-Recapture multi-states models. Males’ survival did not vary yearly but did vary with age-classes and the probability to be hunted increased with age up to around 70%. Females’ survival did vary yearly and also differed between age-classes with the yearly survival probability of females younger than one-year old being smaller than that of older females. Compared to other large mammals, adult females’ survival was lower and more variable over time possibly because of higher reproductive investment, especially in young adults. Those demographic characteristics reveal that wild boars could not be managed like other ungulate species. So, we developed a new modelling approach and retained a sex-specific body mass-dependent model to assist managers. In this way, managers have the possibility to directly test the outcome of the model by comparing observed and expected distributions of wild boars killed by hunters among sex- and body mass-specific classes. They can assess the performance of a given hunting rule and simulate the respective efficiency of management scenarios

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The meat of the wild boar has always been regarded noble, possessing a distinctive flavor, and has low fat and cholesterol. These characteristics give the meat a great potential gastronomic, so the commercial breeding boars may be considered a promising market. This study aimed to identify the species of helminths that inhabit the digestive and respiratory tract of Sus scrofa scrofa from commercial breeding. Were collected and individually the digestive and respiratory tracts of 40 wild boars from commercial breeding during the slaughter process in the slaughterhouse. Of the 40 animals analyzed, 87.5% were parasitized by helminths, they being, with their respective prevalence, Trichuris suis (67,5%), Ascaris suum (47,5%), Trichostrongylus colubriformes (45%), which has first recorded parasitizing wild boars, and Oesophagostomum dentatum (5.0%). With respect to the parasites of the respiratory tract, the genus Metastrongylus was recorded in the bronchi and bronchioles in 60% of animals tested, with the occurrence of three species with their respective prevalence, M. apri (52,5%), M. salmi (20%) and M. pudendotectus (7,5%), registering the highest prevalence of Metastrongylus in wild boars from commercial breeding of so far. With the exception of O. dentatum, the other parasites have their first record parasitizing wild boar in a subtropical region.
A carne do javali sempre foi considerada nobre, possuindo um sabor característico e apresentando baixos teores de gordura e colesterol. Tais características conferem a essa carne um grande potencial gastronômico, logo, a criação comercial de javalis pode ser considerada um mercado promissor. O presente estudo teve por objetivo identificar as espécies de helmintos que habitam o trato gastrointestinal e respiratório de Sus scrofa scrofa provenientes de criatório comercial. Foram coletados e individualizados os tratos gastrointestinais e respiratórios de 40 javalis oriundos de criatório comercial durante o processo de abate em frigorífico. Dos 40 animais analisados, 87,5% estavam parasitados por helmintos gastrointestinais, sendo eles com suas respectivas prevalências, Trichuris suis (67,5%), Ascaris suum (47,5%), Trichostrongylus colubriformes (45%), o qual é registrado pela primeira vez parasitando javalis e Oesophagostomum dentatum (5,0%). Com relação aos parasitos do trato respiratório, o gênero Metastrongylus foi registrado nos brônquios e bronquíolos de 60% dos animais analisados, com ocorrência de três espécies com suas respectivas prevalências, M. apri (52,5%), M. salmi (20%) e M. pudendotectus (7,5%), registrando-se a maior prevalência de Metastrongylus em javalis oriundos de criatório comercial até o momento. Com exceção de O. dentatum, os demais parasitos têm seu primeiro registro parasitando javalis em uma região de clima subtropical.

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Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
No Brasil, a criação comercial de javalis (Sus scrofa scrofa) está em crescente expansão. Devido à importância dos valores referenciais para as análises bioquímicas na confirmação de processos patológicos e à limitação de dados na literatura sobre esta espécie, foram colhidas amostras de sangue para a determinação de valores bioquímicos em 160 javalis jovens clinicamente saudáveis, com 180-300 dias de idade. A faixa de referência para a proteína total em javalis é bem mais ampla do que os valores fisiológicos em suínos domésticos. Os valores de referência para a albumina e creatinina podem ser considerados semelhantes aos parâmetros dos suínos. A atividade sérica da aspartato aminotransferase (AST) em javalis apresentou-se semelhante da que se considera normal para suínos domésticos, entretanto, com intervalo menor. Houve diferença, entre os sexos, para as dosagens de uréia, da fosfatase alcalina (FA) e da gama-glutamiltransferase (GGT) cujos valores de referência se aproximaram do suíno. Os maiores resultados para a uréia e fosfatase alcalina (FA) foram verificados nos machos e as fêmeas apresentaram valores mais elevados para a gama-glutamiltransferase (GGT).
In Brazil, the breeding of the European wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa) is in increasing expansion. Due to limited information in this specie and the necessity to have reference values for interpret results during disease, blood samples for determining biochemical values were taken from 160 young healthy wild boars, with 180-300 days of age. The reference range of total protein in wild boar was wider than physiological values of domestic pigs. Reference values of albumin and creatinin were within swine parameters. Aspartato aminotransferase (AST) serum activity in wild boars was similar in comparison with domestic pigs, although with a minor interval. The reference of males and females was differ for dosages of urea, alkaline phosphatase (AP) and gama-glutamyltransferase (GGT) which values were similar to swine. Males showed major results for urea and alkaline phosphatase (AP) and females introduced values higher for gama-glutamyltransferase (GGT).

Orientador: Simone Biagio Chiacchio
Banca: Laurenil Gaste
Banca: Regina Kiomi Takahira
Resumo: No Brasil, a criação comercial de javalis (Sus scrofa scrofa) está em crescente expansão. Devido à importância dos valores referenciais para as análises bioquímicas na confirmação de processos patológicos e à limitação de dados na literatura sobre esta espécie, foram colhidas amostras de sangue para a determinação de valores bioquímicos em 160 javalis jovens clinicamente saudáveis, com 180-300 dias de idade. A faixa de referência para a proteína total em javalis é bem mais ampla do que os valores fisiológicos em suínos domésticos. Os valores de referência para a albumina e creatinina podem ser considerados semelhantes aos parâmetros dos suínos. A atividade sérica da aspartato aminotransferase (AST) em javalis apresentou-se semelhante da que se considera normal para suínos domésticos, entretanto, com intervalo menor. Houve diferença, entre os sexos, para as dosagens de uréia, da fosfatase alcalina (FA) e da gama-glutamiltransferase (GGT) cujos valores de referência se aproximaram do suíno. Os maiores resultados para a uréia e fosfatase alcalina (FA) foram verificados nos machos e as fêmeas apresentaram valores mais elevados para a gama-glutamiltransferase (GGT).
Abstract: In Brazil, the breeding of the European wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa) is in increasing expansion. Due to limited information in this specie and the necessity to have reference values for interpret results during disease, blood samples for determining biochemical values were taken from 160 young healthy wild boars, with 180-300 days of age. The reference range of total protein in wild boar was wider than physiological values of domestic pigs. Reference values of albumin and creatinin were within swine parameters. Aspartato aminotransferase (AST) serum activity in wild boars was similar in comparison with domestic pigs, although with a minor interval. The reference of males and females was differ for dosages of urea, alkaline phosphatase (AP) and gama-glutamyltransferase (GGT) which values were similar to swine. Males showed major results for urea and alkaline phosphatase (AP) and females introduced values higher for gama-glutamyltransferase (GGT).
Mestre

Le comportement alimentaire du sanglier sus scrofa scrofa a ete aborde par l'etude de l'utilisation des ressources trophiques de cette espece aux niveaux populationnel et individuel. Les echantillonnages sont realises d'aout a janvier, de 1985 a 1990, dans divers paysages de collines et montagnes du pourtour mediterraneen. La methodologie employee repose sur une analyse macroscopique, qualitative et quantitative des items alimentaires contenus dans les estomacs. Les resultats obtenus montrent qu'a cette periode, les sangliers sont frugivores. Cette tendance est vraisemblablement liee a l'evolution phenologique des vegetaux. En effet, la proportion des autres types de ressources diminue rapidement en automne, ce qui se traduit par une reduction du nombre d'especes consommees, et une tendance a la monophagie puisque les fruits naturels representent alors plus de 80% des ressources utilisees. Le choix de l'un ou de l'autre de ces fruits varie geographiquement selon les disponibilites spatiales et l'etat de fructification. Cependant, la typologie des repas selon leur composition montre qu'un meme type peut apparaitre dans des secteurs caracterises par des disponibilites differentes. Les sangliers effectuent donc des choix nets parmi les ressources disponibles. Au cours de la periode d'etude, les variations inter-individuelles du regime alimentaire diminuent progressivement. La discussion est une tentative d'interpretation de nos resultats a la lumiere des donnees existantes sur le comportement spatio-temporel du sanglier, sa strategie reproductrice, et la dynamique spatiale de la production en ressources

El senglar (Sus scrofa) és un ungulat omnívor summament adaptable, generalista pel que fa al tipus d’hàbitat i de recursos tròfics. Les seves poblacions estan augmentant de manera generalitzada a Europa, especialment en les darreres dècades, probablement per la conjunció de causes biològiques de l’espècie, ambientals i antròpiques. Amb l’augment de les seves poblacions també s’han incrementat els danys a l’agricultura, les col·lisions amb vehicles i la probabilitat de transmissió de malalties com la pesta porcina africana i clàssica, la brucel·losi, la tuberculosi, la salmonel·losi i la malaltia d’Aujeszky. Per a la gestió correcta de l’espècie cal disposar de dades demogràfiques, de la seva distribució i de l’ecologia espacial fiables i precises. Aquestes dades, escasses encara, permetran orientar les estratègies de gestió encaminades a disminuir-ne les poblacions, així com a dissuadir els senglars per evitar conflictes. En aquesta tesi s’ha estudiat la viabilitat del trampeig fotogràfic per estimar l’abundància poblacional i els efectes que sobre aquestes estimacions té aplicar esquer a fi d’incrementar-ne l’efectivitat. També s’ha aprofundit en l’ecologia espacial dels senglars. Concretament, s’ha proposat una aproximació metodològica que facilita l’estandardització en les estimacions d’espais vitals. També s’han avaluat els patrons de l’ús de l’espai, així com els efectes de l’edat i del sexe sobre aquests patrons, i els factors d’hàbitat que els condicionen. L’hàbitat escollit per a la present tesi ha estat l’ambient mediterrani, atès que hi ha pocs estudis en l’àmbit de la península Ibèrica i també a escala mundial. Aquest ambient presenta una marcada heterogeneïtat espacial i estacional que condiciona la distribució i els moviments de la població de senglars. L’ús d’esquer va incrementar la precisió de les estimacions d’abundància obtingudes mitjançant trampeig fotogràfic. També va millorar substancialment la valoració de la mida mitjana de grup de senglars. Els resultats assenyalen que els índexs d’abundància relativa poden ser una bona aproximació a l’abundància poblacional. Respecte a l’estudi dels espais vitals i els patrons d’ús de l’espai, el resultat va ser que ni el sexe ni l’edat van tenir efecte en la mida dels espais vitals. Es van observar dos tipus d’espai vital, el majoritari, format per diversos centres d’activitat separats, i el minoritari, que forma una àrea compacta. La majoria de desplaçaments entre centres d’activitat es van donar principalment a l’hivern i a la primavera. A escala de població, els senglars van seleccionar hàbitats forestals, cultius, torrents i punts d’aigua. A més, aquesta selecció va ser estacionalment diferenciada: a la primavera i a l’estiu van seleccionar els camps de cereal, i a la tardor i a l’hivern van seleccionar els alzinars i les vinyes. La present tesi aporta informació necessària per facilitar la comparació entre treballs realitzats en altres zones, tant d’avaluació d’abundàncies a partir de trampeig fotogràfic com d’anàlisi dels espais vitals i, per tant, d’ús i selecció d’hàbitat. Aclarits els aspectes metodològics, s’aporten dades sobre l’abundància poblacional i l’ecologia espacial de l’espècie en un ambient mediterrani de muntanya. Les dades aportades facilitaran l’establiment de les zones i dels períodes de major conflicte potencial amb les activitats humanes, així com la possibilitat d’avaluar l’efectivitat de les mesures de gestió adoptades per minimitzar conflictes.
El jabalí (Sus scrofa) es un ungulado omnívoro sumamente adaptable, generalista en cuanto al tipo de hábitat y recursos tróficos. Sus poblaciones están aumentando, especialmente en las últimas décadas, de manera generalizada en Europa, probablemente por la conjunción de causas biológicas de la especie, ambientales y antrópicas. Con el aumento de sus poblaciones también se han incrementado los daños a la agricultura, las colisiones con vehículos y la probabilidad de transmisión de enfermedades como la peste porcina africana y clásica, la brucelosis, la tuberculosis, la salmonelosis y la enfermedad de Aujeszky. Para la correcta gestión de la especie es necesario disponer de datos demográficos, de su distribución y de la ecología espacial fiables y precisos. Estos datos, escasos todavía, permitirán orientar las estrategias de gestión encaminadas a disminuir las poblaciones, así como a disuadir a los jabalíes para evitar conflictos. En esta tesis se ha estudiado la viabilidad del trampeo fotográfico para estimar la abundancia poblacional y los efectos que sobre estas estimaciones tiene aplicar cebo con objeto de incrementar su efectividad. También se ha profundizado en la ecología espacial de los jabalíes. Concretamente, se ha propuesto una aproximación metodológica que facilita la estandarización en las estimaciones de dominios vitales. También se han evaluado los patrones en el uso del espacio, así como los efectos de la edad y el sexo sobre estos, y los factores de hábitat que los condicionan. El hábitat escogido para la presente tesis ha sido el ambiente mediterráneo, debido a que existen pocos estudios en el ámbito de la península ibérica y también a escala mundial. Este ambiente presenta una marcada heterogeneidad espacial y estacional que condiciona la distribución y los movimientos de la población de jabalíes. El uso de cebo incrementó la precisión de las estimaciones de abundancia obtenidas mediante trampeo fotográfico. Además, mejoró sustancialmente la valoración del tamaño medio de grupo de jabalíes. Los resultados señalan que los índices de abundancia relativa pueden ser una buena aproximación a la abundancia poblacional. Respecto al estudio de los dominios vitales y los patrones de uso del espacio, el resultado fue que ni el sexo ni la edad tuvieron efecto en el tamaño de los dominios vitales. Se observaron dos patrones de dominio vital, el mayoritario, formado por varios centros de actividad disyuntos, y el minoritario, que forma un área compacta. La mayoría de los desplazamientos entre centros de actividad se dieron principalmente en invierno y primavera. A escala poblacional, los jabalíes seleccionaron hábitats forestales, cultivos, torrentes y puntos de agua. Además, esta selección fue estacionalmente diferenciada: en primavera y verano seleccionaron los campos de cereal, y en otoño e invierno seleccionaron los encinares y viñedos. La presente tesis aporta información necesaria para facilitar la comparación entre trabajos realizados en otras zonas, tanto de evaluación de abundancias a partir de trampeo fotográfico como de análisis de los dominios vitales y, por tanto, de uso y selección de hábitat. Clarificados los aspectos metodológicos, se aportan datos sobre el tamaño poblacional y la ecología espacial de la especie en un ambiente mediterráneo de montaña. Los datos aportados facilitarán el establecimiento de las zonas y periodos de mayor conflicto potencial con las actividades humanas, así como la posibilidad de evaluar la efectividad de las medidas de gestión adoptadas para minimizar conflictos.
The wild boar (Sus scrofa) is a highly adaptable omnivorous ungulate, generalist in terms of habitat and trophic requirements. Their populations are increasing in a generalized way in Europe, especially in recent decades, probably due to the conjunction of biological, environmental and anthropic causes. With the increase of their populations, damage to agriculture, collisions with vehicles, and the probability of transmission of diseases such as African and classical swine fever, brucellosis, tuberculosis, salmonellosis and Aujeszky’s disease have also increased. For the correct management of the species it is necessary to have reliable and accurate demographic, distribution and space ecology data. These data, still scarce, will help guide management strategies aimed at reducing populations, as well as deterring wild boars to avoid conflicts. In this thesis, the viability of the camera trapping to estimate population abundance and the effects that bait has on these estimates in order to increase its effectiveness, has been studied. The work also focused on spatial ecology of wild boars. Specifically, a methodological approach has been proposed to home range estimate standardization. We also evaluated the space use patterns as well as the effects of age and sex on them, and the habitat factors that condition them. The habitat chosen for this thesis has been the Mediterranean environment, as there are few studies at the Iberian Peninsula level and also worldwide. This environment has a marked spatial and seasonal heterogeneity that determines the distribution and movements of the wild boar population. The use of bait increased the precision of abundance estimates obtained through camera trapping. In addition, the assessment of the average of wild boar group size was substantially improved. The results indicate that relative abundance indices can be a good approximation to population abundance. Regarding the study of home ranges and spatial use patterns, the result was that neither sex nor age had an effect on home range size. Two patterns of home ranges were observed, the predominant one, made up of several disjoint activity centers and the minor one, forming a compact area. Displacements between activity centers occurred mainly in winter and spring. On a population scale, wild boar selected forest habitats, crops, streams and water points. In addition, this selection was seasonally differentiated: in spring and summer they selected the cereal crops, and in autumn and winter they selected the oak forests and vineyard crops. This thesis provides necessary information to facilitate the comparison between work done in other areas, both for evaluating abundances from camera trapping, as well as for analysis of home ranges and, therefore, for habitat use and selection. After clarifying the methodological aspects, data are provided on the population size and spatial ecology of the species in a Mediterranean mountain environment. The data provided will facilitate the establishment of areas and periods of greatest potential conflict with human activities as well as the possibility of evaluating the effectiveness of management measures adopted to minimize conflicts.

In order to investigate if difference in personality is depended on the teat positions in piglets, Sus scrofa, 63 piglets, from 21 litters, were studied. The piglets were at an age between 9 and 31 days. 3 piglets in each of the 21 litters, one that suckled at an anterior teat, one at a middle teat, and one at a posterior teat, were studied during lactation, undisturbed activity, and introduction to a novel object respectively to new straw. In total thirteen behaviors were recorded. The only significant difference between the teat position were disputes during suckling (P=0.018). There was a tendency of playing during undisturbed activity (P=0.062) between the teat positions. There were significant differences between the litters for every behavior except for inactive piglet lying alone (P=0.108) and when exploring new straw (P=0.584). There is only evidence for behavioral differences for the frequency of disputes during suckling between piglets at different teat positions. A principal component analysis, which accounted for 64.2 % of the variance, suggested four personality traits: exploration (19.2 %), playfulness (17.5 %), interest in food (14.8 %), and interest in straw (10.9 %). However, no significant differences were found for these components for the different teat positions.

Utilizou-se 30 encéfalos de javali (Sus scrofa scrofa), 15 machos e 15 fêmeas, com o sistema arterial cerebral preenchido com látex 603 e fixado em formaldeído a 20%, com o objetivo de estudar a vascularização arterial das áreas paleo-paliais e vascularização cerebelar nessa espécie. A artéria carótida do cérebro originada da rede admirável epidural rostral emitiu na lateral da hipófise, um ramo rostral e um ramo caudal. O ramo rostral lançou de uma a três artérias cerebrais médias continuando-se como artéria cerebral rostral. Essa última emitiu as artérias, estriada, rinal lateral, rinal medial e interhemisférica rostral ímpar. O ramo caudal da artéria carótida do cérebro originou a artéria cerebral caudal. O javali sendo um animal macrosmático apresentou áreas páleopaliais muito desenvolvidas. Sua extensa área páleo-palial foi nutrida por ramos da artéria cerebral rostral e seus ramos colaterais: as artérias rinal lateral, rinal medial e estriada. As artérias cerebrais rostrais e seus ramos colaterais vascularizaram o bulbo olfatório, o pedúnculo olfatório, os dois terços mais rostrais do trato olfatório lateral, o trato olfatório medial e todo o trígono e tubérculo olfatório. As artérias cerebrais médias no interior da fossa lateral do cérebro lançaram ramos centrais superficiais para o páleopalio e ramos centrais estriados, além de ramos centrais caudais para a parte mais rostral do lobo piriforme. A artéria cerebral caudal lançou um ramo central para a parte caudomedial do lobo piriforme. Os dois terços mais rostrais de uma pequena faixa medial do lobo piriforme foram vascularizados por ramos originados principalmente pelo ramo rostral da artéria carótida do cérebro. A artéria cerebelar rostral vascularizou o colículo caudal, toda a face rostral do cerebelo, indo no vérmis médio do lóbulo língula até o terço mais dorsal da face caudal, enquanto que nos hemisférios cerebelares irrigou até os dois terços dorsais da face caudal. A artéria cerebelar caudal com seu ramo a artéria cerebelar média, além de irrigar o plexo corióide do IV ventrículo, complementou a vascularização do cerebelo. As áreas páleo-paliais do javali foram nutridas por ramos das artérias: cerebral rostral, média e caudal, e pelo ramo rostral da artéria carótida do cérebro, assim como as artérias cerebelares rostral, média e caudal foram os principais vasos de irrigação cerebelar.
A total number of 30 brains of wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa), 15 males and 15 females, were studied. The arterial system was filled with colored latex 603 and fixed in formaldehyde at 20%. The aim of this study was to verify the arterial vascularization of the paleopallia areas and cerebellar vascularization. The brain carotid artery originated from rostral epidural rete mirabile emitted on the lateral surface of the hypophysis, a rostral and a caudal branches. The rostral branch gave off one to three middle cerebral arteries, continuing as rostral cerebral artery. This last artery emitted the striati, lateral rhinal, internal ethmoidal, medial rhinal and a single rostral interhemispheric arteries. The caudal branch of the brain carotid artery originated the caudal cerebral artery. The wild boar, being a macrosmatic animal, presented very developed paleo-paliais areas. Its extensive paleopallium area was supplied by branches of the rostral cerebral artery and their collateral branches: the lateral rhinal artery, medial rhinal artery and the striati artery; the rostral cerebral arteries and their collateral branches vascularized the olfactory bulb, olfactory peduncle, the medial olfactory tract and all the olfactory trigone and olfactory tubercle. The middle cerebral arteries inside the lateral cerebral fossa gave off superficial central branches, to the paleo-pallium and striated central branches, and caudal central branches to the portions more rostral of the piriform lobe. The caudal cerebral artery gave off a central branch to the caudomedial portion of the piriform lobe. The 2/3 more rostral of a small medial region of the piriform lobe were vascularized by branches originated mainly by the rostral branch of the brain carotid artery. The rostral cerebellar artery vascularized the caudal coliculli, all the rostral face of the cerebellum, going to the vermis lobe of the lingula cerebelli until the third more rostral part of the caudal face, meanwhile in the cerebellar hemispheres supplied until 2/3 of the caudal face. The caudal cerebellar artery with its branch to the middle cerebellar artery, besides irrigation the choroidal plexus of the fourth ventricle, its complements the vascularization of the cerebellum. The paleo-palia areas of the wild boar had been supplied by branches of the arteries: rostral cerebral, middle cerebral and caudal cerebral, and by the branch of the brain carotid artery, as well as the rostral, middle and caudal cerebellar arteries were the main vessels of the cerebellar irrigation.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The closeness beteween wild and domestic animals with humans may result in common diseases involving these three groups, including zoonotic and antropozoonotic diseases. The study of bacteria and disease that affects animals is an important way to approach epidemiologic control and sanitary vigilance, as we do not understand the roll of wild animals in transmitting diseases among wild, exotic and domestic animals. The main objective of the present study was to search the presence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. from rectal swabs of non-domesticated Suiformes in Commercial herds in Goiás State. It was collected rectal swabs of 100 Sus scrofa scrofa, 60 T. pecari and 30 P. tajacu, from different ages. The samples were used in order to obtain the isolation, antimicrobial profile, hemolisin test for E. coli and virulence and resistance gene presences in both bacteria. The serotyping was performed with polyvalent anti-O serum and the virulence and resistance gene deteccion by PCR technique. The results shown high rates of antimicrobial resistance and virulence and resistance genes in analyzed groups of E. coli. The isolation of Salmonella sp. occurred in one sample of S. scrofa, with high rates of antimicrobial resistance also, but no resistance and virulence genes were detected in this isolate. We must pay attention to the possibility of horizontal gene transference of virulence factors and resistance trough contaminated water and food, that may transform commensal bacteria in possible pathogenic agents. It is conclude: that Salmonella sp. is not commonly isolated from T. pecari and P. tajacu, showing low frequency of isolation in S. scrofa in these conditions; and E. coli with multidrug resistance patterns is isolated from S. scrofa, T. pecari and P. tajacu in commercial herds from Goiás State.
A proximidade de animais silvestres com animais domésticos e seres humanos pode resultar no aparecimento de doenças comuns a estes três grupos, incluindo doenças zoonóticas. O estudo de bactérias e doenças que acometem animais silvestres é importante para atuar na forma de controle epidemiológico e vigilância sanitária, visto que não se compreende o papel destes animais na transmissão de doenças entre outros animais silvestres, exóticos e domésticos. O presente estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de pesquisara presença das bactérias Escherichia coli e Salmonella sp. em suabes retais provenientes de Suiformes não domesticados em criações comerciais no Estado de Goiás. Foram colhidos suabes retais de 100 Sus scrofa scrofa, 60 de Tayassu pecari e 30 de Pecari tajacu, de diferentes faixas etárias. À partir do material colhido fez-se o isolamento, perfil antimicrobiano, teste de hemólise para E. coli e detecção de genes de virulência e de resistência das bactérias. Para a detecção dos agentes, foi realizado exame bacteriológico convencional e ensaios de suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos. Foi realizadas a tipificação sorológica por teste sorológico com soro polivalente anti-O para a bactéria Salmonella e detecção de genes virulência e de resistência pela técnica de PCR nos isolados. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram altas taxas de resistência aos antimicrobianos e presença de genes de virulência em amostras de E. coli em todos os grupos testados. O isolamento de Salmonella sp. foi possível em uma amostra de S. scrofa, que apresentou também altas taxas de resistência à antimicrobianos, mas não houve detecção de genes de virulência ou de resistência neste isolado. Conclui-se que: nesta condição de criação Salmonella sp. não é isolada comumente de T. pecari e P. tajacu, sendo isolada em baixa frequência de S. scrofa; e que E. coli é isolada de S. scrofa, T. pecari e P. tajacu em rebanhos comerciais do Estado de Goiás, com múltiplos padrões de resistência antimicrobiana.

Os microssatélites ou SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) por serem considerados os marcadores moleculares ideais, têm se tornado o suporte principal nas análises genômicas em diferentes organismos. Neste estudo, as freqüências alélicas de seis locos microssatélites desenvolvidos para Sus scrofa domestica (ACTG2, ALOX12A, CGA, IGF1, SW444 e TNFB) foram estimadas em duas espécies de Suiformes, Sus scrofa sp e Tayassu pecari. Foi utilizada uma amostra representativa de 99 indivíduos (85% de T. pecari e 15% de S. scrofa sp). Os marcadores foram altamente variáveis, mostrando entre 4 e 15 alelos. A heterozigose observada variou de 0,13 a 1,00 e o conteúdo de polimorfismo informativo de 0,18 a 0,84. Estes resultados indicaram a conservação entre as espécies de suínos e demonstraram a viabilidade da utilização de iniciadores desenvolvidos para S. s. domestica na análise de outras espécies de Suiformes.
Microsatellites have been considered a superior class of genetic markers over earlier ones and became the most useful for genomic population analysis in a great variety of organisms. In this paper we had estimated genetic frequencies of six STRs (ACTG2, ALOX12A, CGA, IGF1, SW444 and TNFB) developed for Sus scrofa domestica that were used to amplify markers in two natural populations of a neotropical feral Suidae (Sus scrofa sp) and a neotropical species of peccary (Tayassu pecari). High degree of polymorphisms was observed and the number of alleles varied from 4 to 15 for the six analyzed loci. The observed heterozygosity was between 0.13 to 1.00 and PIC values varied from 0.18 to 0.84. The study also showed that these markers are evolutionary conserved, allowing the possibility of heterologous amplification.

A. basilar ímpar e com diminuição de calibre, na altura da ponte (100%); A. cerebelar caudal D e E, ímpar (100%); A. cerebelar média D e E, ímpar (96,7%) e dupla (3,3%). Observou-se que o círculo arterial cerebral do javali foi fechado tanto rostral como caudalmente (100%). O encéfalo foi suprido principalmente pelas Aa. carótidas internas e seus ramos as Aa. occipitais e condilares, via RAER e RAEC, com uma pequena contribuição através de ramos das Aa. vertebral e espinhal ventral, especialmente para o rombencéfalo.

Orientador: Mauro Galetti Rodrigues
Resumo: Invasões biológicas são uma das principais ameaças à biodiversidade, razão pela qual é campo de interesse de investigações científicas dos ecólogos. Os Neotrópicos abrigam uma das maiores riquezas de espécies do planeta e ao longo dos últimos anos vem sofrendo um aumento expressivo no número de introduções de espécies exóticas. Uma delas é o javali Sus scrofa e suas raças cruzadas com porcos domésticos, que em sua forma silvestre e de vida livre chamamos suídeos asselvajados. Ao longo dessa tese procuro investigar algumas das consequências ecológicas da invasão dessa espécie, assim como apresentar um panorama do controle populacional empregado hoje no Brasil, buscando sempre que possível fazer uma discussão dos resultados aplicada ao manejo da espécie. No Capítulo 1 mostro como a introdução acentuada dessa espécie ocorrida nos últimos 20 anos no Brasil fez com que ela se distribuísse amplamente por todo território nacional, principalmente nas regiões Sul, Sudeste e Centro-Oeste. No Capítulo 2 eu procurei fazer uma avaliação da efetividade do papel ecológico de frugivoria e dispersão de sementes prestado por esses animais. O Capítulo 3 mostra como as paisagens agrícolas estão subsidiando a invasão dos suídeos asselvajados potencializando a expansão da espécie e no Capítulo 4 busco revelar o papel do invasor no deslocamento do nicho trófico dos pecarídeos nativos.Já o Capítulo 5 apresenta um breve relato da interação entre os suídeos asselvajados e morcegos vampiros e, ao final... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Biological invasions are one of the main threats to biodiversity, which is why it is a field of interest for scientific investigations by ecologists. The Neotropics are home to one of the planet's greatest species richness, and over the last few years it has been experiencing a significant increase in the number of exotic species introduction. One of them is the wild boar Sus scrofa and their crossed-breeds with domestic pigs, that in its free-living wild-form we call wild pigs. My effort throughout this thesis is to investigate some of the ecological consequences of the invasion of this species, as well as present an outlook of the population control employed in Brazil, always seeking to make a discussion of the results applied to the management of the species. In Chapter 1 I show how the severe introduction of this species that occurred in the last 20 years in Brazil has made it widely distributed throughout the country, especially in the South, Southeast and Midwest regions. In Chapter 2 I evaluated the effectiveness of the ecological role of frugivory and seed dispersal provided by these animals. Chapter 3 shows how agricultural landscapes are subsidizing the invasion of wild pigs enhancing the species' expansion. In Chapter 4 I seek to reveal the role of the invader in displacing the trophic niche of native peccaries and Chapter 5 presents a brief account of the interaction between wild pigs and vampire bats. In the end, Chapter 6 outlines a profile of the methods and mo... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
Os insetos estão entre os primeiros e mais importantes invertebrados que colonizam corpos de vertebrados em decomposição. Os ovos e as larvas depositados por esses insetos podem ser utilizados na estimativa do intervalo pós-morte (IPM) através da observação do seu ciclo de desenvolvimento, sendo mais um instrumento para auxiliar peritos e analistas criminais durante investigações jurídicas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a biodiversidade e distribuição temporal de insetos que participam do processo de decomposição, com ênfase nos dípteros (Muscomorpha) em carcaças de porcos domésticos (Sus scrofa L.), em uma fazenda de gado de corte, localizada a 70 km de Campo Grande, em área de cerrado do Mato Grosso do Sul, em duas estações do ano (verão = período chuvoso e inverno = período seco), em três diferentes pontos da fazenda, utilizando armadilha do tipo Shannon modificada, com o intuito de verificar qualitativamente e quantitativamente as principais espécies que participam da decomposição de carcaças e quais as utilizam como substrato de criação de seus imaturos no Cerrado de MS. No total foram coletados 29.463 espécimes identificados e distribuídos em quatro famílias (Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Sarcophagidae e Fanniidae) A espécie mais abundante durante as duas estações foi Tricharaea (Sarcophagula) occidua pertencente à família Sarcophagidae. A temperatura e a umidade relativa do ar registradas durante o dia foram semelhantes entre as estações. No verão a abundância de insetos atraídos foi maior que no inverno, no entanto a duração do tempo de decomposição não difere muito entre as estações e nem mesmo entre os ambientes. Esses fatores abióticos não causaram interferência na duração dos estágios e do processo de demposicao das carcaças. Em relação à diversidade, o inverno ficou a frente, apresentando espécies potenciais indicadoras de sazonalidade e ambiente. A única espécie que teve exemplares emerdidos na forma adulta e efetivamente colonizou as carcaças, durante os experimentos, foi Chrysomya albiceps sendo, portanto, o melhor indicador forense nestes experimentos
Insects are among the first and the most important invertebrates which colonize decaying bodies of vertebrates. Eggs and larvae deposited by these insects can be used to estimate the postmortem interval (PMI) through the observation of their development cycle. In this way they became one more tool in the assistance to crime analysts and experts during legal investigations. The present work aimed to study the biodiversity and temporal distribution of Diptera (Muscomorpha) on carcasses of domestic pig ( Sus scrofa L.) as well as other insect orders that participate in the decomposition processes of carcasses in a beef cattle farm, located 70 km from Campo Grande , in cerrado of Mato Grosso do Sul (MS). The collections were made using a Shannon modified trap during two seasons (summer = dry season and winter = wet season) in three different sites of the farm. The insects were captured in order to analyze qualitativ ely and quantitatively the main species that participate in the decomposition of carcasses and which one uses this substrate as the breeding site to their immature. In total 29.463 specimens were collected, identified and distributed in four families (Call iphoridae, Muscidae, Sarcophagidae and Fanniidae). The most abundant species during the two seasons was Tricharaea ( Sarcophagula ) occidua that belongs to the family Sarcophagidae. The temperature and relative humidity recorded during the day were similar b etween seasons. In the summer the abundance of attracted insects was higher than in the winter; however the duration of the decomposition process does not differ much between seasons and even between environments. These abiotic factors did not cause interf erence in the duration of stages and the carcasses decomposition process. Winter presented higher levels of diversity of species that are potential seasonal and environmental indicators. The only species that emerged from the carcasses during the experimen ts was Chrysomya albiceps

La presente tesis tiene como objetivo general el estudio sanitario, en Cataluña, del jabalí (Sus scrofa), especie de fauna salvaje de gran importancia desde el punto de vista cinegético. La realización del seguimiento sanitario de esta especie es indispensable puesto que puede actuar como reservorio de enfermedades que comparte tanto con el cerdo doméstico, como con otras especies salvajes e incluso con el hombre (zoonosis). Para evaluar el estado de salud del jabalí es importante definir sus rangos de referencia hematológicos y bioquímicos, además de determinar las seroprevalencias de las principales enfermedades que pueden afectarle. Entre los años 2005 y 2009, se llevó a cabo, por un lado, la determinación de los rangos de referencia hematológicos y de bioquímica sanguínea de 60 jabalís capturados con jaula trampa y, por otro, el estudio serológico de 273 animales. Los parámetros hematológicos analizados fueron el recuento total de eritrocitos, la concentración de hemoglobina (Hb), el valor hematocrito (HTC), el volumen corpuscular medio (VCM), la concentración media de hemoglobina (CMH), la concentración corpuscular media de hemoglobina (CCMH), el recuento de plaquetas y el recuento total y diferencial de leucocitos. Los parámetros bioquímicos determinados fueron: glucosa, colesterol, triglicéridos, bilirrubina, lactato, creatinina, urea, fosfatasa alcalina (FA), aspartato aminotransferasa (AST), creatina cinasa (CK), lactato deshidrogenasa (LDH), alanina aminotransferasa (ALT), sodio, potasio, cloro, proteínas totales y cortisol. En los sueros de los jabalís se investigó la presencia de anticuerpos frente al virus de la Peste Porcina Clásica (VPPC), virus de la Peste Porcina Africana (VPPA), virus de la Enfermedad Vesicular Porcina (VEVP), virus del Síndrome Respiratorio y Reproductivo Porcino (VSRRP), virus de la Enfermedad de Aujeszky (VEA), virus de la Influenza Porcina (VIP), Circovirus Porcino tipo 2 (CVP2), Parvovirus Porcino (PVP), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Erisypelotrix rusiopathiae, Salmonella spp, Brucella suis y Toxoplasma gondii. Los factores que se han tenido en cuenta en el estudio estadístico fueron la edad (jóvenes: 6-12 meses; adultos: >12 meses) y el sexo, y en el estudio serológico, además, la zona geográfica (Norte: Pirineo - PIR; Centro: Parc Natural de Sant Llorenç del Munt i l’Obac - SLM; Sur: Reserva Nacional de Caza dels Ports de Tortosa i Beseit - PTB). No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre sexos para ninguno de los parámetros hematológicos ni bioquímicos estudiados. Los valores de Hb, HTC, VCM, HCM, CCMH, linfocitos y eosinófilos del grupo de jóvenes fueron inferiores a los del grupo de adultos. Cuando se compararon los factores sexo y edad a la vez, la Hb en el grupo de machos jóvenes fue inferior a la del grupo de machos adultos, y los valores de los linfocitos del grupo de hembras jóvenes fueron superiores a los del grupo de hembras adultas. Los valores de colesterol, FA y proteínas totales mostraron diferencias significativas entre individuos jóvenes y adultos, y la FA también entre hembras jóvenes y adultas. En 28 de las 256 muestras (10.9%) se detectaron anticuerpos frente a Brucella spp. La seroprevalencia en SLM fue superior (28.6%) en comparación con PIR (7.5%) y PTB (0.9%). En SLM, no se encontraron diferencias entre machos y hembras pero la seroprevalencia fue superior en adultos (42%) en comparación con los jóvenes (12.5%) y crías (0%). De 14 jabalís seropositivos de SLM, se pudo obtener muestras de bazo para cultivo microbiológico, aislándose de un macho adulto el biovar 2 de Brucella suis. Cuatro jabalís fueron positivos frente a VPPC, pero se descartó el resultado mediante un test de neutralización vírica y se comprobó una reacción cruzada frente al Virus de la Enfermedad de la Frontera. Frente a VPPA y VEVP los resultados obtenidos fueron negativos. La detección de anticuerpos frente al resto de patógenos fue: VSRRP 3% (8/266), VEA 0.8% (2/253), VIP 6.4% (17/266), CVP2 64.6% (176/270), PVP 56.3% (146/266), M. hyopneumoniae 25.1% (71/266), E. rusiopathiae 5.3% (14/262), Salmonella sp. 11.3% (30/263), y T. gondii 43.5% (114/261). En SLM se detectó una presencia de anticuerpos significativamente superior de VIP y M. hyopneumoniae, y una menor prevalencia de E. rusiopathiae respecto a las otras dos áreas de estudio. En PTB se detectó una prevalencia superior de PVP, Salmonella sp. y CVP2. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre sexos. En los jabalís adultos se detectó una presencia de anticuerpos estadísticamente superior a la de los jóvenes y las crías frente a PVP, VIP y M. hyopneumoniae, y en los jóvenes frente a Salmonella sp. respecto a los adultos y las crías. En el caso concreto de M. hyopneumoniae se detectó su presencia mediante PCR junto con el aislamiento de Streptococcus suis, en una cría de jabalí encontrada muerta en SLM. Los datos obtenidos en el estudio de los parámetros hematológicos y de bioquímica sanguínea son similares a los ya publicados en la especie y en el cerdo doméstico; sin embargo, se aportan valores para los diferentes grupos de edad. Por otro lado, dentro del estudio sanitario, el aislamiento de Brucella suis biovar 2 en un jabalí confirma la presencia de la infección en el noreste de España. La caracterización de una cepa similar a las del centro y este de Europa puede indicar la introducción ilegal de jabalís de esos países. La seroprevalencia elevada frente a determinados agentes patógenos en el jabalí en Cataluña, hace necesaria la continuidad del estudio sanitario.
The general goal of the present thesis is the study of the health status of the wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Catalonia, species of wild fauna of great importance from the cynegetic point of view. The realization of a disease surveillance of this species is indispensable since it can act as reservoir of diseases that shares with the domestic pig, as well as with other wild species and even with the man (zoonoses). To evaluate the health status of the wild boar it is important to define the reference range for the different haematological and biochemical parameters in addition to determine the seroprevalence of the major diseases that can affect this specie. Between years 2005 and 2009, it was determine the reference range for the haematological and biochemical parameters using 60 wild boars captured with a box-trap. At the same time, it was carried out the serological study of 273 animals. The analyzed haematological parameters were the total red blood cell count, the haemoglobin concentration (Hb), the haematocrit value (HTC), the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), the mean haemoglobin concentration (MHC), the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), the total platelet count, and the total and differential count of leucocytes. The biochemical parameters determined were: glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, bilirubin, lactate, creatinine, urea, alkaline phosphatase (AP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), sodium, potassium, chloride, total proteins and cortisol. In the serums of the wild boars was investigated the presence of antibodies against Classical Swine Fever virus (CSFV), African Swine Fever virus (ASFV), Swine Vesicular Disease virus (SVDV), Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSV), Aujeszky’s Disease virus (ADV), Swine Influenza virus (SIV), Porcine Circovirus type II (PCV2), Porcine Parvovirus (PPV), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Erisypelotrix rhusiopathiae, Salmonella spp, Brucella suis and Toxoplasma gondii. The factors taken into account in the statistical study were the age (young: 6-12 months; adult: >12 months) and the sex, and in the serological study it was also considered the geographical zone (North: Pyrenees - PYR; Centre: Natural Park of Sant Llorenç del Munt i l’Obac - SLM; South: National Hunting Reserve of Ports of Tortosa and Beseit - PTB). Statistically significant differences between sexes were not observed for any of the haematological or biochemical parameters studied. The values of Hb, HTC, MCV, MHC, MCHC, lymphocytes and eosinophils of the young group were inferior to those of the adult group. When the factors sex and age were compared at the same time, the Hb in the group of young males was inferior to that of the group of adult males, and the values of the lymphocytes of the group of young females were superior to those of the group of adult females. The values of cholesterol, AP, and total proteins showed significant differences between young and adults, and the AP also among young and adult females. In 28 of the 256 samples (10.9%) were detected antibodies in front of Brucella spp. The seroprevalence in SLM was superior (28.6%) in comparison with PYR (7.5%) and PTB (0.9%). In SLM, differences between males and females were not found but the seroprevalence was superior in adults (42%) in comparison with the young group (12.5%) and piglets (0%). Samples from spleen were obtained for microbiological cultures from 14 seropositive wild boars of SLM. Brucella suis biovar 2 was isolated from an adult male. Four wild boars were positive in front of CSFV, but the result was discarded after a viral neutralization test showed that it was a cross reaction with a Border Disease Virus. No antibodies against ASFV and SVDV were detected. The detection of antibodies against the rest of the pathogens was: PRRSV 3 % (8/266), ADV 0.8% (2/253), SIV 6.4% (17/266), PCV2 64.6% (176/270), PPV 56.3% (146/266), M. hyopneumoniae 25.1% (71/266), E. rhusiopathiae 5.3% (14/262), Salmonella sp. 11.3% (30/263), and T. gondii 43.5% (114/261). In SLM it was detected a significantly superior presence of antibodies against SIV and M. hyopneumoniae, and a minor prevalence of E. rhusiopathiae with respect to the other two areas of study. In PTB a superior prevalence of PPV, Salmonella sp. and PCV2 was detected. Statistically significant differences between sexes were not found. The presence of antibodies in front of PPV, SIV and M. hyopneumoniae was statistically superior in the adult wild boars that of the young and piglet groups. On the contrary, in the young group the presence of antibodies in front of Salmonella sp. was superior to the adult and the piglet groups. In a young wild boar found dead in SLM, it was detected the presence of M. hyopneumoniae through a PCR test together with the isolation of Streptococcus suis. The data obtained in the study of the haematological and biochemical parameters are similar to the data already published for the species and for the domestic pig; however, values are brought for the different age groups. On the other hand, in the sanitary study, the isolation of Brucella suis biovar 2 in a wild boar confirms the presence of the infection in the northeast of Spain. The characterization of a strain similar to those of the Centre and East of Europe can indicate the illegal introduction of wild boars from these countries. The elevated seroprevalence of some pathogenic agents in the wild boar in Catalonia makes the continuity of the sanitary study necessary.

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O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características do javaporco (Sus scrofa javaporco) por meio dos parâmetros zootécnicos e tecnológicos. Os dados zootécnicos foram medidos pela avaliação do consumo de ração, do ganho de peso e da conversão alimentar desse animal. Quanto aos aspectos nutricionais, foram realizadas análises da composição centesimal básica (umidade, proteínas, lipídeos, cinzas e carboidratos) e análises quanto à presença/ausência de Salmonella sp.. Para tais estudos, os animais foram divididos em quatro lotes, cada um contendo três indivíduos, machos e castrados, abatidos na idade de 4 (Lote A), 6 (Lote B), 8 (Lote C) e 10 (Lote D) meses. Em relação ao ensaio de crescimento, os javaporcos apresentaram peso vivo no abate variando entre 14, 50 kg a 57,66 kg em 300 dias de avaliação. Os lotes B e C, foram os que apresentaram melhores valores de conversão alimentar correspondendo a 3,49 e 3,72, respectivamente. Os rendimentos das carcaças variaram entre 54,75 a 75,15%, com uma média de produção de carne em relação ao peso da carcaça de 33,13% para todos os animais. Quanto à composição química básica o percentual de umidade para os lotes A, B e C variou de 73,90 a 74,23%, já o lote D apresentou valor inferior a este, 70, 96%. Os valores de proteínas variaram de 17,35 a 18,33% em todos os lotes. O percentual lipídico apresentou valores médios de 3,31 a 4,34% e os mineiras oscilaram entre 1,17 a 1,84%. No estudo da estabilidade microbiológica, em relação à presença/ausência de Salmonellas sp. somente o lote A encontrou em não conformidade com a legislação, tendo 2 amostras contaminadas. Diante destas observações, a adoção de estudos quanto ao manejo mais adequado e uma alimentação balanceada e especifica para esses animais tornam-se necessárias para que os interessados tenham sucesso na criação deste animal...
The present research was focused in the evaluation of the characteristics of the javaporco (Sus scrofa javaporco) by means of zootechnical and technological parameters. The zootechnical data had been provided by the evaluation of the consumption of ration, the gain of body weight and the feed conversion of this animal. Regarding the nutritional aspects, analyses of basic proximate composition was carried out (humidity, proteins, lipids, leached ashes and carbohydrate) and analysis for the presence/absence of Salmonella sp was performed as an indicative of microbial contamination. For such studies, the animals were divided into four lots, each of them containing three male animals which were slaughter at the age of 4 months (Lot A), 6 months (Lot B), 8 months (Lot C) and 10 months (Lot D). Regarding the growth trial, the javaporcos presented a live weight, before slaughtering, between 14,50 kg to 57,66 kg in 300 days of evaluation. Lots B and C, were the ones that presented better values of feed conversion, 3,49 and 3,72, respectively. The carcasses yield varied between 54,75% to 75.15%, with an average productivity of meat in relation to the carcass weight of 33,13% for all animals evaluated. Regarding to the basic chemical composition of the meat, the percentage of humidity for lots A, B and C varied from 73.90% to 74.23% although Lot D presented a lower value of 70, 96%, however the protein values varied from 17.35% to 18.33% in all lots. The percentage lipid values were on average 3.31% to 4.34% and the minerals varied from 1.17% to 1.84%. In the study of microbiological stability in relation to the presence/absence of Salmonella sp. the lot A was the only that met in disagreement with the legislation, having two contaminated samples. Having said that an appropriate studies and a balanced and vii 20 specific diet for these animals become necessary for parties interested in order... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Os Javalis da espécie Sus scrofa são mamíferos, omnívoros, não ruminantes, da ordem Artiodáctilos e da família Suidae. A língua possui um sistema altamente diferenciado de papilas, que apresentam amplas variações com influência direta das espécies. O objetivo do presente estudo consiste em descrever as características morfológicas estruturais e ultraestruturais do tecido lingual do Javali (Sus scrofa). As técnicas utilizadas foram microscopia de luz, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão possibilitando a aquisição de dados quantitativos e qualitativos. Quatro tipos de papilas foram encontrados na superfície dorsal da língua: filiforme, fungiforme, foliada e valada, sendo que as papilas filiformes estavam distribuídas por toda a superfície rostral da língua. Após a remoção epitelial as papilas conjuntivas filiformes revelaram-se cônicas. As papilas fungiformes foram encontradas na região medial e latero-caudal, assim como as papilas foliadas que possuem de três a quatro sulcos irregulares. Após a remoção epitelial as papilas conjuntivas fungiforme e foliada apresentaram projeções lineares em sua superfície. A papila valada foi encontrada na região caudal da superfície dorsal da língua, possui um formato oval e é rodeada por um sulco completo e após a remoção do tecido epitelial foi possível observar alguns ductos nas paredes do sulco. Os componentes ultraestruturais do epitélio dorsal da língua são: camadas epiteliais queratinizada, córnea, granular, espinhosa e basal, uma grande quantidade de colágeno foi encontrado na lâmina própria, assim como vários desmossomos e grânulos que queratohialina na camada granular. Conclui-se que as características morfológicas das papilas linguais do Javali assemelham-se com a de outros mamíferos
The boar of the species Sus scrofa are omnivorous, non-ruminant mammal of the order Artiodactyla and family Suidae. The language has a highly differentiated system of taste, which feature large variations with direct influence of species. The objective of the present study is to describe the structural and ultrastructural morphological characteristics of lingual tissue of wild boar (Sus scrofa). The techniques used were light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, enabling the acquisition of quantitative and qualitative data. Four types of papillae were found on the dorsal surface of the tongue: fungiform, filiform, foliate and vallate, the filiform papillae were distributed over the entire surface rostral of the tongue, which after removing the epithelial surface revealed conical connective tissue core. The fungiform papillae were found in the middle and latero-medial region, as well as the foliate papillae which have three or four irregular grooves. After removing the epithelial surface, the connective tissue core of the fungiform papillae and foliate papillae presented linear projections on their surface. The vallate papillae were found in the caudal region of the dorsal surface of the tongue, have an oval shape and are surrounded by a full groove and after removing the epithelial tissue it was possible to observe some ducts in the walls of the groove. The ultrastructural components of dorsal epithelium of the tongue are: keratinized epithelial layers, containing cornea, granular, and basal cells, as well as a large amount of collagen found in the lamina propria, and various desmosomes and gap junctions and keratohyaline beads on granular layer. We conclude that the morphological characteristics of the Boar lingual papillae are similar to that of other mammals

Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características do javaporco (Sus scrofa javaporco) por meio dos parâmetros zootécnicos e tecnológicos. Os dados zootécnicos foram medidos pela avaliação do consumo de ração, do ganho de peso e da conversão alimentar desse animal. Quanto aos aspectos nutricionais, foram realizadas análises da composição centesimal básica (umidade, proteínas, lipídeos, cinzas e carboidratos) e análises quanto à presença/ausência de Salmonella sp.. Para tais estudos, os animais foram divididos em quatro lotes, cada um contendo três indivíduos, machos e castrados, abatidos na idade de 4 (Lote A), 6 (Lote B), 8 (Lote C) e 10 (Lote D) meses. Em relação ao ensaio de crescimento, os javaporcos apresentaram peso vivo no abate variando entre 14, 50 kg a 57,66 kg em 300 dias de avaliação. Os lotes B e C, foram os que apresentaram melhores valores de conversão alimentar correspondendo a 3,49 e 3,72, respectivamente. Os rendimentos das carcaças variaram entre 54,75 a 75,15%, com uma média de produção de carne em relação ao peso da carcaça de 33,13% para todos os animais. Quanto à composição química básica o percentual de umidade para os lotes A, B e C variou de 73,90 a 74,23%, já o lote D apresentou valor inferior a este, 70, 96%. Os valores de proteínas variaram de 17,35 a 18,33% em todos os lotes. O percentual lipídico apresentou valores médios de 3,31 a 4,34% e os mineiras oscilaram entre 1,17 a 1,84%. No estudo da estabilidade microbiológica, em relação à presença/ausência de Salmonellas sp. somente o lote A encontrou em não conformidade com a legislação, tendo 2 amostras contaminadas. Diante destas observações, a adoção de estudos quanto ao manejo mais adequado e uma alimentação balanceada e especifica para esses animais tornam-se necessárias para que os interessados tenham sucesso na criação deste animal... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The present research was focused in the evaluation of the characteristics of the javaporco (Sus scrofa javaporco) by means of zootechnical and technological parameters. The zootechnical data had been provided by the evaluation of the consumption of ration, the gain of body weight and the feed conversion of this animal. Regarding the nutritional aspects, analyses of basic proximate composition was carried out (humidity, proteins, lipids, leached ashes and carbohydrate) and analysis for the presence/absence of Salmonella sp was performed as an indicative of microbial contamination. For such studies, the animals were divided into four lots, each of them containing three male animals which were slaughter at the age of 4 months (Lot A), 6 months (Lot B), 8 months (Lot C) and 10 months (Lot D). Regarding the growth trial, the javaporcos presented a live weight, before slaughtering, between 14,50 kg to 57,66 kg in 300 days of evaluation. Lots B and C, were the ones that presented better values of feed conversion, 3,49 and 3,72, respectively. The carcasses yield varied between 54,75% to 75.15%, with an average productivity of meat in relation to the carcass weight of 33,13% for all animals evaluated. Regarding to the basic chemical composition of the meat, the percentage of humidity for lots A, B and C varied from 73.90% to 74.23% although Lot D presented a lower value of 70, 96%, however the protein values varied from 17.35% to 18.33% in all lots. The percentage lipid values were on average 3.31% to 4.34% and the minerals varied from 1.17% to 1.84%. In the study of microbiological stability in relation to the presence/absence of Salmonella sp. the lot A was the only that met in disagreement with the legislation, having two contaminated samples. Having said that an appropriate studies and a balanced and vii 20 specific diet for these animals become necessary for parties interested in order... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Orientador: Pedro Fernando Romanelli
Coorientador: José Francisco Lopes Filho
Banca: Maria Luiza Poiatti
Banca: Luis Fernando Fertonani
Mestre

U radu je analzirana struktura populacija i stepen genetičke varijabilnosti upopulacijama divlje svinje u Evropi.  Određena je polimorfnost jedanaesttetranukleotidnih mikrosatelita u uzorku od 664 divljih svinja u Evropi, utvrđivanjemalela prisutnih u populacijama i utvrđivanjem njihove frekvencije. U analiziranomuzorku definisano je prisustvo 13 subpopulacija divljih svinja u Evropi i određeni suosnovni parametri intra-  i interpopulacione varijabilnosti. Pokazano je da je  protokgena između definisanih subpopulacija relativno mali  obzirom da je utvrđen  srednji ivisok nivo genetičke divergencije između definisanih subpopulacija. Utvrđen je visoknivo genetičkog diverziteta u populacijama divlje svinje Evrope, što ukazuje načinjenicu da populacije ove vrste poseduju visok genetički potencijal.  Analizompolimorfnosti  CR1-mtDNK nađeni su jedinstveni haplotipovi za Balkanskopoluostrvo i utvrđena je stuktuiranost populacija divljih svinja na Balkanu.Poređenjem dobijenih sekvenci CR1-mtDNK sa dostupnim sekvencama divljih svinjaiz čitavog sveta rasvetljena je demografska i filogeografska istorija vrste  Sus scrofa  ipotvrđeno je važna uloga Balkana u rekolonizaciji Evrope nakon poslednjeg ledenogdoba.  Pokazano je da su sva tri južna poluostrva Evrope (Balkansko, Iberijsko iApeninsko) učestvovala  u rekolonizaciji Evrope i da se filogeografska  istorija  vrsteSus scrofa može predstaviti u tri koraka: (1) povlačenje jedinki iz Centralne Evrope ujužna poluostrva tokom poslednjeg ledenog doba, (2) nezavisna diverzifikacija usvakom od tri poluostrva, (3) rekolonizacija Evrope od strane haplotipova koji su bilina severu poluostrva (u ekspazivnom frontu).  Na osnovu rezultata ovog istraživanjadata je preporuka da  za svaku definisanu subpopulaciju treba razviti odgovarajućestrategije menadžmenta u skladu sa njenim genetičkim potencijalom, a u ciljuočuvanja evolucionog potencijala svake od njih kako bi se obezbedila i očuvalastabilnost vrste.
In this paper an assessment of the wild boar genetic structure and phylogeography was performed  based on the analysis of microsatellites and CR-1 region of mitochondrial DNA. Polymorphism of eleven tetranucletide microsatellites was determined in a sample of 664 wild boars in Europe  by detection of  alleles present in the populations and their frequency. In the analyzed sample of 664 wild boars, 13 genetically different subpopulations were defined and basic parameters of intra-  and interpopulation variability were estimated.  It was shown that  gene flow  between  defined subpopulations  is relatively  small  since estimated genetic distances between subpopulations indicated a moderate to high genetic differentiation.  According to derived data,  high genetic diversity is present in wild boar populations in  Europe, indicating high genetic potential of the species.  In the analysis of mtDNA control region sequences in wild boars from the Balkan peninsula unique haplotypes  were found and population structure was observed.  A detailed inspection of results reveals that a similar phylogeographic pattern emerges in all  southern European peninsulas, arising from post-LGM expansion, and that all three peninsulas had a similar role in the wild boar post-glacial recolonization of Europe.  This pattern could be explained by: the southward migration of Central-European haplotypes during the LGM to southern peninsulas; independent diversification in each peninsula; and post-LGM leading edge recolonization of Europe  involving all three peninsulas.  Based on the results of this research, it was recommended that  for each defined subpopulation adequate  manegament strategies should be defined and each subpopulation  should be managed separately in order to preserve their evolutionary potential and to secure the long-term stability of wild resources.

Os estudos relacionados ao coração têm sido realizados ao longo dos anos de forma bastante comum, tendo em vista a grande importância que este órgão tem na medicina. Problemas relacionados ao mesmo são uma das principais causas de mortes e internações no Brasil e no mundo, por causa disso, avanços no que diz respeito a inovações tecnológicas e novas metodologias de estudo tem sido propostas cada vez com mais freqüência, e, o suíno tem se mostrado um modelo bastante útil, pois apresenta diversas similaridades em relação ao ser humano.O uso da estereologia se encaixa nesta nova busca, pois através de suas ferramentas nos proporciona excelentes resultados a níveis de mensuração, e quantificação de estruturas microscópicas. O objetivo desse estudo foi obter valores referentes à quantificação de cardiomiócitos do ventrículo esquerdo em suínos normais. Utilizaram-se 3 suínos fêmeas pesando em torno de 25kg, os quais após serem eutanasiados tiveram o coração retirado e suas câmaras separadas. Em seguida lâminas referentes a esse material foram preparadas e fotografadas, para serem analizadas utilizando-se o disector e o nucleator como ferramentas estereologicas. Os resultados nos mostram que a média de peso do ventrículo esquerdo dos animais foi de 660 mg, o volume médio dos cardiomiócitos foi de 16.32 µm³, a média do numero de cardiomiócitos foi de 3,91x108, enquanto que a média do volume de cardiomiócitos que ocupam o ventrículo esquerdo foi de 3,32x106.
Investigations involving the heart have been largely carried out all over the years due to its importance in medicine. Heart diseases are the one of the major causes of deaths and hospitalizations in Brazil and worldwide. In this context, technological innovations and progresses in methodological investigation have been frequently proposed; Swine has been shown as a useful model due to similarities to human. The application of stereological tools for investigations in the morphology of the heart has been intensely applied based on the reliability on the results for measuring and quantification. This study aimed to evaluate morphological and quantitative aspects of cardiomyocytes in the left ventricle in healthy swine. Three female swine, averaging 25 kg were euthanasiated and have the hearth chambers separated. Left ventricles were fixed and slides obtained. Images were acquired and analyzed by dissector and nucleator. The results showed us that the average weight of the left ventricle of the animals was 660 mg, the mean volume of cardiomyocytes was 16:32 µm3, the average number of cardiomyocytes was 3.91 x108, while the average volume of cardiomyocytes that occupy the left ventricle was 3.32 x106.

O estudo objetivou caracterizar o desenvolvimento morfológico e organológico de embriões suínos da raça Landrace (Sus scrofa domesticus) aos 20 (n=6) e 30 (n=7) dias pós inseminação artificial (p.i.), utilizando técnicas macroscópicas e microscópicas, além da análise morfométrica dos principais órgãos (coração, pulmão, fígado e mesonefro), inferindo sua importância na manutenção do concepto. Os embriões aos 20 p.i. apresentaram macroscopicamente pele translúcida; prosencéfalo, mesencéfalo e rombencéfalo; vesícula óptica sem pigmentação da retina; arcos branquiais; curvatura cervical; broto do membro torácico em forma de \"remo\"; fígado; coração; mesonefro; somitos e vascularização dermal. Nas análises histológicas, visualizaram-se as vesículas encefálicas; arcos branquiais; vesícula óptica sem pigmentação da retina; flexura encefálica; na região torácica e abdominal o coração e o fígado respectivamente; mesonefro (rim primitivo); intestino primitivo e somitos. Morfometricamente, os principais órgãos (coração, fígado e mesonefro) dos embriões aos 20 dias p.i., não diferiram significativamente (p<0,05), demonstrando desenvolvimento organológico apropriado a esta fase. As avaliações morfológicas e histológicas dos embriões aos 30 dias p.i. revelaram características semelhantes aos de 20 dias p.i., exceto pela presença do 4º ventrículo encefálico; curvatura cervical acentuada; fosseta nasal; vesículas ópticas com pigmentação da retina; membros torácicos e pélvicos com distinção dos dígitos; cauda; fígado volumoso e coluna vertebral, macroscopicamente; e pela presença das vesículas encefálicas secundárias; medula espinhal; medula oblonga; 3º ventrículo encefálico; coluna vertebral; pulmão; intestino primitivo e metanefro, microscopicamente. Entretanto, as análises estatísticas revelaram que as avaliações morfometricas do coração, pulmão, fígado e mesonefro diferiram entre si (p<0,05) em relação ao desenvolvimento dos principais órgãos. A comparação entre as médias das áreas totais do coração, fígado e mesonefro, pelo teste Mann-Whitney, indicaram que os embriões, aos 20 e 30 dias p.i., apresentaram diferença significativa (p<0,05). Este estudo sugeriu que a taxa de uniformidade e desenvolvimento dos embriões podem ser determinantes para a manutenção do concepto durante o período gestacional. Porém, mais estudos são necessários para elucidar os mecanismos acerca do desenvolvimento embrionário no terço inicial da gestação a fim de minimizar as perdas gestacionais na espécie suína.
The study aimed to characterize the morphological and organology development of Landrace pigs embryos (Sus scrofa domesticus) at 20 days (n=6) and 30 days (n=6) post artificial insemination (p.i.) through macroscopic and microscopic techniques, besides morphometric analysis of the major organs (heart, lung, liver and mesonephros) inferring its importance in the conseptus maintenance. Embryos at 20 days p.i. macroscopically presented translucent skin; forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain; optic vesicle without retinal pigmentation; branquial arches; cervical curvature; forelimb budshaped \"paddle\"; liver; heart; mesonephros; somites and dermal vasculature. In the histological analysis were visualized the encephalic vesicles (forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain); branquial arches with its respective pouches and clefts; encephalic flexure; in the thoracic and abdominal portion the heart and liver respectively; mesonephros (primitive kidney); primitive gut and somites. Morphometrically, the major organs (heart, liver and mesonephros) of embryos at 20 days p.i. did not differ significantly (p<0.05) demonstrating organologycal appropriate development at this stage. The morphological and histological evaluations of embryos at 30 days p.i. revealed similar characteristics to the embryos at 20 days p.i., except for the presence of the 4th encephalic ventricle; accentuated cervical curvature; nasal pit; optic vesicles with pigmentation of the retina; thoracic and pelvic members with distinction of the digits; tail, voluminous liver, and vertebral column, macroscopically; and the presence of secondary encephalic vesicles; spinal cord; medulla oblongata; 3rd encephalic ventricle; vertebral column; lung; \"U-shaped\" intestine, and mesonephros, microscopically. However, statistical analyzes revealed that the morphometric evaluations the heart, lung, liver and mesonephros differ significantly (p<0,05) regarding the development of the major organs. The comparison between the means of the total areas of the heart, liver and mesonephros, through Man-Whitney test indicated that the embryos at 20 and 30 days p.i., demonstrated significant differences (p<0,05). This study suggested that the embryo uniformity and development rate may be crucial in the maintenance of the conceptus during the gestational period. However, more studies are necessary to elucidate the mechanisms of the embryonic development regarding the first third of pregnancy in order to minimize gestational losses in swine.

Objetivou-se estudar a origem e distribuição do plexo lombossacral de Sus scrofa. Foram utilizados 30 exemplares, sendo 13 fêmeas e 17 machos, após serem fixados em solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10%. Os javalis possuem cinco ou seis vértebras lombares e quatro sacrais. O plexo lombossacral origina-se dos segmentos medulares de L2 a S4. O nervo cutâneo femoral lateral de L2 a L4 ramifica-se nos músculos psoas maior e menor, oblíquo interno do abdome, linfonodos subilíacos e pele da região da articulação do joelho. O nervo femoral de L3 a L6 supre os músculos psoas maior, psoas menor, ilíaco, quadríceps femoral, pectíneo, emite nervo safeno que inerva o músculo sartório e fáscia e pele das articulações do joelho e tarso. O nervo obturatório de L3 a L6 distribui-se para os músculos obturador externo, pectíneo, grácil e adutor. Nervo glúteo cranial de L4 a S1 inerva os músculos glúteo médio e piriforme. Nervo glúteo caudal de L6 a S2 emite ramos para o músculo glúteo superficial. Nervo isquiático de L4 a S2 inerva os músculos tensor da fáscia lata, glúteo médio, glúteo profundo, glúteo acessório, gêmeos, quadrado femoral, semitendíneo, semimbranáceo, bíceps femoral. O nervo tibial supre os músculos gastrocnêmico, sóleo, poplíteo e flexores profundos dos dedos na região plantar divide-se em nervos plantares medial e lateral, os quais ramificam em digitais plantares. O nervo fibular comum divide-se em nervos fibular superficial e fibular profundo. O fibular profundo emite ramos para os músculos tibial cranial, fibular terceiro, extensor longos dos dedos, fibular longo, extensor lateral dos dedos e interósseo. O nervo fibular superficial supre a fáscia da articulação do tarso continua como nervos digitais dorsais. O nervo pudendo de S2 a S4 distribui-se para músculos, esfíncter externos do ânus, levantador do ânus, constritor da vulva, isquiocavernoso e bulboesponjoso, emite os ramos dorsal do clitóris e mamários que inervam clitóris e pele da região vulvar respectivamente, o ramo dorsal do pênis distribui-se na glande pênis, prepúcio e escroto. O nervo retal caudal de S2 a S4 distribui-se para os músculos levantadores do ânus, coccígeo e esfíncter externo do ânus. A formação do plexo lombossacral, assim como origens e distribuições dos nervos que o compõem são similares aos descritos na literatura alusiva aos animais domésticos.
It aimed to study the origin and distribution of the lumbosacral plexus of Sus scrofa. 30 specimens were used, with 13 females and 17 males, after being fixed in an aqueous 10% formaldehyde. Boars have five or six lumbar vertebrae and four sacral vertebrae. The lumbosacral plexus originates from the spinal cord segments from L2 to S4. The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve from L2 to L4 branches off to the psoas major and minor muscles, internal oblique of the abdomen, sub-iliac lymph nodes and the knee joint region skin. The femoral nerve L3 to L6 supplies the major psoas muscle, iliac minor psoas, femoral quadriceps, pectineus, emits saphenous nerve that innervates the sartorius muscle and fascia and skin of the knee and tarsus joints. The obturator nerve from L3 to L6 is distributed to the external obturator muscles, pectineus, gracilis and adductor. The gluteal cranial nerve from L4 to S1 innervates the gluteus medius and piriformis muscles. The gluteal caudal nerve from L6 to S2 emits branches to the superficial gluteal muscle. The sciatic nerve from L4 to S2 innervates the tensor muscles of the fascia lata, gluteus medius, deep gluteus, gluteus accessory, twins, femoral square, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris. The tibial nerve supplies the gastrocnemius, soleus, popliteal and the deep finger flexors in the plantar region that is divided into medial and lateral plantar nerves which branch off into digital plantar. The common fibular nerve is divided into superficial nerves and deep fibular. The deep fibular nerve emits branches to the cranial tibial, third fibular, long extensor of fingers, peroneus longus, lateral extensor digitorum and interosseous muscles. The superficial fibular nerve supplies the fascia joint of the tarsos, which continues as dorsal digital nerves. The pudendal nerve from S2 to S4 is distributed to muscles, external anal sphincter, levator ani, constrictor of the vulva, ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus, emits the dorsal branches of the clitoris and of the breast, that innervate the clitoris and skin of the vulvar region, respectively. The dorsal branch of the penis is distributed in the glans penis, prepuce and scrotum. The rectal caudal nerve from S2 to S4 is distributed to the levator ani, coccyx and external anal sphincter. The formation of the lumbosacral plexus, as well as sources and distributions of the nerves that form it, are similar to those described in the literature alluding to domestic animals.
Tese (Doutorado)

Wild boars (Sus scrofa) have increased rapidly in population size and home range since their reintroduction to the Swedish fauna. Through their rooting behaviour, the boars can cause great disturbance to the ecosystem. The consequences of this disturbance have been recorded in many parts of the world but the effects they have on boreal forest ecosystems have been less studied.In this study I examined to what extent wild boars affect (i) the soil microbial community, (ii) the soil respiration, (iii) the soil C and nutrient content, as well as (iv) the growth of trees in a boreal forest in central Sweden. Enclosures that have harboured wild boars for seven years were compared with nearby areas without wild boars in both a pine forest and a spruce forest. Using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analyses, the soil microbial biomass, community, and fungi:bacteria ratio were investigated in the treatments. The soil respiration was measured monthly from June to November. The total soil concentrations of C, N and P were examined as well as the availability of N in the form of NO3-and NH4+. Tree growth was measured by measuring tree ring width and comparisons were made by looking at the relative ring width of tree cores before and after the introduction of wild boars. I found that the soil microbial community did generally not differ between the treatments, except for a higher fungi:bacteria ratio within the enclosures. Soil respiration was consistently lower in the enclosures throughout all months. Soil nutrient levels were similar between the treatments except for a slightly lowertotal P content and NO3-content in the pine forest enclosure. Lastly, the tree growth was severely decreased by the presence of wild boars. In summary my study suggests that anincrease of the wild boar population in boreal forests may have a minor impact on many soil processes, while tree growth can be hampered. However, studies in natural ecosystems are needed to investigate this effect further.

The thesis on the topic of the use of laboratory swine in biomedical research is focused on the detailed description of phylogeny and domestication of the species Sus scrofa and the origin of its domesticated form Sus scrofa domestica, a laboratory breeding, nutrition, requirements for space and the animal health conditions. Physiological and anatomical similarities pig with the human organism offers a wide range of the applications in various sectors of the medical research. Pigs, or rather the mini pig breeds are part of the preclinical testing of drugs in toxicology. In dermatology tend to be an experimental model in the healing wounds and burns, or the study of melanoma. Cardiovascular system of pigs is used in connection with the formation of atherosclerosis and congenital heart defects. The omnivorousness of pigs to test of dietary supplements; is also monitored in experimental diabetes, gastric ulcer or cirrhosis of the liver. Just the liver and their ability to regenerate them is in the laboratory pigs the focus of many research groups around the world. The central nervous system offers the opportunity to study stroke, or spinal cord injury. In transgenic animals is studied Huntington's disease and its treatment in humans. Titanium implants and various types of biomaterials are injected into the skeletal system of a pig, then reactions and bone healing are examined. In the area of experimental xenotransplantation could in the future be strains of genetically modified pigs become a source of organs for humans. While unresolved problem is the HAR-Hyperacute Rejection so rejection of the implant, and the risk of transmission of certain diseases from pigs to humans. Payoff experimental pigs is of undoubted importance and need this potential wisely and purposefully use, without wasting experimental animals and unnecessary pain. Emphasis should be placed on adherence to regulatory compliance and the concept of 3R. Actual laboratory pigs breeding is at a high standard. Unfortunately, his major weakness on global scale is incomplete reported data related to exact values used pigs in experiments. In the Czech Republic was the most laboratory pigs used in 1994 exactly 6882 pieces, in 1998 has been used 7122 pieces, higher number of laboratory swine was also reported for the year 2009, namely 4445 pieces. In recent years, the numbers of used laboratory pigs in the Czech Republic have settled around an average value of 2,400 pieces. Using the Mann-Whitney U test were compared to the values used in the laboratory pigs Czech Republic and the European Union, on a per capita basis. From the resulting value of p = 0.486, bigger than alpha = 0.05 it follows, that was not proved a difference in the use of experimental pigs between the Czech Republic and the other member states of the European Union. On the basis of the carried out statistical survey, it can be concluded that the fluctuations and trends in the use of laboratory pigs in the Czech Republic do not replicate those european. The established hypothesis was confirmed.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den physiologischen Veränderungen porciner Spermatozoen, die durch einen metabolischen Einbau von Fettsäuren in Spermatozoenlipide hervorgerufen werden. Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Untersuchung der metabolischen Aufnahme von Fettsäuren in die Spermatozoenlipide und die Bewertung des physiologischen Zustandes porciner Spermatozoen mit Hinblick auf die Niedrigtemperaturlagerung. Alle in den porcinen Spermatozoen vorkommenden Lipide wurden mittels GC und MALDI-TOF-MS analysiert. Hauptvertreter der polaren Lipidklassen sind Glycerophospholipide (GPC, GPE). Der Hauptvertreter der neutralen Lipidklassen ist Diacylglycerol (DAG). Die metabolische Aufnahme von Fettsäuren in die Lipide wurde durch die Supplementierung des Flüssigkonservierungsmediums mit [14C]-Octadecadiensäure radiochemisch untersucht. Anhand dieser Experimente wurde gezeigt, dass die Temperatur und die Inkubationsdauer wichtige Faktoren für die metabolische Aufnahme dieser Radiochemikalie in die Spermatozoenlipide sind. Die zugesetzten Fettsäuren werden sowohl in die neutralen (DAG) als auch in die polaren Lipide (diacyl-GPC) der Spermatozoen eingebaut. Nach Supplementierung mit 13C-markierter Octadecadiensäure wurden die Lipide mittels MALDI- und Q-TOF-MS als DAG (18:2/18:2), GPC (16:0/18:2) und GPC (18:2/18:2) charakterisiert. Die gleichen Ergebnisse wurden auch für die in den Spermatozoenlipiden vorkommenden Hexadecen-, Octadecen-, und Octadecatriensäure erhalten. Bei der Untersuchung des physiologischen Zustandes von Spermatozoen wurde gezeigt, dass insbesondere Supplementierungsvarianten mit endogen vorkommenden Fettsäuren zu einer besseren Spermatozoenvitalität und Motilität bei Niedrigtemperaturlagerung führten. Gleichzeitig wurde eine Verminderung des Auftretens von akrosomalen Schäden festgestellt. Damit stellt eine Supplementierung der Spermatozoen mit ausgewählten Fettsäuren eine effektive Maßnahme zur Lagerung von Spermatozoen bei 4 bis 6°C dar.
This study examines the metabolic incorporation of selected fatty acids into the lipids of porcine spermatozoa and evaluates the physiological state of spermatozoa subsequent to low temperature storage supplementation with selected free fatty acids. The aim was to understand the role of fatty acids in relation to the (cryo-)preservation of spermatozoa and successful reproduction in more detail. All lipids present in porcine spermatozoa were analysed using gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). The main representatives of the polar lipid classes are glycerophospholipids (in particular GPC and GPE). The main representatives of the neutral lipid classes are diacylglycerols (DAG). Metabolic incorporation of fatty acids into lipids was radiochemically monitored using [14C]-octadecadienoic acid in the supplied spermatozoa-preservation medium. Temperature and incubation time were shown to be particularly important determinants. The added fatty acids were incorporated into both the spermatozoas’ neutral (DAG) and polar lipids (diacyl-GPC). The affected lipids were characterised by means of MALDI- and Q-TOF-MS subsequent to the supplementation of uniformly 13C-labelled octadecadienoic acid. DAG (18:2/18:2), GPC (16:0/18:2) and GPC (18:2/18:2) could be identified and a de-novo biosynthesis of DAG (18:2/18:2) could be proven. The same results were obtained when spermatozoa were supplemented with hexadecenoic, octadecenoic and octadecatrienoic acids. Finally, it was shown that the physiological state of the spermatozoa, especially those supplemented with endogeneously present fatty acids, led to an enhanced vitality and motility in spermatozoa subsequent to low temperature storage. It was also observed that acrosomal damage was reduced and that hexadecenoic acid significantly stabilised all the vitality parameters. In conclusion, supplementing spermatozoa with selected fatty acids is an effective solution for the storage of spermatozoa at 4 to 6°C.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The objective of this study was to model and evaluate the performance, supply and requirements of nutrients and tissue deposition to pigs in growing and finishing phases in production scenarios (CP), to adjust the diet program phases. Six CP were selected in the northwest region in Rio Grande do Sul between August and November in 2012 to collect the data. The amount of 2,200 animals followed a pre established program of six diets (sequential and quantitative) through the historical and productive farms index or standard profile animal (PAP) and the feeding program was ad libitum. The performance data collections in CP were held in randomly selected pens and they were used throughout the experimental period. The collected data were modeled based on an animal average to feature each profile animal with animal performance bends and nutritional requirements in PAP and in the six CP. The animals were housed at 65 ± 7 days old and weighing 22.11 ± 1.41kg and were slaughtered at 159 ± 10 days old and weighing 121.18 ± 7kg. The CP average was higher than 0.27kg on consumption and 0.12kg on weight gain according to the standard profile animal (PAP). The average daily demand of Digestible Lysine and Net Energy (LysD:EN) estimated at PAP was 3,18 ± 0,16g.Mcal-1 and 3,81g.Mcal-1 of supply in CP. The average predicted to protein deposition of 153 ± 25g.day-1 at PAP underestimated in 16 ± 10g.day-1 the CP. The average lipid deposition of CP was higher by 54 ± 26g.day-1 at PAP. Diet and food programs at PAP generated 17.9% excess of LysD:EN, the adjustment reduced it to 8,5%. While adjusting the phases, Initial and Growth I diets had not been consumed, there was a reduction of 111.7% to Growth II diet, 57.2% to Finishing I diet and there was an increase of 53,6% to Growth III diet and 49.6% to Finishing III diet. The phases adjustment promoted a corn reduction of 43.78kg and protein sources reduction of 16.65kg per animal. The real production scenarios show differences between performance, supply and demands of nutrients which modeling is able to describe and compare the effects of tissue deposition. This way, it is possible to determine adjustments for the best moment in phases transition and reduce the nutrients requirement.
O objetivo deste estudo foi modelar e avaliar o desempenho zootécnico, o fornecimento e as exigências de nutrientes e a deposição tecidual para suínos nas fases de crescimento e terminação em cenários de produção (CP), a fim de ajustar as fases do programa de dietas. Na região noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul foram selecionados seis CP entre agosto e novembro de 2012 para a coleta de dados. O total de 2.200 animais seguiram um programa de seis dietas pré-estabelecido (sequencial e quantitativo) através do índice produtivo histórico das granjas ou perfil animal padrão (PAP) e o programa alimentar foi ad libitum. As coletas dos dados de desempenho nos CP foram realizadas em baias selecionadas aleatoriamente e utilizadas em todo o período experimental. Os dados coletados foram modelados com base na média animal para caracterizar cada perfil animal com as curvas de desempenho animal e às exigências nutricionais do PAP e dos seis CP. Os animais foram alojados com 65 ± 7 dias de idade e 22,11 ± 1,41kg de peso e foram abatidos com 159 ± 10 dias e 121,18 ± 7 quilogramas. A média dos CP foi superior 0,27kg em consumo e 0,12kg em ganho de peso ao perfil animal padrão (PAP). A exigência média diária da relação Lisina Digestível e Energia Líquida (LisD:EL) estimada no PAP foi 3,18 ± 0,16g.Mcal-1 e de 3,81g.Mcal-1 de fornecimento nos CP. A deposição proteica média prevista de 153 ± 25g.dia-1 no PAP subestimou em 16 ± 10g.dia-1 os CP. A deposição lipídica média dos CP foi superior em 54 ± 26g.dia-1 ao PAP. Os programas de dietas e alimentar do PAP geraram excesso de 17,9% da LisD:EL, o ajuste reduziu para 8,5%. No ajuste das fases as dietas Inicial e Crescimento I não foram consumidas, houve redução de 111,7% de Crescimento II, 57,2% de Terminação I e aumento de 53,6% de Crescimento III e 49,6% de Terminação III. O ajuste das fases reduziu 43,78kg de milho e 16,65kg de fontes proteicas por animal. Os cenários de produção reais apresentam diferenças para desempenho zootécnico, fornecimento e exigências de nutrientes que a modelagem é capaz de descrever e comparar as consequências na deposição tecidual. Desta maneira, é possível determinar ajustes para o melhor momento de transição das fases e reduzir o fornecimento de nutrientes.

The effect of mixing unfamiliar finishing pigs (Sus scrofa) on agonistic behaviour and productivity over a 3 week period was investigated. Nine groups of six pigs were allocated to one of three treatments and eight groups of six pigs to the fourth treatment. In the first treatment (unmixed) littermate groups were moved into a new pen and in the second treatment (3:3 mixed) 3 pigs from one littermate group were mixed with 3 pigs from a second littermate group. The third treatment (Stresnil-treated) was similar to the second treatment but pigs were injected with the tranquilizer Stresnil (azaperone) prior to mixing. In the fourth treatment (5:1 mixed) groups of five pigs were introduced into a pen already occupied by either a single relatively light weight pig or a relatively heavy weight pig. Intense fighting was displayed by the regrouped pigs immediately following mixing, while unmixed and Stresnil-treated pigs generally went to sleep. During feeding periods, initiated aggression was the most common agonistic behaviour exceeding aggressive responses and submissive responses by a factor of up to 14. In mixed groups initiated aggression was significantly higher than in unmixed groups. Administration of Stresnil appeared to disrupt the animals' behavioural repetoire by delaying aggression, retarding social hierarchy establishment and depressing productivity. Prior occupancy of pen space also appeared to influence aggressive behaviour. Over the entire three week sample period, average daily weight gains (ADG) of all three mixed treatments were significantly less than unmixed groups. The differences were significant during the first week but not in the second or third weeks. The mixed groups were also poorer converters of feed during the first week and over the three week period. Stresnil-treated pigs, on average, exhibited the poorest productivity of the mixed treatments. The economic costs of raising mixed groups from an initial weight of 76 kg to a standard final weight of 95 kg as a result of their reduced weight gain and feed efficiency, was substantial: $2.92 per pig for Stresnil-treated groups; $1.43 per pig for 3:3 mixed groups; and $1.13 per pig for 5:1 mixed groups. Assuming that growth rates remain the same, extrapolation of the data to a market weight of 102 kg resulted in overall costs of $3.50 per pig for Stresnil-treated groups, $1.94 per pig for 3:3 mixed groups and $1.54 per pig for 5:1 mixed groups.
Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate

Le sanglier (Sus scrofa) est une espèce chassée emblématique en Europe. Comme la plupart des ongulés de zones tempérés, l'espèce sanglier s'est étendue en Europe au cours des dernières décennies. Le nombre de sangliers tués chaque année en France est passé de 36429 en 1973 à 526709 en 2011. Cette situation unique du sanglier parmi les ongulés est pourtant très commune en Europe, et a conduit à une augmentation du montant des indemnisations des dégâts occasionnés par le sanglier. Les indemnisations sont alors passées de 2 à 18 millions d'euros entre 1973 et 2001. Contrôler les populations de sangliers est donc devenu un objectif majeur pour les gestionnaires. Évaluer les paramètres démographiques qui pilotent les dynamiques de populations est nécessaire afin d'améliorer notre connaissance du sanglier. Mais s'intéresser à l'évolution des traits d'histoire de vie du sanglier est également indispensable pour mieux comprendre cette espèce. Par conséquent, contrôler les populations de sangliers en intégrant des considérations évolutives est essentiel pour permettre une gestion durable de cette espèce. Le temps est donc venu de mieux comprendre cette espèce dans un contexte de démographie évolutive, grâce à un suivi à long-terme unique d'une population de sangliers fortement chassée dans la forêt de Châteauvillain-Arc-en-barrois, France. Tout d'abord, d'un point de vue démographique, nous proposons un outil de gestion afin de contrôler le taux de croissance des populations de sangliers. Ensuite, nous replaçons le sanglier au sein des mammifères en nous intéressant plus particulièrement à des comparaisons inter spécifiques de tactiques d'histoire de vie, grâce à de récents développements méthodologiques en dynamique de population. Nous trouvons alors que le sanglier présente une stratégie d'histoire de vie plus proche de celle de petits mammifères (comme l'écureuil) que de celle d'un ongulé de taille similaire. Puis, nous trouvons que, en réponse aux variations de disponibilité alimentaire, les femelles sangliers présentent différentes stratégies de reproduction afin de maximiser le nombre de petits viables
Wild boar (Sus scrofa) is an emblematic game species in Europe. As most ungulate populations in temperate areas, wild boar abundance and distribution has increased in most European countries over the last decades. The number of wild boar shot annually in France has increased from 36,429 in 1973 to 526,709 in 2011. This unique situation is common throughout Europe and has led to higher costs to agriculture because of damage to crops. Compensation for damage caused by wild boar in France rose from 2 to 18 million Euros between 1973 and 2001, a nearly tenfold increase. Controlling wild boar populations has thus become an important target for managers. Evaluating the vital rates that drive the population dynamics is necessary to improve our understanding of wild boar. But investigating the evolution of life history traits in wild boar is also required to improve our understanding of this species. As a consequence, controlling wild boar populations incorporating evolutionary considerations is essential to allow a sustainable management of this species. The time has thus come to better understand this species is an evolutionary demography context, taking advantage of a unique long-term monitoring of a heavily hunted wild boar population located in the Châteauvillain-Arc-en-barrois forest, France. First, from a demographic viewpoint, we provide a management tool to control population growth rate of wild boar population. Second, we put back the wild boar among mammals by focusing on inter-specific comparisons of life history tactics among mammals using recent developments in population dynamics. We found that wild boar exhibits a life history strategy close to small mammals such as squirrel rather than the life history strategy observed in similar-sized ungulates. Then, we found that, in response to changes in food availability, wild boar females are able to display different reproductive tactics to maximize the number of recruits at a given breeding event

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Florianópolis, 2015.
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As invasões biológicas podem representar ameaça para espécies nativas, ecossistemas e para o bem-estar humano. Entretanto, a percepção das pessoas sobre as espécies invasoras depende da cultura das pessoas envolvidas quanto do organismo invasor; assim uma invasão pode ser considerada negativa da perspectiva ambiental e positiva por alguns setores da sociedade devido seus aspectos ornamentais, recreativos ou econômicos. Não obstante, as comunidades locais podem contribuir com o conhecimento ecológico sobre a história natural dos animais e com dados quantitativos sobre caça que podem fornecer informações sobre padrões de distribuição geográfica, demografia, abundância de espécies e pressão de caça. A forma selvagem do javali (Sus scrofa) está presente no Brasil desde a década de 1960 e sua distribuição no país já atinge quase todos os biomas, exceto a Amazônia. Embora a invasão em Floresta Ombrófila Mista seja recente, aproximadamente 10 anos, o javali apresenta sobreposição de 78% com esta fitofisionomia da Mata Atlântica. A espécie Araucaria angustifolia é o principal componente arbóreo da Floresta Ombrófila Mista e é considerada uma espécie ameaçada de extinção. O javali pode afetar a regeneração das araucárias pela extensa perturbação que causa ao revolver a terra em busca de recursos subterrâneos para alimentação, pelo pisoteio das plântulas e pela predação de sementes. Assim, objetivou-se analisar a estrutura demográfica de Araucaria angustifolia na região do Parque Nacional das Araucárias (PNA), entender o uso da área do PNA pelo javali e sua relação com a regeneração de araucárias e compreender a percepção humana sobre o javali em comunidades locais na região do Parque Nacional das Araucárias. Foram realizadas parcelas e transectos na região do PNA para compreender a estrutura populacional de araucárias na região e a relação do javali com a regeneração de araucárias, experimento de remoção de sementes para analisar a relação da predação de sementes de araucárias por javali e pela fauna nativa. Adicionalmente, foram utilizadas armadilhas fotográficas para verificar o uso da área do PNA pelo javali e realizadas entrevistas nas comunidades do entorno do PNA para entender a percepção das pessoas sobre esses animais e sobre o impactos que causam. A densidade média de indivíduos de araucárias foi de 187,5 ± 201,2 ind.ha-1 e 50,9% dos indivíduos pertencem a classe regeneração. A maioria das áreas com grande densidade de indivíduos de araucárias em regeneração no PNA ocorreu na região fitoecológica de campo, com vestígios de javali, presença de gado e em solos menos profundos (neossolo e cambissolo). A densidade de javali parece estar temporariamente estável (0,48 ind/Km2) e a espécie não está uniformemente distribuído na região do PNA. A abundância de javali foi negativamente relacionada ao percentual de área agrícola; quanto maior o percentual de área agrícola, menor a abundância de javali. Provavelmente devido a maior pressão de caça nas áreas agrícolas e a disponibilidade de recursos na mata durante todo o ano enquanto nas áreas agrícolas os recursos estão disponíveis principalmente no verão. As variáveis do modelo que melhor explicaram a variação encontrada na densidade e altura de araucárias em regeneração foram a região fitoecológica, litossolo, densidade de indivíduos adultos, as áreas fuçadas por javali e riqueza de médios e grandes mamíferos. Em relação a percepção das pessoas sobre o javali na região, 86,1% dos colaboradores consideraram negativa a convivência entre os proprietários rurais com o javali por causa dos prejuízos que este animal causa na lavoura principalmente no milho (82,8%) e na soja (34,5%). No que tange as plantas nativas, os colaboradores relataram que o javali consome principalmente pinhão (91,7%), guabiroba (47,2%) e imbuia (30,6%) e interfere na regeneração das espécies nativas (27,8%). Os colaboradores relataram a existência de caça em 55,5% das propriedades, principalmente caça ativa com cachorros (65%). Portanto, o javali é uma espécie frequente em relação aos mamíferos de médio e grande porte nativos na região do Parque Nacional das Araucárias e causa prejuízos ambientais e sócio-econômicos na região. Assim, deve ser realizado planejamento específico de controle e monitoramento dessa espécie exótica invasora na região do Parque, além de buscar estratégias de mitigação para os pequenos agricultores locais, incentivar estudos e o uso do conhecimento ecológico local para embasar ações de manejo.

Abstract : Biological invasions can be a threat to native species, ecosystems and human well-being. However, the human perception about invasive species depends on their culture and the aspect of invasive species. An invasion may be considered negative from an environmental perspective and positive for some sectors of society because of their ornamental, recreational or economic aspects. Nevertheless, local communities can contribute to the ecological knowledge about the natural history of animals and the number of hunts can provide information about distribution patterns, demographics, abundance of species and hunting pressure. The wild boar has been present in Brazil since the 1960s and its distribution in the country has already reached almost all biomes, except for the Amazon. Although the invasion of Humid Mixed Forest is recent, about 10 years, the boar has overlap of 78% with this vegetation type. The Araucaria angustifolia is the main arboreal component of Mata de Araucaria and is an endangered species. The boar can affect the regeneration of araucaria by the extensive disruption it causes by turning over the soil in search of underground resources for food, the trampling of seedlings and seed predation. The objective was to analyze the demographic structure of Araucaria angustifolia in the region of the Araucaria National Park (PNA), understand the use of the PNA area for wild boar and its relationship with the regeneration of araucaria, as well as understand human perception of the boar in communities in the Araucaria National Park region. Parcels and transects were used in the PNA region to understand the population structure of araucarias and the boar's relationship with the regeneration of araucarias, seed removal experiment to analyze the relationship of araucaria seed predation by wild boar and the native fauna. In addition, camera traps were used to verify the use of the PNA area for the wild boar and interviews in the communities close to the PNA to understand human perception of these animals and the impacts they cause. The average density of araucaria subjects was 187.5 ± 201.2 ind.ha-1 and 50.9% of individuals are in the regeneration class. Most areas with high density of araucaria individuals in regeneration in the PNA occurred in the phytoecological region of the field, with wild boar remains, presence of cattle and shallower soils (neosoil and cambisoil). The boar density seems to be temporarily stable (0,48 ind/Km2) and the species is not evenly distributed in the PNA region. The abundance of wild boar was negatively related to the percentage of agricultural area; the higher the percentage of agricultural area, the lower the abundance of wild boar. Probably due the hunting pressure in agricultural areas and the availability of resources in the forest throughout the year while in agricultural areas the resources are mainly available in the summer. The variables of the model that best explained the variation found in the density and height of araucaria regenerating were phytoecological region, lithosoil, density of adults, surfaces dug by boars, and large mammals. Regarding human perception of the boar in the region, 86.1% considered the coexistence among landowners with the wild boar negative because of the damage this animal causes in the fields mainly in corn (82.8%) and soybean (34.5%) crops. Regarding native plants, they reported that the boar feeds mainly of araucaria (91.7%), guabiroba (47.2%) and imbuia (30.6%) and interferes with the regeneration of native species (27.8%). They reported the existence of hunting in 55.5% of the properties, mainly active hunting with dogs (65%). Therefore, the boar is a common species in relation to the native medium and large-sized mammals in the region of the Araucaria National Park and cause environmental and socioeconomic damage in the region. specific planning control and monitoring of this exotic invasive species should be carried out in the park area, and mitigation strategies for small local farmers should be sought, encouraging studies and the use of local ecological knowledge to support management actions.

Les systèmes de post-traitement qui combinent diverses fonctionnalités dans un même dispositif catalytique sont considérées comme une solution efficace pour réussir l’objectif définie par les restrictives futures normes qui régulent les émissions de l'industrie automobile. Ils permettent non seulement de réduire les coûts intrinsèques dus à l’encombrement mais aussi, dans certains cas, de favoriser les réactions catalytiques par des effets thermiques ou synergiques. Ce concept est particulièrement étudié pour les moteurs Diesel dont la ligne d'échappement peut comprendre jusqu'à quatre éléments. La réduction des NOx peut être réalisée par réduction catalytique sélective de l'ammoniac sur filtre (NH3-SCRF) en utilisant des catalyseurs à base de zéolite échangée par Cu ou Fe. Ce filtre à suie catalysé assume simultanément deux fonctions: l'élimination des particules et la réduction des espèces de NOx vers N2 et de l’eau. En ce qui concerne les catalyseurs SCR, la couche active est classiquement déposée sur les parois d'un substrat de grande porosité dont les canaux sont bloqués à des extrémités alternatives. Une porosité accrue du substrat du filtre (tel que la cordiérite ou SiC) est nécessaire pour permettre le dépôt de la quantité de phase de catalyseur nécessaire pour le traitement des émissions gazeuses en assurant une filtration efficace et sans produire un effet de contre-pression du system. En plus, il est nécessaire de remarquer que des nouvelles réactions se produiront dans ce système puisque la suie Diesel, le NOx et l'agent réducteur sont présents dans la même unité pour la première fois. Selon la littérature actuellement disponible, les polluants et la suie peuvent interagir de trois manières principales: 1) la suie bloque l'accessibilité du flux gazeux aux sites actifs «classiques» du catalyseur; 2) possibilité de réduction des NOx sur les particules de suie; et enfin, 3) la présence de suie affecte les performances des réactions SCR ou, au contraire, les réactions SCR affectent le processus d'oxydation des particules jusqu'à ce que la compétition pour le NO2 soit produite
Aftertreatment systems that combine various functionalities into the same catalytic device are considered to be an efficient solution to reach the target defined by the restrictive future emission standards that regulate the automotive industry emissions. They are able not only to reduce the intrinsic costs due to the packaging but also, in some cases, to promote catalytic reactions by thermal or synergistic effects. This concept is being particularly explored for Diesel engines whose exhaust line may comprise up to four separate elements. NOx abatement can be accomplished by ammonia selective catalytic reduction on filter (NH3-SCRF) using Cu or Fe-exchanged zeolite-based as catalysts. This catalysed soot filter assumes two functions, simultaneously: removal of particles and reduction of NOx species towards N2. Regarding the SCR catalysts, the active layer is conventionally deposited onto the walls of a high porosity substrate whose channels are blocked at alternative ends. An increased porosity of the filter (such as cordierite or SiC) substrate is required to allow the deposition of the amount of catalyst phase needed for the treatment of gaseous emissions while efficient filtration and without producing a backpressure effect. Furthermore, it is necessary to remark that new reactions will occur in this system as Diesel soot, NOx and the reductant agent are present in the same unit for the first time. Accordingly to the literature currently available, there are three main ways that NOx pollutants and soot may interact: 1) soot blocking the accessibility of gas flow to “classic” active sites of the catalyst; 2) possibility of NOx reduction takes place over the soot particles; and finally, 3) soot presence affects SCR reactions performance or, contrarily, SCR reactions affects PM oxidation process as far as competition for NO2 will be produced

Anexos fetais como cordão umbilical, membrana amniótica e líquido amniótico foram recentemente sugeridos como fontes ideais de diferentes linhagens de células-tronco, devido à natureza não invasiva do procedimento de isolamento, a grande massa de tecido para colheita de células com alta eficiência e os potenciais de diferenciação. Portanto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar morfologicamente as membranas extraembrionárias através de microscopia de luz e imunohistoquímica e analisar as células oriundas do saco vitelino suíno visando caracterizar qual seu potencial como possível fonte de células-tronco pluripotentes, para futuro uso na terapia regenerativa. Para a imunohistoquímica das membranas, as membranas foram processadas pelas técnicas rotineiras de histologia e em seguida os blocos foram cortados sequencialmente e colocados em laminas previamente silanizadas, o protocolo de imunohistoquímica foi o convencional utilizando os seguintes anti-corpos: Citoqueratina e VEGF. Foram feitos ensaios de concentração e viabilidade celular, avaliação do crescimento celular, caracterização por citometria de fluxo utilizando anticorpos específicos (CD105, NANOG, CD45 e Oct-3/4) e caracterização por imunohistoquímica utilizando os seguintes anti-corpo: CD90, CD105, CD117, Vimentina, Stro-1, Oct-4, VEGF, Beta Tubulina, Citoqueratina e PCNA. O saco vitelino situava-se na porção ventral do embrião, próximo ao cordão umbilical, se mostrando como uma estrutura pequena, contendo poucos vasos e com coloração amarelada, este também apresentou como uma estrutura trilaminar (endoderma, mesênquima e mesotélio), onde a endoderme possuía um epitélio simples cubico, o mesênquima possuindo uma grande quantidade de tecido conjuntivo e o mesotélio contendo células achatadas. O amnio mostrou-se ligado intimamente ao embrião, sendo a primeira membrana fetal considerando a ordem embrião/útero, possuía forma oval e coloração transparente, histologicamente esta membrana é composta por 2 camadas distintas, um epitélio simples pavimentoso e um mesênquima contendo uma substancia amorfa com pouca quantidade de células. A membrana coriônica mostrou-se pouco rugosa e a membrana alantóidea como uma estrutura em forma de meia lua, possuindo uma intensa vascularização, conforme a evolução da gestação fica quase impossível à percepção das duas, formando a membrana córioalantoidea. O córion é constituído por uma camada de células arredondadas, dispostas em formato linear, já o alantoide é caracterizado por seu mesênquima amorfo com uma quantidade pequena de células. Em relação a imunohistoquima todas as membranas expressaram os marcadores VEGF e Citoqueratina. As celulas do saco vitelino mostraram aderência ao plástico e possuindo uma morfologia fusiforme, semelhante a fibroblastos, estas atingiram a confluência de 70% em aproximadamente 20 dias, estas celulas foram mantidas ate a passagem 4, onde posteriormente ocorreu morte celular. Estas celulas possuíam imunofenoipagem semelhante as celulas-tronco mesênquimais e hematopoiéticas, expressando marcadores como CD105, CD90, CD117, Vimentina, Stro-1, Oct-4, VEGF, Beta Tubulina, Citoqueratina, Nanog e PCNA. Do estudo realizado pode-se concluir que: existem células especificas em cada membrana extraembrionária, e que as celulas oriundas do saco vitelino possuem características semelhantes as celulas-tronco mesênquimais e embrionárias, sendo considerada uma ferramenta importante para futuros estudos experimentais de terapia celular na medicina veterinária regenerativa.
Fetal attachments as umbilical cord, amnion and amniotic fluid have recently been suggested as ideal sources of different strains of stem cells, due to the noninvasive nature of the isolation procedure, the large mass of tissue to harvest cells with high efficiency and potential differentiation. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze morphologically membranes extraembryonic by light microscopy and immunohistochemistry and analyze the cells from the yolk sac to characterize this cells as to potential as a possible source of pluripotent stem cells for future use in regenerative therapy. For immunohistochemistry, the membranes were processed by routine histological techniques, and then the blocks were cut sequentially and placed on silanized slides previously, the protocol was the immunohistochemistry conventional using the following antibodies: Cytokeratin and VEGF. Trials were made for concentration and cell viability, cell growth evaluation, and the characterization by flow cytometry using specific antibodies (CD105, NANOG, CD45 and Oct-3/4) and characterization by immunohistochemistry using the following antibody: CD90, CD105, CD117, vimentin, Stro-1, Oct-4, VEGF, beta tubulin, Cytokeratin and PCNA. The yolk sac stood in the ventral portion of the embryo near the umbilical cord, proving how a structure small, few vessels and with yellowed, this also presented as a trilaminar structure (endoderm, mesenchyme and mesothelium), where the endoderm had a simple cubic epithelium, the mesenchyme with a large amount of connective tissue and the mesothelium with flattened cells. The amnio shown to be deeply linked to the embryo, being the first membrane fetal considering the order embryo/uterus, and had oval-shaped transparent coloring, histologically this membrane is composed of two distinct layers, a simple squamous epithelium and mesenchyme containing an amorphous substance with a small amount of cells. The chorionic membrane showed little wrinkles and alantoic membrane structure as a crescent-shaped, having an intense vascularization, and the evolution of the pregnancy is almost impossible the perception of the two, forming the membrane chorioallantoid. The corium is constituted by a layer of round cells, arranged in linear format, as the allantois is characterized by its mesenchyme amorphous with a small amount of cells. Relative to immunohistochemical all membranes expressing VEGF and cytokeratin markers. The yolk sac cells showed adherence to plastic and a spindle-like morphology, similar to fibroblasts, they reached confluence of 70% in about 20 days, these cells were maintained until passage 4, where later cell death occurred. These cells had similar imunofenoipagem the mesenchymal stem cells and hematopoietic cells expressing markers such as CD105, CD90, CD117, vimentin, Stro-1, Oct-4, VEGF, Beta Tubulin, Cytokeratin, Nanog and PCNA. From the study it can be concluded that: there are specific cells in each extraembrionária membrane, and that the cells derived from the yolk sac have characteristics similar to mesenchymal stem cells and embryonic, and being considered an important tool for future experimental studies of cell therapy in medicine veterinary regenerative.

La selezione degli habitat del cinghiale è stata studiata nel Parco Regionale della Valle del Ticino, raccogliendo dati sulla distribuzione e abbondanza dei segni di presenza lungo 30 itinerari (lunghezza media 8,02 km, SD = 2,97) rilevati in autunno-inverno e primavera. Abbiamo confrontato l'uso dei diversi tipi di habitat con la loro disponibilità dall'indice α di Manly-Chesson. Per stimare l'effetto della composizione dell'habitat sulla presenza di cinghiali, abbiamo formulato una funzione di probabilità di selezione delle risorse (RSPF) mediante analisi di regressione logistica binaria (BLRA). Per analizzare la presenza nei diversi tipi di habitat, abbiamo effettuato analisi di correlazione e regressione tra l'Indice di Abbondanza Chilometrica (IKA) e la percentuale di tipi di habitat sugli itinerari. Il cinghiale principalmente seleziona i boschi decidui durante tutto l'anno, le foreste di conifere sono utilizzate secondo la loro disponibilità mentre le risaie e le aree urbanizzate vengono evitate. I prati sono prevalentemente utilizzati durante l'autunno e l'inverno mentre in primavera la presenza del cinghiale è più alta nelle zone dove la lunghezza dei margini del bosco è maggiore. Il modello logistico formulato mostra che le foreste decidue ad alta densità hanno influenzato positivamente la probabilità di presenza di cinghiali. Prati e campi hanno invece mostrato un'influenza negativa. La Zona di Protezione Speciale “Risaie della Lomellina” è stata oggetto di uno studio per determinare l'impatto del cinghiale sui terreni coltivati e formulare un modello di previsione del rischio attraverso un'analisi di regressione logistica binaria. I danni hanno riguardato quasi esclusivamente il mais e si sono concentrati in primavera ed estate. Casi sporadici di danni hanno riguardato campi di riso, soia e sorgo. Il rischio di danni è risultato maggiore nei campi vicini alle foreste, lontano dalle strade principali, dalle aree urbane e dalle siepi continue, e nelle aree a bassa densità di popolazione umana. Nel Parco Naturale della Valle del Ticino, dal 2010 al 2017, il 49% delle denunce riporta un evento di danno al mais e il 43% ai prati. La spesa complessiva per rimborsi del mais è stata pari a 439.341,52 euro, con danni concentrati a maggio e tra agosto e settembre. Per i prati i rimborsi sono stati pari a 324.768,66 euro, con eventi di danno concentrati nei mesi di febbraio e marzo. Per ridurre i danni alle colture, l'amministrazione del Parco ha effettuato un controllo letale della popolazione di cinghiali. Dal 2006 al 2017, il metodo di controllo più utilizzato è stato l'abbattimento da altana. Non abbiamo trovato relazioni significative tra il numero di cinghiali abbattuti e l'entità del danno. I fattori che determinano la diminuzione della probabilità di danni alle colture sono principalmente legati al disturbo antropico e alle caratteristiche dei campi e il modello predittivo del rischio di danno ha mostrato una buona capacità predittiva. Le analisi della vitalità della popolazione hanno mostrato che non è possibile ottenere una riduzione drastica con l'attuale tasso di prelievo. Triplicandolo e concentrandolo sulle femmine e sui subadulti si otterrebbe una riduzione numerica del 50% della popolazione in 7 anni e la probabilità di sopravvivenza della popolazione sarebbe dimezzata in 3 anni. Tra marzo e agosto 2019 abbiamo studiato i fattori che influenzano la selezione dell'habitat alimentare del cinghiale e l'impatto del grufolamento sulla flora nemorale. L'alimentazione durante la primavera e l'estate sembra concentrata nelle zone boschive caratterizzate da suoli freschi, dove lo spessore della lettiera è maggiore e il contenuto di frutti, soprattutto ghiande, è maggiore. Nonostante la correlazione significativa tra rooting e presenza delle nemorali non sembra esserci un effetto significativo e negativo sul numero e l'abbondanza di specie presenti.
The habitat selection by the wild boar was studied in the Ticino Valley Regional Park. The study was carried out collecting data on distribution and abundance of presence signs along 30 itineraries (average length 8.02 km, SD = 2.97) surveyed in autumn-winter and spring. We firstly compared the use of the different habitat types with their availability by the Manly-Chesson α index. To estimate the effect of habitat composition on wild boar presence we formulated a Resource Selection Probability Function (RSPF) by Binary Logistic Regression Analysis (BLRA). To analyse the attendance of the different type of habitats by the species we carried out correlation and regression analyses between the Index of Kilometric Abundance (IKA) and the percentage of habitat types on the itineraries. Wild boar mainly selected woodland during the whole year, coniferous forests are used as availability while rice fields and urbanized areas avoided. The meadows are mainly used during autumn and winter while in spring the presence of wild boar was higher in areas where the length of the forest edges is greater. The logistic model formulated show that high-density deciduous forests positively affected the probability of wild boar presence. Meadows and fields instead showed a negative influence. The Special Protection Area “Risaie della Lomellina” was the subject of a study that aimed to determine the impact of wild boar on croplands and to formulate a risk prediction model through a binary logistic regression analysis. Damage events almost exclusively involved maize, and were concentrated in spring and summer. Sporadic cases of damage concerned rice, soybean and sorghum fields. The risk of damage was higher in fields close to forests, far from main roads, urban areas and continuous hedgerows, and in areas with low human population densities. In the Ticino Valley Natural Park, from 2010 to 2017, 49% of the complaints report an event of damage to maize and 43% to meadows. The total expense for reimbursements of the maize amounted to € 439,341.52, with damages concentrated in May, after sowing period and between August and September, during the milky stage of maize. For meadows, reimbursements amounted to € 324,768.66, with damage events concentrated in February and March. To reduce damage to crops, the Park administration carried out lethal control of the wild boar population. From 2006 to 2017, the most used control method was culling from hides. In our analysis, we did not find significant relationships between the number of shot boars and the amount of damage. The factors that determine the decrease in the probability of damage to crops are mainly related to human disturbance and the characteristics of the fields. The predictive model of damage risk showed a good predictive ability. The Population Viability Analyses showed that it is not possible to obtain a drastic reduction with the current harvest rate. By tripling it and focusing on the females and sub-adult a numerical reduction of 50% of the population would be achievable in 7 years and the probability of population survival would be halved in 3 years. Between March and August 2019 we investigated the factors influencing feeding habitat selection of the wild boar, and the impact of rooting on nemoral flora. Feeding during spring and summer seems concentrated in wooded areas characterized by fresh soils, where the thickness of the litter is greater and the mast content, especially acorns, is greater. We found a significant correlation between the intensity of rooting and the presence of nemoral species, it does not seem to have a significant and negative effect on the number of species present or their abundance in the sampled areas. The floristic diversity and the dominance ratios are not influenced by the rooting intensity.

Cette thèse a pour objectif l'étude épidémiologique de zoonoses chez le sanglier en Corse afin d'éclairer l'analyse et la gestion du risque zoonotique. La première partie décrit la démarche d'analyse du risque et les données nécessaires à son estimation, met en évidence que le sanglier, porteur potentiel de nombreux agents pathogènes, est un modèle biologique intéressant pour le suivi de maladies transmissibles à l'Homme par ingestion ou manipulation de carcasses, et décrit le contexte d'étude, la Corse, notamment sur le plan cynégétique et de l'élevage. La seconde partie présente le dispositif mis en place pour la collecte des données, un réseau d'épidémiosurveillance active à l'échelle de la région insulaire, puis l'étude épidémiologique de trois agents zoonotiques (respectivement maladies) : Trichinella britovi (trichinellose), Toxoplasma gondii (toxoplasmose) et Mycobacterium bovis (tuberculose bovine). A l'issue de nos travaux, le risque de trichinellose, avéré en 2004, demeure difficile à évaluer mais plausible, nécessitant le maintien des consignes de prévention (cuisson de la viande, test des carcasses commercialisées). Le risque de toxoplasmose est fort sur l'ensemble de l'île et davantage encore dans les zones à forte densité d'exploitations agricoles. Le risque de tuberculose apparaît majeur à considérer, le bacille étant présent à la fois chez les sangliers et chez des porcs ou bovins de quatre régions corses. Nos travaux concluent en l'importance d'une meilleure gestion des carcasses et viscères d'animaux sanvages et domestiques, et la nécessité d'une coordination pérenne du dispositif mis en place pour le suivi des zoonoses en Corse.

European wild boars (Sus scrofa) are kept in Swedish enclosures for hunting and meat production purposes. The sows are known to undergo behavioural changes in connection with farrowing and their natural behaviours may be compromised by the limited area of the enclosure. The general aim of this thesis was to provide detailed quantitative data on wild boar sows when farrowing in captivity and to report whether possible needs can be compromised by the limitations of an enclosure. Specifically, it was aimed to provide a quantitative and functional account of the occurrence of infanticide, and its possible relations to welfare of confined wild boars. A field study was carried out in a hunting enclosure, where 1200 hours of behavioural recordings and data from 22 farrowings were collected. The farrowing period could be divided into three phases: pre-farrowing, isolation and sociality phases (in relation to farrowing: day -14 to -1, day 1 to 8, day 9 to 14 respectively). The activity decreased during isolation and increased in the sociality phase. The average distance to other individuals increased during isolation and decreased in the sociality phase. Habitat use changed towards more protective habitats after farrowing (Paper I). Non-maternal infanticide was documented in 14 out of 22 litters. Infanticide, typically performed by an older and larger sow than the mother, caused the deaths of all neonates in all but one affected litters. We found no effect of relatedness. A questionnaire sent to 112 owners of enclosures in Sweden and Finland resulted in 62 responses. Although the owners were often not able to provide exact figures on reproduction and mortality, nonmaternal infanticide was reported to be the most common cause of piglet mortality. The occurrence of infanticide was unrelated to size of enclosure and to variations in husbandry routines. All together results may suggest that non-maternal infanticide is part of the normal behavioural repertoire in wild boars (Paper II). The studies of this thesis reveals the farrowing period as the most dynamic and perhaps most challenging for wild boar sows in enclosures. There are serious welfare concerns in the husbandry of wild boars in Swedish enclosures. The most obvious welfare problem is non-maternal infanticide, where both sows and piglets are assumed to suffer, and where the outcome from the action must be considered unacceptable. If wild boar husbandry shall be equated with other animal husbandry in our society, it needs to be regulated to overcome many of the presented potential welfare problems in this thesis.
Europeiskt vildsvin (Sus scrofa) hålls i svenska hägn för jakt och köttproduktion. I samband med grisning genomgår suggan beteendeförändringar och där kan suggans naturliga beteenden tänkas hindras av de begränsningar som hägnet utgör. Det övergripande syftet med den här avhandlingen var att redovisa detaljerade kvantitativa uppgifter om vildsvinsuggors grisning i ett jakthägn, samt att rapportera om möjliga behov hos suggan äventyras på grund av begränsningarna av ett hägn. Särskilt syftar avhandlingen till att ge en kvantitativ och funktionell beskrivning av förekomsten av infanticid (kultingdödlighet orsakad av artfrände) och dess eventuella påverkan på hägnade vildsvins välfärd. En fältstudie genomfördes i ett jakthägn, där 1200 timmar beteendeobservationer och data från 22 grisningar samlades in. Grisningsperioden kunde delas in i tre faser: grisnings-, isolerings- och sociala fasen (i relation till grisningsdagen: dag -14 till -1, dag 1 till 8, respektive dag 9 till 14). Aktiviteten minskade under isoleringsfasen och ökade i sociala fasen. Det genomsnittliga avståndet till andra individer ökade under isoleringsfasen och minskade i sociala fasen. Habitatutnyttjandet förändrades mot mer skyddande habitat efter grisningen (Paper I). I 14 av 22 kullar observerades icke-maternell infanticid. Infanticiden utfördes vanligtvis av en äldre och större sugga än modern, och var orsaken till att alla kultingar dog i alla utom en av berörda kullar. Det fanns ingen släktskapseffekt på infanticiden. En enkät som skickades till 112 hägnägare i Sverige och Finland resulterade i 62 svar. Trots att ägarna ofta inte kunde ge exakta siffror på reproduktion och dödlighet så rapporterades icke-maternell infanticid som den vanligaste orsaken till kultingdödlighet. Förekomsten av infanticid saknade samband med storlek på hägn och variationer i rutiner för djurhållningen. Resultaten tyder på att icke-maternell infanticid är en del av den normala beteenderepertoaren hos vildsvin (Paper II). Studierna i denna avhandling visar att grisningsperioden kan vara den mest dynamiska och kanske svåraste för vildsvinsuggor i hägn. Det finns allvarliga djurskyddsproblem i djurhållningen av vildsvin i svenska hägn. Det mest uppenbara välfärdsproblemet är icke-maternell infanticid, där både suggor och kultingar antas lida, och där resultatet av beteendet måste anses oacceptabelt. Om vildsvinshållning skall likställas med annan djurhållning i vårt samhälle, behöver den regleras för att övervinna många av de potentiella djurskyddsproblem som påvisas i denna avhandling.

A balance between large-scale and small-scale disturbance is important for maintaining species diversity on landscape level. Wild boar rooting contributes to small-scale disturbance when leaving patches bare of soil. Knowledge is scarce regarding their impact on soil properties in managed spruce forests in south-west Sweden. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of wild boar rooting on soil physical and chemical properties, by taking soil samples from the centre, the edge and outside of disturbed patches. Rooting activities significantly increased soil moisture, organic matter, total N and pH but did not affect total P in this study. Areas with high number of disturbed patches had higher soil moisture and organic matter compared to areas with intermediate and few disturbed patches. These new soil characteristics can favour species diversity and ultimately increase productivity in managed forests. The results of this study indicate that wild boar activity contributes to more positive than negative effects in managed spruce forests and focus should therefore lie on preventing wild boar rooting in other areas more sensitive to this disturbance. It is also important to disseminate information and knowledge about the wild boar's positive and negative impact on managed forests in order to better prevent the negative effects and strengthen the positive ones.

La Tafonomia permet entendre els processos que pateixen els cossos post mortem. L’objectiu de la present Tesi Doctoral és relacionar els efectes tafonòmics observats en diferents enterraments amb els possibles agents i processos tafonòmics que els van causar. Per a això, es van crear les instal·lacions Taphos-m amb 26 estructures funeràries de diferents característiques constructives (espai buit vs. espai colmatat) i reproduint enterraments amb calç i embalatge de tela. En elles van ser enterrats exemplars de Sus scrofa domestica de característiques biològiques conegudes. Es va realitzar un seguiment continuat de les instal·lacions i entre 3 i 6 anys després de l’inici del projecte es van analitzar els enterraments. El pas del temps va modificar de manera considerable l’estat de les instal·lacions: la vegetació va créixer de forma abundant cobrint completament les estructures funeràries; es van produir depressions del terreny de les fosses simples que es van mantenir en el temps; i el despreniment del turó pròxim a les instal·lacions va cobrir de sediment i danyar algunes estructures funeràries provocant la pèrdua de la hermeticitat de totes elles. A cada intervenció es va valorar l’estat cadavèric de les carcasses, la distribució espacial òssia, les modificacions en la superfície cortical dels ossos i la fragmentació òssia, i es van intentar relacionar amb els possibles agents i processos responsables, entre ells, la fauna cadavèrica i els fongs associats als enterraments. La tipologia de l’estructura funerària va determinar l’estat cadavèric de les carcasses i va donar lloc a diferents patrons de distribució espacial òssia, des de articulat estricte a desplaçat. Els canvis en la superfície cortical dels ossos (canvis de coloració, taques, perforacions, exfoliació, etc.) i la fragmentació òssia van ser ocasionades per diferents agents i processos tafonòmics, majoritàriament de naturalesa biològica. A més, es van identificar diferents grups d’insectes en els enterraments de Taphos-m: necròfags, necròfils, omnívors i espècies oportunistes que van colonitzar les carcasses pre- i post-deposició dels porcs en les estructures funeràries. La manca d’un protocol de treball estandarditzat per al mostreig i estudi de les colònies fúngiques associades als enterraments va suposar el disseny de diferents estratègies de treball per Taphos-m. El mostreig amb plaques de contacte RODAC amb un mitjà de cultiu amb antibiòtic va garantir el creixement i posterior estudi de les colònies al laboratori. Tot i que la majoria de colònies identificades ja havien estat relacionades amb cossos en descomposició, 14 gèneres no s’havien vinculat mai a aquest tipus de substrat. En conclusió, en les estructures d’espai buit es van conservar més els teixits tous i la tela de cotó, les carcasses es van desarticular, els ossos van presentar una coloració més fosca i amb taques pels líquids de la descomposició, hi va haver major accés de la fauna cadavèrica colonitzadora post-deposició i en els enterraments amb calç es va observar la crosta de calç envoltant la carcassa. En canvi, en les estructures colmatadas, les carcasses estaven esqueletizadas i, en general, van mantenir la distribució espacial òssia, la coloració dels ossos va ser més clara pel contacte prolongat i directe amb el sediment, l’accés de la fauna cadavèrica va estar limitat i només es van observar petits residus de calç.
La Tafonomía permite entender los procesos que sufren los cuerpos post mortem. El objetivo de la presente Tesis Doctoral es relacionar los efectos tafonómicos observados en diferentes enterramientos con los posibles agentes y procesos tafonómicos que los causaron. Para ello, se crearon las instalaciones Taphos-m con 26 estructuras funerarias de distintas características constructivas (espacio vacío vs. espacio colmatado) y reproduciendo enterramientos con cal y envoltura de tela. En ellas fueron enterrados ejemplares de Sus scrofa domestica de características biológicas conocidas. Se realizó un seguimiento continuado de las instalaciones y entre 3 y 6 años después del inicio del proyecto se analizaron todos los enterramientos. El paso del tiempo modificó de manera considerable el estado de las instalaciones: la vegetación creció de forma abundante cubriendo por completo las estructuras funerarias; se produjeron depresiones del terreno de las fosas simples que se mantuvieron en el tiempo; y el desprendimiento del montículo próximo a las instalaciones colmató de sedimento y dañó algunas estructuras funerarias provocando la pérdida de la hermeticidad de todas ellas. En cada intervención se valoró el estado cadavérico de las carcasas, la distribución espacial ósea, las modificaciones en la superficie cortical de los huesos y la fragmentación ósea, y se intentaron relacionar con los posibles responsables, entre ellos, la fauna cadavérica y los hongos asociados a los enterramientos. La tipología de la estructura funeraria determinó el estado cadavérico de las carcasas y dio lugar a distintos patrones de distribución espacial ósea, desde articulado estricto a desplazado. Los cambios en la superficie cortical de los huesos (cambios de coloración, manchas, perforaciones, exfoliación, etc.) y la fragmentación ósea fueron ocasionadas por distintos agentes y procesos tafonómicos, en su mayoría de naturaleza biológica. Además, se identificaron diferentes grupos de insectos en los enterramientos de Taphos-m: necrófagos, necrófilos, omnívoros y especies oportunistas que colonizaron las carcasas pre- y post-deposición de los cerdos en las estructuras funerarias. La falta de un protocolo de trabajo estandarizado para el muestreo y estudio de las colonias fúngicas asociadas a los enterramientos supuso el diseño de distintas estrategias de trabajo para Taphos-m. El muestreo con placas de contacto RODAC con un medio de cultivo con antibiótico garantizó el crecimiento y posterior estudio de las colonias en el laboratorio. Aunque la mayoría de colonias identificadas ya habían sido relacionadas con cuerpos en descomposición, 14 géneros no se habían vinculado nunca a este tipo de substrato. En conclusión, en las estructuras de espacio vacío se conservaron más los tejidos blandos y la tela de algodón, las carcasas se desarticularon, los huesos presentaron una coloración más oscura y con manchas por los líquidos de la descomposición, hubo mayor acceso de la fauna cadavérica colonizadora post-deposición y en los enterramientos con cal se observó la costra de cal rodeando la carcasa. En cambio, en las estructuras colmatadas, las carcasas estaban esqueletizadas y, en general, mantuvieron la distribución espacial ósea, la coloración de los huesos fue más clara por el contacto prolongado con el sedimento, el acceso de la fauna cadavérica estuvo limitado y solo se observaron pequeños residuos de cal.
Taphonomy helps to understand the issues related to changes of the cadaveric remains. The aim of this PhD is to relate the taphonomic effects observed in different type of burials with its probable causative agents and taphonomic processes. Therefore, the Taphos-m experimental project was born. It consisted of 26 funerary structures with different burial types ("empty space" vs. simple fosses), reproducing burials with lime and cotton cloth. In these facilities, 26 samples of Sus scrofa domestica were buried, whose ante mortem information was known. The Taphos-m facilities were monitored and 3-6 years after the burials, all the funerary structures were opened. There were several changes in the facilities produced by the growth of vegetation, the presence of depression of the grave fill and the detachment of the mound near the facilities, causing the loss of the impenetrability of the burials. In every intervention, the cadaveric state of the carcasses, the articulation pattern, the modification in the cortical surface of the bones and the bone fragmentation were analysed, and it was tried to relate them with the possible cause, such as insects and fungi. The type of the funerary structure determined the cadaveric state of the carcasses and the different articulation patterns. Changes in the cortical surface of the bones (for example, discoloration, staining, perforation and exfoliation) and the bone fragmentation were caused by different taphonomic agents and processes, mostly biological. Different groups of insects were identified in the Taphos-m burials that colonized pig carcasses pre- and post-deposition. Protocols and different sampling strategies were designed for the study of fungi, due to the lack of standardized work methods. Sampling with RODAC contact plates with antibiotic culture medium was the best sampling strategy, since it guaranteed the growth of the colonies in the laboratory. Even though the most of the colonies identified in the Taphos-m burials had already been related to cadavers, it was the first time for 14 genera. In conclusion, in the "empty space" burials, the soft tissues and the cotton cloth were better conserved; the carcasses were disarticulated; the bones presented a darker coloration and stains appeared because of the decomposition liquids; there was greater access for the insects; and lime plates around the pig carcass were observed. Nevertheless, in the simple fosses, the carcasses were skeletonized and articulated; the coloration of the bones was clearer due to prolonged contact with the sediment; the access of the fauna was limited; and only small residues of lime were observed.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Biodiversitat