Дисертації з теми "Sanka River Basin"

Geomorphologic methods document poorly exposed tectonically active structures in the first study to determine quantified ages for Quaternary Age fluvial terraces at Santa Cruz Creek. GPS surveys of three flights of terrace surfaces and a stream gradient profile reveal deformation at the Baseline/Los Alamos fault zone and Little Pine fault. Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating was employed to determine ages for the terraces. The formation age of Terrace 1 is 19.3 ka with an incision rate of 1.63 to 1.82 mm/yr, Terrace 2 was dated at 32.9 ka with incision rate of2.02 to 1.82 mm/yr. Based on incision rates an estimated age of 44.0-47.0 ka was calculated for Terrace 3. Offsets in T-2 and T-3 were used to calculate a short term faulting rates of .91 mm/yr and a long term faulting rate of 0.67 to 0. 73 mm/yr for the Baseline/Los Alamos fault.

A two-phase study of the Upper Santa Cruz River Basin consisting of a hydrologic assessment and the application of a computer model to the area is presented. Groundwater occurs in Older and Younger Alluvium units, is held under unconfined conditions, and is of good quality. The Finite-Difference Three-Dimensional Groundwater Flow Model (MODFLOW) is applied to the study area in order to simulate the hydrologic system. A water budget and conceptual model is developed to aid in model input and calibration. A steady-state analysis for the system is performed for 1965 in order to calibrate model parameters and produce initial conditions for the transient analysis. A transient analysis is performed to verify model response over the period 1965-1980 in which stresses to the system are changing. Model-produced trends and water levels are consistent with observed data, indicating the model's utility for predictive analysis of the system.

A utilização massiva dos recursos naturais na atualidade, gera como uma de suas consequências, uma vasta depreciação dos componentes bióticos e abióticos que compõe o planeta Terra. A Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Santa Maria possui uma diversidade fisiografica e constantemente vem sofrendo alterações ocasionadas pelas atividades antrópicas. Há uma demanda, por parte de educadores, técnicos e gestores da região, de informações ligadas a questão ambiental, de forma espacializada e georreferenciada. O presente trabalho possui como objetivo geral analisar e elaborar uma proposta de zoneamento geoambiental, utilizando métodos de mapeamentos automáticos na definição dos parâmetros naturais que servem como base para o estudo e zoneamento geoambiental. A metodologia está baseada na proposta metodológica para zonemanento Geoambiental desenvolvida por Trentin e Robaina 2005, porém como inovação nesse trabalho, optou-se por utilizar a avaliação do relevo através dos Geomorphons os quais serviram de base para a definição de compartimentos do relevo que cruzados com informações referentes a solo e litologias, originaram um mapa com informações fisiográficas. Através da interpolação do mapa fisiográfico com o mapa de uso e ocupação se obteve o mapa geoambiental. Nos resultados foram apresentadas informações sobre a morfometria da área em estudo, também foram definidas três unidades litológicas, três unidades simplificadas de solo, quatro compartimentos de relevo, quatorze unidades fisiográficas, seis classes de uso e ocupação do solo, ainda sete Sistemas e doze Unidades Geoambientais com isso foi possível definir e discutir sobre as potencialidades e suscetibilidades. A elaboração do zoneamento geoambiental, com base na definição de potencialidades e suscetibilidade, são delimitadas a partir de caracteristicas homogeneas da área de estudo, é uma importante ferramenta para avaliação e compreensão das alterações ambientais. Dessa forma, foi elaborado um diagnóstico, no qual foram apresentadas caracteristicas naturais e antrópicas da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Santa Maria.
The massive use of natural resources, generates as one of its consequences, a vast depreciation of the biotic and abiotic components that make up the planet Earth. The Santa Maria River Basin has a physiographic diversity and is constantly undergoing changes caused by anthropic activities. There is an existent demand, by educators, technicians and managers of the region, of information related to different topics in a spatialized and georeferenced. The present work has as general objective to analyze and elaborate a proposal of geoenvironmental zoning, using automatic mapping methods in the definition of the natural parameters that serve as the basis for geoenvironmental study and zoning. The methodology is based on the methodological proposal for Geoenvironmental zonemanento developed by Trentin and Robaina 2005, but as innovation in this work, it was decided to use the evaluation of the relief through the Geomorphons which served as the basis for the definition of relief compartments that crossed with Information on soil and lithologies, originated a map with physiographic information. Through the interpolation of the physiographic map with the map of use and occupation the geoenvironmental map was obtained. The results were presented with information on the morphometry of the study area, three lithologic units were defined, three simplified soil units, four relief compartments, fourteen physiographic units, six use classes and soil occupation, seven systems and twelve units Geoenvironmental with this it was possible to define and discuss about the potentialities and susceptibilities. The elaboration of geoenvironmental zoning, based on the definition of potentialities and susceptibility, are delimited from homogeneous characteristics of the study area, is an important tool for evaluation and understanding of environmental changes. In this way, a diagnosis was elaborated, in which natural and anthropic characteristics of the Santa Maria River Basin were presented.

Orientador: Ana Tereza Caceres Cortez
Banca: Helmut Troppmair
Banca: Ricardo Wagner ad-Víncula Veado
Resumo: Os Comitês de Gerenciamento de Bacias Hidrograticas têm sido objeto de uma série de estudos de caso, que apresentam as particularidades da formação, representação e atuação destes Comitês sem situá-Ios em um contexto maior. Neste trabalho procura-se mostrar uma visão geral da importância dada aos problemas ambientais a partir das últimas décadas do século XX, e, em especial, a importância assumida pelas questões de manejo, recuperação e conservação dos recursos hídricos no Brasil. São apresentados de modo detalhado o Sistema de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos do Brasil, de 1997, e de Santa Catarina, de 1994, a fim de mostrar o papel dos Comitês de Gerenciamento de Bacias Hidrográficas nestes Sistemas. Tratando de modo mais específico, foram apresentadas as potencialidades e as dificuldades da atuação e o trabalho dos 16 Comitês de Gerenciamento de Bacias Hidrográficas no Estado de Santa Catarina, dentro da metodologia do Sistema de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos que as idealizou. Por fim, são apontadas as contribuições que a Geografia pode dar ao processo de gestão de recursos hídricos no Brasil.
Abstract: The Committees of Hydrographic Basins Management have been object of many case studies, witch show the particularities of formation, representation and actuation of these Committees, without pointing out them in a bigger context. In this work the aim is to display a general view of the importance concerning to the enviromental questions from the last decades of the XX century and, specially, the value assumed by the hydrical resources' management, recovering and conservation issues in Brazil. It's detailed Brazil's (1997) and Santa Catarina's (1994) Hydric Resource Management Systems, intending to reveal the role of the committees of hydrographic basins in those Systems. More specifically, have been presented potentialities and difficulties in the actuation and the work of the 16 Committees of Management of Hydrographic Basins in the State of Santa Catarina, within the methodology of the Hydric Resources Management System that idealized them. To conclude, have been pointed out the contributions with which Geography can suply the process of hydrical resources management in Brazil.
Mestre

Stakeholder participation is a foundation of good water governance. Good groundwater governance typically involves the co-production of knowledge about the groundwater system. Models provide a vehicle for producing this knowledge, as well as a boundary object around which scientists and stakeholders can convene the co-production process. Through co-production, stakeholders and scientific experts can engage in exchanges that create system knowledge not otherwise achievable. The process involves one-way transfer of information, active two-way conversations, and integration of multiple kinds of knowledge into shared understanding. In the Upper Santa Cruz River basin in Arizona, USA, the University of Arizona Water Resources Research Center (WRRC) convened a project aimed at providing scientific underpinnings for groundwater planning and management. This project, entitled Groundwater, Climate, and Stakeholder Engagement, serves as a case study employing the first two stages of knowledge co-production using a hydrological model. Through an iterative process that included two-way communication, stakeholders provided critical input to hydrologic modeling analyses. Acting as a bridging organization, the WRRC facilitated a co-production process, involving location-specific and transferability workshops, which resulted in new knowledge and capacity for applying the model to novel problems.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
O avanÃo dos processos de desertificaÃÃo e degradaÃÃo da terra tem se manifestado de forma crescente no semiÃrido brasileiro, muitas vezes ocasionados pela utilizaÃÃo indiscriminada dos recursos naturais, seja para manutenÃÃo do sistema produtivo vigente, ou atà mesmo pela falta de informaÃÃo no manuseio desses recursos. A pesquisa faz uma anÃlise da sub-bacia hidrogrÃfica do Riacho Santa Rocha, localizada no baixo curso do Rio Banabuià cuja Ãrea total à de 675 kmÂ. Como objetivo geral tem-se a anÃlise dos sistemas ambientais da sub-bacia, em carÃter de diagnÃstico, com intuito de estabelecer subsÃdios para futuras intervenÃÃes. A concepÃÃo utilizada para a discussÃo foi pautada nos estudos integrados, com Ãnfase na anÃlise sistÃmica do ambiente. Do ponto de vista metodolÃgico o trabalho foi dividido em seis etapas: anÃlise de material bibliogrÃfico, cartogrÃfico e imagens de satÃlites; produÃÃo de mapas para auxÃlio no campo; trabalhos de campo para a comprovaÃÃo dos dados; correÃÃo e adequaÃÃo do material cartogrÃfico produzido para o contexto da pesquisa; aplicaÃÃo de questionÃrios e dos indicadores geobiofÃsicos de desertificaÃÃo. A partir da metodologia empregada foram delimitados cinco sistemas ambientais: planÃcie ribeirinha e Ãrea de inundaÃÃo sazonal; tabuleiros interiores com coberturas colÃvio-eluviais detrÃticas; sertÃes pediplanados de Morada Nova; sertÃes moderadamente dissecados de Jaguaretama e cristas residuais e inselbergs. Percebeu-se que a utilizaÃÃo dos recursos naturais nÃo à uniforme ao longo da sub-bacia hidrogrÃfica, obedecendo Ãs potencialidades e limitaÃÃes de cada sistema ambiental. Os sistemas ambientais caracterizados pelos sertÃes ainda sÃo as Ãreas mais vulnerÃveis à desertificaÃÃo do ponto de vista geoambiental, ainda mais as Ãreas historicamente utilizadas para a subsistÃncia local. Mesmo com cenÃrios desanimadores, ainda se constatou uma melhora das condiÃÃes de vÃrias comunidades, fruto da melhor acessibilidade aos recursos e dinamicidade econÃmica. Apesar dessa variÃvel positiva, essas Ãreas ainda sÃo esquecidas e desprovidas de assistÃncia por parte do poder pÃblico local.
The advance of desertification and land degradation has manifested increasingly in the Brazilian semiarid region, often caused by the indiscriminate use of natural resources, is to maintain the current production system, or even the lack of information in the management of this resource. The research examined the sub-basin of the creek Santa Rock, located in the lower course of the river and Banabuià with a total area of 675 km Â. As a general objective has been the analysis of the sub-basin environmental systems in diagnostic character, in order to establish a basis for future interventions. The design used for the discussion was based on integrated studies, with emphasis on the systemic analysis of the environment. From the methodological point of view the work was divided into six stages: analysis of publications, cartographic and satellite images; production of maps to help in the field; fieldwork for verification of data; correctness and adequacy of cartographic material produced for the research context and questionnaires. From the methodology used five environmental systems were defined: riverine plain area and seasonal flooding; interior trays with colluvial - eluvial covers detrital; pediplanados hinterlands of New Street; hinterlands moderately dissected Jaguaretama and residual inselbergs and ridges. It was noticed that the use of natural resources is not uniform throughout the sub-basin, according to the potentialities of each environmental system. Environmental systems characterized by hinterland are still the most vulnerable areas from the point of view geoenvironmental, further areas traditionally used for local livelihoods. Even with disappointing scenarios was also found an improvement of the conditions of various communities as a result of better access to resources and economic dynamism. Despite this positive variable, these areas are still neglected and deprived of support by the local government.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
For over a century of mineral coal exploration in the Santa Catarina Carboniferous Basin, many environmental damages caused by this activity are accounted, such as water pollution, vegetation destruction and disabling of large areas. In coal mining, the pyrite (iron sulfide - FeS2) contributes effectively to the acid drainage formation and metal solubilization in aquatic envoronment. So that, the selection of proper analytical techniques is needed for the quantification of a specific metal, and it is important to have an idea of the concentration in a given sample (expected concentration) using certified reference samples. Therefore, this study was conducted in two chapters: Chapter I presents and discusses the digestion analytical methods for Fe and Pb and reading for Zn in sediment and the procedures used for its validation; and Chapter II presents the characterization and results discussion regarding the presence of metal caused by coal mining activities in the matters of water and sediment of the Palmeiras River, located in the Tubarão Basin. Lower temperature variations and higher Fe and Pb recovery rates was observed in the digestion performed at a shorter time. The use of least squares background correction (LSBC) for Zn readings allowed to obtain values that are more accurate. In the water, there were increase in Ca, Mg, Fe, Al, Mn, Zn, and Pb concentrations, due to the coal mining, while in the sediment, there were a reduction of Al, Mn, Zn, Cu and Pb concentrations, enabled by solubilization due to the low pH of the water
Ao longo de mais de um século de exploração de carvão mineral na Bacia Carbonífera Catarinense, são muitos os danos ambientais provocados por essa atividade, como a poluição dos recursos hídricos, a destruição da vegetação e a inutilização de áreas extensas. Na mineração de carvão, a pirita (sulfeto de ferro - FeS2) contribui de forma efetiva para a formação de drenagens ácidas e a solubilização de metais no meio aquático. Neste contexto, a seleção de técnicas analíticas apropriadas faz-se necessária, para a quantificação de um determinado metal, e também é importante ter uma noção da concentração em determinada amostra (concentração esperada), com a utilização de amostras de referência certificadas. Portanto, o estudo foi desenvolvido em dois capítulos: no Capítulo I são apresentados e discutidos os métodos analíticos de digestão para Fe e Pb e de leitura para Zn em sedimento e os procedimentos utilizados para sua avaliação; e no Capítulo II foi efetuada a caracterização e a discussão dos resultados referentes à presença de metais resultante da atividade mineradora de carvão, nos compartimentos água e sedimento, do Rio Palmeiras, localizado na Bacia do Tubarão. Observouse menores variações de temperatura e maiores taxas de recuperação de Fe e Pb na digestão realizada em menor tempo. O uso da correção de fundo por mínimos quadrados (LSBC) nas leituras do Zn possibilitou a obtenção de valores mais acurados. Na água, ocorreu aumento das concentrações de Ca, Mg, Fe, Al, Mn, Zn, e Pb em função da mineração de carvão, enquanto que no sedimento, ocorreu a diminuição das concentrações de Al, Mn, Zn, Cu e Pb, propiciada pela solubilização devida ao baixo pH da água

Os impactos ambientais provocados por determinadas atividades econômicas podem causar prejuízos em terceiros já que a ação deletéria sobre o meio prejudica e, em alguns casos, inviabiliza a existência de outras atividades. Nesse contexto, enquadra-se a mineração de carvão. Em tal atividade, o contato da água – superficial, subterrânea ou pluvial – com elementos específicos resultantes das escavações, na presença de oxigênio e de microorganismos, forma a chamada drenagem ácida de mina que, em grande parte dos casos, é despejada em cursos d’água adjacentes prejudicando outros usos da água. Assim, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo elaborar uma metodologia de planejamento da explotação do carvão mineral em bacias hidrográficas que busque a produção ótima do minério com a internalização dos custos de tratamento do efluente gerado a fim de que os parâmetros de qualidade da água, estabelecidos pela Resolução 357 do CONAMA, sejam respeitados e, desse modo, diminua a incidência de prejuízos em terceiros. Tal metodologia é pautada pela elaboração de um modelo capaz de simular, ao longo do tempo de explotação das minas, a carga de poluentes lançada nos cursos d'água de uma bacia hidrográfica. Após a coleta de dados, a implantação da metodologia se dá por diversos cenários. O primeiro deles é a análise da situação em que não há internalização dos custos ambientais. Constatou-se que os limites estabelecidos pelo CONAMA são ultrapassados. O segundo cenário caracteriza-se pela tentativa de enquadramento dos cursos d’água na classe 1, com a internalização dos custos ambientais. Dadas as condições de tratamento de efluentes, tal enquadramento não foi possível. O terceiro cenário diz respeito à tentativa de enquadramento na classe 3 dadas as mesmas condições do segundo cenário. Os resultados mostram ser possível tal enquadramento. A elevação dos custos ambientais para enquadramento na classe 1 determina o quarto cenário. Ainda como forma de enquadrar os cursos d’água da bacia na classe 1, é estabelecida uma divisão na operação das minas. Assim, no quinto cenário são consideradas apenas três minas e no sexto cenário são consideradas as demais. Além das concentrações de determinados parâmetros ao longo do tempo, também são mostrados os gráficos de produção das minas em cada cenário. Por fim, são comparados os ganhos obtidos em cada cenário e os fluxos de caixa dos cenários 1, 2 e 3 para que sirvam de subsídio para a classificação das águas da bacia segundo a Resolução 357.
The environmental impacts provoked by determined economic activities can cause financial damages to third parts since the deleterious action harms and, in some cases, makes impracticable the existence of other activities. In this context, the coal mining is situated. In such activity, the contact of superficial water, groundwater or rainwater with specific elements resultant from the drillings, in presence of oxygen and microorganisms, forms the acid mine drainage, that, to a large number of the cases, is poured into adjacent rivers harming other uses of the water. Thus, the present work aims to elaborate a methodology of the mineral coal exploitation planning in river basins that achieves the excellent production of the ore with the costs of effluent treatment internalization so that water quality parameters, established by CONAMA’s Resolution 357, are respected and there is no incidence of damages to third parts. Such methodology is based on the elaboration of a model that is capable of simulating, during the mines exploitation time, the load of pollutants launched in river basins water. After the data collection, the methodology is implemented in diverse scenarios. The first one of them is the analysis of the situation where there is no environmental costs internalization. It is evidenced that the limits established are exceeded. The next scenario is characterized by the attempt of framing water courses in class 1, with environmental costs internalization. Given the conditions of treatment of effluent, such framing was not possible. The third scenario considers the attempt of framing in class 3 given the same conditions of scene 2. The results show that the framing is possible. The rise of environmental costs to frame in class 1 determines the fourth scenario. Still as a form to fit water courses in class 1, a division in mine’s operation is established. Thus, in the fifth scenario only three mines are considered and in the sixth scenario the others are considered. In addition to the concentrations of certain parameters during the exploitation period, the graphs of mine production in each scene are also shown. Finally, the profits obtained in each scenario and the cash flows of scenes 1, 2 and 3 are compared in order to serve as subsidy to classify the river basin waters according to CONAMA’s Resolution 357.

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Os Comitês de Gerenciamento de Bacias Hidrograticas têm sido objeto de uma série de estudos de caso, que apresentam as particularidades da formação, representação e atuação destes Comitês sem situá-Ios em um contexto maior. Neste trabalho procura-se mostrar uma visão geral da importância dada aos problemas ambientais a partir das últimas décadas do século XX, e, em especial, a importância assumida pelas questões de manejo, recuperação e conservação dos recursos hídricos no Brasil. São apresentados de modo detalhado o Sistema de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos do Brasil, de 1997, e de Santa Catarina, de 1994, a fim de mostrar o papel dos Comitês de Gerenciamento de Bacias Hidrográficas nestes Sistemas. Tratando de modo mais específico, foram apresentadas as potencialidades e as dificuldades da atuação e o trabalho dos 16 Comitês de Gerenciamento de Bacias Hidrográficas no Estado de Santa Catarina, dentro da metodologia do Sistema de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos que as idealizou. Por fim, são apontadas as contribuições que a Geografia pode dar ao processo de gestão de recursos hídricos no Brasil.
The Committees of Hydrographic Basins Management have been object of many case studies, witch show the particularities of formation, representation and actuation of these Committees, without pointing out them in a bigger context. In this work the aim is to display a general view of the importance concerning to the enviromental questions from the last decades of the XX century and, specially, the value assumed by the hydrical resources' management, recovering and conservation issues in Brazil. It's detailed Brazil's (1997) and Santa Catarina's (1994) Hydric Resource Management Systems, intending to reveal the role of the committees of hydrographic basins in those Systems. More specifically, have been presented potentialities and difficulties in the actuation and the work of the 16 Committees of Management of Hydrographic Basins in the State of Santa Catarina, within the methodology of the Hydric Resources Management System that idealized them. To conclude, have been pointed out the contributions with which Geography can suply the process of hydrical resources management in Brazil.

Os impactos ambientais provocados pela exploração de recursos naturais podem causar prejuízos a terceiros já que a ação destes agentes sobre o meio prejudica e, em alguns casos, inviabiliza a existência de outras atividades. Nesse contexto, enquadram-se a mineração de carvão e agricultura de arroz irrigado. A mineração e o beneficiamento de carvão possibilitam o contato da água com resíduos formando a drenagem ácida de mina que, em grande parte dos casos, é despejada em cursos d’água adjacentes prejudicando outros usos da água. Já o cultivo de arroz irrigado exige a captação de grandes volumes de água, podendo causar escassez desse recurso. O desenvolvimento de ambas as atividades em uma mesma bacia hidrográfica acarreta elevada pressão sobre os recursos hídricos, tendo em vista que a captação para irrigação diminui a vazão nos cursos d’água, agravando a concentração dos contaminantes oriundos da mineração. Assim, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo elaborar uma metodologia de planejamento da alocação econômica de recursos naturais em bacias hidrográficas, buscando produção ótima tanto do minério quanto do cultivo com a internalização dos custos ambientais a fim de que os parâmetros de qualidade da água, estabelecidos pela Resolução 357 do CONAMA, sejam respeitados e, desse modo, diminua a incidência de prejuízos a terceiros. Tal metodologia é pautada na elaboração de um modelo capaz de simular, ao longo do tempo de planejamento, a carga de poluentes lançada nos cursos d'água e o volume de água captado de uma bacia hidrográfica, considerando a aleatoriedade das variáveis envolvidas. Após a coleta de dados, a implantação da metodologia se dá em quatro cenários. O primeiro deles é a análise da situação em que não há internalização dos custos ambientais. Constatou-se que os limites estabelecidos pelo CONAMA são ultrapassados. O segundo cenário caracteriza-se pela tentativa de enquadramento dos cursos d’água na classe 3, desconsiderando a possibilidade de outros usos da água. Dadas as condições de tratamento de efluentes, tal enquadramento é possível com a redução de 4,30% da renda gerada na bacia em relação ao caso base. O terceiro cenário diz respeito à tentativa de enquadramento na classe 3, reservando-se 20% da vazão disponível para outros usos. Os resultados mostram ser possível tal enquadramento, mas a elevação dos gastos com tratamento de efluentes provoca a redução de 1,84% da renda gerada em relação ao caso base. A imposição do tratamento ativo de efluentes à mineração para enquadramento na classe 1 determina o quarto cenário. Com o tratamento ativo, não há necessidade de alocação de água para as atividades mineiras. Dessa forma, alocou-se 48% da vazão disponível para a irrigação do arroz, ficando, portanto 52% da vazão total disponível para outros usos. Neste cenário, foi necessária uma redução de 9,55% do valor presente líquido das atividades da bacia em relação ao caso base.
The environmental impacts caused by natural resources exploration may cause damages to third parties, since these agents’ actions harm the environment and, in some cases, make the existence of other activities unfeasible. This context includes coal mining and irrigated rice cropping. Coal mining and beneficiation make possible the contact between water and coal waste generating acid mine drainage, which is dumped into adjacent rivers, in most cases, damaging other water uses. The cultivation of rice requires the capture of large volumes of water, causing the scarcity of this resource. The development of both activities in the same river basin causes high pressure on water resources because the capture for irrigation reduces the flow in rivers, exacerbating the concentration of contaminants from mining. Thus, this study aims to develop a methodology for planning the economic allocation of natural resources in river basins, seeking optimum production of both the ore and the cultivation with the internalization of environmental costs so that water quality parameters, established by CONAMA’s Resolution 357, are respected and thereby decrease the incidence of damage to third parties. This methodology is based on the elaboration of a model which is able to simulate over the planning time, the load of pollutants released into water courses and the volume of water captured from a watershed, considering the randomness of the variables involved. After collecting data, the implementation of the methodology is given in four alternative cases. The first is the analysis of the situation in which there is no internalization of environmental costs. It was found that the limits established are exceeded. The second alternative case is characterized by the attempt of framing watercourses in Class 3, ignoring the possibility of other water uses. Given the conditions of wastewater treatment, such framing is possible with a reduction of 4.30% of the income generated in the basin over the base case. The third alternative concerns the attempt to frame rivers into class 3, reserving 20% of water flow available for other uses. The results show that such framing is possible, but the increase in wastewater treatment costs causes a reduction of 1.84% of the income generated in relation to the base case. The imposition of active effluent treatment to mining activities in order to frame waters into class 1 determines the last alternative. With active treatment, there is no need to allocate water to mining activities. Thus, 48% of the available water flow is allocated for rice crops irrigation, and therefore 52% of the total available water flow is reserved for other uses. In this alternative case, there is a 9.55% reduction, in relation to the base case, in net present value of the activities developed in the basin.

The Land Hill and Hidden Hills study areas were the site of the 2006 and 2007 Brigham Young University's archaeological field schools. The two study areas are located in contrasting environments; the Land Hill area is located along the Santa Clara River in southwestern Utah, and the Hidden Hills area was is located on the Shivwits Plateau in northwestern Arizona. The Land Hill study area is located within a well-watered environment which would support a primarily horticultural lifestyle. The Hidden Hills study area is located in an arid environment without permanent streams which would support a more mobile hunting lifestyle. The contrasting environments of these two study areas allowed for a study of the similarities and differences in the use of stone tools. Based on the results of the analysis and comparison of the stone tool and debitage assemblages, from sites in both areas throughout time, suggests that the people in the Land Hills study area actually seemed to be living a lifestyle similar to the people in the Hidden Hills area.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The renewable natural resources sustain the balance between the man and the nature. The destruction of one of those resources represents the unbalance and the man's future destruction. Such resources accomplish a social function to the man's service and of the society. Starting from the moment that the man began to use the renewable natural resources in their multiple forms, the environmental impact was felt by the environment. The breaking in the normal patterns of the natural resources is what one can call environmental impact. Then, the environmental impact is the alteration in the middle or in some of their components for certain action or activity. Those alterations need to be quantified, therefore they present relative variations, could be positive or negative, big or small. The objective of studying the environmental impacts is, mainly, evaluating the consequences of some actions, so that it can have the prevention of the ambient certain quality that can suffer the execution of certain projects or actions, or soon after the implementation of the same ones. This evaluation had been consisted in two stages: the first one, with the analysis of the variables environmental factors and actions proposed by Leopold-Rocha's matrix (2002), and the second one, for the grouping analysis for the WARD method, with the statistical package SAS SYSTEM 8.2. THE degree of medium real deterioration obtained by Leopold-Rocha's matrix had been 29%, showing that the referred place is quite deteriorated, once the acceptable environment deterioration tax is 10%. In the grouping analysis for the WARD method it had been possible the separation of the proposed actions in two different groups (A and B). The A group is constituted by: regime modification; land transformation and constructions; and other, with magnitude (11,63%) and importance (17,64%) average, being the actions group that cause more impact in the micro-basin. It was also possible the separation of groups of environmental factors in three different groups (A, B and C). The C factors group (cultural factors: aesthetic and of human interest) it had been presented the highest average in relation to the magnitude (9,91%) and to the importance (13,86%), denoting to be the environmental factors group that more suffered by the human action. In that aspect, the objective of this work had been consisted of evaluating the micro-basin deterioration degree of Vacacaí-Mirim river, that is in the DNOS dam shore (National Department of Works and Sanity) in Santa Maria, RS, and to recommend reliever and compensatory measures for the recovery of the environment of the place.
Os recursos naturais renováveis sustentam o equilíbrio entre o homem e a natureza. A destruição de um desses recursos representa o desequilíbrio e a futura destruição do homem. Tais recursos cumprem uma função social a serviço do homem e da sociedade. A partir do momento que o homem começou a usar os recursos naturais renováveis em suas múltiplas formas, o impacto ambiental foi sentido pela ambiência. O rompimento nos padrões normais dos recursos naturais é o que se pode chamar de impacto ambiental. Então, o impacto ambiental é a alteração no meio ou em algum de seus componentes por determinada ação ou atividade. Essas alterações precisam ser quantificadas, pois apresentam variações relativas, podendo ser positivas ou negativas, grandes ou pequenas. O objetivo de se estudar os impactos ambientais é, principalmente, o de avaliar as conseqüências de algumas ações, para que possa haver a prevenção da qualidade de determinado ambiente que poderá sofrer a execução de certos projetos ou ações, ou logo após a implementação dos mesmos. Esta avaliação consistiu de duas etapas: a primeira, com a análise das variáveis fatores ambientais e ações propostas pela matriz de Leopold-Rocha (2002), e a segunda, pela análise de agrupamento pelo método WARD, com o pacote estatístico SAS SYSTEM 8.2. O grau de deterioração real médio obtido pela matriz de Leopold-Rocha foi de 29%, mostrando que o ambiente encontra-se bastante deteriorado, uma vez que a taxa aceitável de deterioração na ambiência é de 10%. Na análise de agrupamento pelo método WARD foi possível a separação das ações propostas em dois grupos distintos (A e B). Constituem o grupo A: modificação do regime; transformação do território e construções; e outros, com média de magnitude (11,63%) e importância (17,64%), sendo o grupo de ações mais impactante na microbacia. Também foi possível a separação de grupos de fatores ambientais em três grupos distintos (A, B e C). O grupo C de fatores (fatores culturais: estéticos e de interesse humano) foi o que apresentou a média mais alta em relação à magnitude (9,91%) e a importância (13,86%), denotando ser o grupo de fatores ambientais mais impactados pela ação antrópica. Nesse aspecto, o objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em avaliar o grau de deterioração da microbacia hidrográfica do rio Vacacaí-Mirim que se encontra a montante da barragem do DNOS (Departamento Nacional de Obras e Sanidade) em Santa Maria, RS, e recomendar medidas mitigadoras e compensatórias para a recuperação da ambiência da mesma.

The archaeological record indicates that there are differences in Viejo period (A.D. 700 or 900-1200/1250) and Medio period (A.D. 1200/1250-1400s) agricultural strategies and settlement distribution between the Casas Grandes River basin in northern Chihuahua and the Babícora Basin and upper Santa María River basin area in west central Chihuahua. During the Viejo period in the Casas Grandes region temporal, rainfed, agriculture is proposed and only a few settlements are associated with this system. In the Medio period irrigation and trincheras (stone terraces) were implemented increasing the land’s ability to support large populations and numerous settlements were aggregated around fields associated with these methods. For the latter two regions temporal agriculture is posited for both the Viejo and Medio periods. While populations thrived, the numerous settlements in each area are not aggregated but rather are dispersed across the landscape and on various topographic features. The objectives of this thesis were to investigate environmental and cultural influences as explanatory factors for the regional differences. Current environmental data indicate that the combinations of annual precipitation, soil types, and hydrology determine whether temporal or irrigation agriculture is possible. Temporal agriculture is not a viable option for the Casas Grandes region but irrigation is. The conditions in the Babícora Basin and the upper Santa María River basin are conducive to temporal farming while water for irrigation is not easily attainable. In that paleoenvironmental data demonstrate the antiquity of current environments then the agricultural options would have been similar in the past. Together, the archaeological and ethnographic data demonstrate the longevity of temporal agriculture in these areas. How temporal agriculture can be achieved and sustained is demonstrated in the tradition-based practices of modern farmers. The agency of modern farmers can be used as an analogy for agency in the past. When tested against the archaeological record the postulated temporal system and associated settlement patterns are indicative of a domesticated landscape structured for planting flexibility.

Accelerated tropical glacial melt on the order of 15-18 meters per year since the 1980's in Peru's Cordillera Blanca region is alarming rural communities and urban authorities, causing them to seek technical support for risk management and adaptation actions. Melting glaciers coupled with changing seasonal rainfall patterns has left many rural communities in the upper Rio Santa basin lacking sufficient fresh water supply to support livestock, irrigation and human consumption. In response to these concerns, a Water Evaluation And Planning (WEAP) model was created by the Stockholm Environmental Institute for simulating glacial melt and flow in the Santa River. Through input parameters of climate, glacial runoff, water use, crop acreage, soil type and groundwater interactions, WEAP has the flexibility to model scenarios for different operation schemes. These schemes allow users to determine the most effective ways to regulate their resources and explore adaptation actions (e.g. altering farming practices and building reservoirs) for future planning. This project improved the existing model by including observed water demand data for irrigation, and evaluating the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) dataset to serve as a potential source for filling gaps in the historic climate record. These improvements added robustness to the model and correlated well with historic stream flow at La Balsa (R² = 0.78 , Nash = 0.68). Two scenarios were explored where (1) a 50% reduction in potato crop was replaced with maize for each sub-basin, and (2) a 10% reduction in precipitation was applied over the upper basin. Results show that the WEAP model is sensitive to changes in crop type and rainfall at the sub-basin scale, an encouraging finding for future exploration. This investigation enables communities to base future decisions on technical evidence and provides a basis for educating citizens on the importance of evaluating their available resources under climate change projections
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Anthropogenic eutrophication has become an issue of foremost importance in water bodies all around the globe. Nutrients coming from agricultural activities have been identified as one main contributor to this problem. Technologies and inovations (Best Management Practices, BMPs) have been designed for mitigating agricultural impact on water bodies. However, the problem still persists, partly due to a lack of adoption of these practices by targeted farmers. The Santa Lucía River (SLR) in Uruguay has undergone a process of eutrophication during the last decades, resultingin the implementation of a mitigation plan by the Uruguayan government. The need of collaboration by local farmersin the implementation of BMPs calls for the need of better understanding their perspectives on the process, as well as farmers’ motivations for actively participating in it. To address this knowledge gap, eleven farmers residing in the Santa Lucía River basin (SLRB) were interviewed using a semi-structured interview approach. The farmers were asked about their experiences and opinions on the implementation of BMPs in the SLRB. The obtained data was transcribed and coded using a template analysis approach. This study identified three overarching categories: personal factors influencing motivation, perception of the government, and improvement factors. Within these, eleven factors were identified to depict farmers’ perspectives and/or be influential for their motivations. Results indicate that farmers are motivated and willing to collaborate in the preservation of the SLR’s water, but that there are still many factors that influence their capacity to do so, and must be taken in account in order for this objective to be viable.

abstract: The Santa Cruz River Basin shared by Northern Sonora and Southern Arizona is one example of transboundary water resources in the borderlands region that accurately portrays the complexities of binational management of common pool resources, such as water. Industrialization fueled by trade liberalization has resulted in migration to and urbanization along the border, which have created human rights issues with the lack of water and sanitation, groundwater overdraft of the shared aquifers, and contamination of these scarce resources. Effluent from wastewater treatment plants continues to play increasingly important roles in the region, the use of which has been a source of tension between the two countries. Contributing to these tensions are the strains on binational relations created by border militarization and SB 1070. A shift in water management strategies to increase pubic participation within decision-making, increase the flexibility of the water systems, and increase cross-border collaboration is needed to ensure human and ecological sustainability in the Santa Cruz River Basin. By incorporating direct communication and local capacity as per common pool resource theory, recognizing the connections and implications of management actions through socio-ecological systems understanding, and promoting the organic drivers of change through ecologies of agents, just and vigorous futures can be envisioned and advanced.
Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Justice Studies 2015