Статті в журналах: "Scanner-laser 3D"

1

Zeidan, Zaki M., Ashraf A. Beshr, and Ashraf G. Shehata. "Study the precision of creating 3D structure modeling form terrestrial laser scanner observations." Journal of Applied Geodesy 12, no. 4 (October 25, 2018): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jag-2018-0009.

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Abstract Laser scanner has become widely used nowadays for several applications in civil engineering. An advantage of laser scanner as compared to other geodetic instruments is its capability of collecting hundreds or even thousands of point per second. Terrestrial laser scanner allows acquiring easy and fast complex geometric data from building, machines, objects, etc. Several experimental and field tests are required to investigate the quality and accuracy of scanner points cloud and the 3D geometric models derived from laser scanner. So this paper investigates the precision of creation three dimensional structural model resulted from terrestrial laser scanner observations. The paper also presented the ability to create 3D model by structural faces depending on the plane equation for each face resulted from coordinates of several observed points cover this face using reflector less total station observations. Precision comparison for the quality of 3D models created from laser scanner observations and structure faces is also presented.The results of the practical measurements, calculations and analysis of results are presented.

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2

Gurau, Vladimir, Andy Gerhardstein, Kalvin Carruthers, and Hank Frazer. "Laser Scanner-Based Robotic Coordinate Measuring Machine." International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research 13, no. 1 (2024): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijmerr.13.1.161-168.

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The objectives of the research presented in this paper are to design, integrate and demonstrate a robotic Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) for digitizing 3D geometries of objects to be used in reverse-engineering applications. The paper describes the mathematical model, the integration of the light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensor with the automated positioning system and the programming used to attain the technology. The digital reconstruction of an object’s 3D model is achieved by applying forward robot kinematics along with homogeneous transforms to the point cloud detected by the LiDAR. The object’s geometric features are determined using 2nd-order polynomial best fitted curves of the scanned point clouds using the bisquare fit method. The CMM uses forward robot kinematics along with homogeneous transforms to programmatically compensate for geometric positioning errors resulting from deviations in position and orientation of the CMM components during assembly and from deviations in position and orientation of the workpiece when it is located in its mounting device. The instrument is shown to reconstruct with remarkable qualitative accuracy the 3D model of a turbine blade. Using a better-quality detecting sensor, the instrument can be used as well in automated quality control and inspection applications.

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3

Riczu, Péter, János Tamás, Gábor Nagy, Attila Nagy, Tünde Fórián, and Tamás Jancsó. "Horticulture applicability of 3D laser scanner." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 46 (May 16, 2012): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/46/2412.

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As a result of the technological development, remote sensing instruments and methods have become widespread in all segments of life (from precision agriculture through architecture to medicine). Among the innovative development of remote sensing instruments the 3D laser scanner is overriding importance. The horticulture applicability of terrestrial laser scanning technique is innovation in the precision agriculture, because it could be determine the structure of trees and branches, the canopy extension, which can help to recognize some biophysical parameters. The examination was carried out with Leica ScanStation C10 terrestrial laser scanner in the Study and Regional Research Farm of the University of Debrecen near Pallag. In this article I present the measuring principle, the parameters and horticulture applicability of the terrestrial laser scanner.

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4

Chen, Kai, Kai Zhan, Xiaocong Yang, and Da Zhang. "Accuracy Improvement Method of a 3D Laser Scanner Based on the D-H Model." Shock and Vibration 2021 (May 25, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9965904.

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A three-dimensional (3D) laser scanner with characteristics such as acquiring huge point cloud data and noncontact measurement has revolutionized the surveying and mapping industry. Nonetheless, how to guarantee the 3D laser scanner precision remains the critical factor that determines the excellence of 3D laser scanners. Hence, this study proposes a 3D laser scanner error analysis and calibration-method-based D-H model, applies the D-H model method in the robot area to the 3D laser scanner coordinate for calculating the point cloud data and creatively derive the error model, comprehensively analyzes six external parameters and seven inner structure parameters that affect point cloud coordinator error, and designs two calibration platforms for inner structure parameters. To validate the proposed method, we used SOKKIA total station and BLSS-PE 3D laser scanner to attain the center coordinate of the testing target sphere and then evaluate the external parameters and modify the point coordinate. Based on modifying the point coordinate, comparing the point coordinate that considered the inner structure parameters with the point coordinate that did not consider the inner structure parameters, the experiment revealed that the BLSS-PE 3D laser scanner’s precision enhanced after considering the inner structure parameters, demonstrating that the error analysis and calibration method was correct and feasible.

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5

Jang, Arum, Young K. Ju, and Min Jae Park. "Structural Stability Evaluation of Existing Buildings by Reverse Engineering with 3D Laser Scanner." Remote Sensing 14, no. 10 (May 11, 2022): 2325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14102325.

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In the Fourth Industrial Revolution, research and development of application technologies that combine high-tech technologies have been actively conducted. Building information modeling (BIM) technology using advanced equipment is considered promising for future construction projects. In particular, using a 3D laser scanner, LIDAR is expected to be a solution for future building safety inspections. This work proposes a new method for evaluating building stability using a 3D laser scanner. In this study, an underground parking lot was analyzed using a 3D laser scanner. Further, structural analysis was performed using the finite element method (FEM) by applying the figure and geometry data acquired from the laser scan. This process includes surveying the modeled point cloud data of the scanned building, such as identifying the relative deflection of the floor slab, and the sectional shape and inclination of the column. Consequently, safety diagnosis was performed using the original evaluation criteria. This confirms that it is precise and efficient to use a 3D laser scanner for building stability assessment. This paper presents a digital point cloud-based approach using a 3D laser scanner to evaluate the stability of buildings.

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6

Palomer, Albert, Pere Ridao, Dina Youakim, David Ribas, Josep Forest, and Yvan Petillot. "3D Laser Scanner for Underwater Manipulation." Sensors 18, no. 4 (April 4, 2018): 1086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18041086.

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7

Rioux, M., and T. Bird. "White laser, synced scan (3D scanner)." IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 13, no. 3 (May 1993): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/38.210485.

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8

Gao, X., M. Li, L. Xing, and Y. Liu. "JOINT CALIBRATION OF 3D LASER SCANNER AND DIGITAL CAMERA BASED ON DLT ALGORITHM." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3 (April 30, 2018): 377–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-377-2018.

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Design a calibration target that can be scanned by 3D laser scanner while shot by digital camera, achieving point cloud and photos of a same target. A method to joint calibrate 3D laser scanner and digital camera based on Direct Linear Transformation algorithm was proposed. This method adds a distortion model of digital camera to traditional DLT algorithm, after repeating iteration, it can solve the inner and external position element of the camera as well as the joint calibration of 3D laser scanner and digital camera. It comes to prove that this method is reliable.

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9

Syed Abdullah, Sharifah Lailaton Khadijah, and Siti Kamisah Mohd Yusof. "Generating a 3D Model Parking Lot by using Terrestrial Laser Scanner." Jurnal Kejuruteraan 34, no. 3 (May 30, 2022): 411–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2022-34(3)-08.

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Nowadays, the usages of Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) have been practise widely use in the mapping and modelling of varies field. This is because of the advantages that TLS provided; such as speed in data collecting, high accuracy as well as saving time. One of the main technologies of TLS is by producing a 3 Dimension (3D) that can be analysed from a surface of an object and form of the real world. TLS is practically use in Civil Engineering or Geographic Information System (GIS) for objects modelling and reviewing tunnels volume whereas for Archaeology it be used by maintaining the details of cultural heritage. However, TLS has not been analysed in 3D for the parking area. The main purpose of this study took place is to prove the ability of TLS in producing and analysing into 3D modelling for this particular area. The study has been done at the parking lot of the Department of Survey and Mapping (JUPEM), Kuala Lumpur. The methods that been used for this study are by using a 3D Terrestrial Laser scanner (TLS), Leica Scan Station C10, image point cloud registration, 3D modelling, Cyclone software, parametric modelling 3D and Autodesk Revit. From this study, it helps the JUPEM department in producing 3D detailing plan as well as speed up the outcome of retrieving details for an object and can be presented in tangible form without physically going to the particular area or a site. Therefore, with this introduction of 3D modelling technology towards the relevant fields, it can help others in solving problems for internal infrastructure for buildings and structures.

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10

Mezian, c., Bruno Vallet, Bahman Soheilian, and Nicolas Paparoditis. "UNCERTAINTY PROPAGATION FOR TERRESTRIAL MOBILE LASER SCANNER." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B3 (June 9, 2016): 331–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b3-331-2016.

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Laser scanners are used more and more in mobile mapping systems. They provide 3D point clouds that are used for object reconstruction and registration of the system. For both of those applications, uncertainty analysis of 3D points is of great interest but rarely investigated in the literature. In this paper we present a complete pipeline that takes into account all the sources of uncertainties and allows to compute a covariance matrix per 3D point. The sources of uncertainties are laser scanner, calibration of the scanner in relation to the vehicle and direct georeferencing system. We suppose that all the uncertainties follow the Gaussian law. The variances of the laser scanner measurements (two angles and one distance) are usually evaluated by the constructors. This is also the case for integrated direct georeferencing devices. Residuals of the calibration process were used to estimate the covariance matrix of the 6D transformation between scanner laser and the vehicle system. Knowing the variances of all sources of uncertainties, we applied uncertainty propagation technique to compute the variance-covariance matrix of every obtained 3D point. Such an uncertainty analysis enables to estimate the impact of different laser scanners and georeferencing devices on the quality of obtained 3D points. The obtained uncertainty values were illustrated using error ellipsoids on different datasets.

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11

Mezian, c., Bruno Vallet, Bahman Soheilian, and Nicolas Paparoditis. "UNCERTAINTY PROPAGATION FOR TERRESTRIAL MOBILE LASER SCANNER." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B3 (June 9, 2016): 331–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b3-331-2016.

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Laser scanners are used more and more in mobile mapping systems. They provide 3D point clouds that are used for object reconstruction and registration of the system. For both of those applications, uncertainty analysis of 3D points is of great interest but rarely investigated in the literature. In this paper we present a complete pipeline that takes into account all the sources of uncertainties and allows to compute a covariance matrix per 3D point. The sources of uncertainties are laser scanner, calibration of the scanner in relation to the vehicle and direct georeferencing system. We suppose that all the uncertainties follow the Gaussian law. The variances of the laser scanner measurements (two angles and one distance) are usually evaluated by the constructors. This is also the case for integrated direct georeferencing devices. Residuals of the calibration process were used to estimate the covariance matrix of the 6D transformation between scanner laser and the vehicle system. Knowing the variances of all sources of uncertainties, we applied uncertainty propagation technique to compute the variance-covariance matrix of every obtained 3D point. Such an uncertainty analysis enables to estimate the impact of different laser scanners and georeferencing devices on the quality of obtained 3D points. The obtained uncertainty values were illustrated using error ellipsoids on different datasets.

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12

Armansyah, Arif, Syarif Hidayatulloh, and Asti Herliana. "Perancangan dan Pembuatan Alat Scanner 3D Menggunakan Sensor Kinect Xbox 360." Jurnal Informatika 5, no. 1 (April 19, 2018): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31311/ji.v5i1.2443.

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Abstrak Scanner 3D adalah teknologi yang digunakan untuk memindai objek nyata untuk mendapatkan bentuk, ukuran dan fitur lainnya agar menghasilkan gambar yang sangat akurat. Dalam perancangan alat scanner 3D sebelumnya, yaitu scanner 3D menggunakan sensor ultrasonik, infra merah, dan line laser. Maka dapat disimpulkan terdapat beberapa kekurangan yaitu masih terbatasnya objek yang di scan serta hasil scan yang belum akurat karena hanya menghasilkan garis-garis yang membentuk objek. Pada penelitian ini, penulis membuat scanner 3D dengan hasil akurasi yang tinggi. Scanner 3D yang dibuat adalah menggunakan sensor Kinect xbox 360. Cara kerja dari kinect yaitu dengan menggabungkan antara beberapa kamera, Color Cimos (VNA38209015) kamera ini berfungsi membantu dalam pengenalan objek dan fitur deteksi lainnya, serta kamera IR CMOS (VCA379C7130), dan IR Projector (OG12) yaitu sebagai depth sensor atau sensor kedalaman yang merupakan sebuah proyektor infrared dan sebuah sensor monochrome CMOS yang bekerja secara bersama-sama untuk melihat ruangan atau area dalam bentuk 3D tanpa memperdulikan kondisi cahaya. Untuk mengolah serta menampilkan hasil dari objek yang sudah di scan menggunakan aplikasi KScan3D. Kemudian untuk koneksi antara PC dengan media penggerak menggunakan Bluetooth HC-06. Setelah dilakukan pengujian didapatkan model gambar 3D dengan dengan hasil akurasi yang cukup tinggi. Kata Kunci: Bluetooth HC-06, Infra Merah, Line Laser, Kinect, KScan3D, Scanner 3D, Ultrasonik Abstract Scanner 3D is the technology used to scan real objects to get the form, size and other features in order to produce pictures that are very accurate. In the design of the appliance scanner 3D previously, namely scanner 3D using the ultrasonic sensor, infrared and laser line. It can be concluded there are some disadvantages that is still limited objects in the scan and the scans are not accurate because only produces lines that formed the object. In this research, author make scanner 3D with high accuracy results. Scanner 3D is made using the XBOX 360 Kinect sensor. How to work from kinect namely with combining between some camera, Color Cimos (VNA38209015) this camera work help in the introduction of objects and other detection feature and IR camera CMOS (VCA379C7130), and IR Projector (OG12) as depth censorship or the depth sensor is a projector infrared and a monochrome sensor CMOS working together to see the room or area in the form of 3D without neglecting the light conditions. To process and display the results from the object that is already in the scan using KScan3D application Then to the connection between the PC with media drives using Bluetooth HC-06. After the test is done obtained the model picture 3D with the results of the accuracy high enough. Key Word: Bluetooth HC-06, Infra Merah , Line Laser, Kinect, KScan3D, Scanner 3D, Ultrasonik

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13

Armansyah, Arif, Syarif Hidayatulloh, and Asti Herliana. "Perancangan dan Pembuatan Alat Scanner 3D Menggunakan Sensor Kinect Xbox 360." Jurnal Informatika 5, no. 1 (April 19, 2018): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31294/ji.v5i1.2443.

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Abstrak Scanner 3D adalah teknologi yang digunakan untuk memindai objek nyata untuk mendapatkan bentuk, ukuran dan fitur lainnya agar menghasilkan gambar yang sangat akurat. Dalam perancangan alat scanner 3D sebelumnya, yaitu scanner 3D menggunakan sensor ultrasonik, infra merah, dan line laser. Maka dapat disimpulkan terdapat beberapa kekurangan yaitu masih terbatasnya objek yang di scan serta hasil scan yang belum akurat karena hanya menghasilkan garis-garis yang membentuk objek. Pada penelitian ini, penulis membuat scanner 3D dengan hasil akurasi yang tinggi. Scanner 3D yang dibuat adalah menggunakan sensor Kinect xbox 360. Cara kerja dari kinect yaitu dengan menggabungkan antara beberapa kamera, Color Cimos (VNA38209015) kamera ini berfungsi membantu dalam pengenalan objek dan fitur deteksi lainnya, serta kamera IR CMOS (VCA379C7130), dan IR Projector (OG12) yaitu sebagai depth sensor atau sensor kedalaman yang merupakan sebuah proyektor infrared dan sebuah sensor monochrome CMOS yang bekerja secara bersama-sama untuk melihat ruangan atau area dalam bentuk 3D tanpa memperdulikan kondisi cahaya. Untuk mengolah serta menampilkan hasil dari objek yang sudah di scan menggunakan aplikasi KScan3D. Kemudian untuk koneksi antara PC dengan media penggerak menggunakan Bluetooth HC-06. Setelah dilakukan pengujian didapatkan model gambar 3D dengan dengan hasil akurasi yang cukup tinggi. Kata Kunci: Bluetooth HC-06, Infra Merah, Line Laser, Kinect, KScan3D, Scanner 3D, Ultrasonik Abstract Scanner 3D is the technology used to scan real objects to get the form, size and other features in order to produce pictures that are very accurate. In the design of the appliance scanner 3D previously, namely scanner 3D using the ultrasonic sensor, infrared and laser line. It can be concluded there are some disadvantages that is still limited objects in the scan and the scans are not accurate because only produces lines that formed the object. In this research, author make scanner 3D with high accuracy results. Scanner 3D is made using the XBOX 360 Kinect sensor. How to work from kinect namely with combining between some camera, Color Cimos (VNA38209015) this camera work help in the introduction of objects and other detection feature and IR camera CMOS (VCA379C7130), and IR Projector (OG12) as depth censorship or the depth sensor is a projector infrared and a monochrome sensor CMOS working together to see the room or area in the form of 3D without neglecting the light conditions. To process and display the results from the object that is already in the scan using KScan3D application Then to the connection between the PC with media drives using Bluetooth HC-06. After the test is done obtained the model picture 3D with the results of the accuracy high enough. Key Word: Bluetooth HC-06, Infra Merah , Line Laser, Kinect, KScan3D, Scanner 3D, Ultrasonik

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14

Yokoyama, H., and H. Chikatsu. "AUTOMATIC TREE DATA REMOVAL METHOD FOR TOPOGRAPHY MEASUREMENT RESULT USING TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W3 (February 23, 2017): 659–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w3-659-2017.

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Recently, laser scanning has been receiving greater attention as a useful tool for real-time 3D data acquisition, and various applications such as city modelling, DTM generation and 3D modelling of cultural heritage sites have been proposed. And, former digital data processing were demanded in the past digital archive techniques for cultural heritage sites. However, robust filtering method for distinguishing on- and off-terrain points by terrestrial laser scanner still have many issues. In the past investigation, former digital data processing using air-bone laser scanner were reported. Though, efficient tree removal methods from terrain points for the cultural heritage are not considered. In this paper, authors describe a new robust filtering method for cultural heritage using terrestrial laser scanner with "the echo digital processing technology" as latest data processing techniques of terrestrial laser scanner.

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15

Liu, Bin, Qian Qiao, and Fangfang Han. "Rapid Calibration Method for 3D Laser Scanner." Recent Patents on Engineering 14, no. 2 (October 29, 2020): 234–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1872212113666191016140122.

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Background: The 3D laser scanner is a non-contact active-sensing system, which has a number of applications. Many patents have been filed on the technologies for calibrating 3D laser scanner. A precise calibration method is important for measuring the accuracy of the 3D laser scanner. The system model contains three categories of parameters to be calibrated which include the camera intrinsic parameters, distortion coefficients and the light plane parameters. Typically, the calibration process is completed in two steps. Based on Zhang’s method, the calibration of the camera intrinsic parameters and distortion coefficients can be performed. Then, 3D feature points on the light plane should precisely be formed and extracted. Finally, the points are used to calculate the light plane parameters. Methods: In this paper, a rapid calibration method is presented. Without any high precision auxiliary device, only one coplanar reference target is used. By using a group of captured images of the coplanar reference target placed in the field of view arbitrarily, calibration can be performed in one step. Based on the constraint from the planes formed by the target in different directions and the camera imaging model, a large amount of 3D points on the light plane can easily be obtained. The light plane equation in the camera coordinates system can be gathered by executing plane fitting to the 3D points. Results: During the experimental process, the developed 3D laser scanner was calibrated by the proposed method. Then, the measuring accuracy of the system was verified with known distance in vertical direction of 1mm with sequential shifting motion generated by precision translation stage. The average value of the measured distances was found to be 1.010mm. The standard deviation was 0.008mm. Conclusion: Experimental results prove that the proposed calibration method is simple and reliable.

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16

Wang, Fu Ping, Wei Fan, Sen Su, Sheng Xiong Liu, and Zhi Yong Yin. "Flash Sliver Prevents Laser Penetrating Organic Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 263-266 (December 2012): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.263-266.48.

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High-quality point clouds are the bases of high-accuracy three-dimensional (3D) model. How to obtain the corresponding surface point clouds is always an important work in reverse engineering. Faro Laser Scanner Fonton120 was used to scan an organic material which is composed of potassium stearate, sodium stearate, polyvinyl alcohol and paraffin liquid in a dark room. The organic material has fewer reflectors and is penetrated by laser of scanner. For increasing the reflector and obtaining high-accuracy 3D model, the flash sliver was coated on organic material’s surface. Flash sliver was found not only increasing the high reflector but also preventing laser penetrating. It indicated that coating flash sliver was an efficient method to obtain high-quality point clouds. These findings have supplied a basis for 3D laser scanner appling to the field of organic material.

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17

Gollob, Christoph, Tim Ritter, and Arne Nothdurft. "Comparison of 3D Point Clouds Obtained by Terrestrial Laser Scanning and Personal Laser Scanning on Forest Inventory Sample Plots." Data 5, no. 4 (October 31, 2020): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data5040103.

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In forest inventory, trees are usually measured using handheld instruments; among the most relevant are calipers, inclinometers, ultrasonic devices, and laser range finders. Traditional forest inventory has been redesigned since modern laser scanner technology became available. Laser scanners generate massive data in the form of 3D point clouds. We have developed a novel methodology to provide estimates of the tree positions, stem diameters, and tree heights from these 3D point clouds. This dataset was made publicly accessible to test new software routines for the automatic measurement of forest trees using laser scanner data. Benchmark studies with performance tests of different algorithms are welcome. The dataset contains co-registered raw 3D point-cloud data collected on 20 forest inventory sample plots in Austria. The data were collected by two different laser scanning systems: (1) A mobile personal laser scanner (PLS) (ZEB Horizon, GeoSLAM Ltd., Nottingham, UK) and (2) a static terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) (Focus3D X330, Faro Technologies Inc., Lake Mary, FL, USA). The data also contain digital terrain models (DTMs), field measurements as reference data (ground-truth), and the output of recent software routines for the automatic tree detection and the automatic stem diameter measurement.

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18

Phan, Lam Huynh, Nam Thanh Nguyen, and Duy Van Pham. "Errors reducing method of Laser 3D scanner." Science and Technology Development Journal 17, no. 1 (March 31, 2014): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v17i1.1293.

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This paper presents the factors that influence the form scanning processing by using the laser: light ambient, scanning surface, motion axial, focal length of the camera. This paper will present the method to reduce the error of the environment by using the camera calibration algorithms and the coordinate movements. This errors reducing method to solve the problem from local to genera: from solving errors created by the curve of the cameras to the laser-line width, to the dark gray threshold of the images by the camera aperture and coupling 2- movement axis to scanning-coupling more effectively.

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19

Shiozawa, Hideto, Takeshi Yoshida, Takanori Fukao, and Yasuyoshi Yokokohji. "3D Reconstruction using Airbone Velodyne Laser Scanner." Journal of the Robotics Society of Japan 31, no. 10 (2013): 992–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.7210/jrsj.31.992.

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20

Silva Centeno, Jorge Antonio, and Elizabete Bugalski de Andrade Peixoto. "3D." Revista de Geociências do Nordeste 9, no. 2 (December 6, 2023): 156–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21680/2447-3359.2023v9n2id32658.

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A mobile laser scanner is a valuable tool to collect 3D information especially in urban regions, where vertical objects, like walls, poles and trees, need to be mapped. The collected point clouds can be used to segment objects and classify them according to their shape. Nevertheless, the segmentation and classification steps still need tools to analyze 3D point clouds. In this paper it is introduces a method to describe 3D shape from point clouds obtained by mobile laser scanner within the context of classification of urban furniture. The initial aim is to describe the 3D shape of objects located at the top of poles, but the approach can be extended to other objects. For this purpose, the distribution of the points is analyzed with help of the eigenvalues of the variance-covariance matrix. It is proposed the use of two parameters, one related to planarity and another to elongation, that are normalized in the range between zero and one, which allows easier description of the shape in terms of just two well-known terms.

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21

Kurkela, Matti, Mikko Maksimainen, Arttu Julin, Toni Rantanen, Juho-Pekka Virtanen, Juha Hyyppä, Matti Tapio Vaaja, and Hannu Hyyppä. "Utilizing a Terrestrial Laser Scanner for 3D Luminance Measurement of Indoor Environments." Journal of Imaging 7, no. 5 (May 10, 2021): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7050085.

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We aim to present a method to measure 3D luminance point clouds by applying the integrated high dynamic range (HDR) panoramic camera system of a terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) instrument for performing luminance measurements simultaneously with laser scanning. We present the luminance calibration of a laser scanner and assess the accuracy, color measurement properties, and dynamic range of luminance measurement achieved in the laboratory environment. In addition, we demonstrate the 3D luminance measuring process through a case study with a luminance-calibrated laser scanner. The presented method can be utilized directly as the luminance data source. A terrestrial laser scanner can be prepared, characterized, and calibrated to apply it to the simultaneous measurement of both geometry and luminance. We discuss the state and limitations of contemporary TLS technology for luminance measuring.

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22

Mikita, Tomáš, Dominika Krausková, Petr Hrůza, Miloš Cibulka, and Zdeněk Patočka. "Forest Road Wearing Course Damage Assessment Possibilities with Different Types of Laser Scanning Methods Including New iPhone LiDAR Scanning Apps." Forests 13, no. 11 (October 26, 2022): 1763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13111763.

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Forests make up 34.1% of the Czech Republic total area and forest roads account for nearly the same length (47,465 km) as all other roads administered by the state and its regions (55,738 km). Forest roads are not as intensively used as other roads. On the other hand, as logging trucks carry the maximum permitted load on roads and forests create a specific microclimate, forest roads are subject to rapid wear. A road wearing course is generally designed for 20 years of service and for a maximum damage level of 25% before they are supposed to be reconstructed. To ensure this life cycle is adhered to, more efficient, faster, and more flexible surface damage detection adaptable for forest environment is needed. As smartphones and their optical devices, i.e., new iPhones with LiDAR sensors, become more advanced, the option arises to perform laser scanning on road surfaces using smartphones applications. This work aimed to test this technology and its precision applicability to assessing damage to a forest wearing course and compare it with another hand-held personal laser scanner (PLShh), represented in this study by GeoSLAM ZEB Horizon scanner, and more precise terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) technology, represented in this study by Faro Focus 3D laser scanner, which have started to replace tacheometric wearing course damage surveying thanks to their greater precision. So, this study involved a comparison of three alternative laser scanning methods focused especially on these, which are implemented in new iPhones for tacheometric surveying. First, a Faro Focus 3D laser scanner was used for the TLS method. Second, the PLShh method was tested on a GeoSLAM ZEB Horizon scanner. Third, another PLShh method using an iPhone 13 Pro with applications 3D Scanner and Polycam was evaluated. If we are comparing positional height accuracy of PLShh to tacheometric surveying on reference cross position height coordinates, ZEB Horizon achieved devXY and devZ RMSE 0.108 m; 0.025 m; iPhone 13 Pro with 3D Scanner app devXY and devZ RMSE 0.185 m; 0.021 m, and with Polycam app devXY and devZ RMSE 0.31 m; 0.045. TLS achieved the best results with devXY RMSE 0.049 and devZ RMSE 0.0077. The results confirm that only the TLS scanner achieves precision values in height differences applicable for an assessment of forest road wearing course damage measurement comparable with tacheometric surveying. Surprisingly, comparing the PLShh scanners to the TLS technology, they achieved interesting results, comparing their transverse profiles and 3D objects as digital surface models (DSM) of the road to TLS in height position. In transverse profiles, ZEB Horizon achieved devZ RMSE 0.032 m; iPhone 13 Pro with 3D Scanner app devZ RMSE 0.017 m, and with Polycam app devZ RMSE 0.041 m compared to the TLS method measured using a Faro Focus 3D static laser scanner. Comparing forest road DSM to Faro Focus 3D, ZEB Horizon achieved devZ RMSE 0.028 m; iPhone 13 Pro with 3D Scanner app devZ RMSE 0.018 m and with Polycam devZ RMSE 0.041 m. These results in height differences show that the height accuracy of PLShh achieves precision, which is applicable to determining the current shape of forest road wearing course compared to the required roof shape gradient. However, further testing provided the insight that such a kind of PLShh measurement is still only possible to use for the identification of a transverse profile shape, as in length measurement the length error increases. All PLShh are able to capture the current shape of forest road cross profile, but still they cannot be used for any design or calculation of material measurement needed for wearing course repair.

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Zhang, Ying, Hang Chen, and Zhi Qiang Du. "3D Modeling of Underground Geological Park Based on Terrestrial Laser Scanner." Advanced Materials Research 748 (August 2013): 1119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.748.1119.

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Анотація:

The main idea of this paper is to describe the application of Terrestrial Laser Scanner in 3D modeling. Considering the special terrain structure of underground geological park, a 3D modeling procedure based on Terrestrial Laser Scanner is designed. The graphs of vertical cross-section and horizontal cross-section are achieved after model optimization. Experiments show that the method can work better than Ground-based measurements in 3D modeling of underground geological park. The 3D model of underground geological park can be used to monitor the amount of mining and get the graphs of vertical cross-section and horizontal cross-section, which will be applied widely in future.

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Kostesha, V. A., O. A. Marycheva, and I. K. Kolesnikova. "Creation of 3D-model of a cultural heritage site using the laser scanner Trimble TX8." Zemleustrojstvo, kadastr i monitoring zemel' (Land management, cadastre and land monitoring), no. 2 (January 22, 2021): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-04-2102-11.

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Анотація:

The article is about a Trimble TX8 laser scanner used for creation a 3D model of a federal cultural heritage site. For a better disclosure of the topic, the authors explained the main technical parameters of the device, the principles of its operation and the areas of actual application. The accuracy of this scanner and the possibility of using it to preserve the exact parameters of cultural heritage objects have been analyzed here as well. The authors also analyzed the main positive and negative aspects of laser 3D scanning and 3D modeling.

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25

Chen, Le Yang. "Surface Reconstruction Based on the 3D Laser Scanner." Applied Mechanics and Materials 215-216 (November 2012): 656–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.215-216.656.

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3D laser scanning is one of the key technologies of reverse engineering. Digital point cloud is produced by the rapid scanning technology. Some technology about reverse engineering is introduced in this thesis. The curved surface can be generated by the point cloud processing, when the point cloud can be processed by the software called Geomagic Studio.

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Medeiros, Marco André Malmann, Jorge Carlos Della Favera, Márcia Aparecida Fernandes dos Reis, Tito Lyvio Vieira e. Silva, Eduardo Barreto Oliveira, Rafael Aguiar Biassusi, and Renan Garcia da Silveira. "O laser scanner e a paleontologia em 3D." Anuário do Instituto de Geociências 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.11137/2007_1_94-100.

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The introduction of laser scanning for imaging let paleontologists determinate, with higher detail level, the taphonomic positions of fossils in a rock outcrop. It also registers, with millimeters precision, the shape and position of some ichnofossil, like tracks and footprints. With all that, entire digital rock outcrops can be created and preserved for future studies. The initial data acquired by the software Cyclone is editable in any CAD software, allowing their rendering as well as the possibility of a future reconstruction using prototypes.

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Hambling, David. "Portable laser scanner creates 3D images in colour." New Scientist 253, no. 3370 (January 2022): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(22)00077-x.

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Zhang, Wei, Zaihua Yang, and Wenxin He. "Application Of 3D Laser Scanner In Spacecraft Assembly." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 392, no. 6 (August 3, 2018): 062035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/392/6/062035.

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KATO, Akira. "Application of 3D Laser Scanner to Forest Measurement." Review of Laser Engineering 44, no. 5 (2016): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.2184/lsj.44.5_320.

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Nowicki, Michal R. "Spatiotemporal Calibration of Camera and 3D Laser Scanner." IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters 5, no. 4 (October 2020): 6451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lra.2020.3014639.

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Choi, Hae Woon. "Optimization of Optics Design for 3D Laser Scanner." Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers 19, no. 6 (June 30, 2020): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.14775/ksmpe.2020.19.06.096.

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32

Isa, Mohammed A., and Ismail Lazoglu. "Design and analysis of a 3D laser scanner." Measurement 111 (December 2017): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2017.07.028.

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33

Park, Chan-Seong, Hong-Pil Jeon, Kwang-Soo Choi, Jin-Pyo Kim, and Nam-Kyu Park. "Application of 3D Laser Scanner to Forensic Engineering." Journal of Forensic Sciences 63, no. 3 (August 23, 2017): 930–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13632.

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34

Yang, Zhongdong, Peng Wang, Xiaohui Li, and Changku Sun. "Flexible calibration method for 3D laser scanner system." Transactions of Tianjin University 20, no. 1 (February 2014): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12209-014-2167-0.

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35

Duan, Xuzhe, Qingwu Hu, Pengcheng Zhao, and Shaohua Wang. "A Low-Cost and Portable Indoor 3D Mapping Approach Using Biaxial Line Laser Scanners and a One-Dimension Laser Range Finder Integrated with Microelectromechanical Systems." Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 88, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 311–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14358/pers.21-00037r2.

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Анотація:

Existing indoor 3D mapping solutions suffer from high cost and poor portability. In this article, a low-cost and portable indoor 3D mapping approach using biaxial line laser scanners and a one-dimension laser range finder integrated with microelectromechanical systems is proposed. A multiple-sensor calibration approach is presented to perform the extrinsic calibration of the integrated 3D mapping system. The 2D point cloud acquired by the horizontal laser scanner and the orientation information obtained by the microelectromechanical systems are used as inputs for a simultaneous localization and mapping framework to estimate the 2D poses. The height information acquired by the laser range finder is then fused to obtain the 3D pose, which is applied to restore the actual position and orientation of the 2D point cloud generated by the tilted laser scanner to reconstruct the 3D point cloud of the indoor environment. The experimental results—three typical indoor scenes—demonstrate that the proposed approach can achieve accuracies of 3 cm and 2°. Therefore, the proposed approach is a low-cost, portable, and accurate solution for indoor 3D mapping.

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36

Singh, Ravinder, Archana Khurana, and Sunil Kumar. "Optimized 3D laser point cloud reconstruction by gradient descent technique." Industrial Robot: the international journal of robotics research and application 47, no. 3 (February 15, 2020): 409–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-12-2019-0244.

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Purpose This study aims to develop an optimized 3D laser point reconstruction using Descent Gradient algorithm. Precise and accurate reconstruction of 3D laser point cloud of the complex environment/object is a key solution for many industries such as construction, gaming, automobiles, aerial navigation, architecture and automation. A 2D laser scanner along with a servo motor/pan tilt/inertial measurement unit is used for generating 3D point cloud (either environment/object or both) by acquiring the real-time data from sensors. However, while generating the 3D laser point cloud, various problems related to time synchronization problem between laser and servomotor and torque variation in servomotors arise, which causes misalignment in stacking the 2D laser scan for generating the 3D point cloud of the environment. Because of the misalignment in stacking, the 2D laser scan corresponding to the erroneous angular and position information by the servomotor and the 3D laser point cloud become distorted in terms of inconsistency for measuring the dimension of the objects. Design/methodology/approach This paper addresses a modified 3D laser system assembled from a 2D laser scanner coupled with a servomotor (dynamixel motor) for developing an efficient 3D laser point cloud with the implementation of an optimization technique: descent gradient filter (DGT). The proposed approach reduces the cost function (error) in the angular and position coordinates of the servo motor caused because of torque variation and time synchronization, which resulted in enhancing the accuracy in 3D point cloud mapping for the accurate measurement of the object’s dimensions. Findings Various real-world experiments are performed with the proposed DGT filter linked with laser scanner and servomotor and an improvement of 6.5 per cent in measuring the accurate dimension of object is obtained while comparing with conventional approaches for generating a 3D laser point cloud. Originality/value This proposed technique may be applicable for various industrial applications that are based on robotics arms (such as painting, welding and cutting) in the automobile industry, the optimized measurement of object, efficient mobile robot navigation, precise 3D reconstruction of environment/object in construction, architecture applications, airborne applications and aerial navigation.

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Castanheiro, L. F., A. M. G. Tommaselli, M. V. Machado, G. H. Santos, I. S. Norberto, and T. T. Reis. "THE USE OF A WIDE FOV LASER SCANNING SYSTEM AND A SLAM ALGORITHM FOR MOBILE APPLICATIONS." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B1-2022 (May 30, 2022): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b1-2022-181-2022.

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Abstract. This paper presents the assessment of a wide-angle laser scanner and a simultaneous localisation and mapping (SLAM) algorithm to estimate the trajectory and generate a 3D map of the environment. A backpack platform composed of an OS0-128 Ouster (FoV 90° × 360°) laser scanner was used to acquire laser data in an area with urban and forest features. Web SLAM, an online SLAM algorithm implemented by Ouster, Inc., was used to estimate the trajectory and generate a 3D map in a local reference system. Then, the 3D point clouds were transformed into the ground coordinate system with a rigid body transformation. Three datasets were used: (I) the entire trajectory consisting of forwarding and backwards paths, (II) only forward path, and (III) only backward path. Visual analysis showed a double mapping error in the point cloud of dataset I. Therefore, the point cloud registration was performed only for datasets II and III, achieving a centimetric accuracy, which is compatible with the OS0-128 laser scanner accuracy (∼5cm).

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38

Oyman, Hilmi Artun, Baris Can Efe, Mustafa Akin Icel, Yigit Daghan Gokdel, Onur Ferhanoglu, and Arda Deniz Yalcinkaya. "Towards 3D Confocal Imaging with Laser-Machined Micro-Scanner." Proceedings 2, no. 13 (November 23, 2018): 1067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2131067.

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A micro-scanner made of stainless-steel is fabricated via laser cutting technology for 3D Lissajous confocal imaging. The multi-gimbaled structure of the device provides two orthogonal torsional modes and three different out-of-plane modes. Torsional modes can be used to achieve 2D scan and all of the out-of-plane modes can be used in changing the focus of the micro-scanner to achieve a 3D scanning pattern. One of the out-of-plane modes along with two orthogonal torsional modes can be employed for scanning a large depth-stack in sparse fashion while another out-of-plane mode can satisfy a much higher scan fill-rate with less field of view (FOV). Simulations of the micro-scanner are obtained using finite element method (FEM) software and compared with the characterization data gathered from Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV). Using various out-of-plane modes, the constructed fill patterns are simulated on MATLAB and fill rates compared.

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39

Abu Hanipah, Abdul Fatah Firdaus, and Khairul Nizam Tahar. "Development of the 3D dome model based on a terrestrial laser scanner." International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation 36, no. 2 (May 14, 2018): 122–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbpa-05-2017-0024.

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Purpose Laser scanning technique is used to measure and model objects using point cloud data generated laser pulses. Conventional techniques to construct 3D models are time consuming, costly and need more manpower. The purpose of this paper is to assess the 3D model of the Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Mosque’s main dome using a terrestrial laser scanner. Design/methodology/approach A laser scanner works through line of sight, which indicates that multiple scans need to be taken from a different view to ensure a complete data set. Targets must spread in all directions, and targets should be placed on fixed structures and flat surfaces for the normal scan and fine scan. After the scanning operation, point cloud data from the laser scanner were cleaned and registered before a 3D model could be developed. Findings As a result, the reconstruction of the 3D model was successfully developed. The samples are based on the triangle dimension, curve line, horizontal dimension and vertical dimension at the dome. The standard deviation and accuracy are calculated based on the comparison of the 21 samples taken between the high-resolution and low-resolution scanning data. Originality/value There are many ways to develop the 3D model and based on this study, the less complex ways also produce the best result. The authors implement the different types of dimensions for the 3D model assessment, which have not yet been considered in the past.

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40

Voges, R., C. S. Wieghardt, and B. Wagner. "TIMESTAMP OFFSET DETERMINATION BETWEEN AN ACTUATED LASER SCANNER AND ITS CORRESPONDING MOTOR." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-1/W1 (May 30, 2017): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-1-w1-99-2017.

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Motor actuated 2D laser scanners are key sensors for many robotics applications that need wide ranging but low cost 3D data. There exist many approaches on how to build a 3D laser scanner using this technique, but they often lack proper synchronization for the timestamps of the actuator and the laser scanner. However, to transform the measurement points into three-dimensional space an appropriate synchronization is mandatory. Thus, we propose two different approaches to accomplish the goal of calculating timestamp offsets between laser scanner and motor prior to and after data acquisition. Both approaches use parts of a SLAM algorithm but apply different criteria to find an appropriate solution. While the approach for offset calculation prior to data acquisition exploits the fact that the SLAM algorithm should not register motion for a stationary system, the approach for offset calculation after data acquisition evaluates the perceived clarity of a point cloud created by the SLAM algorithm. Our experiments show that both approaches yield the same results although operating independently on different data, which demonstrates that the results reflect reality with a high probability. Furthermore, our experiments exhibit the significance of a proper synchronization between laser scanner and actuator.

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Widyastuti, Ratri, Asep Yusup Saptari, and Arif Rahman. "Registration Strategy of Handheld Scanner (HS) and Terrestrial Laser Scanner Integration for Building Utility Mapping." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1047, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1047/1/012012.

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Abstract Currently, the need for a 3D model that represents the existing condition of a building is needed, especially for building management. While performed the 3D mapping of building utilities such as pipelines in buildings, the Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) technology couldn’t cover the object in the ceiling, so Handheld Scanner (HS) was used to complete the scanned objects. The purpose of this article is conducting the process of mapping between HS and TLS for building pipelines. The integration between two different sensor resolutions and sensor scan coverage requires a separate strategy to generate 3D models for pipeline objects in building. The use of specific target and 3D transformation method could do the registration between two set of point clouds which was obtained by two different technologies. The target object, such as spherical object which is usually used as a tie point between scan results in the registration process, cannot be recorded by HS. The specific targets were pasted on the pipelines in order to be captured by the HS. The specific targets become tie point in the registration process. Meanwhile, the registration process using the Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm cannot be carried out because the two scan results do not meet the overlap percentage standard, so that the 3D transformation would be used in registration process. The result is that the registration accuracy is 0.062 m.

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Bonin, Rémi, Farbod Khameneifar, and J. R. R. Mayer. "Evaluation of the Metrological Performance of a Handheld 3D Laser Scanner Using a Pseudo-3D Ball-Lattice Artifact." Sensors 21, no. 6 (March 18, 2021): 2137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21062137.

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This paper proposes the use of a pseudo-3D ball-lattice artifact to characterize a handheld laser scanner from a metrological standpoint. The artifact allows the computation of local and global errors in measurement by using the reference-frame-independent parameters of size, form, and distance within the measuring volume of the scanner, and in a single point cloud, without the need for registration. A set of tests was performed using the whole measuring volume, and three acquisition parameters, namely the orientation of the sweeps during the scans, the exposure time, and the distance to the scanner were analyzed for their effects on the accuracy of the scan data. A composite error including the errors in measuring size, form, and distance was used as a single figure of merit to characterize the performance of the scanner in relation to the data-acquisition parameters. The orientation of sweeps did not have a considerable effect on the errors. The accuracy of the scan data was strongly affected by exposure time and its interaction with the distance at which the artifact was scanned. The errors followed a quadratic trend with respect to the distance of the artifact to the scanner. The tested scanner performed best at its manufacturer’s recommended stand-off distance.

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Pratama, Ryan Arya, and Akihisa Ohya. "State Estimation and Control of an Unmanned Air Vehicle from a Ground-Based 3D Laser Scanner." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 28, no. 6 (December 20, 2016): 878–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2016.p0878.

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[abstFig src='/00280006/12.jpg' width='300' text='UAV state estimation from laser scanner' ] In this work, we present a system to estimate the state of and control an Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAV) from a ground-based 3D laser scanner. The main contributions of this work are on data fusion between a low-frequency 3D laser scanner with considerable delay and an on-board 6-DOF IMU, and on automatic position control of a UAV using state estimate obtained from the fusion. We measured laser delay using data from a manually controlled flight. We have devised a method to perform online estimation and compensation of accelerometer offset using delay-corrected laser measurement. We then use the UAV state estimation in a nested controller with a high-frequency velocity control inner loop and a low-frequency position control outer loop. We demonstrated the state estimation and control in a series of experiments on velocity control and position control, including a comparison between position control using fusion data and only laser data.

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44

Qudr, Lateef Abd Zaid. "Development of 3D environmental laser scanner using pinhole projection." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 2, no. 1 (110) (April 20, 2021): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.227629.

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Анотація:

Three-dimensional (3D) information of capturing and reconstructing an object existing in its environment is a big challenge. In this work, we discuss the 3D laser scanning techniques, which can obtain a high density of data points by an accurate and fast method. This work considers the previous developments in this area to propose a developed cost-effective system based on pinhole projection concept and commercial hardware components taking into account the current achieved accuracy. A laser line auto-scanning system was designed to perform close-range 3D reconstructions for home/office objects with high accuracy and resolution. The system changes the laser plane direction with a microcontroller to perform automatic scanning and obtain continuous laser strips for objects’ 3D reconstruction. The system parameters were calibrated with Matlab’s built-in camera calibration toolbox to find camera focal length and optical center constraints. The pinhole projection equation was defined to optimize the prototype rotating axis equation. The developed 3D environmental laser scanner with pinhole projection proved the system’s effectiveness on close-range stationary objects with high resolution and accuracy with a measurement error in the range (0.05–0.25) mm. The 3D point cloud processing of the Matlab computer vision toolbox has been employed to show the 3D object reconstruction and to perform the camera calibration, which improves efficiency and highly simplifies the calibration method. The calibration error is the main error source in the measurements, and the errors of the actual measurement are found to be influenced by several environmental parameters. The presented platform can be equipped with a system of lower power consumption, and compact smaller size

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45

Lee, J. D., K. J. Bhang, and W. Schuhr. "3D TEXTURED MODELLING OF BOTH EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR OF KOREAN STYLED ARCHITECTURES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W5 (August 18, 2017): 439–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w5-439-2017.

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Анотація:

This paper describes 3D modelling procedure of two Korean styled architectures which were performed through a series of processing from data acquired with the terrestrial laser scanner. These two case projects illustate the use of terrestrial laser scanner as a digital documentation tool for management, conservation and restoration of the cultural assets. We showed an approach to automate reconstruction of both the outside and inside models of a building from laser scanning data. Laser scanning technology is much more efficient than existing photogrammetry in measuring shape and constructing spatial database for preservation and restoration of cultural assets as well as for deformation monitoring and safety diagnosis of structures.

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Chen, C., X. Zou, M. Tian, J. Li, W. Wu, Y. Song, W. Dai, and B. Yang. "LOW COST MULTI-SENSOR ROBOT LASER SCANNING SYSTEM AND ITS ACCURACY INVESTIGATIONS FOR INDOOR MAPPING APPLICATION." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W8 (November 13, 2017): 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w8-83-2017.

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Анотація:

In order to solve the automation of 3D indoor mapping task, a low cost multi-sensor robot laser scanning system is proposed in this paper. The multiple-sensor robot laser scanning system includes a panorama camera, a laser scanner, and an inertial measurement unit and etc., which are calibrated and synchronized together to achieve simultaneously collection of 3D indoor data. Experiments are undertaken in a typical indoor scene and the data generated by the proposed system are compared with ground truth data collected by a TLS scanner showing an accuracy of 99.2% below 0.25 meter, which explains the applicability and precision of the system in indoor mapping applications.

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47

Delasse, Chaimaa, Hamza Lafkiri, Rafika Hajji, Ishraq Rached, and Tania Landes. "Indoor 3D Reconstruction of Buildings via Azure Kinect RGB-D Camera." Sensors 22, no. 23 (November 27, 2022): 9222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22239222.

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With the development of 3D vision techniques, RGB-D cameras are increasingly used to allow easier and cheaper access to the third dimension. In this paper, we focus on testing the potential of the Kinect Azure RGB-D camera in the 3D reconstruction of indoor scenes. First, a series of investigations of the hardware was performed to evaluate its accuracy and precision. The results show that the measurements made with the Azure could be exploited for close-range survey applications. Second, we performed a methodological workflow for indoor reconstruction based on the Open3D framework, which was applied to two different indoor scenes. Based on the results, we can state that the quality of 3D reconstruction significantly depends on the architecture of the captured scene. This was supported by a comparison of the point cloud from the Kinect Azure with that from a terrestrial laser scanner and another from a mobile laser scanner. The results show that the average differences do not exceed 8 mm, which confirms that the Kinect Azure can be considered a 3D measurement system at least as reliable as a mobile laser scanner.

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Castanheiro, L. F., A. M. G. Tommaselli, T. A. C. Garcia, M. B. Campos, and A. Kukko. "POINT CLOUD REGISTRATION USING LASER DATA FROM AN ORANGE ORCHARD." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-1/W1-2023 (May 25, 2023): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-1-w1-2023-71-2023.

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Abstract. Mobile laser systems have been used for close-range applications, such as agricultural management, due to the high penetrability of the laser beam enabling a unique 3D representation of the plant structure. However, some challenges remain in generating 3D mapping in agricultural environments. For instance, orange orchards are composed of trees with dense canopies which the laser scanner cannot penetrate for stem mapping. Therefore, most of the laser point clouds are pulses reflected from leaves and ground. This paper analyses approaches to detect keypoints, extract features and register the point clouds acquired with a laser scanner in an orange orchard. Three keypoints extraction methods (Uniform Sampling – US, 3D Harris and 3D Intrinsic Shape Signatures – 3D ISS), SHOT feature extraction and global registration methods (ICP and CPD) were evaluated. The results showed that improvements are still necessary for point cloud registration for orange orchards. In feature-based matching methods, an approach to filter the mismatches is needed to improve the estimation of the translation and rotation parameters. In the global registration methods, initial values of the trajectory are needed for ICP. CPD achieved good results for five sequence scans without initial values.

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Wang, Rui, Lei Yang, Xuan Lou, and Yang Zhou. "Application of 3D Laser Scanner on Dike Risk Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 341-342 (July 2013): 1085–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.341-342.1085.

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A dike risk model experiment is introduced in this paper. Researchers use a 3D laser scanner to scan the dike model before and after a simulated flood event and calculate the volume of the erosional fossa. The scan work includes four scan stations located at different places surrounding the dike model. The four point clouds are merged together by ICP (singular value decomposition) and SVD (singular value decomposition) algorithm to create a complete, thorough and detailed virtual 3D model of the experiment dike. Researchers can do kinds survey and calculate work based on the 3D model instead of working on the real dike. The work efficient and data quality are increased significantly.

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Todo, Chikage, Hidetoshi Ikeno, Keitaro Yamase, Toko Tanikawa, Mizue Ohashi, Masako Dannoura, Toshifumi Kimura, and Yasuhiro Hirano. "Reconstruction of Conifer Root Systems Mapped with Point Cloud Data Obtained by 3D Laser Scanning Compared with Manual Measurement." Forests 12, no. 8 (August 21, 2021): 1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12081117.

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Three-dimensional (3D) root system architecture (RSA) is a predominant factor in anchorage failure in trees. Only a few studies have used 3D laser scanners to evaluate RSA, but they do not check the accuracy of measurements. 3D laser scanners can quickly obtain RSA data, but the data are collected as a point cloud with a large number of points representing surfaces. The point cloud data must be converted into a set of interconnected axes and segments to compute the root system traits. The purposes of this study were: (i) to propose a new method for easily obtaining root point data as 3D coordinates and root diameters from point cloud data acquired by 3D laser scanner measurement; and (ii) to compare the accuracy of the data from main roots with intensive manual measurement. We scanned the excavated root systems of two Pinus thunbergii Parl. trees using a 3D laser scanner and neuTube software, which was developed for reconstructing the neuronal structure, to convert the point cloud data into root point data for reconstructing RSA. The reconstruction and traits of the RSA calculated from point cloud data were similar in accuracy to intensive manual measurements. Roots larger than 7 mm in diameter were accurately measured by the 3D laser scanner measurement. In the proposed method, the root point data were connected as a frustum of cones, so the reconstructed RSAs were simpler than the 3D root surfaces. However, the frustum of cones still showed the main coarse root segments correctly. We concluded that the proposed method could be applied to reconstruct the RSA and calculate traits using point cloud data of the root system, on the condition that it was possible to model both the stump and ovality of root sections.

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