Дисертації з теми "Savings Effect"
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Darmenov, Askar. "The effect of house prices on home owners savings." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2008. http://dspace.wrlc.org/handle/1961/4559.
Повний текст джерелаPersson, Sanna, and Jerry Pettersson. "The connection between household savings ratio and human development index : Which factors affect the household savings ratio?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-87939.
Повний текст джерелаSkogqvist, Jackline Mwende. "The effect of mobile money on savings behaviors of the financially excluded." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Nationalekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-38368.
Повний текст джерелаSafarzynska, Karolina. "Modeling the rebound effect in two manufacturing industries." Elsevier, 2012. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3610/1/Safarzynska_Modelling_rebound_effect_final.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаBjörkholm, Johan, Mattias Dahlberg, and Viktor Johansson. "Inlåsningseffekten : Skattens effekt på svenskars fondsparande." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-35396.
Повний текст джерелаBackground: In Sweden 76 % of the population has savings in mutual funds, with a combined wealth of 1 925 billion SEK. The tax on capital gains is 30 % and is activated when the profit is realized. Many Swedes avoid triggering this tax effect and is therefore locked-in in their mutual funds. Purpose The purpose of this study is, from interviews with private fund investors and industry players, to explain how the capital gains tax affects individuals’ reasoning and actions. This behavior will then be analyzed in terms of existing theories in the field. Method: We have used an abductive method to achieve the purpose of this study. The empirical material has been collected through semi-structured interviews. We have conducted 10 interviews with private fund investors and 6 people in the fund industry. The material from the interviews was then explained by means of the theories we have selected. Conclusion: In our study we came to the conclusion that the lock-in effect varies depending on the fund savers age. The younger group was more indifferent to the capital gains tax, due to a shorter investment horizon. The older group had a more unspecified investment horizon and based their investment decisions along the tax consequence. Capital gains tax then had a braking effect, as it would reduce the total wealth.
Garcia, Jose Daniel. "Characterization of greywater heat exchangers and the potential of implementation for energy savings." Thesis, KTH, Installations- och energisystem, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-191123.
Повний текст джерелаZheng, Henry Public Health & Community Medicine Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "Walking interventions to prevent coronary heart disease in Australia - quantifying effect size, dose-response and cost reductions." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Public Health & Community Medicine, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44750.
Повний текст джерелаTapper, Josefine, and Cajsa Baars. "Put your head in the sand or lose a grand? : A natural experiment of the ostrich effect and the disposition effect." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-150095.
Повний текст джерелаSiddiqui, Usama Shahid. "Behavioral demand response : A technology to support the smart grids of the future." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284532.
Повний текст джерелаI detta examensarbete görs en omfattande analys med hjälp av kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder för att undersöka ifall användandet av LocalLife – en lokal social nätverkstjänst som pilot-testas vid Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan – har förbättrat användarnas beteende och attityder kring hushållselsförbrukning samt hjälpt till att förbättra det lokala samhällslivet. Bostadshus ger upphov till en betydande del av världens energiförbrukning. På grund av den snabba tekniska utvecklingen har byggnaderna blivit mycket mer energieffektiva i Sverige på senare tid. Det finns dock fortfarande förbättringspotential när det gäller att spara el genom att ändra de boendes konsumtionsbeteende. Att få till en sådan beteendeförändring är dock inte enkelt. Enligt litteraturen påverkas beteendet av uppfattningar och normer. Det finns dessutom en global trend där allt färre människor lär känna sina grannar, kallad “globalt uppkopplad men lokalt isolerad”. Denna uppsats studerar därför en strategi att spara el som går ut på lokal sammanhållning och ökad kunskap om elanvändning hos de boende i studentlägenheterna på Malvinas väg på KTH campus. Studien utförs bland användare av LocalLife, ett lokalt socialt nätverk för hållbara stadsdelar – genom att blanda metoder såsom enkäter och intervjuer. Åtta LocalLife- användare studeras i detalj. Resultatet presenterar de mest lämpliga delarna från de relevanta ämnena som kan möjliggöra en bestående beteendeförändring öka chansen för att behålla användarna. Resultaten visar att deltagarna: 1) visade på en ökad energimedvetenhet; 2) upplevde en förbättring av det lokala samhällslivet; 3) kände sig motiverade att ändra sitt beteende för att spara el.
Hulse, Colin D. "Effects of Deregulation on Retirement Savings." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/536.
Повний текст джерелаHörlin, Jesper, and Martin Jensen. "The effect of building energy saving apartment blocks." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Medie- och Informationsteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-108359.
Повний текст джерелаStanić, Katarina. "Pension system design and its effect on saving." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12800/.
Повний текст джерелаWetherille, Patrick. "Reforming Social Security the effects of personal accounts on the beneficiaries of Social Security /." Diss., Connect to the thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10066/585.
Повний текст джерелаDueck, Katherine. "Children's Saving: Effects of Prompting, Age, and Internal and External Factors." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/42729.
Повний текст джерелаMalchar, Jakub. "Posouzení možnosti využití alternativních zdrojů v energetickém hospodářství výrobního areálu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-318767.
Повний текст джерелаLu, Zhenghong. "The Effects of Social Security on Private Saving." TopSCHOLAR®, 1995. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/991.
Повний текст джерелаHo, Anson Tai Yat. "On the effects of tax-deferred saving accounts." Diss., University of Iowa, 2011. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1147.
Повний текст джерелаLundberg, Erik. "The Effects of Inheritance Expectation on Current Economic Behavior." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-415107.
Повний текст джерелаAllard, Austin. "Energy-Saving Non-Metallic Connectors for Precast Sandwich Wall Systems in Cold Regions." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26840.
Повний текст джерелаND EPSCoR
Zheng, Caihua. "The effect of taxes on saving evidence from 29 OECD countries /." Connect to this title online, 2007. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1181251817/.
Повний текст джерелаBrown, Jeffrey D. "An Investigation Into the Effects of Population Aging on National Saving." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu999621394.
Повний текст джерелаHerzog, Ryan William 1981. "Testing saving and investment rates to understand capital mobility and current account solvency." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/9170.
Повний текст джерелаFeldstein and Horioka (1980) motivated the international finance literature by claiming a least squares regression of domestic investment rates on domestic savings rates is an informative measure of capital mobility. Their method stirred up controversy when they interpreted a high correlation between savings and investment rates as evidence of capital immobility, creating the famous Feldstein-Horioka puzzle. Current research starts with the Feldstein-Horioka result and shifts focus toward measuring short and long-run adjustments to external imbalances. The literature has implemented dynamic time-series and panel estimators to test the relationship. Following recent literature, each chapter in this dissertation jointly focuses on the adjustment process of current account imbalances and the conditions required for capital mobility. The intent of this study is to show through the use of new estimation techniques previous results have been largely misguided. The starting point for this analysis is a thorough review of three key equations used in saving-investment regressions. The three models in question are an ordinary least squares model, error correction model, and an autoregressive distributive lag estimator. Each model is tested for stability, and it is found that a number of countries have an unstable relationship. One argument for the instability results is the presence of structural breaks. Previous literature has found that both variables follow non-stationary processes, but when using more powerful unit root tests and controlling for level shifts, both variables appear stationary. If each variable is stationary then previous methods assuming non-stationarity will produce incorrect inferences. Each series is optimally estimated for structural breaks, and through a mean differencing process the savings-investment coefficient is significantly reduced. Additionally, removing the exogenous breaks and using the lower frequency components allows for modeling the short-run current account adjustment process. Finally, the results are extended to measure the relationship in a panel framework using dynamic panel estimators and threshold effects. After controlling for structural breaks the coefficient decreases and exhibits a downward trend. The remaining correlation can be explained through trade openness and country size measures.
Committee: Nicolas Magud, Chairperson, Economics; Stephen Haynes, Member, Economics; Jeremy Piger, Member, Economics; Regina Baker, Outside Member, Political Science
Qu, Guangjun. "THE EFFECTS OF REAL EXCHANGE RATE UNDERVALUATIONS UPON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT." OpenSIUC, 2010. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/180.
Повний текст джерелаWiatr, Pawel. "Energy Saving vs. Performance: Trade-offs in Optical Networks." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Optical Network Laboratory (ON Lab), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-186135.
Повний текст джерелаEnergikonsumtionen av kommunikationsnätverk, växer kontinuerligt. Många energibesparande åtgärder har föreslagits, såväl på komponentnivå, systemnivå och nätverksnivå. Det mest lovande sättet att hantera energibehov i kommunikationsnätverk är att utnyttja optisk teknologi så mycket som möjligt då denna har potential att ge låg energiförbrukning per bit. Det finns också ett antal föreslagna metoder för att ytterligare reducera energibehovet i optiska nätverk. En av de mest använda teknikerna bygger på att låta enheter som ej används gå ner på låg effekt (”sovläge”). Om detta används i allt för hög utsträckning kan det dock påverka hur optiska förbindelser (sk lightpaths) sätts upp eller ge förändrade egenskaper hos de aktuella komponenterna. Detta kan i sin tur ha en skadlig inverkan på de centrala nätverks- och komponentegenskaper vilket påverkar prestandan. Med andra ord kan en sådan ”grön” ansats baserad på sovläge leda till ökad fördröjning, förändring av resursutnyttjandet i nätet och till och med påverka risken för att det uppstår fel i komponenterna vilket ökar driftskostnaden för nätet. Denna avhandling fokuserar på dessa aspekter och visar upp resultat som belyser avvägningen mellan sovlägesbaserade energieffektiva strategier och deras eventuella bieffekter. Att slå av och väcka upp komponenter i optiska access-nätverk kan vara förknippat med en signifikant extra energikostnad. Tidigare föreslagna energieffektiva strategier försöker reducera denna ökade energikostnad genom att samla så mycket trafik som möjligt innan överföringen sker. Dock kan detta leda till ökad fördröjning som i vissa lägen inte är acceptabel. I avhandlingen undersöker vi avvägningen mellan energibesparingar och ökad paketfördröjning i fallet med LTE distributionsnät baserade på våglängsmultiplexerade passiva optiska nätverk (WDM-PON). Vi föreslår en ny energieffektiv ansats baserad på att enheter försätts i ”slummer-läge”. Detta gör det möjligt att med god precision bestämma när en sändare behöver väckas upp i syfte att maximera tiden i sovläget och att försäkra sig om att paketen kommer fram inom avsedd tid. Strategin är även kapabel att utnyttja differentierad fördröjning för att ytterligare förbättra energibesparingen. Ett sätt att minska energikonsumtionen i optiska distributionsnät är att minimera antalet aktiva enheter genom att exempelvis samla optiska förbindelser till ett minimalt antal aktiva fiberlänkar. Routingstrategier som utgår från denna princip är fördelaktiga ur energisynpunkt men kan å andra sidan skada nätverksprestanda (exempelvis blockeringssannolikhet) genom påverkan på förbindelselängder och annorlunda belastning av länkarna. Denna avvägning utvärderas i avhandlingen med hjälp av en specifikt utformad strategi för routing och våglängstilldelning (RWA) som vi benämner ”viktad effektmedveten optisk förbindelserouting” (WPA-LR). Denna strategi möjliggör noggrann avvägning mellan minimeringen av två kriterier: å ena sidan energikonsumtion, å andra sidan utnyttjandet av nätverksresurser (speciellt väglängdsutnyttjandet). Vår utvärdering bekräftar att energieffektivitet och nätverksprestanda står i motsatsförhållande till varandra. Dock erbjuder WPA-LR strategin minimering av energin med en acceptabel påverkan på nätverksprestanda. Slutligen undersöks i avhandlingen den påverkan som sovlägesbaserade energieffektiva strategier har på livslängden för optiska nätverkskomponenter, både i access- och i distributionsnät. Användning av sovlägesfunktion kan påverka arbetsförhållandena för en komponent, något som i sin tur kan påverka livslängden. Detta är en kritisk aspekt att ta i beaktande då det direkt kan påverka driftskostnaden kopplad till nätunderhållet. En metod ges för att utvärdera under vilka förhållanden och för vilka enheter en energieffektiv strategi kan leda till en total kostnadsfördel jämfört med en (möjlig) ökning av reparationskostnaderna. Ett resultat är att, i accessnät och för företagsanvändare, så kan även en liten variation i feluppkomst i optiska linjeterminaler (OLTs) eller optiska nätverksenheter (ONUs) leda till signifikanta kostnadsförluster vilka inte kan kompenseras genom de vinster som kan åstadkommas med energibesparingar. I distributionsnät är erbium-dopade fiberförstärkare (EDFAs) de mest utsatta enheterna vad gäller inverkan på livslängd. Genom att studera routingstrategier (ex.vis WPA-LR) har vi funnit att användningen av ”gröna” routingalgoritmer baserade på att lägga EDFAs i sovläge inte alltid är ekonomiskt fördelaktigt. Denna avhandling ger ett perspektiv på sovlägesbaserade energieffektiviseringsalgoritmer där de potentiella fördelarna vad gäller minskade driftskostnader ställs mot möjliga försämringar av nätverksprestanda och komponenters livslängd. Å andra sidan kan dessa försämringar hållas under kontroll och begränsas av den föreslagna algoritmen.
La consommation d'énergie des réseaux de communication ne cesse de croître. Ce problème fait l’objet de nombreuses approches orientées vers les économies d'énergie (écoénergétiques) au niveau des appareils (équipements) des systèmes et des réseaux. La façon la plus prometteuse de limiter l’augmentation de consommation évoquée est d'utiliser autant que possible des technologies photoniques, vu leur faible consommation d'énergie par bit. Plusieurs autres approches ont été proposées pour réduire davantage encore la consommation d'énergie dans des réseaux optiques. Une technique populaire exploite les modes de faible puissance (par exemple le mode veille) pour les appareils qui ne sont pas utilisés. Cependant, les approches basées sur le mode de veille peuvent affecter la manière dont les liaisons optiques (circuits optiques) sont acheminées, ou modifier les caractéristiques de certains appareils. Cela peut avoir un impact négatif sur les paramètres de performance des réseaux/équipements cruciaux. En d'autres termes, une approche écoénergétique peut introduire un retard supplémentaire, changer le niveau d'utilisation des ressources dans le réseau, ou même avoir un impact sur le taux d'échec d'un équipement, entraînant une augmentation des coûts d'exploitation du réseau. Cette thèse évalue attentivement, à la fois dans le réseau d'accès mais aussi dans le cœur du réseau, le compromis entre les avantages des régimes économes en énergie utilisant le mode veille et leurs effets secondaires possibles. Dans les réseaux d'accès optiques, mettre un équipement en mode veille et le réactiver peut introduire une surcharge d'énergie significative. Les approches d'économie d'énergie déjà proposées réduisent cette surcharge en regroupant autant que possible le trafic avant sa transmission. Toutefois, les données d'agrégation peuvent provoquer un retard supplémentaire qui peut ne pas être acceptable dans certains cas. Cette thèse étudie le compromis entre les économies d'énergie et un retard supplémentaire des paquets dans le cas d'un réseau backhaul LTE basé sur réseau optique passif à multiplexage en longueur d'onde (WDM-PON). La thèse propose une nouvelle approche éco énergétique. Elle développe un concept au travers duquel il est possible de contrôler avec précision quand un émetteur doit se réactiver, afin de maximiser le temps passé en mode veille tout en veillant à ce que les transmissions de paquets soient terminées en temps voulu. Le schéma proposé est également capable d’exploiter les (éventuelles) exigences diverses de retard de trafic pour améliorer encore les économies d'énergie. Dans le cœur des réseaux optiques, on peut diminuer la consommation d'énergie en minimisant le nombre d’équipements actifs utilisés pour l’acheminement des circuits optiques et le nombre de liens actifs à fibres optiques. Les stratégies de routage basées sur ce principe sont bénéfiques en termes d'économie d'énergie, mais peuvent affecter les performances du réseau (par exemple, la probabilité de blocage) en affectant la longueur des circuits optiques et la distribution d’occupation des liens. Ce compromis est évalué dans la thèse avec l'aide d’une stratégie de routage et affectation de longueur d'onde (RWA) appelée routage des circuits optiques conscient de la puissance (WPA-LR). La stratégie WPA-LR permet le réglage fin entre deux objectifs: minimiser la consommation d'énergie et minimiser l’utilisation des ressources réseau (i.e. longueur d'onde). Les résultats de l'évaluation confirment que l'efficacité énergétique et les performances du réseau ont des objectifs contradictoires. Cependant, la stratégie WPA-LR proposée permet la minimisation de l'énergie avec un impact acceptable sur les performances du réseau. La thèse étudie également l'impact que les stratégies d’économie d’énergie basées sur le mode veille ont sur la durée de vie d'un certain nombre d’équipements de réseau optique, dans les deux réseaux d'accès et de base. L'utilisation du mode veille peut en effet modifier les conditions de fonctionnement de l’équipement, ce qui peut influer sur la durée de vie de l'appareil. Ceci est un aspect crucial à considérer, car il peut affecter directement le coût opérationnel du réseau lié à la gestion des pannes. La thèse propose une méthodologie pour évaluer dans quelles conditions et pour quels dispositifs un système économe en énergie peut conduire à des avantages de coûts globaux par rapport à une (possible) augmentation des coûts de maintenance. Dans les réseaux d'accès et auprès de clients commerciaux, il a été constaté qu’une petite variation de taux d'échec dans les terminaux de ligne optique (OLT) ou dans les unités de terminaison de réseau optique (ONUs) peut conduire à des pertes financières importantes qui ne peuvent être compensées par les bénéfices provenant des économies d'énergie. Dans les cœurs de réseaux les amplificateurs à fibre dopée en erbium (EDFA) sont les équipements les plus vulnérables en termes d'impact sur leur durée de vie. Pour cette raison, l'utilisation d'algorithmes de routage écoénergétiques basé sur la mise en mode veille des EDFA peut par conséquent n’être pas toujours économiquement avantageuse. En conclusion, cette thèse fournit une perspective différente sur des algorithmes économes en énergie basés sur l’utilisation du mode veille. Leur bénéfice potentiel en termes d'économie d'énergie est comparé à l'impact d'une éventuelle dégradation d’une part de la performance du réseau et d’autre part de la durée de vie des équipements. Ces dégradations de performances peuvent être contrôlées et limitées par les algorithmes proposés.
Zużycie energii elektrycznej w sieciach komunikacyjnych stale rośnie. Do tej pory zostało zaproponowanych wiele metod oszczędzania energii na poziomie urządzeń, systemów i sieci. Najbardziej obiecującym podejściem do tego problemu jest wykorzystanie technologii optycznych, z uwagi na ich niskie zużycie energii „per bit”. Ponadto wiele różnych metod przeznaczonych dla sieci optycznych zostało przedstawionych w literaturze. Jedna z popularnych technik wykorzystuje tryb niskiego poboru energii (uśpienia) w urządzeniach, które nie są używane. Jednakże techniki wykorzystujące tryb uśpienia mogą mieć wpływ na kierowanie optycznych połączeń sieciowych (lightpaths) lub zmieniać właściwości urządzeń. Natomiast to może mieć negatywny wpływ na kluczowe parametry wydajności sieci czy urządzeń sieciowych. Innymi słowy algorytmy oszczędzające energię mogą wprowadzić dodatkowe opóźnienia, zmienić wykorzystanie zasobów sieciowych, a nawet wpływać na awaryjność urządzeń zwiekszając tym samym koszt eksploatacji sieci. Praca ta przedstawia i analizuje kompromis pomiędzy korzyściami płynącymi z energooszczędnych algorytmów opartych na trybie uśpienia, a ich ewentualnymi skutkami ubocznymi, zarówno w sieciach dostępowych, jak i szkieletowych. W przypadku optycznych sieci dostępowych proces wprowadzenia urządzenia w tryb uśpienia i jego wybudzenia może spowodować znaczący narzut energetyczny. Proponowane sposoby zmniejszenia tego narzutu agregują ruch sieciowy przed jego transmisją, Jednakże taka agregacja powoduje dodatkowe opóźnienia transmisji, które w niektórych przypadkach mogą być niedopuszczalne. Praca ta analizuje kompromis pomiędzy oszczędzaniem energii, a dodatkowymi opóźnieniami transmisji w przypadku sieci LTE-backhaul, bazowanej na technologii pasywnych sieci optycznych, opartych na multipleksowaniu z podziałem długości fali WDM-PON (Wavelength Division Multiplexing Passive Optical Network). Niniejsza praca proponuje nowatorską metodę oszczędzania energii, opartą na koncepcji drzemki (dozing), która precyzyjnie kontroluje czas wybudzania nadajnika, tak aby zmaksymalizować czas spędzony w trybie drzemki, przy zapewnieniu, że transmisja danych zostanie zakończona przed upływem wymaganego czasu. Proponowana metoda wykorzystuje również zróżnicowane wymagania maksymalnych opóźnień transmitowanych danych do dalszej poprawy wydajności energetycznej. Jednym ze sposobów zmniejszania zużycia energii w światłowodowych sieciach szkieletowych jest zredukowanie liczby aktywnych urządzeń, poprzez umiejętne kierowanie optycznych połączeń sieciowych przy użyciu już aktywnych łączy światłowodowych. Kierowanie ruchu sieciowego oparte na tym pomyśle jest korzystne z punktu widzenia oszczędzania energii, choć z drugiej strony może mieć wpływ na parametry wydajnościowe sieci (np. zwiększenie prawdopodobieństwa blokady połączeń) poprzez oddziaływanie na długość połączeń, czy zajętość łączy. Przytoczony problem jest analizowany w tej pracy za pomocą specjalnie zaprojektowanego algorytmu routingu i przypisania długości fali RWA (Routing and Wavelength Assignement), nazwanego WPA-LR (Weighted Power Aware Lightpath Routing). Algorytm WPA-LR pozwala na precyzyjną regulację pomiędzy redukcją zużycia energii i optymalizacją wykorzystania zasobów sieciowych. Wyniki wykonanej analizy problemu potwierdzają, że efektywność energetyczna i wydajność sieci to cele ze sobą sprzeczne. Jednakże proponowana strategia (WPA-LR) umożliwia kontrolę i osiągnięcie kompromisu pomiędzy zmniejszeniem zużycia energii, a pogorszeniem wydajności sieci. Praca ta bada również wpływ energooszczędnych strategii, opartych o tryb uśpienia, na trwałość optycznych urządzeń sieciowych, zarówno w sieciach dostępowych, jak i szkieletowych. Używanie trybu uśpienia może zmienić warunki pracy urządzenia, które z kolei mogą mieć wpływ na jego trwałość. Natomiast zmniejszenie trwałości urządzenia może bezpośrednio oddziaływać na koszt eksploatacji sieci związany z zarządzaniem awariami. Niniejsza praca proponuje metodologię oceny, na jakich warunkach i w przypadku których urządzeń, używanie algorytmów oszczędzania energii może prowadzić do ogólnych korzyści finansowych lub strat związanych ze wzrostem kosztu eksploatacji sieci. W pracy stwierdzono, że w sieciach dostępowych, w szczególności obsługujących klientów biznesowych, mały wpływ na awaryjność optycznych terminali ONU (Optical Network Unit) lub optycznych urządzeń dystrybucyjnych OLT (Optical Line Terminal) może prowadzić do znacznego zwiększenia kosztów, które mogą przekroczyć zyski związane z oszczędzaniem energii. W sieciach szkieletowych wzmacniacze światłowodowe EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier) są najbardziej wrażliwymi urządzeniami pod względem wpływu na ich awaryjność. W pracy dowiedziono, że użycie energooszczędnych algorytmów kierowania połączeń światłowodowych, opartych na wprowadzaniu EDFA w tryb uśpienia, nie zawsze jest korzystne ekonomicznie. Niniejsza praca przedstawia nowatorskie spojrzenie na energooszczędne algorytmy oparte na wprowadzaniu urządzeń w tryb uśpienia, gdzie potencjalne korzyści w zakresie oszczędzania energii są porównane ze stratami związanymi z degradacją wydajności sieci lub żywotności urządzeń sieciowych.
QC 20160509
Yamada, M. "The effects of cost-saving efforts in the U.S. healthcare market." View abstract/electronic edition; access limited to Brown University users, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3318376.
Повний текст джерелаRosinski, Katarzyna. "Effects of primary treatment optimization on energy savings and recovery in conventional activated sludge process." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ62957.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаSouthgate, Ada Isobel. "The effects Personal of Income Tax on the savings behaviour of households in South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7890.
Повний текст джерелаThe "new" South Africa faces a big challenge. Unemployment, poverty and economic hardship still characterise the life of the majority of South Africans. Most people expect this to change under democracy. This will only be possible, however, if the economy can grow fast enough. What type of economic policies can a future government adopt to bring about economic growth and the reduction of poverty? More specifically, can the government raise taxes in order to spend more on the poor without reducing economic growth? The increased expenditure, given the existing deficit, will pressurise government to increase taxes. If this were to happen, the question that comes to mind is whether a savings constraint will develop. At the moment South Africa is not experiencing a savings constraint. This can be attributed to the fact that investment declined more than saving over the past few years. However, if investment has to increase over the next few years to achieve higher economic growth, the question arises whether domestic saving will increase enough to finance it. This will be difficult if an increasing tax burden has a negative impact on saving. Saving has long been recognized as a major factor in the process of economic development, directly by its diversion of resources into the formation of capital, and indirectly through changes in technology which are implemented when new capital is put to use. Few would dispute that domestic saving is important for the financing of development and it is evident that a country will require higher saving rates if it wants to invest more.
Magosha, Tendani Amos. "Social development versus saving nature? : a case study in environmental ethics." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49787.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research project has been purposed at shedding light and bringing clarity and practical resolution to the ethical dilemma brought about by seemingly incompatible principles and value positions associated with the two contentious issues: social development and nature conservation. In view of exposing the contentions between the two above-mentioned value positions, this project has pitted anthropocentrism against biocen trism / ecocen trism. However, as alluded to in this research, many people in developing countries, South Africa included, are victims of poverty and hunger which need redress. Unfortunately the alleviation of the same has been made possible through ruthless exploitation and maximum expansion of natural resources and in the process, the environment suffered much. However, with social development, the natural environment is often sacrificed and conversely with the protection and preservation of nature, man is then condemned to destitution. With the introduction and the case expose forming the introduction of this research project in Chapter 1, Chapter 2 is devoted to the research methodology used throughout this project. Also, given the problem statement, endeavours to search for answers to the central questions are outlined. An analysis of the case study is also made in this chapter. Chapter 3 deals with the weighing of the classical dilemmas namely: anthropocentrism versus biocentrism / ecocentrism and this further entails the notion of justice versus conservation pertaining the case in point. These classical dilemmas are put into critical perspective in Chapter 4 wherein monistic value approaches are exposed in terms of their failures. Precisely, the either-or choices following from pure theoretical principles are put into question with reference to the case under discussion. An alternative, namely the pragmatic approach, which maintains a multiplicity of values, is hereby brought into play. Chapter 5 entails a critical appraisal of the decision to be taken by the Makhado Municipality Council with regard to the development of the shopping complex or the protection of the indigenous tree sanctuary. In conclusion, recommendations and suggestions are stated within the context of the case in point. However, it is imperative to note that these recommendations and suggestions should be read in conjunction with one another, and not in isolation from one another. Furthermore, the same should not in anyway be indiscriminately used as a universal standard in any similar or related case. Further research on this ethical debate is encouraged.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie navorsingsprojek is om helderheid en 'n praktiese oplossing te kry met betrekking tot die etiese dilemma wat voortspruit uit die oeriskynlik onversoenbare beginsels en waardeposisies wat geassosieer word met twee omstrede kwessies, naamlik sosiale ontwikkeling en natuurbewaring. Met die oog daarop om die kwelpunte rondom bogenoemde twee waardeposisies aan die lig te bring, stel hierdie projek antroposentrisme teenoor biosentrisme / ekosentrisme. Baie mense in ontwikkelende lande, insluitend Suid-Afrika, IS slagoffers van armoede en hongersnood, soos aangedui word in die loop van hierdie navorsing. Hierdie situasie noodsaak regs telling. Pogings om verligting te bring in hierdie verband, lei egter tot die genadelose eksploitasie en maksimum ontwikkeling van natuurlike hulpbronne. In hierdie proses word die omgewing ernstig beskadig. Die ongelukkige toedrag van sake is dus dat sosiale ontwikkeling dikwels geskied ten koste van die omgewing, terwyl die beskerming en bewaring van die omgewing op sy beurt dikwels die mens behoeftig laat. Hoofstuk 1 van hierdie navorsingsprojek bevat 'n inleiding en beskrywing van die geval onder bespreking, terwyl Hoofstuk 2 gewy word aan die navorsingsmetodologie wat in hierdie projek gebruik word. Dit bevat ook 'n skets van die pogings om antwoorde te soek op die sentrale vrae van die probleemstelling, en 'n analise van die gevallestudie. In Hoofstuk 3 word die klassieke dilemmas wat verband hou met die betrokke probleem opgeweeg, naamlik antroposentrisme teenoor biosentrismej ekosentrisme, en die idee van geregtigheid teenoor die idee van bewaring. Bogenoemde klassieke dilemmas word in 'n kritiese lig beskou in Hoofstuk 4 deurdat die tekortkominge van monistiese waardebenaderings uitgewys word. Die 6f-6f keuses wat volg uit suiwer teoretiese beginsels word bevraagteken met verwysing na die geval onder bespreking. 'n Pleidooi word uiteindelik gelewer vir 'n alternatiewe pragmatiese benadering wat eerder 'n veelheid van waardes betrek. Hoofstuk 5 bevat 'n kritiese beoordeling van die keuse wat die Makhado Munisipaliteitsraad moet maak tussen die ontwikkeling van 'n winkelkompleks of die beskerming van 'n inheemse boomreservaat. Ter afsluiting word aanbevelings en voorstelle gemaak in verband met die kwessie onder bespreking. Dit is egter belangrik om daarop te let dat hierdie aanbevelings en voorstelle nie apart van mekaar beskou moet word nie, maar eerder saam gelees moet word. Dit is verder ook belangrik dat die aanbevelings en voorstelle wat met betrekking tot hierdie geval gemaak word nie sonder meer gebruik moet word as 'n universele standaard vir soortgelyke of verwante gevalle nie. Verdere navorsing oor hierdie etiese debat word aangemoedig.
Beyene, Nardos Legesse. "Assessment on the effects of Village Savings and Loan Associations (VSLA) on poverty reduction in Hawassa, Ethiopia." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6509.
Повний текст джерелаFormal microfinance institutions have been an important tool in the fight against poverty in developing countries, but their reach for rural people and urban slum poor are limited. Following this, Village Savings and Loan Associations (VSLAs) are established as an alternative, informal mechanism for saving and borrowing that do not require external capital or ongoing financial or administrative support from a founding organization or government bodies. Thus, this study aimed to assess the effects of women participation in VSLA on poverty reduction with a case study in Hawassa city, Ethiopia. Using a mixed qualitative and quantitative research methodology, the study tried to focus on examining the effects of VSLAs contribution to economic and social wellbeing of households, and decision makings, and women participation in community activities. The study used 254 samples (127 VSLA participants, and 127 non-participants) and collected data using questionnaire and focus group discussion. The study used propensity score matching (PSM) to estimate the impact of women participation in VSLA on average monthly household income, and the result indicated the average effect of women participation in VSLA on average monthly household income of participant women is positive and significant at 5% significant level, ranging from 169.63 Birr/month (nearest neighbor matching) to 141.55 Birr/month (Kernel matching), on average. Besides, comparison between participants and non-participants using hypothesis testing shows that women participation in VSLA has a significant positive association with improvements in household diet, health, children's education, and women’s involvement in household decisions. However, although hypothesized, no significant association is found in relation to women participation in community activities. Findings from the focus group discussions are also consistent with the results from the PSM and hypothesis testing. Following the findings, the study recommends government and nongovernmental organizations to provide regular, timely and need based capacity building trainings for VSLA participants; Link VSLA participants with formal microfinance institutions; conduct regular monitoring and follow ups by either the city or sub-cities Women Children Affairs Department/offices or concerned government body; different concerned stakeholders in the city including government, nongovernmental organizations, microfinance institutions and others need to work in coordinated manner to solve the recurrent challenges of VSLA participants in Hawassa city; and finally government and/or nongovernmental organizations need to take best practices and lessons from existing VSLAs and expand the VSLA initiative to address more impoverished women in the city.
Eriksson, Jonas, and Elin Jönsson. "Effects of increased regulation on small banks' management control practices : A case study of a Swedish savings bank." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-391985.
Повний текст джерелаUppsatsen redogör för vår undersökning av effekterna av ökande reglering på små, lokala bankers styrning i kölvattnet av 2008 års finanskris. Förändringarna av styrningen kan i sin tur ha betydelse för bankers komparativa fördelar, och deras strategier. En kvalitativ fallstudie av en svensk sparbank genomfördes och innefattade sex semi-strukturerade intervjuer av medarbetare på olika nivåer. Resultaten pekar på att det ökade regleringstrycket har ökat omfattningen av styrning kopplad till governance, organisationsstrukturer, policies och processbeskrivningar men även uppföljning. En förskjutning av fokus, från affärsorienterat mot compliance-orienterat, sågs också i anslutning till styrning som hade att göra med planering och uppföljning. Den betydande ökningen av styrning övervägande kopplad till governance, organisationsstrukturer, policies och processbeskrivningar antyder att det kan bli svårt för små lokala banker att behålla sin strategi om de inte lyckas finna alternativa sätt att hantera den ökade bördan som den förändrade styrningen innebär.
Carpio, Ramírez Miguel Ángel. "The effects of social security privatization on consumption, saving and welfare: evidence from Peru." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7369.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis is an empirical study of the privatization of social security in Peru, with a particular emphasis on consumption, saving and welfare. The first chapter provides a general description of the reform and positions it as a valuable study case. The second chapter evaluates the effect of the privatization on the well-being of the elderly and their dependents immediately after the reform, when social security was moving from a steady state to the other. It concludes that the effect was positive, although the larger impact was experienced neither by the poorest households nor by the oldest households. The third chapter, instead of evaluating the reform, uses the variability provided by the reform to analyze an old economic question: to what extent pension saving crowds out voluntary saving. It finds that for every dollar of insurance provided by the pension system, voluntary savings decrease by 70 cents to one dollar.
Čupera, Pavel. "Trigenerace a její využití v praxi." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-217827.
Повний текст джерелаBarat, Somjit Paswan Audhesh. "An empirical investigation of how perceived devaluation and income effects influence consumers' intended utilization of savings from coupon redemption." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2007. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-4007.
Повний текст джерелаBarat, Somjit. "An empirical investigation of how perceived devaluation and income effects influence consumers' intended utilization of savings from coupon redemption." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4007/.
Повний текст джерелаTakeuchi, Yuzo. "Endothelin-1 Has a Unique Oxygen-Saving Effect by Increasing Contractile Efficiency in the Isolated Rat Heart." Kyoto University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/150578.
Повний текст джерелаMalviya, Vihar. "Effects of a novel aerodynamic intervention for heavy commercial vehicles on fuel saving and stability." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2011. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/9707/.
Повний текст джерелаVanni, Eguolo May. "An analysis of the effects of financial liberalisation on capital formation and economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2018. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=237659.
Повний текст джерелаAlsaeid, Khaled. "Sustainable lighting in offices : " How to save energy in officeswith a new lighting design ? "." Thesis, KTH, Ljusdesign, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-280059.
Повний текст джерелаRodriguez, Wilmer Mauricio. "Effects of Elevated CO2 on Growth, Development, Nutrient Concentration and Insect Performance of Plants Grown at Sub-Optimal Temperature." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1299603101.
Повний текст джерелаHANSSON, KARL. "Data-Driven Analysis of the Fuel Saving Potentialof Road Vehicle Platooning : A data-driven approach for quantifying the fuel saving effects of platooning based ondata collected in real traffic conditions." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-142403.
Повний текст джерелаFordonståg med lastbilar visar goda teoretiska resultat för att minska bränsleförbrukningen, då fordonståg minskar det totala luftmotståndet. För att utvärdera konceptet med fordonståg har Scania ombett sina förare att köra i formation. Vad man är intresserad av är att utvärdera hur förarbeteenden samt bränslebesparingar under naturliga trafikförhållanden påverkas. På grund av trafikförhållanden är det mycket svårt att hålla fordonståg intakta längre sträckor. Det har därför varit svårt att dra konkreta slutsatser för hur mycket bränsle som faktiskt sparats på grund av reducerat luftmotstånd. Data, som samlats av en flotta lastbilar, har under detta examensarbete analyserats med hjälp av fyra olika maskininlärningsmetoder i ett försök att kvantifiera hur mycket bränsle som kan sparas genom att åka i fordonståg. De maskininlärningsmetoder som använts i detta arbete är Support Vector regression, Multilayer Perceptron, Random Forest och Decision Trees. De resulterande modellerna visar entydigt att den genomsnittliga bränsleförbrukningen kan minskas med flera procentenheter genom att köra i fordonståg.
Vazquez-Pereira, Grace. "PRODUCIR--the effects of community participation in the establishment of two business [i.e. businesses] : a savings and loan cooperative and a bakery." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/71447.
Повний текст джерелаHudgins, Sylvia Conway. "A theoretical and empirical analysis of the effects of deregulation in the 1980's on S&L asset portfolios." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/87667.
Повний текст джерелаPh. D.
Mutyaba, Franklin. "Determinants of household savings and the effect of household savings on the stock market in South Africa and China: a comparative survey." Thesis, 2014.
Знайти повний текст джерелаSavings are vital in the functioning of any economy as the level of savings in an economy determines the resources available for investment. If firms plan to invest more than households save in an open economy, resources will have to be borrowed from overseas. Savings flow into the financial system and help provide funds for investment spending by firms. This study draws a comparison between the determinants of household discretionary savings in South Africa and China. This study as well investigates the effect of household savings on the stock market in South Africa and China. Empirical analysis was performed inorder to determine the relationship between household savings and various variables, and the effect of household savings on the stock market. Money and quasi money (M2) is the only significant variable and having a negative relationship with household savings in South Africa yet in China, inertia is present the lagged household saving rate is significant. In-order to figure out the impact of household savings on the stock market, we regressed household savings against stock market capitalization. The regression results revealed significance of the explanatory variable household saving in South Africa and insignificance in China. Household savings have an effect on the level of stock market capitalization in South Africa but not in China.
楊敦盛. "Effect of Reducing Supply Air Temperature on Energy Savings and System Benefits." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/15099231763598475790.
Повний текст джерела國立臺北科技大學
冷凍與低溫科技研究所
92
Air distribution system for HVAC energy use is high because the fan operate every hours the building is occupied. Cold-air distribution system most often used with ice storage system, is a kind of energy saving technique. However, there are some miscomceptions that may leads to reluctance on the part of some engineers. Lower the supply air temperature must lower the chilled water temperature, and leads to increase the power comsumption of the chiller units, and the overall performance of energy saving effect is reduced, so lower the supply air temperature to see energy saving effect is worth to reaserch. This study considers the overall energy saving potential and efficiency for lower the traditional HVAC supply air temperature, and higher the supply air temperature for Cold-air distribution system. Use the conventional chilled water plant instead of the ice storage system, to higher the supply air temperature of the Cold-air distribution system, and find out the component of the HVAC system annual power needs to optimize energy comsumption, are called Optimal Air system. The supply air temperature is between cold air distribution system and conventional supply air temperature. The study have develop of an office building to understand the change take place in an HVAC system as the supply air temperature is lower. The study presents that the balance point of the supply air temperature for the Optimal-air system is 12℃, lower than conventional supply air temperature 1-2℃, and annual fan power comsumption can be save 20%, at the same time the annual power comsumption of the chiller unit increase about 15%, but finally the annual power comsumption of the HVAV is optimize.Under the optimal air system, each degree the space set point is rised, reduce supply air volume by 8%~9%,when the space set point from 24℃ rised up to 25℃.The result annual power comsumption less about 5%, and smaller ducts, piping size, air handling unit and fan motors, not only initial cost but also operating cost can be reduced. Optimal air system are also use to improve sound levels within the building because they reduced air supply volume make them quieter than conventional system, and also can be reduce the cost of air outlet, VAV box, and the noise attenuation equipement.
Lee, Ye-Shan, and 李宜珊. "Canadian Registered Retirement Savings Plan and Its Effect on the Distribution of Income." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97675706865785641298.
Повний текст джерела國立臺灣大學
經濟學研究所
100
There are several reasons to study income inequality, ranging from the moral to economic growth and prosperity. The overall effect is a reduction in stability, both economically and socially. The steady growth in the Canadian GINI level is now a serious government and public concern. Fairness of the income taxation scheme is in debate. It is argued that the Canadian tax system favours the rich and that the Registered Retirement Savings Plan program benefits the rich disproportionately. This empirical study presents evidence on the correlation between an individual’s income level and the likelihood of participation in the Canadian Registered Retirement Savings Plans (RRSP) program. It is evident that a large proportion of RRSP holders are categorized in the higher income groups. Empirical findings reveal that variables such as age, gender, marital status, spouse income, sources of income, and retirement and pension plans have significant influence on the probability of RRSP participation in years 1998 to 2005. From a Probit regression analysisit has been confirmed that high income earners show a higher probability to participate in the RRSP program and with a greater contribution amount. This raises questions about the fairness of the RRSP program as well as the efficiency of the Canadian income taxation system.
Hwang, Ruey-Lung, and 黃瑞隆. "The analysis of energy use calculation and energy savings effect of air-conditioning system." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/17801082251078540350.
Повний текст джерелаRisenga, Arthur. "Predictive effect of the relationship between debt-instruments and the usage of savings tools by consumers." Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/11907.
Повний текст джерелаBusiness Management
M. Com. (Business management)
Risenga, Arthur. "Predictive effect of the relationship between debt-instruments and the usage of savings of tools by consumers." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/11907.
Повний текст джерелаBusiness Management
M. Com. (Business management)
Shih, Stan, and 施慶琦. "The Theoretical Analysis of the Effect about Preferential-Rate Savings-Deposit and U.S. Aid for the Interest Rate and Price Level." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/02242387018317098358.
Повний текст джерелаAltfeather, Nathaniel Q. "Potential sustainable energy from Wisconsin's forests and the effect of fuel savings on conversion to biomass energy in a Wisconsin school." 2005. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/62207321.html.
Повний текст джерелаTypescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (p. 47-48).