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Статті в журналах з теми "Science-intensive products"
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Smolentsev, Vladislav, Sergey Kovalev, and Natalia Potashnikova. "Technological methods for science intensive product life increase." Science intensive technologies in mechanical engineering 2021, no. 7 (July 30, 2021): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/2223-4608-2021-7-3-11.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The analysis of results of technological impact research upon operation characteristics of science intensive products and the ways to increase parts life of a hot area in aircraft and rocket jet engines is shown. It is shown that the basic factor of promising products for life increase consists in thermal-insulation increase and cooling jet nozzles and combustion chambers. For this the investigations are carried out for new heat-resistant material and protective coating development.
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Чудин, В., and V. Chudin. "Science intensive technology in steel plates pressure joint." Science intensive technologies in mechanical engineering 2, no. 3 (June 1, 2017): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/24965.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The processes and computation of modes for the pressure joining of parts and structures under isothermal conditions are offered. The state of material under deformation is assumed to be creeping-plastic. The power method for the computation of technology parameters is used. The technological data and samples of products are shown.
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Tashchiyan, G. O. "Organizing Automated Ted Dialogue on the Competitiveness of Science-Intensive Products." Applied Mechanics and Materials 379 (August 2013): 240–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.379.240.
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Batkovskiy, Aleksandr, Aleksandr Leonov, Aleksey Pronin, Alexander Chursin, and Evgeniy Nesterov. "Regulation of the Dynamics of Creating High-Tech Products." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.14 (July 25, 2018): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.14.16904.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The existing models for regulating the dynamics of the creation of science-intensive products are very fragmented; they are based on various initial data and do not allow giving a comprehensive assessment of the feasibility of RandD for the creation of science-intensive products within a given time, especially in risk.Financial and economic risk; scientific, industrial and technological risk. Taking into account these types of risk, we introduce a methodical tool. This is a complex model for regulating economic dynamics designed for a probabilistic and cost description of the dynamics and results of the creation of science-intensive products.The model provides a complex tech-economic evaluation of projects to develop high-tech products in risk. This model has a universal character and can be used in all branches of economics of a technologically developed country. In practice, this complex model can be useful at the stage of selection of competing organizations designs with the purpose of evaluating their capacity to implement projects, as well as at the stage of adjusting the funding plan and cost estimates for the creation of science-intensive products.This model may be used in planning bodies to assess the capabilities of design organizations in the implementation of orders for the creation of science-intensive products.
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Chekh, Laura, and Serhii Voitko. "COMMERCIALIZATION OF PRODUCTS OF SCIENCE PRODUCTS OF UKRAINE IN INTERNATIONAL MARKETS." Economic Analysis, no. 30(4) (2020): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2020.04.101.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The problems of commercialization of science-intensive products in international markets are identified. The aim is to study the current state of the high-tech sector of Ukraine's economy and to analyze innovative technologies and scientific and technological progress in the period of globalization. The expediency of taking into account and ensuring the competitiveness of the state economy in the conditions of Industry 4.0 is revealed. It is noted about the expediency of effectively realizing the export potential for high-tech products. A critical analysis of a number of agreements at the intergovernmental level on cooperation in science and technology is presented. Innovative activity in the period of globalization is analyzed. The problems that have become a threat to the further development of Ukraine's economy are outlined. The need to attract foreign direct investment in order to overcome economic problems is substantiated.
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Tashchiyan, G. O., A. V. Sushko, and M. S. Kaz. "The Subjects of Automated Competitiveness Monitoring of Science-Intensive Products in Engineering." Applied Mechanics and Materials 770 (June 2015): 701–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.770.701.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Manufacturing competitive science-intensive engineering products is one of the most important tendencies of the modern stage of Russian economy development. Various means are applied to assess the competitiveness including automated competitiveness monitoring of science-intensive products at machinery production. A separate issue is building a team of experts for the survey. To solve this problem we engage a forward-looking businessman, a professional manager, an independent expert and a potential consumer as the subjects of the dialogue.
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Kalinina, Polina, and Egor Medvedev. "MODEL OF INTEGRATED SYSTEM FOR QUALITY SUPPORT AT LIFE STAGES OF SCIENCE INTENSIVE PRODUCT." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2020, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/1999-8775-2020-12-66-70.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The work purpose is the development of the integrated model linking the information flows of product life cycle (PLC) processes for control effectiveness increase in manufacturing science intensive products.
During the investigation fulfillment there was used a method for the acting system analysis of an information flow at a science intensive enterprise on the basis of the regulation basis studied. The result of the work is a single information space model created first for science intensive product.
Conclusions: the model developed can be used by companies dealing with manufacturing science intensive product, for work effectiveness increase.
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Смоленцев, Владислав, Vladislav Smolentsev, Сергей Сафонов, Sergey Safonov, Андрей Мандрыкин, and Andrey Mandrykin. "Methodology of manufacturability optimization at introduction of science intensive aerospace products into production." Science intensive technologies in mechanical engineering 2019, no. 7 (July 1, 2019): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/article_5cf7bd2fd406e3.91911126.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The process of optimization in a combined engineering process choice is considered and a necessity to create new methods and technologies, and also a structure of technologist’s evidence basis at manufacturability optimization at the stage of the new products introduction into manufacturing and design changes agreement are substantiated.
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Manevich, B. V., and Zh I. Kuzina. "SCIENCE-INTENSIVE SOLUTIONS IN EQUIPMENT SANITATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OF FUNCTIONAL PRODUCTS." Cheesemaking and buttermaking, no. 5 (2021): 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31515/2073-4018-2021-5-43-45.
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Ivanisov, V. Y. "ANTIRECESSIONARY ORGANIZATIONAL-ECONOMIC APPROACHES TO FUNDING OF DEVELOPMENT." Strategic decisions and risk management, no. 3 (October 26, 2014): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17747/2078-8886-2014-3-.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The crisis of the developers of science intensive defense articles concerns with the loss of the companies’ scientific-manufacturing potential during the reforms of the domestic economics. Restoration of the scientific-manufacturing potential of the developers of science intensive defense articles is complicated by some facts including that the state customer of the development employs organizational-economic approaches to the development funding that doesn’t correspond to the development features. Organizational-economic approaches to the development funding used by the state customer create the prerequisites for their low profitability and unprofitableness, i.e. are “crisis”. Organizational-economic approaches to the development funding are realized through the contract management system of the development on the setting of the state contracts funding volume. It means that the contract management system of the development regarding funding (and price formation) and setting of manufacturing-property conditions doesn’t correspond to the development as a managed object. That inconsistency is one of the most important prerequisites of current crisis state of the science intensive products developers. Crisis state of the science intensive products developers shows up primarily in the decline of the quality and low profitability of the science intensive defense articles. The article shows antirecessionary organizational-economic approaches to funding and establishment of manufacturing-property conditions of the defense articles development that correspond to the development features, provide state support of the scientific-manufacturing potential of the developers of science intensive defense articles, provide antirecessionary development management and should be reflected in the contract management system of the development.
Дисертації з теми "Science-intensive products"
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Cedergren, Stefan. "Performance in Product Development - The Case of Complex Products." Doctoral thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-11215.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research addresses the concept of performance in the development of complex products. More specifically, its aim is to study how performance is perceived and measured within large global companies, and how performance measurement systems can be designed in a systematic way. The exploratory results regard how performance is currently perceived and measured. It is argued that performance measurements are focused on the later stages of the development of complex products, thus making it difficult to perform changes during the development. The focus is on lagging rather than leading indicators of performance, hence it is concluded that focus is on reporting the result rather than the causes of the result. In line with these findings is the weak link between what managers perceive as success factors and what is measured, the perception of performance being influenced by what is measured, rather than the reverse. The prescriptive results focus on the development of models and frameworks to be used during the development of complex products. A general method for developing performance indicators is presented. The concept of Products in Development is proposed, this making it possible to monitor how value is created during the development of a product. Both these models aim at complementing the currently used performance measurement system in order to support effective and efficient development of complex products. The method used in this research is mainly focused around the collection of qualitative data through a focused group interview, multiple case studies,and industrial reference-group seminars. A survey has also been used to complement the qualitative with quantitative data. The use of various research methods has made it possible to triangulate the data, thus strengthening the validity of the findings.
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Тверська, Яна Миколаївна. "Мультидисциплінарні групи в логістичній підтримці життєвого циклу наукомісткої продукції". Thesis, Національної академії Національної гвардії України, 2017. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/35100.
Повний текст джерела
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Єрьоменко, Ян Миколайович. "Моделювання динаміки ринку високотехнологічної продукції України". Магістерська робота, Київський національний університет технологій та дизайну, 2021. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/19471.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Дипломну магістерську роботу присвячено дослідженню теоретичних аспектів моделювання динаміки ринку високотехнологічної продукції України та проведенню компаративного аналізу переваг торгівлі високотехнологічною продукцією. Практичне значення одержаних результатів полягає у проведенні комплексного аналізу розвитку ринку високотехнологічної продукції України та ЄС, моделюванні розвитку торгівлі високотехнологічною продукцією на основі кореляційно-регресійного аналізу та визначенні шляхів підвищення ефективності торгівлі на ринку високотехнологічної продукції. Наукова новизна полягає у досконалому вивченні розвитку ринку високотехнологічної продукції України, аналізі факторів впливу та прогнозуванні перспектив його розвитку.The master's thesis is devoted to the study of theoretical aspects of modeling the dynamics of the market of high-tech products of Ukraine and conducting a comparative analysis of the benefits of trade in high-tech products. The practical significance of the obtained results is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the development of the market of high-tech products of Ukraine and the EU, modeling the development of trade in high-tech products based on correlation and regression analysis and identify ways to improve trade in high-tech products. Scientific novelty is a thorough study of the development of the market of hightech products of Ukraine, analysis of factors of influence and forecasting the prospects for its development.
Книги з теми "Science-intensive products"
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Managing Information Quality: Increasing the Value of Information in Knowledge-intensive Products and Processes. 2nd ed. Springer, 2006.
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Managing Information Quality: Increasing the Value of Information in Knowledge-intensive Products and Processes. Springer, 2010.
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Eppler, Martin J. Managing Information Quality: Increasing the Value of Information in Knowledge-intensive Products and Processes. Springer, 2014.
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Eppler, Martin J. Managing Information Quality: Increasing the Value of Information in Knowledge-intensive Products and Processes. Springer, 2003.
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Shengelia, Revaz. Modern Economics. Universal, Georgia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/rsme012021.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Economy and mankind are inextricably interlinked. Just as the economy or the production of material wealth is unimaginable without a man, so human existence and development are impossible without the wealth created in the economy. Shortly, both the goal and the means of achieving and realization of the economy are still the human resources. People have long ago noticed that it was the economy that created livelihoods, and the delays in their production led to the catastrophic events such as hunger, poverty, civil wars, social upheavals, revolutions, moral degeneration, and more. Therefore, the special interest of people in understanding the regulatory framework of the functioning of the economy has existed and exists in all historical epochs [A. Sisvadze. Economic theory. Part One. 2006y. p. 22]. The system of economic disciplines studies economy or economic activities of a society. All of them are based on science, which is currently called economic theory in the post-socialist space (the science of economics, the principles of economics or modern economics), and in most countries of the world - predominantly in the Greek-Latin manner - economics. The title of the present book is also Modern Economics. Economics (economic theory) is the science that studies the efficient use of limited resources to produce and distribute goods and services in order to satisfy as much as possible the unlimited needs and demands of the society. More simply, economics is the science of choice and how society manages its limited resources. Moreover, it should be emphasized that economics (economic theory) studies only the distribution, exchange and consumption of the economic wealth (food, beverages, clothing, housing, machine tools, computers, services, etc.), the production of which is possible and limited. And the wealth that exists indefinitely: no economic relations are formed in the production and distribution of solar energy, air, and the like. This current book is the second complete updated edition of the challenges of the modern global economy in the context of the coronary crisis, taking into account some of the priority directions of the country's development. Its purpose is to help students and interested readers gain a thorough knowledge of economics and show them how this knowledge can be applied pragmatically (professionally) in professional activities or in everyday life. To achieve this goal, this textbook, which consists of two parts and tests, discusses in simple and clear language issues such as: the essence of economics as a science, reasons for origin, purpose, tasks, usefulness and functions; Basic principles, problems and peculiarities of economics in different economic systems; Needs and demand, the essence of economic resources, types and limitations; Interaction, mobility, interchangeability and efficient use of economic resources. The essence and types of wealth; The essence, types and models of the economic system; The interaction of households and firms in the market of resources and products; Market mechanism and its elements - demand, supply and price; Demand and supply elasticity; Production costs and the ways to reduce them; Forms of the market - perfect and incomplete competition markets and their peculiarities; Markets for Production Factors and factor incomes; The essence of macroeconomics, causes and importance of origin; The essence and calculation of key macroeconomic indicators (gross national product, gross domestic product, net national product, national income, etc.); Macroeconomic stability and instability, unemployment, inflation and anti-inflationary policies; State regulation of the economy and economic policy; Monetary and fiscal policy; Income and standard of living; Economic Growth; The Corona Pandemic as a Defect and Effect of Globalization; National Economic Problems and New Opportunities for Development in the conditions of the Coronary Crisis; The Socio-economic problems of moral obsolescence in digital technologies; Education and creativity are the main solution way to overcome the economic crisis caused by the coronavirus; Positive and negative effects of tourism in Georgia; Formation of the middle class as a contributing factor to the development of tourism in Georgia; Corporate culture in Georgian travel companies, etc. The axiomatic truth is that economics is the union of people in constant interaction. Given that the behavior of the economy reflects the behavior of the people who make up the economy, after clarifying the essence of the economy, we move on to the analysis of the four principles of individual decision-making. Furtermore, the book describes how people make independent decisions. The key to making an individual decision is that people have to choose from alternative options, that the value of any action is measured by the value of what must be given or what must be given up to get something, that the rational, smart people make decisions based on the comparison of the marginal costs and marginal returns (benefits), and that people behave accordingly to stimuli. Afterwards, the need for human interaction is then analyzed and substantiated. If a person is isolated, he will have to take care of his own food, clothes, shoes, his own house and so on. In the case of such a closed economy and universalization of labor, firstly, its productivity will be low and, secondly, it will be able to consume only what it produces. It is clear that human productivity will be higher and more profitable as a result of labor specialization and the opportunity to trade with others. Indeed, trade allows each person to specialize, to engage in the activities that are most successful, be it agriculture, sewing or construction, and to buy more diverse goods and services from others at a relatively lower price. The key to such human interactions is that trade is mutually beneficial; That markets are usually the good means of coordination between people and that the government can improve the results of market functioning if the market reveals weakness or the results of market functioning are not fair. Moroever, it also shows how the economy works as a whole. In particular, it is argued that productivity is a key determinant of living standards, that an increase in the money supply is a major source of inflation, and that one of the main impediments to avoiding inflation is the existence of an alternative between inflation and unemployment in the short term, that the inflation decrease causes the temporary decline in unemployement and vice versa. The Understanding creatively of all above mentioned issues, we think, will help the reader to develop market economy-appropriate thinking and rational economic-commercial-financial behaviors, to be more competitive in the domestic and international labor markets, and thus to ensure both their own prosperity and the functioning of the country's economy. How he/she copes with the tasks, it is up to the individual reader to decide. At the same time, we will receive all the smart useful advices with a sense of gratitude and will take it into account in the further work. We also would like to thank the editor and reviewers of the books. Finally, there are many things changing, so it is very important to realize that the XXI century has come: 1. The century of the new economy; 2. Age of Knowledge; 3. Age of Information and economic activities are changing in term of innovations. 1. Why is the 21st century the century of the new economy? Because for this period the economic resources, especially non-productive, non-recoverable ones (oil, natural gas, coal, etc.) are becoming increasingly limited. According to the World Energy Council, there are currently 43 years of gas and oil reserves left in the world (see “New Commersant 2007 # 2, p. 16). Under such conditions, sustainable growth of real gross domestic product (GDP) and maximum satisfaction of uncertain needs should be achieved not through the use of more land, labor and capital (extensification), but through more efficient use of available resources (intensification) or innovative economy. And economics, as it was said, is the science of finding the ways about the more effective usage of the limited resources. At the same time, with the sustainable growth and development of the economy, the present needs must be met in a way that does not deprive future generations of the opportunity to meet their needs; 2. Why is the 21st century the age of knowledge? Because in a modern economy, it is not land (natural resources), labor and capital that is crucial, but knowledge. Modern production, its factors and products are not time-consuming and capital-intensive, but science-intensive, knowledge-intensive. The good example of this is a Japanese enterprise (firm) where the production process is going on but people are almost invisible, also, the result of such production (Japanese product) is a miniature or a sample of how to get the maximum result at the lowest cost; 3. Why is the 21st century the age of information? Because the efficient functioning of the modern economy, the effective organization of the material and personal factors of production largely depend on the right governance decision. The right governance decision requires prompt and accurate information. Gone are the days when the main means of transport was a sailing ship, the main form of data processing was pencil and paper, and the main means of transmitting information was sending letters through a postman on horseback. By the modern transport infrastructure (highways, railways, ships, regular domestic and international flights, oil and gas pipelines, etc.), the movement of goods, services and labor resoucres has been significantly accelerated, while through the modern means of communication (mobile phone, internet, other) the information is spreading rapidly globally, which seems to have "shrunk" the world and made it a single large country. The Authors of the book: Ushangi Samadashvili, Doctor of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University - Introduction, Chapters - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11,12, 15,16, 17.1,18 , Tests, Revaz Shengelia, Doctor of Economics, Professor of Georgian Technical University, Chapters_7, 8, 13. 14, 17.2, 17.4; Zhuzhuna Tsiklauri - Doctor of Economics, Professor of Georgian Technical University - Chapters 13.6, 13.7,17.2, 17.3, 18. We also thank the editor and reviewers of the book.
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Mendes, Kassio Ferreira. Atualidades no manejo de plantas daninhas em hortaliças fruto. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-174-5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An integrated weed management system is perfectly aligned with the aim of producing healthy and environmentally sustainable vegetables. This integrated management is fundamental for vegetables, more than in other crops, due to its high commercial value, intensive culture, lack of competitiveness and low availability of registered herbicides. The integration of available weed control methods with a long-term strategy based on preventive and agronomic (cultural) practices is necessary to obtain a desired level of control, decrease the accumulation of the weed seed bank, increase weed diversity and decrease herbicide dependence and minimize their negative impacts. Thus, this book provides essential and updated subjects of information regarding the general characteristics of fruit vegetables, critical periods of control, main weeds in the crop, integrated management methods (preventive, cultural, physical, mechanical, biological and chemical); and it is intended for professors, researchers, extensionist, undergraduate and graduate students, rural producers and other professionals involved in the area of weed science.
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Mendes, Kassio Ferreira, Adalin Cezar Moraes de Aguiar, Úrsula Ramos Zaidan, Gabriel da Silva Amaral, Ricardo Alcántara-de la Cruz, Guilherme Moraes de Oliveira, Maria Fátima das Graças Fernandes da Silva, Maura Gabriela da Silva Brochado, Monique Fróis Malaquias, and Lucas Heringer Barcellos Júnior. Atualidades no manejo de plantas daninhas em hortaliças herbáceas. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-185-1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An integrated weed management system is perfectly aligned with the aim of producing healthy and environmentally sustainable vegetables. This integrated management is fundamental for vegetables, more than in other crops, due to its high commercial value, intensive culture, lack of competitiveness and low availability of registered herbicides. The integration of available weed control methods with a long-term strategy based on preventive and agronomic (cultural) practices is necessary to obtain a desired level of control, decrease the accumulation of the weed seed bank, increase weed diversity and decrease herbicide dependence and minimize their negative impacts. Thus, this book provides essential and updated subjects of information regarding the general characteristics of herbaceous vegetables, critical periods of control, main weeds in the crop, integrated management methods (preventive, cultural, physical, mechanical, biological and chemical); and it is intended for professors, researchers, extensionist, undergraduate and graduate students, rural producers and other professionals involved in the area of weed science.
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Mendes, Kassio Ferreira, Kamila Cabral Mielke, Marcelo Rodrigues dos Reis, Lucas Guilherme Hahn Kehl, Leandro Tropaldi, Maria Elena Silva Montanhani, Roque de Carvalho Dias, et al. Atualidades no manejo de plantas daninhas em hortaliças tuberosas. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-183-7.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An integrated weed management system is perfectly aligned with the aim of producing healthy and environmentally sustainable vegetables. This integrated management is fundamental for vegetables, more than in other crops, due to its high commercial value, intensive culture, lack of competitiveness and low availability of registered herbicides. The integration of available weed control methods with a long-term strategy based on preventive and agronomic (cultural) practices is necessary to obtain a desired level of control, decrease the accumulation of the weed seed bank, increase weed diversity and decrease herbicide dependence and minimize their negative impacts. Thus, this book provides essential and updated subjects of information regarding the general characteristics of tuberous vegetables, critical periods of control, main weeds in the crop, integrated management methods (preventive, cultural, physical, mechanical, biological and chemical); and it is intended for professors, researchers, extensionist, undergraduate and graduate students, rural producers and other professionals involved in the area of weed science.
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Grant, Warren, and Martin Scott-Brown. Prevention of cancer. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0350.
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In the UK, the four commonest cancers—lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, and prostate cancer—result in around 62 000 deaths every year. Although deaths from cancer have fallen in the UK over the last 20 years, the UK still suffers from higher cancer death rates than many other countries in Western Europe. In 1999, the UK government produced a White Paper called Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation that outlined a national target to reduce the death rate from cancer by at least 20% in people under 75 by 2010. The subsequent NHS Cancer Plan of 2000 designed a framework by which to achieve this target through effective prevention, screening, and treatment programmes as well as restructuring and developing new diagnostic and treatment facilities. But do we know enough about the biology of the development of cancer for government health policies alone to force dramatic changes in survival? The science behind the causes of cancer tells us that its origin lies in acquired or inherited genetic abnormalities. Inherited gene mutation syndromes and exposure to environmental mutagens cause cancer, largely through abnormalities in DNA repair mechanisms, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation. Although screening those thought to be at highest risk, and regulating exposure to environmental carcinogens such as tobacco or ionizing radiation, have reduced, and will continue to reduce, cancer deaths, there are many other environmental factors that have been shown to increase the population risk of cancer. These will be outlined in this chapter. However, the available evidence is largely from retrospective and cross-sectional population-based studies and therefore limits the ability to apply this knowledge to the risk of the individual patient who may been seen in clinic. Although we may be able to put him or her into a high-, intermediate-, or low-risk category, the question ‘will I get cancer, doc?’ is one that we cannot answer with certainty. The NHS Cancer Plan of 2000, designed to reduce cancer deaths in this country and to bring UK treatment results in line with those other countries in Europe, focuses on preventing malignancy as part of its comprehensive cancer management strategy. It highlights that the rich are less likely to develop cancer, and will survive longer if they are diagnosed than those who live in poverty. This may reflect available treatment options, but is more likely to be related to the lifestyle of those with regular work, as they may be more health aware. The Cancer Plan, however, suggests that relieving poverty may be more labour intensive and less rewarding than encouraging positive risk-reducing behaviour in all members of the population. Eating well can reduce the risk of developing many cancers, particularly of the stomach and bowel. The Cancer Plan outlines the ‘Five-a-Day’ programme which was rolled out in 2002 and encouraged people to eat at least five portions of fruit and vegetables per day. Obese people are also at higher risk of cancers, in particular endometrial cancer. A good diet and regular exercise not only reduce obesity but are also independent risk-reducing factors. Alcohol misuse is thought to be a major risk factor in around 3% of all cancers, with the highest risk for cancers of the mouth and throat. As part of the Cancer Plan, the Department of Health promotes physical activity and general health programmes, as well as alcohol and smoking programmes, particularly in deprived areas. Focusing on these healthy lifestyle points can potentially reduce an individual lifetime risk of all cancers. However, our knowledge of the biology of four cancers in particular has led to the development of specific life-saving interventions. Outlined in this chapter are details regarding ongoing prevention strategies for carcinomas of the lung, the breast, the bowel, and the cervix.
Частини книг з теми "Science-intensive products"
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Tyulin, Andrey, and Alexander Chursin. "Economic Aspects of Developing Science-Intensive Products." In The New Economy of the Product Life Cycle, 195–230. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37814-1_6.
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Sidorova, E. Y., Y. Kostyukhin, and V. Shtanskiy. "Creation of Conditions for the Development of Production of Science-Intensive Products Based on the Potential of Russian Applied Scientific Organizations." In Smart Technologies and Innovations in Design for Control of Technological Processes and Objects: Economy and Production, 584–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18553-4_71.
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Alexy, Márta, and Tomáš Horváth. "Tracing the Local Breeds in an Outdoor System – A Hungarian Example with Mangalica Pig Breed." In Tracing the Domestic Pig [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101615.
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Pig farming is largely characterized by closed, large-scale housing technology. These systems are driven by resource efficiency. In intensive technologies, humans control almost completely. However, there are pig farming systems where humans have just little control. These free-range technologies are called organic pig farming systems in which the quality characteristics of the produced meat sold on a premium price are primary. We present the practical difficulties that are challenging in implementing precision pig farming. We characterize the data science methods that determine the reliability our conclusions. This chapter describes the literature on the behavior and production results of pigs, social aspects, and the possibilities of the certified pig meat supply chain. Digital solutions can be implemented to verify and trace the origin of meat products. In our project, Mangalica breeding sows were tagged with passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags, and a research zone was established at wallowing area. RFID readers record the presence of sows in this zone. In addition, temperature, humidity, and air pressure are recorded hourly for 24 hours a day. Data are analyzed using visualization and data science techniques. We present our interim results and conditions of the experiment in this chapter.
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Stephan, Eric G., Paulo Pinheiro, and Kerstin Kleese van Dam. "Bridging the Gap between Scientific Data Producers and Consumers." In Data-Intensive Science, 279–99. Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b14935-12.
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Ayan, Alp, Sinan Meriç, Tamer Gümüş, and Çimen Atak. "Current Strategies and Future of Mutation Breeding in Soybean Improvement." In Soybean - Recent Advances in Research and Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104796.
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Soybean, which has many foods, feed, and industrial raw material products, has relatively limited genetic diversity due to the domestication practices which mainly focused on higher yield for many centuries. Besides, cleistogamy in soybean plant reduces genetic variations even further. Improving genetic variation in soybean is crucial for breeding applications to improve traits such as higher yield, early maturity, herbicide, and pest resistance, lodging and shattering resistance, seed quality and composition, abiotic stress tolerance and more. In the 21st century, there are numerous alternatives from conventional breeding to biotechnological approaches. Among these, mutation breeding is still a major method to produce new alleles and desired traits within the crop genomes. Physical and chemical mutagen protocols are still improving and mutation breeding proves its value to be fast, flexible, and viable in crop sciences. In the verge of revolutionary genome editing era, induced mutagenesis passed important cross-roads successfully with the help of emerging supportive NGS based-methods and non-destructive screening approaches that reduce the time-consuming labor-intensive selection practices of mutation breeding. Induced mutagenesis will retain its place in crop science in the next decades, especially for plants such as soybean for which cross breeding is limited or not applicable.
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Cross, Rob, and Stephen P. Borgatti,. "Making Invisible Work Visible : Using Social Network Analysis to Support Strategic Collaboration." In Networks in the Knowledge Economy. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195159509.003.0018.
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Over the past decade, significant restructuring efforts have resulted in organizations with fewer hierarchical levels and more permeable internal and external boundaries. A byproduct of these restructuring efforts is that coordination and work increasingly occur through informal networks of relationships rather than through channels tightly prescribed by formal reporting structures or detailed work processes. For example, informal networks cutting across core work processes or holding together new product development initiatives are not found on formal organizational charts. Rather, these networks often promote organizational flexibility, innovation, and efficiency, as well as quality of products or services, by virtue of effectively pooling unique expertise. Supporting collaboration and work in these informal networks is increasingly important for organizations competing on knowledge and an ability to innovate and adapt. Unfortunately, critical informal networks often compete with and are fragmented by such aspects of organizations as formal structure, work processes, geographic dispersion, human resource practices, leadership style, and culture. This is particularly problematic in knowledge-intensive settings where management is counting on collaboration among employees with different types of expertise. People rely very heavily on their network of relationships to find information and solve problems—one of the most consistent findings in the social science literature is that who you know often has a great deal to do with what you come to know. Yet both practical experience and scholarly research indicate significant difficulty in getting people with different expertise, backgrounds, and problemsolving styles to effectively integrate their unique perspectives. Simply moving boxes on an organizational chart is not sufficient to ensure effective collaboration among high-end knowledge workers. Movement toward de-layered, flexible organizations and emphasis on supporting collaboration in knowledge-intensive work has made it increasingly important for executives and managers to attend to informal networks within their organizations. Performance implications of effective informal networks can be significant as the rapidly growing social capital tradition has indicated at the individual, team, and organizational levels. Yet while research indicates ways managers can influence informal networks at both the individual and whole network levels, executives seem to do relatively little to assess and support critical, but often invisible, informal networks in organizations.
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Cullina, Eoin, Jason Harold, and John McHale. "Irish science policy: a case study in evidence-based policy design for small open economies." In Policy Analysis in Ireland, 235–48. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447350897.003.0016.
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This chapter examines national science policy as a case-study in evidence-based policy design. Its reviews the strategy and science of Irish science policy in light of the challenges for such policies in an SOE. The success of knowledge intensive industries depends on access to knowledge. However, private firms tend to underinvest in basic science where much of the benefit spills over to other firms, highlighting an important role for governments. Governments of SOEs face two challenges in devising a strategy for science policy: first, the benefits of science investments are likely to flow disproportionately to other countries; second, small size may limit the benefits of agglomeration economies that are central to many knowledge-intensive industries. Despite obvious spillover and scale challenges – geographical stickiness of new knowledge production and the capacity to absorb knowledge from the global stock depends on being active at the frontiers of knowledge production. The chapter concludes that the national benefit of research is the advantage in being able to access knowledge produced elsewhere.
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Choudhary, Nisha, Virendra Kumar Yadav, Parth Malik, Samreen Heena Khan, Gajendra Kumar Inwati, Suriyaprabha R., Bijendra Singh, A. K. Yadav, and Raman Kumar Ravi. "Recovery of Natural Nanostructured Minerals." In Handbook of Research on Emerging Developments and Environmental Impacts of Ecological Chemistry, 450–70. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1241-8.ch021.
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Nanotechnology is playing an important role in every field of science, medicine, electronics, catalysis, and environmental cleanup. Due to the high demand of nanoparticles, it is synthesized at commercial level by chemical and physical methods, which are expensive and energy intensive. The recovery of natural nanoparticles from the waste materials makes the process cost-effective and simultaneously reduces pollution. Fly ash or coal fly ash (CFA), a by-product of thermal power plants in-houses numerous natural nanoparticles like ferrospheres, plerospheres, cenospheres, and carbon nanoparticles, which finds applications in ceramics, wastewater treatment, lightweight materials, fillers, and composite manufacturing. Every year a million tons of fly ash are produced around the globe. In the chapter, all these fly ash natural nanoparticles have been discussed in detail including their properties, applications, and possible future applications.
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Tkachuk, Оlexander, and Nataliia Telekalo. "AGROECOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF LEGUMES IN CONDITIONS OF INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE OF UKRAINE." In Integration of traditional and innovation processes of development of modern science. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-021-6-33.
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The ecological significance of leguminous crops grown in modern intensive crop rotation in Ukraine is considered. In particular, the sown areas of common leguminous crops in Ukraine and the level of their productivity have been analyzed. A comparison is made with the acreage of common field crops in Ukraine. The volume of accumulation of by-products in the form of their straw and stubble is calculated. A comparison is made for these indicators with the most widespread grain crops grown in Ukraine. The data on the content of the main nutrients in the by-products of leguminous crops – nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium are given. On the basis of these indicators, a calculation was made of the accumulation of the main nutrients in the soil, which can come with by-products of leguminous crops at their average yield. We also compared the obtained indicators with the input of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium into the soil with by-products of the most common grain crops. Calculated symbiotic nitrogen fixation by leguminous crops. Based on this, a conclusion was made about the most effective leguminous crops, the cultivation of which in the modern intensive crop rotation of Ukraine will more contribute to the stabilization of the agroecological state of the soil. It is proved that an increase in the areas of leguminous crops in the intensive crop rotation of Ukraine will have a positive effect on the agroecological state of the soil. In particular, growing beans allows you to get the highest mass of by-products, which can be buried in the soil – 3.5 t/ha. Also, the by-products of beans provide the input into the soil of all mineral phosphorus – 12.6 kg/ha of all leguminous crops, as well as potassium – 16.5 kg/ha. By-products allow to accumulate more mineral nitrogen in the soil with by-products – 38.4 kg/ha. Also, soybeans are characterized by a high symbiotic nitrogen-fixing ability among all leguminous crops – 120 kg/ha.
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Andreatos, Antonios S. "The Use of MOOCs in the Continuing Education of Individuals and Organisations." In Furthering Higher Education Possibilities through Massive Open Online Courses, 49–79. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8279-5.ch003.
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In today's world, due to the evolution in technology and science, old knowledge is fast becoming obsolete while new knowledge is produced in exponential rates. Therefore, lifelong learning is essential for knowledge-intensive persons such as engineers and scientists, as well as, organisations which want to stay competitive in today's globalised environment. It is the aim of this chapter to examine the use of MOOCs in the continuing education of employees in knowledge-intensive workplaces, as well as, organisations based on the knowledge economy. Initially, the main characteristics of the modern learning landscape will be presented; the need for continuing education and lifelong learning will be discussed. An extensive presentation of MOOCs will take place. A survey of the open research problems in the study of MOOCs will be presented. Finally, educational policies, enterprise policies and suggestions for self-directed continuing and lifelong learning via MOOCs will be proposed.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Science-intensive products"
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Grosheva, Polina, Alexander Yudin, and Yuri Myakishev. "Methods of evaluation of life-cycle resource provision for science-intensive products." In Proceedings of the 2nd International Scientific conference on New Industrialization: Global, national, regional dimension (SICNI 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/sicni-18.2019.65.
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Azena, Ligita, and Baiba Rivza. "Changes and proposals to boost business productivity and competitiveness in Riga planning region." In 22nd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2021”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2021.55.005.
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The result of the wider application of new digital skills is an increase in productivity as a basis for the growth of Latvian companies in the global market and an increase in material well-being in the market as a whole. In turn, the growth and competitiveness of companies is based on the ability to create and sell demanded, knowledge-intensive products and services on the basis of science, integrating into increasingly higher value-added global chains. Many companies are facing economic difficulties during the COVID- 19 crisis and have to suspend or significantly reduce their operations and staff. However, for some companies, the crisis has also given them the opportunity to reorient their operations to the digital environment, both in serving customers and in organizing the company's operations. The data obtained during the study show that the majority of entrepreneurs predict a decline in customer solvency and the emergence of new digital technologies in the market. Entrepreneurs think they should make more use of the latest technologies (forms of digital sales and communication with customers), new forms of cooperation in company communication (forms of digital communication with employees) and plan to introduce remote and / or semi-remote work. Entrepreneurs expect that the biggest challenges after the crisis caused by the pandemic will be the acquisition of new leadership skills and the acquisition of new digital technologies, as well as attracting investment. Unfortunately, the data of the study show that the majority of entrepreneurs did not use the support programs of state and local government institutions, but assessed the support measures developed by the government as very fragmented. The aim of the research: to assess the changes in the planning region at companies in different sectors in Riga planning region and to develop proposals to increase business productivity and competitiveness. Research methods: statistical data collection, business survey and in-depth interview.
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Li, Wen, Joshua Kim, Drew Kim, Adam Alster, Marianne Livezey, and Tuyen Duddles. "Development of a Multidisciplinary Engineering Research Program for Middle/High School Teachers." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-86411.
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Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education in K-12 schools is critical to inspire young students and prepare them for future college coursework and careers in science and engineering. An effective mechanism for creating and sustaining successful STEM education is to train well-qualified K-12 teachers with a positive attitude and deep knowledge skills in STEM fields. Supported by the National Science Foundation’s Research Experience for Teachers program (NSF RET), the RET Site at Michigan State University (MSU) aims to build a multidisciplinary engineering research program for middle and high school teachers and their students, within a coherent theme of “Smart Sensors and Sensing Systems”. This paper presents an introduction to the MSU’s Site program and highlights the learning outcomes and achievements of the RET participants. The MSU Site has four main components including authentic research experience for teachers during an intensive summer program; curriculum development by integrating engineering design units into teachers’ courses; professional skill development through seminars, facility tours, and field trips; and finally classroom implementation of the developed curricula. Throughout the 6-week summer program, teacher participants were given the opportunity to work closely with graduate students and engineering professors on current research projects in university laboratories. The teachers’ research activities culminated with a final poster report and oral presentation during a symposium at the end of the summer program. Follow-up classroom visits helped to build a strong connection between local middle/high schools and MSU to smooth students’ transitions to college. Since 2016, the Site has graduated 21 middle and high school teachers from the greater Lansing-Detroit area that serve large populations of minority and female students. These RET teachers have produced over 24 sets of curriculum plans and classroom activities, 3 sets of which have been published by an online digital library, TeachEngineering.org (TE), and 8 sets of which have been accepted by TE. Finally, from the findings of the RET Site, the paper discusses best practices and recommendations for incorporating teachers into a university laboratory setting.
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Lal, Manish Kumar, Tae Hyung Kim, and Darrin M. Singleton. "Data Science Use Case for Brownfield Optimization - A Case Study." In SPE Western Regional Meeting. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/200781-ms.
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Abstract Data Science is the current gold rush. While many industries have benefitted from applications of data science, including machine learning and Artificial Intelligence (AI), the applications in upstream oil and gas are still somewhat limited. Some examples of applications of AI include seismic interpretations, facility optimization, and data driven modeling – forecasting. While still naïve, we will explore cases where data science can be used in the day to day field optimization and development. The Midway Sunset (MWSS) field in San Joaquin Valley, California has over 100 years of history. The field was discovered in 19011 and had limited development through the 1960s. Since the start of thermal stimulation in 1964, the field has seen phased thermal flooding and cyclic stimulation. Recently there has been an increase in heat mining vertical and horizontal wells to tap the remaining hot oil. As with any brownfield, the sweet spots are long gone. Effort is now to optimize the field development and tap by-passed oil, thereby increasing recovery. The current operational focus includes field wide holistic review of remaining resource potential. Resources in the MWSS reservoirs are produced by cyclic steam method. Cyclic thermal stimulation has been effective as an overall depletion process and for stimulating the near wellbore region to increase production. It is imperative to properly identify target wells and sands for cyclic stimulation. Cyclic steaming in depleted zones or cold reservoirs is often uneconomical. The benefit comes when we can identify and stimulate only the warm oil. Identification of warm oil and short listing the wells for cyclic stimulation is a labor-intensive process. The volume of data can get so large that it may not be feasible for a professional to effectively do the analysis. In this paper, we present a case study of data analytics for high grading wells for cyclic stimulation. This method utilizes the machine power to integrate reservoir, and production data to identify and rank wells for cyclic stimulation and potentially increase success rate by minimizing suboptimal cyclic candidates.
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Haapala, Karl R., Santosh K. Tiwari, and Brian K. Paul. "An Environmental Analysis of Nanoparticle-Assisted Diffusion Brazing." In ASME 2009 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2009-84308.
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Nano- and microtechnologies offer many benefits to society and promise the prospect of paradigm shifts on many technological fronts, including health care, alternative energy production, and efficient chemical processing. Current manufacturing processes for the production of nano- and microscale products, however, are energy and waste-intensive — requiring energy and creating wastes/emissions at orders of magnitude greater than traditional production. Therefore, research is needed to quantify environmental performance improvements in nano- and microproduction technologies, nickel nanoparticle (NiNP) deposition is compared with more traditional nickel phosphorus (NiP) electroplating for facilitating diffusion brazing of arrayed microfluidics. These two technologies are analyzed on a functional basis from an environmental perspective. Potential areas of improvement and future research opportunities are identified and discussed.
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Friedrich, Wernher, and John Andrew van der Poll. "Towards a Methodology to Elicit Tacit Domain Knowledge from Users." In InSITE 2007: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3175.
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This paper seeks to address a problem ubiquitous in many software development environments today, namely, building software from requirements that are incomplete and not fully understood, thereby creating products that are either faulty or ultimately not being used at all. This gap that exists between software engineers and clients is highlighted in this paper and suggestions on how to overcome the identified gap are presented. The proposed methodology is to introduce developers into the client’s environment, which can be more time consuming and more resource intensive than traditional knowledge elicitation methods, but has the potential to satisfy more of a user’s needs in the long run. It also does not seek to replace any of the existing elicitation methods; rather it is complementary to knowledge elicitation techniques currently used by software engineers as well as to enhance current understanding of such processes.
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Diker, Göktug, Herwig Frühbauer, and Edna Michelle Bisso Bi Mba. "Development of a Digital ESP Performance Monitoring System Based on Artificial Intelligence." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207929-ms.
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Abstract Wintershall Dea is developing together with partners a digital system to monitor and optimize electrical submersible pump (ESP) performance based on the data from Mittelplate oil field. This tool is using machine learning (ML) models which are fed by historic data and will notify engineers and operators when operating conditions are trending beyond the operating envelope, which enables an operator to mitigate upcoming performance problems. In addition to traditional engineering methods, such a system will capture knowledge by continuous improvement based on ML. With this approach the engineer has a system at hand to support the day-to-day work. Manual monitoring and on demand investigations are now backed up by an intelligent system which permanently monitors the equipment. In order to create such a system, a proof of concept (PoC) study has been initiated with industry partners and data scientists to evaluate historic events, which are used to train the ML-systems. This phase aims to better understand the capabilities of machine learning and data science in the subsurface domain as well as to build up trust for the engineers with such systems. The concept evaluation has shown that the intensive collaboration between engineers and data scientist is essential. A continuous and structured exchange between engineering and data science resulted in a mutual developed product, which fits the engineer's needs based on the technical capabilities and limits set by ML-models. To organize such a development, new project management elements like agile working methods, sprints and scrum methods were utilized. During the development Wintershall Dea has partnered with two organizations. One has a pure data science background and the other one was the data science team of the ESP manufacturer. After the PoC period the following conclusions can be derived: (1) data quality and format is key to success; (2) detailed knowledge of the equipment speeds up the development and the quality of the results; (3) high model accuracy requires a high number of events in the training dataset. The overall conclusion of this PoC is that the collaboration between engineers and data scientists, fostered by the agile project management toolkit and suitable datasets, leads to a successful development. Even when the limits of the ML-algorithms are hit, the model forecast, in combination with traditional engineering methods, adds significant value to the ESP performance. The novelty of such a system is that the production engineer will be supported by trusted ML-models and digital systems. This system in combination with the traditional engineering tools improves monitoring of the equipment and taking decisions leading to increased equipment performance.
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Huang, Wenzhen, T. Phoomboplab, and Dariusz Ceglarek. "Explicit Yield Model (EYM) for Tolerance Synthesis of Large Scale Complex Assemblies." In ASME 2006 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2006-21074.
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Tolerance synthesis for complex assemblies is formulated as a probabilistic optimization problem. A main challenge in statistical tolerance synthesis for complex assembly system design is the computation intensity in estimating the conformity probability of Key Product Characteristics (KPCs) or yield of assembled products. In assemblies with multiple KPCs, the yield can only be obtained numerically through simulation techniques such as Monte Carlo (MC) algorithm. The existing tolerance synthesis methods require a large number of yield assessments in optimization. A new approach is developed for yield model approximation based on computer experiment, multivariate distribution transformation (MDT) and regression analysis. An explicit yield function can thus be approximated. Therefore, the widely used gradient-based approaches (such as Sequential Quadratic Programming) can be applied and the intensive computation in direct optimization can be avoided. An industrial case study is presented to illustrate and validate the proposed methodology and compared with the existed tolerance synthesis methods.
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Landgrebe, Dirk, Julia Schönherr, Norbert Pierschel, Stefan Polster, Andre Mosel, and Frank Schieck. "New Approaches for Improved Efficiency and Flexibility in Process Chains of Press Hardening." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-53071.
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In the last decade, press hardening has become a fully established technology in both science and industry for the production of ultra-high-strength structural components, especially in the automotive industry. Beside the improvement of car performance such as safety and lightweight design, the production process is also one focus of trends in technology development in the field of press hardening. This paper presents an overview about alternative approaches for optimized process chains of press hardening, also including pre- and post-processing in addition to the actual forming and quenching process. Investigations on direct contact heating technology show new prospects regarding fast and flexible austenitization of blanks at compact device dimensions. By applying high speed impact cutting (HSIC) for trimming of press hardened parts, an alternative technology is available to substitute the slow and energy-intensive laser trimming in today’s press hardening lines. Combined with stroke-to-stroke control based on measuring of process-relevant parameters, a readjustment of the production line is possible in order to produce each part with individual, optimal process parameters to realize zero defect production of property-graded press hardened components with constant high part quality. Significant research in the field of press hardening was carried out at Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and Forming Technology IWU, in the hot forming model process chain which enables the running of experiments under conditions similar to industrial scales. All practical tests were prepared by design of experiments and assisted by thermo-mechanical FE simulations.
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Matovu, Jacob, and Ahmet Alçiçek. "Investigations and Concerns about the Fate of Transgenic DNA and Protein in Livestock." In International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2021.011.
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The fate of transgenic DNA (tDNA) and protein from feed derived from Genetically Modified organisms (GMOs) in animals has been a major issue since their commercialization in 1996. Several studies have investigated the risks of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of tDNA and protein to bacteria or animal cells/tissues, but some of the reported data are controversial. Previous reports showed that tDNA fragments or proteins derived from GM plants could not be detected in tissues, fluids, or edible products from livestock. Other researchers have shown that there is a possibility of small fragments entering animal tissues, fluids and organs. This motivated us to update our knowledge about these concerns. Therefore, this review aimed to evaluate the probable transfer and accumulation of tDNA/proteins from transgenic feeds in animal samples (ruminant and non-ruminant) by evaluating the available experimental studies published scientifically. This study found that the tDNA/protein is not completely degraded during feed processing and digestion in Gastro-Intestinal Tract (GIT). In large ruminants (cattle), tDNA fragments/proteins were detected in GIT digesta, rumen fluid, and faeces. In small ruminants (goats), traces of tDNA/proteins were detected in GIT digesta, blood, milk, liver, kidney, heart and muscle. In pigs, they were detected in blood, spleen, liver, kidney, and GIT digesta. In poultry, traces were detected in blood, liver and GIT digesta but not in meat and eggs. Notwithstanding some studies that have shown transfer of tDNA/protein fragments in animal samples, we cannot rely on these few studies to give general evidence for transfer into tissues/fluids and organs of farm animals. However, this study clearly shows that transfer is possible. Therefore, intensive and authentic research should be conducted on GM plants before they are approved for commercial use, investigating issues such as the fate of tDNA or proteins and the effects of feeding GM feed to livestock.
Звіти організацій з теми "Science-intensive products"
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African Open Science Platform Part 1: Landscape Study. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0047.
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This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.