Статті в журналах: "Schistosomose – Diagnostic"

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HOLA-JAMRISKA, L., J. P. DALTON, J. AASKOV, and P. J. BRINDLEY. "Dipeptidyl peptidase I and III activities of adult schistosomes." Parasitology 118, no. 3 (March 1999): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182098003746.

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Soluble extracts of adult Schistosoma japonicum and S. mansoni were examined for the presence of proteolytic activities ascribable to dipeptidyl peptidases (DPPs) at a range of pH from 4 to 11 using synthetic peptidyl substrates diagnostic of DPPs I, II, III and IV. Activity capable of cleaving the DPP I-specific substrates H-Gly-Arg-NHMec and H-Gly-Phe-NHMec which exhibited a pH optimum of 5·5 was observed in extracts of schistosomes. Female schistosomes exhibited greater DPP I activity than male schistosomes, while female S. japonicum showed substantially more activity than female S. mansoni. The specific activities against H-Gly-Arg-NHMec were 21·5 and 1·9 nmoles NHMec/min/mg protein for female and male S. japonicum and 8·5 and 1·9 nmoles NHMec/min/mg for female and male S. mansoni. The biochemical properties of schistosome DPP I were similar to mammalian DPP I (=cathepsin C) in that schistosome DPP I was only slowly inhibited by the cysteine protease inhibitor trans-epoxysuccinyl-1-leucylamido (4-guanidino)- butane, partly inhibited by the blocked diazomethyl ketones Z-Phe-Ala-CHN2 and Z-Phe-Phe-CHN2, but enhanced by halide ions. At pH 8·5, activity against the DPP III-specific substrate H-Arg-Arg-NHMec was evident in schistosome extracts, and this activity appeared to be due to a zinc metallo-exopeptidase because it was inhibited by 1,10-phenathroline and by EDTA. DPP II or DPP IV activity was not detected in the schistosome extracts.

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Ruppel, Andreas, Ute Breternitz, and Reinhard Burger. "Diagnostic Mr 31 000 Schistosoma mansoni proteins: requirement of infection, but not immunization, and use of the “miniblot” technique for the production of monoclonal antibodies." Journal of Helminthology 61, no. 2 (June 1987): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00009810.

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ABSTRACTAntibodies directed against diagnostic Mr 31 000 polypeptide(s) of adult Schistosoma mansoni were already formed in mice during prepatency. In contrast, repeated immunization of mice with homogenates of adult schistosomes failed to elicit antibodies detectable in immunoblots in the Mr 31 000 region. Therefore, spleen cells of infected mice were used to produce hybridoma lines. The “miniblot technique” was developed in order to detect in hybridoma supernatants antibodies against schistosome Mr 31 000 components. Electrophoretically separated total S. mansoni proteins were transferred onto nitrocellulose, and the position of the Mr 31 000 components was determined with polyclonal antisera and immunoblotting. Pieces of about 3 square mm of nitrocellulose bearing the diagnostic proteins were incubated with about 100 μ1 of hybridoma supernatant in microtitre plates and subsequently probed with peroxidase-conjugated antibody to mouse IgG. This screening technique identified hybridomas secreting antibody to the relevant S. mansoni antigens. It is applicable to other defined parasit antigens, which are, however, not available in biochemically purified form. The monoclonal antibodies produced against the proteins with diagnostic potential reacted with antigens localized in the schistosome gut.

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Lakshmanan, B., K. Devada, S. Joseph, T. V. Aravindakshan, and L. Sabu. "Copro-PCR based detection of bovine schistosome infection in India." Journal of Helminthology 90, no. 1 (January 14, 2015): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x1400090x.

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AbstractSchistosomosis and amphistomosis are the two economically important and widely prevalent snail-borne trematode infections in grazing cattle of southern India. Acute infections are symptomatically similar and difficult to detect by routine microscopy for eggs. The present study was directed towards the development of a copro-polymerase chain reaction (copro-PCR) for detection of bovine schistosome species, using custom-designed primers targeting 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA as well as mitochondrial DNA. The study demonstrated the enhanced diagnostic specificity of mitochondrial DNA markers over ribosomal RNA genes as genus-specific probes to detect schistosomes. We developed a sensitive PCR assay using primers designed from mitochondrial DNA sequences targeting the partialrrnl(16S rRNA), tCys (transfer RNA for cysteine) and partialrrnS(12S rRNA) genes ofSchistosoma spindaleto specifically detect schistosome infection from faecal samples of naturally infected bovines. The salient findings of the work also throw light on to the high similarity of the ribosomal RNA gene sequences of schistosomes with those ofGastrothylax crumeniferandFischoederius elongatus,the most prevalent pouched amphistomes of the region. Further investigation has to be directed towards unravelling the complete gene sequences of 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA as well as mitochondrial DNA sequences of amphistome isolates from India.

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Kincaid-Smith, Julien, Alan Tracey, Ronaldo de Carvalho Augusto, Ingo Bulla, Nancy Holroyd, Anne Rognon, Olivier Rey, et al. "Morphological and genomic characterisation of the Schistosoma hybrid infecting humans in Europe reveals admixture between Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma bovis." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 12 (December 23, 2021): e0010062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010062.

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Schistosomes cause schistosomiasis, the world’s second most important parasitic disease after malaria in terms of public health and social-economic impacts. A peculiar feature of these dioecious parasites is their ability to produce viable and fertile hybrid offspring. Originally only present in the tropics, schistosomiasis is now also endemic in southern Europe. Based on the analysis of two genetic markers the European schistosomes had previously been identified as hybrids between the livestock- and the human-infective species Schistosoma bovis and Schistosoma haematobium, respectively. Here, using PacBio long-read sequencing technology we performed genome assembly improvement and annotation of S. bovis, one of the parental species for which no satisfactory genome assembly was available. We then describe the whole genome introgression levels of the hybrid schistosomes, their morphometric parameters (eggs and adult worms) and their compatibility with two European snail strains used as vectors (Bulinus truncatus and Planorbarius metidjensis). Schistosome-snail compatibility is a key parameter for the parasites life cycle progression, and thus the capability of the parasite to establish in a given area. Our results show that this Schistosoma hybrid is strongly introgressed genetically, composed of 77% S. haematobium and 23% S. bovis origin. This genomic admixture suggests an ancient hybridization event and subsequent backcrosses with the human-specific species, S. haematobium, before its introduction in Corsica. We also show that egg morphology (commonly used as a species diagnostic) does not allow for accurate hybrid identification while genetic tests do.

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Weerakoon, Kosala, Catherine Gordon, and Donald McManus. "DNA Diagnostics for Schistosomiasis Control." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 3, no. 3 (August 1, 2018): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed3030081.

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Despite extensive efforts over the last few decades, the global disease burden of schistosomiasis still remains unacceptably high. This could partly be attributed to the lack of accurate diagnostic tools for detecting human and animal schistosome infections in endemic areas. In low transmission and low prevalence areas where schistosomiasis elimination is targeted, case detection requires a test that is highly sensitive. Diagnostic tests with low sensitivity will miss individuals with low infection intensity and these will continue to contribute to transmission, thereby interfering with the efficacy of the control measures operating. Of the many diagnostic approaches undertaken to date, the detection of schistosome DNA using DNA amplification techniques including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) provide valuable adjuncts to more conventional microscopic and serological methods, due their accuracy, high sensitivity, and the capacity to detect early pre-patent infections. Furthermore, DNA-based methods represent important screening tools, particularly in those endemic areas with ongoing control where infection prevalence and intensity have been reduced to very low levels. Here we review the role of DNA diagnostics in the path towards the control and elimination of schistosomiasis.

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Nwoko, Onyekachi Esther, John J. O. Mogaka, and Moses John Chimbari. "Challenges and Opportunities Presented by Current Techniques for Detecting Schistosome Infections in Intermediate Host Snails: A Scoping Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10 (May 19, 2021): 5403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105403.

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Schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease (NTD), causes morbidity and mortality in over 250 million people globally. And 700 million people are at risk of contracting it. It is caused by a parasite of the genus Schistosoma. Freshwater snails of the family Planorbidae are of public health significance as they are intermediate hosts of these highly infective flukes. Accurate diagnostic techniques to detect schistosome infections in intermediate host snails (IHS) and environmental surveillance are needed to institute measures for the interruption of transmission and eventual elimination. We carried out a systematic review of the literature to assess advantages and limitations of different diagnostic techniques for detecting schistosome infections in snails. Literature from Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed databases from 2008 to 2020 were searched using combinations of predefined search terms with Boolean operators. The studies revealed that conventional diagnostics are widely used, although they are labor-intensive, have low specificity and sensitivity levels, and cannot detect prepatent infections. Whereas more advanced techniques such as immunological, nucleic-acid amplification, and eDNA diagnostics have high sensitivity and specificity levels, they are costly, hence, not suitable for field applications and large-scale surveys. Our review highlights the importance of designing and developing innovative diagnostics that are high in specificity and sensitivity as well as affordable and technically feasible for use in field laboratories and for large-scale surveys.

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FLORES, VERÓNICA, GUSTAVO VIOZZI, LAURA CASALINS, ERIC SAMUEL LOKER, and SARA VANESSA BRANT. "A new schistosome (Digenea: Schistosomatidae) from the nasal tissue of South America black-necked swans, Cygnus melancoryphus (Anatidae) and the endemic pulmonate snail Chilina gibbosa." Zootaxa 4948, no. 3 (March 22, 2021): 404–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4948.3.5.

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To date, 9 species of Schistosomatidae have been found parasitizing the nasal tissues of mammal and bird hosts in the Eastern Hemisphere, 5 species in Rwanda (Africa), 2 in Australia (Oceania) and 2 in Eurasia. During a parasitological survey of black necked swans, Cygnus melancoryphus, an anatid endemic to South America, schistosome worms in the nasal tissue were found; the first in the Americas. Morphological results based on male worms and in isolated eggs. The worms have a spiny tegument, filiform body with rounded posterior end, two muscular suckers, a robust gynaecophoric channel with thickened cross bands, and around 130 testes. The eggs are elongate with an asymmetrical bulge, with a slender process at one end and a longer curved process at the other. Diagnostic morphological characteristics do not match with any schistosome genus. Part of the mitochondrial cox1 and nuclear DNA 28S partial genes were sequenced and compared to Schistosomatidae in GenBank. The genetic results confirm the distinctiveness of the specimens since they do not group with any described genus or undescribed lineage other than cercariae of “Chilina lineage 1” that emerge from the Patagonian Chilina gibbosa, a freshwater snail endemic to South America. Based on morphological and genetic characterization of these schistosomes, these specimens represent a new genus and species that parasitizes black necked swans as adults in the nasal tissue, and C. gibbosa is the first intermediate host, both hosts being endemic to South America.

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Hamouda, Ouanassa, Noureddine Boukhrouf, and Souad Bensassi. "Urinary Schistosoma haematobium schistosomiasis. A case report." Batna Journal of Medical Sciences (BJMS) 5, no. 1 (December 25, 2018): 84–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.48087/bjmscr.2018.5120.

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La schistosomiase urinaire est une infection intravasculaire causée par un trématode (ver plat) Schistosoma haematobium. Les vers adultes migrent généralement vers le plexus veineux de la vessie humaine et excrètent les oeufs que la personne infectée élimine dans l'urine. Nous rapportons le cas d’un patient âgé de 20 ans, avec des antécédents familiaux de bilharziose. Originaire du Mali et résidant à Batna (Algérie), il a présenté une douleur pelvienne, des brûlures mictionnelles et une hématurie terminale, avec une hyperéosinophilie de 920 / μL. L´échographie abdomino-pelvienne a mis en évidence une petite formation tissulaire bourgeonnante du plancher vésical. Une cystoscopie avec une biopsie vésicale étaient utiles pour poser le diagnostic de la schistosomiase urinaire avec la mise en évidence au sein d´un granulome inflammatoire des oeufs de Schistosoma haematobium. Le diagnostic de la maladie a été confirmé par la détection et l'identification des oeufs de Schistosoma haematobium vivant dans l'urine et dans les coupes histologiques vésicales. Le patient a reçu deux cures de 2 semaines d'intervalle de Praziquentel 40 mg / kg de poids corporel en une seule dose orale (biltricide 600 mg quatre fois). Il a continué à jeter des oeufs vivants après le premier traitement, mais aucun oeuf n'a été trouvé dans des échantillons d'urine de 24 heures après la deuxième dose de Praziquentel.

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YOU, HONG, and DONALD P. MCMANUS. "Vaccines and diagnostics for zoonotic schistosomiasis japonica." Parasitology 142, no. 2 (October 31, 2014): 271–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182014001310.

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SUMMARYSchistosomiasis is one of the most prevalent, insidious and serious of the tropical parasitic diseases. Although the effective anthelmintic drug, praziquantel, is widely available and cheap, it does not protect against re-infection, drug-resistant schistosome may evolve and mass drug administration programmes based around praziquantel are probably unsustainable long term. Whereas protective anti-schistosome vaccines are not yet available, the zoonotic nature of Schistosoma japonicum provides a novel approach for developing a transmission-blocking veterinary vaccine in domestic animals, especially bovines, which are major reservoir hosts, being responsible for up to 90% of environmental egg contamination in China and the Philippines. However, a greater knowledge of schistosome immunology is required to understand the processes associated with anti-schistosome protective immunity and to reinforce the rationale for vaccine development against schistosomiasis japonica. Importantly as well, improved diagnostic tests, with high specificity and sensitivity, which are simple, rapid and able to diagnose light S. japonicum infections, are required to determine the extent of transmission interruption and the complete elimination of schistosomiasis following control efforts. This article discusses aspects of the host immune response in schistosomiasis, the current status of vaccine development against S. japonicum and reviews approaches for diagnosing and detecting schistosome infections in mammalian hosts.

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Wilson, R. Alan. "Schistosomiasis then and now: what has changed in the last 100 years?" Parasitology 147, no. 5 (January 22, 2020): 507–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182020000049.

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AbstractOnly with the completion of the life cycles of Fasciola hepatica in 1883 and 30 years later those of Schistosoma japonicum (1913), Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni (1915) did research on schistosomiasis really get underway. One of the first papers by Cawston in 1918, describing attempts to establish the means of transmission of S. haematobium in Natal, South Africa, forms the historical perspective against which to judge where we are now. Molecular biology techniques have produced a much better definition of the complexity of the schistosome species and their snail hosts, but also revealed the extent of hybridization between human and animal schistosomes that may impact on parasite adaptability. While diagnostics have greatly improved, the ability to detect single worm pair infections routinely, still falls short of its goal. The introduction of praziquantel ~1982 has revolutionized the treatment of infected individuals and led directly to the mass drug administration programmes. In turn, the severe pathological consequences of high worm burdens have been minimized, and for S. haematobium infections the incidence of associated squamous cell carcinoma has been reduced. In comparison, the development of effective vaccines has yet to come to fruition. The elimination of schistosomiasis japonica from Japan shows what is possible, using multiple lines of approach, but the clear and present danger is that the whole edifice of schistosome control is balanced on the monotherapy of praziquantel, and the development of drug resistance could topple that.

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Bergquist, Robert, and Hala Elmorshedy. "Artemether and Praziquantel: Origin, Mode of Action, Impact, and Suggested Application for Effective Control of Human Schistosomiasis." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 3, no. 4 (December 19, 2018): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed3040125.

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The stumbling block for the continued, single-drug use of praziquantel (PZQ) against schistosomiasis is less justified by the risk of drug resistance than by the fact that this drug is inactive against juvenal parasites, which will mature and start egg production after chemotherapy. Artemisinin derivatives, currently used against malaria in the form of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT), provide an opportunity as these drugs are not only active against malaria plasmodia, but surprisingly also against juvenile schistosomes. An artemisinin/PZQ combination would be complimentary, and potentially additive, as it would kill two schistosome life cycle stages and thus confer a transmission-blocking modality to current chemotherapy. We focus here on single versus combined regimens in endemic settings. Although the risk of artemisinin resistance, already emerging with respect to malaria therapy in Southeast Asia, prevents use in countries where ACT is needed for malaria care, an artemisinin-enforced praziquantel treatment (APT) should be acceptable in North Africa (including Egypt), the Middle East, China, and Brazil, as these countries are not endemic for malaria. Thanks to recent progress with respect to high-resolution diagnostics, based on circulating schistosome antigens in humans and molecular approaches for snail surveys, it should be possible to keep areas scheduled for schistosomiasis elimination under surveillance, bringing rapid response to bear on problems arising. The next steps would be to investigate where and for how long APT should be applied to make a lasting impact. A large-scale field trial in an area with modest transmission should tell how apt this approach is.

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Gabriel Bishop, Henry, Helen Ileigo Inabo, Elijah Ekah Ella, and Mohammed Bello. "Two cases of urinary schistosomiasis with unusual egg presentations: Dra 1 repeat sequence not detected." Case Reports International 12, no. 2 (August 10, 2023): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5348/100120z06hb2023cr.

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Introduction: Schistosoma haematobium is the primary cause of urinary schistosomiasis in man. It is rare to find other human schistosome species in urine because they are located in the intestines, or those of animal origin. Mixed infections of human and animal species of schistosomes may occur in cattle breeding areas like Nigeria. Case Report: During a prevalence study on urinary schistosomiasis, two teenage boys from different local government areas (LGAs) of Kaduna State, Nigeria had mixed urinary Schistosoma infections. Their urine samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm (revolutions per minute) for 5 minutes. Microscopic examination of the urine sediments revealed highly polymorphic eggs (or morphotypes). After subjecting the genomic DNA for detection of S. haematobium Dra 1 tandem repeat sequence by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), it was not amplified. However, there was amplification in a classical urinary schistosomiasis caused by S. haematobium (which served as positive control). Conclusion: Unusual egg presentations in urinary schistosomiasis may present a dilemma in making diagnostic conclusion. Hence, these two cases suggest the possibility of human–animal Schistosoma hybrids circulating in the area, especially S. haematobium–S. bovis hybrids.

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Pennance, Tom, John Archer, Elena Birgitta Lugli, Penny Rostron, Felix Llanwarne, Said Mohammed Ali, Amour Khamis Amour, et al. "Development of a Molecular Snail Xenomonitoring Assay to Detect Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma bovis Infections in their Bulinus Snail Hosts." Molecules 25, no. 17 (September 2, 2020): 4011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25174011.

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Schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease of medical and veterinary importance, transmitted through specific freshwater snail intermediate hosts, is targeted for elimination in several endemic regions in sub-Saharan Africa. Multi-disciplinary methods are required for both human and environmental diagnostics to certify schistosomiasis elimination when eventually reached. Molecular xenomonitoring protocols, a DNA-based detection method for screening disease vectors, have been developed and trialed for parasites transmitted by hematophagous insects, such as filarial worms and trypanosomes, yet few have been extensively trialed or proven reliable for the intermediate host snails transmitting schistosomes. Here, previously published universal and Schistosoma-specific internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA primers were adapted into a triplex PCR primer assay that allowed for simple, robust, and rapid detection of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma bovis in Bulinus snails. We showed this two-step protocol could sensitively detect DNA of a single larval schistosome from experimentally infected snails and demonstrate its functionality for detecting S. haematobium infections in wild-caught snails from Zanzibar. Such surveillance tools are a necessity for succeeding in and certifying the 2030 control and elimination goals set by the World Health Organization.

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Mekonnen, Gebeyaw G., Bemnet A. Tedla, Mark S. Pearson, Luke Becker, Matt Field, Abena S. Amoah, Govert van Dam, et al. "Characterisation of tetraspanins from Schistosoma haematobium and evaluation of their potential as novel diagnostic markers." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 1 (January 24, 2022): e0010151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010151.

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Schistosoma haematobium is the leading cause of urogenital schistosomiasis and it is recognised as a class 1 carcinogen due to the robust association of infection with bladder cancer. In schistosomes, tetraspanins (TSPs) are abundantly present in different parasite proteomes and could be potential diagnostic candidates due to their accessibility to the host immune system. The large extracellular loops of six TSPs from the secretome (including the soluble excretory/secretory products, tegument and extracellular vesicles) of S. haematobium (Sh-TSP-2, Sh-TSP-4, Sh-TSP-5, Sh-TSP-6, Sh-TSP-18 and Sh-TSP-23) were expressed in a bacterial expression system and polyclonal antibodies were raised to the recombinant proteins to confirm the anatomical sites of expression within the parasite. Sh-TSP-2, and Sh-TSP-18 were identified on the tegument, whereas Sh-TSP-4, Sh-TSP-5, Sh-TSP-6 and Sh-TSP-23 were identified both on the tegument and internal tissues of adult parasites. The mRNAs encoding these TSPs were differentially expressed throughout all schistosome developmental stages tested. The potential diagnostic value of three of these Sh-TSPs was assessed using the urine of individuals (stratified by infection intensity) from an endemic area of Zimbabwe. The three Sh-TSPs were the targets of urine IgG responses in all cohorts, including individuals with very low levels of infection (those positive for circulating anodic antigen but negative for eggs by microscopy). This study provides new antigen candidates to immunologically diagnose S. haematobium infection, and the work presented here provides compelling evidence for the use of a biomarker signature to enhance the diagnostic capability of these tetraspanins.

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Ogongo, Paul, Thomas M. Kariuki, and R. Alan Wilson. "Diagnosis of schistosomiasis mansoni: an evaluation of existing methods and research towards single worm pair detection." Parasitology 145, no. 11 (March 6, 2018): 1355–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182018000240.

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AbstractThe inadequacy of current diagnostics for the detection of low worm burdens in humans means that schistosomiasis mansoni is more widespread than previously acknowledged. With the inception of mass drug treatment programmes aimed at disease elimination and the advent of human vaccine trials, the need for more sensitive diagnostics is evident. In this review, we evaluate the merits and limitations of the principal diagnostic methods, namely detection of eggs in faeces; anti-schistosome antibodies in serum; parasite-derived proteins and glycans in serum or urine; parasite DNA in blood, faeces or urine. Only in the baboon model, where actual worm burden is determined by portal perfusion, have faecal smear and circulating antigen methods been calibrated, and shown to have thresholds of detection of 10–19 worm pairs. There is scope for improvement in all the four methods of detection, e.g. the identification of single targets for host antibodies to improve the specificity of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Despite recent advances in the definition of the schistosome secretome, there have been no comprehensive biomarker investigations of parasite products in the urine of infected patients. Certainly, the admirable goal of eliminating schistosomiasis will not be achieved unless individuals with low worm burdens can be diagnosed.

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Kamel, Bishoy, Martina R. Laidemitt, Lijun Lu, Caitlin Babbitt, Ola Liota Weinbaum, Gerald M. Mkoji, and Eric S. Loker. "Detecting and identifying Schistosoma infections in snails and aquatic habitats: A systematic review." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 3 (March 24, 2021): e0009175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009175.

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Background We were tasked by the World Health Organization (WHO) to address the following question: What techniques should be used to diagnose Schistosoma infections in snails and in the water in potential transmission sites? Our goal was to review and evaluate the available literature and provide recommendations and insights for the development of WHO’s Guidelines Development Group for schistosomiasis control and elimination. Methodology We searched several databases using strings of search terms, searched bibliographies of pertinent papers, and contacted investigators who have made contributions to this field. Our search covered from 1970 to Sept 2020. All papers were considered in a PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) framework, and retained papers were grouped by technique and subjected to our GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations) evidence assessment profile determined in consultation with WHO. We also considered issues of sensitivity, specificity, coverage, cost, robustness, support needs, schistosome species discrimination, and relevant detection limits. Principal findings Our PRISMA process began with the perusal of 949 articles, of which 158 were retained for data extraction and evaluation. We identified 25 different techniques and for each applied a GRADE assessment considering limitations, inconsistency, imprecision, indirectness, and publication bias. We also provide advantages and disadvantages for each category of techniques. Conclusions Our GRADE analysis returned an assessment of moderate quality of evidence for environmental DNA (eDNA), qPCR and LAMP (Loop-mediated isothermal amplification). No single ideal diagnostic approach has yet been developed, but considerable recent progress has been made. We note a growing trend to use eDNA techniques to permit more efficient and replicable sampling. qPCR-based protocols for follow-up detection offer a versatile, mature, sensitive, and specific platform for diagnosis though centralized facilities will be required to favor standardization. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) can play a complementary role if inhibitors are a concern, or more sensitivity or quantification is needed. Snail collection, followed by shedding, is encouraged to provide specimens for sequence verifications of snails or schistosomes. LAMP or other isothermal detection techniques offer the prospect of less expensive and more distributed network of analysis but may face standardization and verification challenges related to actual sequences amplified. Ability to detect schistosome infections in snails or in the water is needed if control and elimination programs hope to succeed. Any diagnostic techniques used need to be regularly verified by the acquisition of DNA sequences to confirm that the detected targets are of the expected species. Further improvements may be necessary to identify the ideal schistosome or snail sequences to target for amplification. More field testing and standardization will be essential for long-term success.

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Chen, Yuning. "Neuroschistosomiasis and the Central Nervous System." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 19 (November 17, 2022): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v19i.2848.

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Schistosomes are the main cause of the neglected tropical disease schistosomiasis. As one of the most serious clinical consequences, neuroschistosomiasis occurs when the host exhibits an inflammatory reaction to eggs of schistosomes laid in the brain and the spinal cord. Two major kinds of neuroschistosomiasis are cerebral schistosomiasis and spinal schistosomiasis, which are associated with different types of schistosomes. Cerebral schistosomiasis can be acute, which leads to symptoms such as fever, delirium, visual impairment, ataxia, and headache, whereas chronic cerebral schistosomiasis usually causes epilepsy, brain tumor, and stroke. With regard to spinal schistosomiasis, the most common manifestation is acute myelopathy. Three treatments are effective for neuroschistosomiasis nowadays: schistosomicidal drugs, steroids, and surgical intervention. In terms of prevention, no vaccine is currently available, and avoiding contact with fresh water contaminated with schistosomes is the most effective way. Though neuroschistosomiasis has been increasingly reported, it is still under-recognized in many areas. Since early diagnosis and treatment significantly impact the prognosis of neuroschistosomiasis, it is crucial to improve the diagnostic approaches and treatments further to decrease the potential damage to the central nervous system. Also, the necessity of neuroschistosomiasis prevention should be emphasized to directly reduce the burden of this disease.

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Oliveira, Guilherme, Nilton B. Rodrigues, Alvaro J. Romanha, and Diana Bahia. "Genome and genomics of schistosomes." Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, no. 2 (February 1, 2004): 375–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-220.

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Schistosomes infect over 200 million people and 600 million are at risk. Genomics and post-genomic studies of schistosomes will contribute greatly to developing new reagents for diagnostic purposes and new vaccines that are of interest to the biotechnology industry. In this review, the most recent advances in these fields as well as new projects and future perspectives will de described. A vast quantity of data is publicly available, including short cDNA and genomic sequences, complete large genomic fragments, and the mitochondrial genomes of three species of the genus Schistosoma. The physical structure of the genome is being studied by physically mapping large genomic fragments and characterizing the highly abundant repetitive DNA elements. Bioinformatic manipulations of the data have already been carried out, mostly dealing with the functional analysis of the genes described. Specific search tools have also been developed. Sequence variability has been used to better understand the phylogeny of the species and for population studies, and new polymorphic genomic markers are currently being developed. The information generated has been used for the development of post-genomic projects. A small microarray detected genes that were differentially expressed between male and female worms. The identification of two-dimensional spots by mass spectrometry has also been demonstrated.

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Schwartz, Eli, Neora Pick, Gila Shazberg, and Israel Potasman. "Hematospermia Due to Schistosome Infection in Travelers: Diagnostic and Treatment Challenges." Clinical Infectious Diseases 35, no. 11 (December 2002): 1420–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/344063.

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Webster, B. L., D. Rollinson, J. R. Stothard, and T. Huyse. "Rapid diagnostic multiplex PCR (RD-PCR) to discriminate Schistosoma haematobium and S. bovis." Journal of Helminthology 84, no. 1 (August 3, 2009): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x09990447.

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AbstractSchistosoma haematobium and S. bovis are widespread schistosome species causing human and cattle schistosomiasis, respectively, in Africa. The sympatric occurrence of these two species and their ability to infect the same Bulinus intermediate snail hosts necessitates precise methods of identification of the larval stages. A rapid diagnostic ‘mulitplex’ one-step polymerase chain reaction protocol (RD-PCR) was developed using cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COX1) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to discriminate between S. haematobium and S. bovis. A single forward primer and two species-specific reverse primers were used to produce a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fragment of 306 bp and 543 bp for S. bovis and S. haematobium, respectively. Serial dilutions were carried out on various lifecycle stages and species combinations to test the sensitivity and specificity of the primers. This RD-PCR proved highly sensitive, detecting a single larval stage and as little as 0.78 ng of genomic DNA (gDNA) from an adult schistosome, providing a cost-effective, rapid and robust molecular tool for high-throughput screening of S. haematobium and S. bovis populations. In areas where human and cattle schistosomiasis overlap and are transmitted in close proximity, this mitochondrial assay will be a valuable identification tool for epidemiological studies, especially when used in conjunction with other nuclear diagnostic markers.

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Liang, Song, Keerati Ponpetch, Yi-Biao Zhou, Jiagang Guo, Berhanu Erko, J. Russell Stothard, M. Hassan Murad, et al. "Diagnosis of Schistosoma infection in non-human animal hosts: A systematic review and meta-analysis." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 5 (May 6, 2022): e0010389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010389.

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Background Reliable and field-applicable diagnosis of schistosome infections in non-human animals is important for surveillance, control, and verification of interruption of human schistosomiasis transmission. This study aimed to summarize uses of available diagnostic techniques through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methodology and principal findings We systematically searched the literature and reports comparing two or more diagnostic tests in non-human animals for schistosome infection. Out of 4,909 articles and reports screened, 19 met our inclusion criteria, four of which were considered in the meta-analysis. A total of 14 techniques (parasitologic, immunologic, and molecular) and nine types of non-human animals were involved in the studies. Notably, four studies compared parasitologic tests (miracidium hatching test (MHT), Kato-Katz (KK), the Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory technique (DBL), and formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation-digestion (FEA-SD)) with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and sensitivity estimates (using qPCR as the reference) were extracted and included in the meta-analyses, showing significant heterogeneity across studies and animal hosts. The pooled estimate of sensitivity was 0.21 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.03–0.48) with FEA-SD showing highest sensitivity (0.89, 95% CI: 0.65–1.00). Conclusions/Significance Our findings suggest that the parasitologic technique FEA-SD and the molecular technique qPCR, are the most promising techniques for schistosome diagnosis in non-human animal hosts. Future studies are needed for validation and standardization of the techniques for real-world field applications.

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Hoekstra, Pytsje T., Joule Madinga, Pascal Lutumba, Rebecca van Grootveld, Eric A. T. Brienen, Paul L. A. M. Corstjens, Govert J. van Dam, Katja Polman, and Lisette van Lieshout. "Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis without a Microscope: Evaluating Circulating Antigen (CCA, CAA) and DNA Detection Methods on Banked Samples of a Community-Based Survey from DR Congo." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 7, no. 10 (October 19, 2022): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7100315.

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Detection of Schistosoma eggs in stool or urine is known for its low sensitivity in diagnosing light infections. Alternative diagnostics with better sensitivity while remaining highly specific, such as real-time PCR and circulating antigen detection, are progressively used as complementary diagnostic procedures but have not yet replaced microscopy. This study evaluates these alternative methods for the detection of Schistosoma infections in the absence of microscopy. Schistosomiasis presence was determined retrospectively in 314 banked stool and urine samples, available from a previous survey on the prevalence of taeniasis in a community in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, using real-time PCR, the point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA) test, as well as the up-converting particle lateral flow circulating anodic antigen (UCP-LF CAA) test. Schistosoma DNA was present in urine (3%) and stool (28%) samples, while CCA (28%) and CAA (69%) were detected in urine. Further analysis of the generated data indicated stool-based PCR and the POC-CCA test to be suitable diagnostics for screening of S. mansoni infections, even in the absence of microscopy. A substantial proportion (60%) of the 215 CAA-positive cases showed low antigen concentrations, suggesting that even PCR and POC-CCA underestimated the “true” number of schistosome positives.

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Newport, George R., Nina Agabian, Jeff Kallestad, Phillip Tarr, Richard C. Hedstrom, and Seymour Klebanoff. "Identification, Molecular Cloning, and Expression of a Schistosome Antigen Displaying Diagnostic Potential." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 38, no. 3 (May 1, 1988): 540–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1988.38.540.

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HAMILTON, J. V., P. L. CHIODINI, P. G. FALLON, and M. J. DOENHOFF. "Periodate-sensitive immunological cross-reactivity between keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) and serodiagnostic Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens." Parasitology 118, no. 1 (January 1999): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182098003461.

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Both CEF6, a cation-exchange fraction of soluble Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens (SEA), composed of the 2 antigens, alpha-1 and omega-1, and haemocyanin from the keyhole limpet, Megathura crenulata, have shown potential for immunodiagnosis of human schistosomiasis. Possible cross-reactivity between antigens in SEA and keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) was explored by Western immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using sera from rabbits immunized with KLH, SEA, CEF6, alpha-1, omega-1, or egg antigen k5. Both immunoassays revealed a high degree of serological cross-reactivity between the schistosome egg antigens and KLH, much of it due to sodium periodate- sensitive epitopes. Cross-reactivity with schistosome antigens with proven diagnostic efficacy may thus, in part, explain the usefulness of KLH for the diagnosis of human schistosomiasis mansoni.

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Zanisi, Laura, Pietro Benedetto Faré, and Gabriele Poncini. "Diagnostic de schistosomiase urinaire par l’identification de miracidiums de [i]Schistosoma haematobium[/i]." Revue Médicale Suisse 14, no. 605 (2018): 944–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.53738/revmed.2018.14.605.0944.

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Meghani, Nileshkumar, Beom-Jin Lee, Hardik Amin, Behzad Nili-Ahmadabadi, and Saraswathy Nagendran. "Current Progress on the Genomics of Schistosomiasis for Drug Discovery and Diagnostics." Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets 20, no. 5 (December 9, 2020): 598–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871526519666191015170536.

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For a number of decades, schistosomiasis has remained a public threat and an economic burden in a number of countries, directly impacting over 200 million people. The past 15 years have seen tremendous progress in the development of high-throughput methods for targeting or compound selection that are vital to early-stage schistosome drug discovery research. Genomewide approaches to analyze gene expression at the transcriptional and other -omic levels have helped immensely for gaining insight into the pathways and mechanisms involved in the schistosomiasis and it is expected to revolutionize the drug discovery as well as related diagnostics. This review discusses the most recent progress of pharmacology and genomics concerning schistosomiasis with a focus on drug discovery and diagnostic tools. It also provides chemical structural insights of promising targets along with available in vitro and/or in vivo data. Although significant research has been done to identify new molecules for the treatment and new methods for diagnosis, the necessity of new options for the sustainable control of schistosomiasis remains a great challenge.

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Schols, Ruben, Hans Carolus, Cyril Hammoud, Stephen Mulero, Aspire Mudavanhu, and Tine Huyse. "A rapid diagnostic multiplex PCR approach for xenomonitoring of human and animal schistosomiasis in a ‘One Health’ context." Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 113, no. 11 (August 1, 2019): 722–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trz067.

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Abstract Studying the epidemiology of schistosomiasis—the most prevalent gastropod-borne human disease and an economic burden for the livestock industry—relies on adequate monitoring tools. Here we describe a molecular assay for detecting human and animal African schistosome species in their planorbid gastropod host (xenomonitoring) using a two-step approach. First, schistosome infections are detected and discriminated from other trematode infections using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that includes a trematode-specific marker (in 18S rDNA), a Schistosoma genus-specific marker (in internal transcribed spacer 2 [ITS2]) and a general gastropod marker (in 18S rDNA) as an internal control. Upon Schistosoma sp. detection, a second multiplex PCR is performed to discriminate among Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma mattheei and Schistosoma bovis/Schistosoma curassoni/Schistosoma guineensis using markers of differential lengths in the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COX1) gene. The specificity of these assays was validated with adult worms, naturally infected gastropods and human urine and stool samples. Sensitivity was tested on experimentally infected snail specimens that were sacrificed 10 and 40 days post-infection in order to mimic a natural prepatent and mature infection, respectively. The assay provides a diagnostic tool to support the xenomonitoring of planorbid gastropods for trematode infections in a One Health context, with a focus on the transmission monitoring of schistosomiasis.

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Lamberton, Poppy. "Schistosomiasis solution is not as simple as mass drug administration: Lamberton Lab takes a holistic approach to break the cycle of infection." Project Repository Journal 14, no. 1 (August 27, 2022): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.54050/prj1419274.

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Schistosomiasis solution is not as simple as mass drug administration: Lamberton Lab takes a holistic approach to break the cycle of infection Schisto_Persist aims to understand why schistosomiasis is not reducing in some areas despite nearly 20 years of mass drug administration. Overarching questions: What is the best way to monitor schistosome infections and drug efficacy? Has praziquantel resistance been selected for and what is its potential for spread? What other factors drive maintained transmission? What other factors affect parasite clearance? All require improved diagnostics and interpretation to be answered. Here we discuss the advances the Lamberton Lab are making for Schistosoma diagnostics.

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Karl, Stephan, Lucía Gutiérrez, Rafael Lucyk-Maurer, Roland Kerr, Renata R. F. Candido, Shu Q. Toh, Martin Saunders, et al. "The Iron Distribution and Magnetic Properties of Schistosome Eggshells: Implications for Improved Diagnostics." PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 7, no. 5 (May 16, 2013): e2219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002219.

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WILSON, R. ALAN. "Proteomics at the schistosome-mammalian host interface: any prospects for diagnostics or vaccines?" Parasitology 139, no. 9 (May 1, 2012): 1178–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182012000339.

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SUMMARYSince 2004 there has been a remarkable increment in our knowledge of the proteins and glycans that reside at, or are released from the surfaces of schistosomes in the mammalian host. Initial characterization of the soluble proteome permits distinctions to be made between the parasite secretome and its necrotome. The principal proteins secreted by the cercaria to gain access to the skin have been described as well as those released by migrating schistosomula. An inventory of transporters, enzymes and structural proteins has been shown to reside the tegument surface, but also immunoglobulins, complement factors and host CD44. The secreted membranocalyx that overlies the plasma membrane may contain a small number of proteins, not simply acting as physical barrier, but its lipid composition remains elusive. Analysis of worm vomitus has provided insights into blood feeding, increasing the number of known lysosomal hydrolases, and identifying a series of carrier proteins potentially involved in uptake of lipids and inorganic ions by the gut epithelium. The egg secretions that aid escape from the tissues include a mixture of MEG-2 and MEG-3 family variant proteins. The utility of identified proteins for the development of new diagnostics, and their potential as vaccines candidates is evaluated.

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Nascimento-Carvalho, Cristiana M., and Otávio A. Moreno-Carvalho. "Neuroschistosomiasis due to Schistosoma mansoni: a review of pathogenesis, clinical syndromes and diagnostic approaches." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 47, no. 4 (August 2005): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652005000400001.

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Neuroschistosomiasis (NS) is the second most common form of presentation of infection by the trematode, Schistosoma mansoni. Granulomatous inflammatory reaction occurs as a result of schistosome eggs being transmitted to spinal cord or brain via the vascular system, or by inadvertent adult worm migration to these organs. The two main clinical syndromes are spinal cord neuroschistosomiasis (acute or subacute myelopathy) and localized cerebral or cerebellar neuroschistosomiasis (focal CNS impairment, seizures, increased intracranial pressure). Presumptive diagnosis of NS requires confirming the presence of S. mansoni infection by stool microscopy or rectal biopsy for trematode eggs, and serologic testing of blood and spinal fluid. The localized lesions are identified by signs and symptoms, and confirmed by imaging techniques (contrast myelography, CT and MRI). Algorithms are presented to allow a stepwise approach to diagnosis.

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Cheever, A. W. "Decalcification of Schistosome Eggs during Staining of Tissue Sections: A Potential Source of Diagnostic Error." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 35, no. 5 (September 1, 1986): 959–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1986.35.959.

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Kayuni, S. A., P. L. A. M. Corstjens, E. J. LaCourse, K. E. Bartlett, J. Fawcett, A. Shaw, P. Makaula, et al. "How can schistosome circulating antigen assays be best applied for diagnosing male genital schistosomiasis (MGS): an appraisal using exemplar MGS cases from a longitudinal cohort study among fishermen on the south shoreline of Lake Malawi." Parasitology 146, no. 14 (August 27, 2019): 1785–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182019000969.

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AbstractWe provide an update on diagnostic methods for the detection of urogenital schistosomiasis (UGS) in men and highlight that satisfactory urine-antigen diagnostics for UGS lag much behind that for intestinal schistosomiasis, where application of a urine-based point-of-care strip assay, the circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) test, is now advocated. Making specific reference to male genital schistosomiasis (MGS), we place greater emphasis on parasitological detection methods and clinical assessment of internal genitalia with ultrasonography. Unlike the advances made in defining a clinical standard protocol for female genital schistosomiasis, MGS remains inadequately defined. Whilst urine filtration with microscopic examination for ova of Schistosoma haematobium is a convenient but error-prone proxy of MGS, we describe a novel low-cost sampling and direct visualization method for the enumeration of ova in semen. Using exemplar clinical cases of MGS from our longitudinal cohort study among fishermen along the shoreline of Lake Malawi, the portfolio of diagnostic needs is appraised including: the use of symptomatology questionnaires, urine analysis (egg count and CCA measurement), semen analysis (egg count, circulating anodic antigen measurement and real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis) alongside clinical assessment with portable ultrasonography.

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Casacuberta-Partal, Miriam, Lisette van Lieshout, Angela van Diepen, Jeroen C. Sijtsma, Arifa Ozir-Fazalalikhan, Jan Pieter R. Koopman, Claudia J. de Dood, et al. "Excretion patterns of Schistosoma mansoni antigens CCA and CAA by adult male and female worms, using a mouse model and ex vivo parasite cultures." Parasitology 149, no. 3 (November 5, 2021): 306–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182021001839.

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AbstractAssays which enable the detection of schistosome gut-associated circulating anodic (CAA) and cathodic (CCA) antigen in serum or urine are increasingly used as a diagnostic tool for schistosome infection. However, little is known about the production and clearance of these circulating antigens in relation to the sex and reproductive maturity of the parasite. Here we describe CAA and CCA excretion patterns by exploring a mouse model after exposure to 36 male-only, female-only and mixed (male/female) Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. We found that serum and urine CAA levels, analysed at 3 weeks intervals, peaked at 6 weeks post-infection. Worms recovered after perfusion at 14 weeks were cultured ex vivo. Male parasites excreted more circulating antigens than females, in the mouse model as well as ex vivo. In mixed infections (supporting egg production), serum CAA levels correlated to the number of recovered worms, whereas faecal egg counts or Schistosoma DNA in stool did not. No viable eggs and no inflammation were seen in the livers from mice infected with female worms only. Ex vivo, CAA levels were higher than CCA levels. Our study confirms that CAA levels reflect worm burden and allows detection of low-level single-sex infections.

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Mickum, Megan L., Nina Salinger Prasanphanich, Xuezheng Song, Nelum Dorabawila, Msano Mandalasi, Yi Lasanajak, Anthony Luyai, et al. "Identification of Antigenic Glycans from Schistosoma mansoni by Using a Shotgun Egg Glycan Microarray." Infection and Immunity 84, no. 5 (February 16, 2016): 1371–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01349-15.

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Infection of mammals by the parasitic helminthSchistosoma mansoniinduces antibodies to glycan antigens in worms and eggs, but the differential nature of the immune response among infected mammals is poorly understood. To better define these responses, we used a shotgun glycomics approach in which N-glycans from schistosome egg glycoproteins were prepared, derivatized, separated, and used to generate an egg shotgun glycan microarray. This array was interrogated with sera from infected mice, rhesus monkeys, and humans and with glycan-binding proteins and antibodies to gather information about the structures of antigenic glycans, which also were analyzed by mass spectrometry. A major glycan antigen targeted by IgG from different infected species is the FLDNF epitope [Fucα3GalNAcβ4(Fucα3)GlcNAc-R], which is also recognized by the IgG monoclonal antibody F2D2. The FLDNF antigen is expressed by all life stages of the parasite in mammalian hosts, and F2D2 can kill schistosomulain vitroin a complement-dependent manner. Different antisera also recognized other glycan determinants, including core β-xylose and highly fucosylated glycans. Thus, the natural shotgun glycan microarray of schistosome eggs is useful in identifying antigenic glycans and in developing new anti-glycan reagents that may have diagnostic applications and contribute to developing new vaccines against schistosomiasis.

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Lista, Simone, and Enzo Emanuele. "Analysis of mitochondrial DNA by PCR/DHPLC as a diagnostic tool to differentiate schistosomes species and strains." Medical Hypotheses 68, no. 3 (January 2007): 707–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2006.09.018.

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Elamin Bushara, Sarra Osman, Sara Elfadil Abbas Mohammed, Elnour Mohamed Elagib, and Hatim Mohamed Yousif Mudawi. "Acute Schistosomal Colitis Preceded by Katayama Syndrome." Journal of Digestive Endoscopy 08, no. 02 (April 2017): 083–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jde.jde_52_16.

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ABSTRACTSchistosomiasis is prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas. It manifests as an acute or chronic illness caused by the body’s reaction to the worms’ eggs. In view of its clinical similarity to various other diseases, the disorder may cause diagnostic errors. We present a case of a Sudanese man, who presented with fever, headache, fatigue, myalgia, excessive sweating, abdominal cramps, and a high eosinophil count on blood testing. He was diagnosed with a connective tissue disorder and was started on prednisolone, but 3 weeks later, he presented with rectal bleeding. Colonoscopy showed features of moderate distal colitis. Colonic biopsies revealed several viable schistosome ova associated with aggregates of eosinophils, compatible with active colonic schistosomiasis.

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Linder, Ewert, Sami Varjo, and Cecilia Thors. "Mobile Diagnostics Based on Motion? A Close Look at Motility Patterns in the Schistosome Life Cycle." Diagnostics 6, no. 2 (June 17, 2016): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics6020024.

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Vengesai, Arthur, Victor Muleya, Herald Midzi, Tryphine Vimbai Tinago, Isaac Chipako, Marble Manuwa, Thajasvarie Naicker, and Takafira Mduluza. "Diagnostic performances of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni recombinant proteins, peptides and chimeric proteins antibody based tests. Systematic scoping review." PLOS ONE 18, no. 3 (March 2, 2023): e0282233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282233.

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Background Traditional diagnostic tests for schistosome infections are suboptimal, particularly when the parasite burden is low. In the present review we sought to identify recombinant proteins, peptides, and chimeric proteins with potential to be used as sensitive and specific diagnostic tools for schistosomiasis. Methods The review was guided by PRISMA-ScR guidelines, Arksey and O’Malley’s framework, and guidelines from the Joanna Briggs Institute. Five databases were searched: Cochrane library, PubMed, EMBASE, PsycInfo and CINAHL, alongside preprints. Identified literature were assessed by two reviewers for inclusion. A narrative summary was used to interpret the tabulated results. Results Diagnostic performances were reported as specificities, sensitivities, and AUC. The AUC for S. haematobium recombinant antigens ranged from 0.65 to 0.98, and 0.69 to 0.96 for urine IgG ELISA. S. mansoni recombinant antigens had sensitivities ranging from 65.3% to 100% and specificities ranging from 57.4% to 100%. Except for 4 peptides which had poor diagnostic performances, most peptides had sensitivities ranging from 67.71% to 96.15% and specificities ranging from 69.23% to 100%. S. mansoni chimeric protein was reported to have a sensitivity of 86.8% and a specificity of 94.2%. Conclusion The tetraspanin CD63 antigen had the best diagnostic performance for S. haematobium. The tetraspanin CD63 antigen Serum IgG POC-ICTs had a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 100%. Peptide Smp_150390.1 (216–230) serum based IgG ELISA had the best diagnostic performance for S. mansoni with a sensitivity of 96.15% and a specificity of 100%. Peptides were reported to demonstrate good to excellent diagnostic performances. S. mansoni multi-peptide chimeric protein further improved the diagnostic accuracy of synthetic peptides. Together with the advantages associated with urine sampling technique, we recommend development of multi-peptide chimeric proteins urine based point of care tools.

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Onyekwere, Amos Mathias, Olivier Rey, Jean-François Allienne, Monday Chukwu Nwanchor, Moses Alo, Clementina Uwa, and Jerome Boissier. "Population Genetic Structure and Hybridization of Schistosoma haematobium in Nigeria." Pathogens 11, no. 4 (March 31, 2022): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11040425.

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Background: Schistosomiasis is a major poverty-related disease caused by dioecious parasitic flatworms of the genus Schistosoma with a health impact on both humans and animals. Hybrids of human urogenital schistosome and bovine intestinal schistosome have been reported in humans in several of Nigeria’s neighboring West African countries. No empirical studies have been carried out on the genomic diversity of Schistosoma haematobium in Nigeria. Here, we present novel data on the presence and prevalence of hybrids and the population genetic structure of S. haematobium. Methods: 165 Schistosoma-positive urine samples were obtained from 12 sampling sites in Nigeria. Schistosoma haematobium eggs from each sample were hatched and each individual miracidium was picked and preserved in Whatman® FTA cards for genomic analysis. Approximately 1364 parasites were molecularly characterized by rapid diagnostic multiplex polymerase chain reaction (RD-PCR) for mitochondrial DNA gene (Cox1 mtDNA) and a subset of 1136 miracidia were genotyped using a panel of 18 microsatellite markers. Results: No significant difference was observed in the population genetic diversity (p > 0.05), though a significant difference was observed in the allelic richness of the sites except sites 7, 8, and 9 (p < 0.05). Moreover, we observed two clusters of populations: west (populations 1–4) and east (populations 7–12). Of the 1364 miracidia genotyped, 1212 (89%) showed an S. bovis Cox1 profile and 152 (11%) showed an S. haematobium cox1 profile. All parasites showed an S. bovis Cox1 profile except for some at sites 3 and 4. Schistosoma miracidia full genotyping showed 59.3% of the S. bovis ITS2 allele. Conclusions: This study provides novel insight into hybridization and population genetic structure of S. haematobium in Nigeria. Our findings suggest that S. haematobium x S. bovis hybrids are common in Nigeria. More genomic studies on both human- and animal-infecting parasites are needed to ascertain the role of animals in schistosome transmission.

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Lv, Chao, Wangping Deng, Liping Wang, Zhiqiang Qin, Xiaonong Zhou, and Jing Xu. "Molecular Techniques as Alternatives of Diagnostic Tools in China as Schistosomiasis Moving towards Elimination." Pathogens 11, no. 3 (February 24, 2022): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11030287.

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Schistosomiasis japonica caused by the trematode flukes of Schistosoma japonicum was one of the most grievous infectious diseases in China in the mid-20th century, while its elimination has been placed on the agenda of the national strategic plan of healthy China 2030 after 70 years of continuous control campaigns. Diagnostic tools play a pivotal role in warfare against schistosomiasis but must adapt to the endemic status and objectives of activities. With the decrease of prevalence and infection intensity of schistosomiasis in human beings and livestock, optimal methodologies with high sensitivity and absolute specificity are needed for the detection of asymptomatic cases or light infections, as well as disease surveillance to verify elimination. In comparison with the parasitological methods with relatively low sensitivity and serological techniques lacking specificity, which both had been widely used in previous control stages, the molecular detection methods based on the amplification of promising genes of the schistosome genome may pick up the baton to assist the eventual aim of elimination. In this article, we reviewed the developed molecular methods for detecting S. japonicum infection and their application in schistosomiasis japonica diagnosis. Concurrently, we also analyzed the chances and challenges of molecular tools to the field application process in China.

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Aradaib, Imadeldin Elamin, Elabbas Mohamed Ahdelmageed, Sanaa Ali Hassan, and Hans Peter Riemann. "A review on the diagnosis infection in cattle of Schistosoma bovis: current status and future prospects." Ciência Rural 25, no. 3 (1995): 493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84781995000300029.

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Bovine schistosomiasis, caused by Schistosoma bovis, is a serious veterinary problem in many parts of the worid. The current methods used for the diagnosis of the disease include clinical signs, pathological lesions, parasitological and serological techniques. As clinical signs and parasitological lesions caused by S. bovis are indistinguishable from those induced by other trematode parasites, confirmation of diagnosis by these methods is unreliable. Parasitological techniques used to demonstrate eggs of the parasite in fecal or tissue samples represent the most accurate method for detection of an active S. bovis infection. The tissue of choice for detection of S. bovis infection is the liver because of the visible macroscopic lesion that can be seen in that organ and the rapid detection of the parasite eggs under the microscope using crush smears. The serological techniques used for diagnosis of the disease do not necessarily identify an active infection. In addition, some of the positive reactions are non specific. However, serology is useful to identify previous infection in epidemiologic study. The ELISA has been recentiy validated for the diagnosis of bovine schistosomiasis and will probably replace the other serological tests. The immunoblotting technique has been proven satisfactory to detect antibodies to defined and recombinant schistosome antigen vaccines. Nucleic acid hybridization techniques have been described for the study of schistosome species-specific identification. However, these molecular techniques have not yet revolutionarized diagnosis of schistosomiasis. These techniques will probably serve as the basis for future diagnostic tests.

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43

Anyan, William K., Brittany R. Pulkkila, Clare E. Dyra, Miriam Price, Jean M. Naples, Joseph K. Quartey, Abraham K. Anang, and Nilanjan Lodh. "Assessment of dual schistosome infection prevalence from urine in an endemic community of Ghana by molecular diagnostic approach." Parasite Epidemiology and Control 9 (May 2020): e00130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parepi.2019.e00130.

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44

Sengupta, Mita E., Micaela Hellström, Henry C. Kariuki, Annette Olsen, Philip F. Thomsen, Helena Mejer, Eske Willerslev, et al. "Environmental DNA for improved detection and environmental surveillance of schistosomiasis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 18 (April 11, 2019): 8931–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1815046116.

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Schistosomiasis is a water-based, infectious disease with high morbidity and significant economic burdens affecting >250 million people globally. Disease control has, with notable success, for decades focused on drug treatment of infected human populations, but a recent paradigm shift now entails moving from control to elimination. To achieve this ambitious goal, more sensitive diagnostic tools are needed to monitor progress toward transmission interruption in the environment, especially in low-intensity infection areas. We report on the development of an environmental DNA (eDNA)-based tool to efficiently detect DNA traces of the parasite Schistosoma mansoni directly in the aquatic environment, where the nonhuman part of the parasite life cycle occurs. This is a report of the successful detection of S. mansoni in freshwater samples by using aquatic eDNA. True eDNA was detected in as few as 10 cercariae per liter of water in laboratory experiments. The field applicability of the method was tested at known transmission sites in Kenya, where comparison of schistosome detection by conventional snail surveys (snail collection and cercariae shedding) with eDNA (water samples) showed 71% agreement between the methods. The eDNA method furthermore detected schistosome presence at two additional sites where snail shedding failed, demonstrating a higher sensitivity of eDNA sampling. We conclude that eDNA provides a promising tool to substantially improve the environmental surveillance of S. mansoni. Given the proper method and guideline development, eDNA could become an essential future component of the schistosomiasis control tool box needed to achieve the goal of elimination.

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45

Deelder, A. M., G. J. Van Dam, D. Kornelis, Y. E. Fillié, and R. J. M. Van Zeyl. "Schistosoma: analysis of monoclonal antibodies reactive with the circulating antigens CAA and CCA." Parasitology 112, no. 1 (January 1996): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000065045.

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SUMMARYUsing spleen cells of mice infected or immunized respectively with cercariae or antigen preparations of Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium or S. japonicum monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were produced against the schistosome gut-associated antigens CAA (circulating anodic antigen) and CCA (circulating cathodic antigen). Fusions nearly exclusively produced either anti-CAA (n = 25) or anti-CCA mAbs (n = 55) with a strong isotype restriction (IgM, IgG1 and IgG3) against both antigens, the majority of anti-CAA mAbs being IgG1 and the majority of anti-CCA mAbs being IgM. The mAbs, which on the basis of their selection were reactive with multiple carbohydrate epitopes of CAA or CCA, were applied in different immunological techniques including immunofluorescence, a dot immunobinding assay and immuno-electrophoresis to study the epitope repertoire. Anti-CAA mAbs were found to be reactive with 5 different epitopes, none of which occurred as multiple epitopes on eggs. Anti-CCA mAbs, on the other hand, recognized at least 10 different epitopes, while 44% of anti-CCA mAbs recognized epitopes common to the adult worm and the egg. Both CAA-and CCA-epitopes were found to be developmentally expressed at the level of the tegument in cercariae, schistosomula and 5-day-old lung worms, but in the adult worm were primarily found in the gut. Thus, the production of panels of mAbs has not only resulted in the selection of reagents optimally performing in diagnostic immunoassays, but also allowed a more detailed study of the epitope repertoire of these important schistosome antigens.

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46

Idris, Mohamed A., and Andreas Ruppel. "Diagnostic Mr31/32 000 Schistosoma mansoni proteins (Sm31/32): Reaction with sera from Sudanese patients infected with S. mansoni or S. haematobium." Journal of Helminthology 62, no. 2 (June 1988): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00011305.

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ABSTRACTSera of Sudanese patients with active infections of Schistosoma mansoni or S. haematobium were tested in immunoblots for their reactivity with Mr31/32 000 proteins of adult S. mansoni (Sm31/32). All sera from patients with intestinal (n=123) and all but one from those with urinary schistosomiasis (n=35) had antibodies against Sm31/32. These and additional data suggest that both specificity and sensitivity of Sm31/32 to detect schistosome infections are close to 100%. Antibodies against these proteins developed also in monkeys after experimental infection with S. haematobium. Sm31/32 antigens reacted in immunoblots as a doublet with most S. haematobium-patient sera and as a broad band with many S. mansoni-sera suggesting that at least two components are present in the molecular weight region of Mr31/32 000. The data demonstrate the potential use of Sm31/32 from adult worms to diagnose patients with intestinal or urinary schistosomiasis in endemic areas.

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Harvey, Michael R., Fabrizio Chiodo, Wouter Noest, Cornelis H. Hokke, Gijsbert A. van der Marel та Jeroen D. C. Codée. "Synthesis and Antibody Binding Studies of Schistosome-Derived Oligo-α-(1-2)-l-Fucosides". Molecules 26, № 8 (13 квітня 2021): 2246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082246.

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Schistosomiasis is caused by blood-dwelling parasitic trematodes of the genus Schistosoma and is classified by the WHO as the second most socioeconomically devastating parasitic disease, second only to malaria. Schistosoma expresses a complex array of glycans as part of glycoproteins and glycolipids that can be targeted by both the adaptive and the innate part of the immune system. Some of these glycans can be used for diagnostic purposes. A subgroup of schistosome glycans is decorated with unique α-(1-2)-fucosides and it has been shown that these often multi-fucosylated fragments are prime targets for antibodies generated during infection. Since these α-(1-2)-fucosides cannot be obtained in sufficient purity from biological sources, we set out to develop an effective route of synthesis towards α-(1-2)-oligofucosides of varying length. Here we describe the exploration of two different approaches, starting from either end of the fucose chains. The oligosaccharides have been attached to gold nanoparticles and used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA and a microarray format to probe antibody binding. We show that binding to the oligofucosides of antibodies in sera of infected people depends on the length of the oligofucose chains, with the largest glycans showing most binding.

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48

Angeles, Jose Ma M., Atcharaphan Wanlop, Minh-Anh Dang-Trinh, Masashi Kirinoki, Shin-ichiro Kawazu, and Aya Yajima. "Evaluation of Crude and Recombinant Antigens of Schistosoma japonicum for the Detection of Schistosoma mekongi Human Infection." Diagnostics 13, no. 2 (January 4, 2023): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13020184.

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Asian schistosomiasis caused by the blood fluke Schistosoma mekongi is endemic in northern Cambodia and Southern Lao People’s Democratic Republic. The disease is mainly diagnosed by stool microscopy. However, serodiagnosis such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with soluble egg antigen (SEA), has been shown to have better sensitivity compared to the stool examination, especially in the settings with a low intensity of infection. To date, no recombinant antigen has been assessed using ELISA for the detection of S. mekongi infection, due to the lack of genome information for this schistosome species. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate several recombinant S. japonicum antigens that have been developed in our laboratory for the detection of S. mekongi infection. The crude antigen SjSEA and recombinant antigens Sj7TR, SjPCS, SjPRx-4, and SjChi-3 were evaluated in ELISA using serum samples positive for S. mekongi infection. The cross-reaction was checked using sera positive for Ophistorchis viverrini. ELISA results showed that S. japonicum SEA at low concentrations showed better diagnostic performance than the recombinant antigens tested using the archived serum samples from Cambodia. However, further optimization of the recombinant antigens should be conducted in future studies to improve their diagnostic performance for S. mekongi detection.

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Chen, Cheng, Xue Zhou, Qinghong Guo, Chao Lv, Yalan Tang, Qingqing Guo, Yang Chen, et al. "Diagnostic Efficacy of Plasma-Based Real-Time PCR for Schistosomiasis Japonica in Mice before and after Treatment with Praziquantel." Animals 13, no. 19 (September 29, 2023): 3068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13193068.

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The prevalence of schistosomiasis japonica in China is now characterized by a low epidemic rate and low-intensity infections. Some diagnostic methods with high sensitivity and specificity are urgently needed to better monitor this disease in the current situation. In this study, the detection efficacy of a real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay was assessed for schistosomiasis japonica in mice, and before and after treatment with praziquantel (PZQ). Our results showed that the sensitivity of the qPCR was 99.3% (152/153, 95% CI: 96.41–99.98%) and its specificity was 100% (77/77, 95% CI: 95.32–100%) in mice infected with different numbers of Schistosoma japonicum. After the oral administration of PZQ, mice infected with 10 cercariae or 40 cercariae were all Schistosoma japonicum-negative 6 weeks after treatment. However, the negativity rates on a soluble egg antigen (SEA)-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were only 34.8% (8/23, 10 cercariae group) and 6.7% (1/15, 40 cercariae group) at the sixth week after PZQ treatment. These results demonstrated that the qPCR method had good sensitivity and specificity, and suggested that its sensitivity correlated with the infection intensity in mice. Moreover, this method had better potential utility for evaluating the treatment efficacy of PZQ in schistosome-infected mice than SEA-based ELISA.

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Mu, Yi, Pengfei Cai, Remigio M. Olveda, Allen G. Ross, David U. Olveda, and Donald P. McManus. "Parasite-derived circulating microRNAs as biomarkers for the detection of human Schistosoma japonicum infection." Parasitology 147, no. 8 (December 16, 2019): 889–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182019001690.

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AbstractNovel tools for early diagnosis and monitoring of schistosomiasis are urgently needed. This study aimed to validate parasite-derived miRNAs as potential novel biomarkers for the detection of human Schistosoma japonicum infection. A total of 21 miRNAs were initially validated by real-time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using serum samples of S. japonicum-infected BALB/c mice. Of these, 6 miRNAs were further validated with a human cohort of individuals from a schistosomiasis-endemic area of the Philippines. RT-PCR analysis showed that two parasite-derived miRNAs (sja-miR-2b-5p and sja-miR-2c-5p) could detect infected individuals with low infection intensity with moderate sensitivity/specificity values of 66%/68% and 55%/80%, respectively. Analysis of the combined data for the two parasite miRNAs revealed a specificity of 77.4% and a sensitivity of 60.0% with an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.6906 (P = 0.0069); however, a duplex RT-PCR targeting both sja-miR-2b-5p and sja-miR-2c-5p did not result in an increased diagnostic performance compared with the singleplex assays. Furthermore, the serum level of sja-miR-2c-5p correlated significantly with faecal egg counts, whereas the other five miRNAs did not. Targeting S. japonicum-derived miRNAs in serum resulted in a moderate diagnostic performance when applied to a low schistosome infection intensity setting.

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