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1
TERASHIMA, Yutaka. "Cooperation with developing countries in environmental and sanitary engineering." Journal of Environmental Conservation Engineering 17, no. 3 (1988): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5956/jriet.17.148.
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Silveira, A. L. L. "Problems of modern urban drainage in developing countries." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 7 (April 1, 2002): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0114.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Socio-economic factors in developing countries make it more difficult to solve problems of urban drainage than in countries that are more advanced. Factors inhibiting the adoption of modern solutions include: (1) in matters of urban drainage, 19th-century sanitary philosophy still dominates; (2) both legal and clandestine land settlement limits the space that modern solutions require; (3) contamination of storm runoff by foul sewage, sediment and garbage prevents adoption of developed-country practices; (4) climatic and socio-economic factors favour the growth of epidemics where runoff is retained for flood-avoidance and to increase infiltration; (5) lack of a technological basis for adequate drainage management and design; (6) lack of the interaction between community and city administration that is needed to obtain modern solutions to urban drainage problems. Awareness of these difficulties is fundamental to the search for modern and viable solutions appropriate for developing countries.
3
Harada, H., N. T. Dong, and S. Matsui. "A measure for provisional-and-urgent sanitary improvement in developing countries: septic-tank performance improvement." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 6 (October 1, 2008): 1305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.715.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Although many cities have planed to develop sewerages in developing countries, sewerage establishment still requires huge investment and engineering efforts. Improvement of existing sanitation facilities may contribute the betterment of urban sanitation before sewerage establishment. The purpose of this study is to propose a measure to improve urban sanitation in areas where a sewerage development plan is proposed but has not been yet established, based on a case study in Hanoi, Vietnam. We found that 90.5% of human excreta flowed into septic tanks. However, 89.6% of septic tanks have never been desludged in the past and their performance was observed to be at a low level. The study also showed that if they introduce regular desludging with a frequency of once a year, they can eliminate 72.8% of COD loads from septic tanks. It was indicated that the performance can be dramatically recovered by regular desludging, which could contribute urban sanitation improvement in Hanoi. In conclusion, the performance recovery of septic tanks by regular desludging was proposed as a provisional-and-urgent measure for urban sanitation improvement, together with the septage treatment in sewage sludge treatment facilities, which should be established earlier than other facilities of sewage treatment systems.
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Ali, Mustafa, Wenping Wang, Nawaz Chaudhry, and Yong Geng. "Hospital waste management in developing countries: A mini review." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 35, no. 6 (February 1, 2017): 581–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x17691344.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Health care activities can generate different kinds of hazardous wastes. Mismanagement of these wastes can result in environmental and occupational health risks. Developing countries are resource-constrained when it comes to safe management of hospital wastes. This study summarizes the main issues faced in hospital waste management in developing countries. A review of the existing literature suggests that regulations and legislations focusing on hospital waste management are recent accomplishments in many of these countries. Implementation of these rules varies from one hospital to another. Moreover, wide variations exist in waste generation rates within as well as across these countries. This is mainly attributable to a lack of an agreement on the definitions and the methodology among the researchers to measure such wastes. Furthermore, hospitals in these countries suffer from poor waste segregation, collection, storage, transportation and disposal practices, which can lead to occupational and environmental risks. Knowledge and awareness regarding proper waste management remain low in the absence of training for hospital staff. Moreover, hospital sanitary workers, and scavengers, operate without the provision of safety equipment or immunization. Unsegregated waste is illegally recycled, leading to further safety risks. Overall, hospital waste management in developing countries faces several challenges. Sustainable waste management practices can go a long way in reducing the harmful effects of hospital wastes.
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Bartone, C. R., and S. Arlosoroff. "Irrigation Reuse of Pond Effluents in Developing Countries." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0159.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The large-scale reuse of sewage for irrigation, often without adequate safeguards, is commonplace in many arid and semiarid regions of the world. A UNDP/World Bank global research project has reviewed available epidemiological data and formulated a risk model to evaluate sanitary control options for effluent irrigation. The study concluded that wastewater treatment processes that effectively remove all or most of the pathogens in wastewater provide a major or total reduction in the negative health effects caused by raw wastewater reuse. Furthermore, the study found the recommended criteria for effective wastewater treatment for irrigation reuse in developing countries to be, in order of priority: (1) maximum removal of helminths; (2) effective reduction in bacterial and viral pathogens; and (3) freedom from odor and appearance nuisances (i.e., reduction of BOD). Multicell stabilization ponds are suited to meet all three criteria. Research sponsored by the UNDP/World Bank project has shown that well-designed and operated multicell stabilization ponds achieve virtually total removal of helminths and a greater than 99.99 percent reduction of enteric bacteria. Waste stabilization ponds can produce an odor-free effluent rich in nutrients and attractive for agricultural use. Most suitable in hot developing countries, ponds are a particularly robust, flexible, and almost fail-safe treatment system having low construction and operation costs. Research is now focusing on management and policy issues required to effectively achieve controlled irrigation reuse.
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Lloyd, B. J., and J. K. Bartram. "Surveillance Solutions to Microbiological Problems in Water Quality Control in Developing Countries." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 2 (July 1, 1991): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0031.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Many developing countries are failing to apply standard water quality control methods developed over almost a century in Europe and N America. In the search for simpler and cheaper methods inaccurate and spurious results are being reported in at least 10 countries in the S E Asian and Pacific regions. In countries where WHO is now promoting the development of water quality surveillance and improvement programmes the application of standard methods indicate that typically 70-85% of small supplies are faecally contaminated. Beyond the Water Decade the focus on increased coverage needs to be amplified to include improvement of the quality of service. To achieve the necessary improvements the limitations in conventional microbiological and chemical quality control must be recognised. This paper provides examples of an integrated surveillance strategy for progressive improvement. This approach involves a much greater emphasis on sanitary inspection whilst complementary critical parameter water testing is placed in a supporting role.
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Baptista, M., S. Barraud, E. Alfakih, N. Nascimento, W. Fernandes, P. Moura, and L. Castro. "Performance-costs evaluation for urban storm drainage." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 2 (January 1, 2005): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0037.
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The design process of urban stormwater systems incorporating BMPs involves more complexity unlike the design of classic drainage systems for which just the technique of pipes is likely to be used. This paper presents a simple decision aid methodology and an associated software (AvDren) concerning urban stormwater systems, devoted to the evaluation and the comparison of drainage scenarios using BMPs according to different technical, sanitary, social environmental and economical aspects. This kind of tool is particularly interesting so as to help the decision makers to select the appropriate alternative and to plan the investments especially for developing countries, with important sanitary problems and severe budget restrictions.
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García-Espinoza, Josué Daniel, Irma Robles, Francisco J. Rodríguez-Valadez, Adrián Rodríguez-García, José A. Ramírez, Montserrat Hernández-Iturriaga, and Luis A. Godínez. "Electro-Fenton systems for “on-site” sanitary wastewater treatment: Towards an off-grid technology for developing countries." Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 10, no. 3 (June 2022): 107954. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2022.107954.
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Cutolo, Silvana A., Roque P. Piveli, Jéferson G. Santos, Célia R. Montes, Gilberto Sundefeld, Fábio Campos, Tamara M. Gomes, and Adolpho J. Melfi. "Parasitological risk assessment from wastewater reuse for disposal in soil in developing countries." Water Science and Technology 65, no. 8 (April 1, 2012): 1357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this work is to analyze the parasitological risks of treated wastewater reuse from a stabilization pond in the city of Piracicaba, in the State of São Paulo (Brazil), and the level of treatment required to protect public health. Samples were taken from raw and treated wastewater in stabilization ponds and submitted to a parasitological, microbiological and physicochemical analysis. The study revealed on treated wastewater the presence of Ascaris sp. and Entamoeba coli with an average density of 1 cysts L−1 and 6 eggs L−1, respectively. For Ascaris, the annual risks of infection due to the accidental ingestion of wastewater irrigation were 7.5 × 10−2 in 208 days and 8.7 × 10−2 in 240 days. For Total Coliforms and Escherichia coli in treated wastewater, the average density was 1.0 × 105 MPN/100 ml and 2.7 × 104 MPN/100 ml respectively, representing 99% and 94% removal efficiency, respectively. For BOD, COD, TS and TSS removal efficiency was 69, 80, 50 and 71%, respectively. The removal efficiency for nitrogen; ammonia nitrogen and total phosphate was 24, 19 and 68%, respectively. The average density of helminths eggs in treated wastewater is higher compared to the density of the limit value of ≤1 egg L−1 and tolerable risk is above the level recommended by the World Health Organization. Multiple barriers are necessary for the reduction of organic matter, chemical contaminants and parasites from treated wastewater. Standards for the sanitary control of treated wastewater to be reused in agricultural irrigation areas should be compiled for developing countries in order to minimize public health risks.
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Slompo, Nathalie Dyane Miranda, Larissa Quartaroli, Grietje Zeeman, Gustavo Henrique Ribeiro da Silva, and Luiz Antonio Daniel. "Black water treatment by an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor: a pilot study." Water Science and Technology 80, no. 8 (October 15, 2019): 1505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.402.
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Abstract Decentralized sanitary wastewater treatment has become a viable and sustainable alternative, especially for developing countries and small communities. Besides, effluents may present variations in chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total nitrogen values. This study describes the feasibility of using a pilot upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor to treat wastewater with different organic loads (COD), using black water (BW) and sanitary wastewater, in addition to its potential for preserving nutrients for later recovery and/or reuse. The UASB reactor was operated continuously for 95 weeks, with a hydraulic retention time of 3 days. In Phase 1, the reactor treated simulated BW and achieved 77% CODtotal removal. In Phase 2, treating only sanitary wastewater, the CODtotal removal efficiency was 60%. Phase 3 treated simulated BW again, and CODtotal removal efficiency was somewhat higher than in Phase 1, reaching 81%. In Phase 3, the removal of pathogens was also evaluated: the efficiency was 1.96 log for Escherichia coli and 2.13 log for total coliforms. The UASB reactor was able to withstand large variations in the organic loading rate (0.09–1.49 kg COD m−3 d−1), in continuous operation mode, maintaining a stable organic matter removal.
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Gaber, A., M. Antill, W. Kimball, and R. Abdel Wahab. "Planning Replicable Small Flow Wastewater Treatment Facilities in Developing Nations." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 10 (November 1, 1993): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0196.
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The implementation of urban village wastewater treatment plants in developing countries has historically been primarily a function of appropriate technology choice and deciding which of the many needy communities should receive the available funding and priority attention. Usually this process is driven by an outside funding agency who views the planning, design, and construction steps as relatively insignificant milestones in the overall effort required to quickly better a community's sanitary drainage problems. With the exception of very small scale type sanitation projects which have relatively simple replication steps, the development emphasis tends to be on the final treatment plant product with little or no attention specifically focused on community participation and institutionalizing national and local policies and procedures needed for future locally sponsored facilities replication. In contrast to this, the Government of Egypt (GOE) enacted a fresh approach through a Local Development Program with the United States AID program. An overview is presented of the guiding principals of the program which produced the first 24 working wastewater systems including gravity sewers, sewage pumping stations and wastewater treatment plants which were designed and constructed by local entities in Egypt. The wastewater projects cover five different treatment technologies implemented in both delta and desert regions.
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Barba, Luz Edith, Patricia Torres, Jenny Alexandra Rodríguez Victoria, Luís Fernando Marmolejo, and Carlos Alexander Pizarro. "The influence of incorporating leachate on anaerobic biodegradability of domestic sewage." Ingeniería e Investigación 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v30n1.15211.
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Treating leachate is one of the most important challenges in designing and operating a sanitary landfill. Anaerobic treatment u-sing a mixture of leachate and domestic sewage represents a suitable treatment option having good potential applicability in developing countries. The influence of adding leachate from a domestic sanitary landfill on the anaerobic biodegradability of domestic sewage has been evaluated in this paper. Five samples were evaluated for the study: 100% domestic sewage (DS), 100% leachate (L) and three leachate mixtures (L) with domestic sewage (DS) as follows: 10%(L):90%(DS), 20%(L):80%(DS) and 30%(L):70%(DS). The samples anaerobic biodegradability was monitored for 30 days using methane production accumulation and variation in volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration and composition. A detailed analysis of chemical oxygen demand (COD) composition was performed at the end of the monitoring period. The results of the study showed that a 10%(L):90%(DS) mixture provided the maximum leachate (L) domestic sewage (DS) combination mixture which could be anaerobically biodegradable with no significantly inhibitory effects. Mixtures using a higher percentage of leachate showed significantly potential inhibition effects on the anaerobic biodegradation of domestic sewage.
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Bayram, Bahadır Çağrı. "Evaluation of forest products trade economic contribution by entropy-TOPSIS: Case study of Turkey." BioResources 15, no. 1 (January 10, 2020): 1419–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.1.1419-1429.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The forest products industry is one of the most powerful industry branches of Turkey, and as in other developing countries, Turkey has a persistent trade deficit. The present paper aims to evaluate the forest industry products of Turkey regarding their economic contribution by Entropy-TOPSIS, which is a hybrid multicriteria decision making method. The evaluation was done to specify the products which will be able to create currency inflow most for reducing the trade deficit and help economic development. According to computations, the most contributing products are medium-density fiberboard (MDF), high-density fiberboard (HDF), industrial roundwood, and particle board. In addition, household and sanitary papers, as well as other paper and paper board products were found to have great economic potential.
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Brioso, X., C. Calderon-Hernandez, and D. Fuentes-Hurtado. "Using new tools for building construction teaching during the sanitary emergency." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1218, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1218/1/012042.
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Abstract Covid-19 pandemic has originated that a great number of countries’ governments demand universities to teach online classes, presenting a challenge to redesign the courses that had construction site visits included in the curricula. The purpose of this work is to present the successful strategies employed on the teaching of building construction, applied in a third-year civil engineering program of the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. The methodology was designed so that one can adapt the pandemic and post-pandemic stages proposing a balanced use of virtual platforms and software for video conferences and laboratories, incorporating tools like Building Information Modeling, Lean construction, among other systems. Given the sanitary emergency, the construction site visits were replaced by virtual visits to construction projects generated with scanner laser technology, photogrammetry, and BIM, generating digital twins that were stored in online platforms. Students toured the construction project virtually and in an interactive manner, and along with the description of the professionals in charge of the project they were able to reach a good level of comprehension of the organization and the construction processes. In addition, students developed the layout plans of the temporary works with BIM models. On the other hand, the course taught to generate and analyze the unit prices and quantity surveying of activities using the BIM methodology with 5D software, developing the project budget. The success of this methodology is shown through the notable quality of papers and evaluations taken, through the results of surveys taken on students--which had an effectiveness rate of 96.4 % --, and on the improvement opportunities determined. This paper presents tools relevant that may be adapted by the academia and practitioners related to building constructions, for virtual or face-to-face learning.
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Rotival, Alexander H. "Beyond the Decade: A Framework for Global Cooperation." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 1-3 (January 1, 1991): 211–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0417.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (IDWSSD) was launched by the General Assembly of the United Nations in November 1980 with the goal “to provide all people with water of safe quality and adequate quantity and basic sanitary facilities by 1990”. The World Bank estimates that despite the efforts during the Decade less than 50 percent of developing country populations have access to adequate water supplies and only 20 percent to adequate sanitation facilities. Major factors for the situation are the continuing population explosion and the economic stagnation of developing countries. Qualitative breakthroughs have been made however, through (i) improved coordination for sector inputs at the global and country levels, (ii) systematic formulation of country strategies, (iii) rationalization of the management of the sector, and most significantly through (iv) community involvement and (v) the adoption of low-cost sustainable and replicable technologies. The UNDP/World Bank Programme and the UNDP/WHO Decade Programmes have played a catalytic role in developing activities in these five areas. To maintain Decade momentum beyond 1990 and to accelerate the provision of water supply and sanitation services to all, with emphasis on the unserved rural and peri-urban poor, by using a coordinated programme “Decade” approach, a Framework for Global Cooperation has been established. A series of meetings of a Collaborative Council of External Support Agencies (ESAs) is involved, leading to a global consultation in India in 1990 for all developing countries to define and achieve consensus on a water and sanitation sector strategy for “Beyond the Decade”.
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Domènech-Mestres, Carles, Elena Blanco-Romero, Albert de la Fuente-Morató, and Manuel Ayala-Chauvin. "Design for the Automation of an AMBU Spur II Manual Respirator." Machines 9, no. 2 (February 21, 2021): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines9020045.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article shows the design of a device to automatize an Ambu Spur II manual respirator. The aim of this compassionate medicine device is to provide an emergency alternative to conventional electric respirators—which are in much shortage—during the present COVID-19 pandemic. To develop the device, the classical method of product design based on concurrent engineering has been employed. First, the specifications of the machine have been determined, including the function determining the air volume provided at every moment of the breathing cycle; second, an adequate compression mechanism has been designed; third, the control circuit of the motor has been determined, which can be operated via a touchscreen and which includes sensor feedback; fourth, the device has been materialized with readily available materials and market components, mostly of low cost; and fifth, the machine has been successfully tested, complying with sanitary regulations and operating within desirable ranges. The device has been already manufactured to supply respirators to several hospitals around the Catalan Autonomous Community in Spain, but can also be replicated in developing countries such as Ecuador.
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Kodzo-Grey Venyo, Anthony. "Amoebiasis in Pregnancy: A Review and Update of the Literature." Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences 6, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 01–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2578-8965/091.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Amoebiasis is a disease which tends to be caused mainly by Entamoeba histolytica. Amoebiasis can affect males, females, children, and adults. Amoebiasis tends to be more commonly encountered in people who live in or travel to developing countries that are amoebiasis endemic area with poor sanitary conditions. Individuals from the developed countries who travel to and back from developing countries or individuals in developed countries who have not travelled to developing countries but have been close to their relatives or friends who have travelled to developing countries could also develop amoebiasis. Individuals who are infected by amoebiasis are not always symptomatic as well as some individuals who have been harbouring entamoeba histolytica may be asymptomatic for many years before they become symptomatic which makes it difficult for the patients and their clinicians to have a high index of suspicion for the possibility of amoebiasis which would contribute to mis-diagnosis or delay in the diagnosis that would tend to be associated with the possible development of complications including amoebic liver abscess and perforation of the abscess with the development of peritonitis when the diagnosis is not established quickly. Amoebiasis could be asymptomatic or it could be associated with mild or severe symptoms. Some of the common symptoms of amoebiasis include lethargy, weight less, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, bloody diarrhoea. Some of the complications of amoebiasis include inflammation as well as perforation with tissue of the colon or peritonitis. Extra-intestinal amoebiasis may also develop leading to amoebiasis of the liver and amoebic liver abscess, amoebic pneumonitis, amoebic infections of the brain and cerebral abscess, amoebic vaginitis, amoebic cervicitis, amoebic endometritis, amoebic salpingitis, amoebiasis of the ovary with or without the development of an abscess, amoebic prostatitis, amoebiasis of the kidney and amoebic emphysematous pyelonephritis and amoebic renal cyst, amoebiasis mimicking fibroid, amoebic peri-carditis, and amoebic cardiac tamponade. Some of the predisposing factors for the development of amoebiasis include: exposure to amoebiasis infected individuals, drinking of unsafe water, alcoholism, ages extremes including the elderly and young children, pregnancy, immunosuppression, recent coital activity with unprotected anal or oral-anal contact, recent travel to developing countries and residence within an amoebiasis endemic developing country or region. Amoebiasis may mimic appendicitis, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, colonic malignancy and other more common conditions. Globally about 50 million cases of invasive Entamoeba histolytica infection occurs per year leading to as many as many as 100,000 deaths that is believed to be the tip of an iceberg. A high index of suspicion is required to establish quickly a diagnosis of amoebiasis generally as well as amoebiasis in pregnancy. Diagnosis of enteric amoebiasis whether associated with pregnancy in medical establishments in rural hospitals in the developing countries has tended to be based upon microscopy examination of stool samples of patients. Nevertheless, molecular -biology based tests with serology tests by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests tend to provide a quick and accurate diagnosis but these tests tend not to be immediately available in small hospitals of some developing countries. In complicated cases like amoebic liver abscess microscopy examination of the abscess fluid aspirate and biopsy of the wall of the abscess would tend to confirm the diagnosis. Few epidemiological data relating to the prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica within Europe and North America do exist; nevertheless, studies that had investigated infectious travel-related gastrointestinal disorders had reported that amoebiasis is the identified pathogen in 1.4% of cases in Europe. Considering that both within the developing countries and developed countries Amoebiasis in pregnancy is not excessively common, without a high index of suspicion for the possibility of a pregnant woman who presents with non-specific symptoms as stated above there would tend to be a delay in the diagnosis of amoebiasis in stool microscopy, PCR studies and ultrasound scan of abdomen and pelvis is not undertaken quickly. If stool microscopy, PCR studies, and quick aspiration and biopsies and pathology examinations of specimens of amoebic liver abscesses / lesions associated with pregnancy are undertaken then a diagnosis of amoebiasis in pregnancy would be made and a quick and appropriate treatment would be provided. Or else complications of amoebiasis including perforation of bowel, perforation of amoebic liver abscess/ amoebic liver abscess related atelectasis and chest infection would develop which would tend to be associated with prolonged morbidity and at times mortality. Treatment of amoebiasis associated with pregnancy entails utilization of anti-amoebic medications (for example metronidazole), treatment of any concurrent bacterial infection with an appropriate antibiotics, supportive care, and treatment of complications including amoebic liver abscess by radiology image-guided (ultrasound scan or magnetic resonance imaging scan) aspiration and drainage of the abscess or at times laparotomy. Regular follow-up clinical and radiology imaging follow-up assessment of patients is important to ascertain there is no recurrence of an abscess and education related to sanitary dietary habits is important to prevent further development of amoebiasis.
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Cuppens, A., I. Smets, and G. Wyseure. "Definition of realistic disturbances as a crucial step during the assessment of resilience of natural wastewater treatment systems." Water Science and Technology 65, no. 8 (April 1, 2012): 1506–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.040.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Natural wastewater treatment systems (WWTSs) for urban areas in developing countries are subjected to large fluctuations in their inflow. This situation can result in a decreased treatment performance. The main aims of this paper are to introduce resilience as a performance indicator for natural WWTSs and to propose a methodology for the identification and generation of realistic disturbances of WWTSs. Firstly, a definition of resilience is formulated for natural WWTSs together with a short discussion of its most relevant properties. An important aspect during the evaluation process of resilience is the selection of appropriate disturbances. Disturbances of the WWTS are caused by fluctuations in water quantity and quality characteristics of the inflow. An approach to defining appropriate disturbances is presented by means of water quantity and quality data collected for the urban wastewater system of Coronel Oviedo (Paraguay). The main problem under consideration is the potential negative impact of stormwater inflow and infiltration in the sanitary sewer system on the treatment performance of anaerobic waste stabilisation ponds.
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Kirori, Purity, Viviene Matiru, and Joseph Mutai. "Factors associated with bacterial contamination of shallow well water sources. Case Study of Juja hostels Kiambu County." Journal of Agriculture, Science and Technology 21, no. 4 (October 8, 2022): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jagst.v21i4.4.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The use of water from polluted water sources poses numerous public health challenges in developing countries. The ultimate purpose of any solid and liquid waste management plan is to mitigate environmental pollution; these goals become unachievable in the absence of a participatory approach to integrated waste management. This study sought to determine the extent of underground pollution of groundwater sources in Juja Town. Sanitary inspection and water quality analysis are complementary and valuable tools for characterizing and protecting water safety. The quality of the shallow wells is of great importance because it is used for consumption in Juja hostels. A two-stage cluster sampling strategy was adopted to obtain a representative sample size. Data collection involved the administration of questionnaires and field observation checklists, and E. coli levels present in the water were determined by the number of positive tubes in the table of computation of most probable number (MPN). Results showed that the predominant types of waste disposal practices observed in Juja were septic tank systems (77%) for liquid waste and private collection (87.3%) for solid waste methods. Sixty-eight per cent of the water samples were found to be positive (they exceeded the WHO (2004) maximum permissible load of 0.01/100 ml for drinking water. Three sanitary risk factors had a statistically significant effect on the dependent variable: the distance of the septic tank from the well on the level of water contamination (0.016), the liquid waste management plan (0.039), and the fitness of the water well cover on the level of water contamination (0.024). Shallow well water sources are unsuitable for use in food processing and drinking due to the presence of E. coli bacteria. The consequences of consuming contaminated water can be expensive to treat. Water from wells in Juja is contaminated with E. coli levels ranging from <3 - >1000 MPN/g, indicating fecal contamination in the area's underground water sources.
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Alfaia, Raquel Greice de Souza Marotta, Alyne Moraes Costa, and Juacyara Carbonelli Campos. "Municipal solid waste in Brazil: A review." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 35, no. 12 (November 1, 2017): 1195–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x17735375.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The production of municipal solid waste (MSW) represents one of the greatest challenges currently faced by waste managers all around the world. In Brazil, the situation with regard to solid waste management is still deficient in many aspects. In 2015, only 58.7% of the MSW collected in Brazilian cities received appropriate final disposal. It was only as late as 2010 that Brazil established the National Policy on Solid Waste (NPSW) based on the legislation and programmes established in the 1970s in more developed countries. However, the situation with regard to MSW management has changed little since the implementation of the NPSW. Recent data show that, in Brazil, disposal in sanitary landfills is practically the only management approach to MSW. Contrary to expectations, despite the economic recession in 2015 the total annual amount of MSW generated nationwide increased by 1.7%, while in the same period the Brazilian population grew by 0.8% and economic activity decreased by 3.8%. The article describes the panorama with regard to MSW in Brazil from generation to final disposal and discusses the issues related to the delay in implementing the NPSW. The collection of recyclable material, the recycling process, the application of reverse logistics and the determination of the gravimetric composition of MSW in Brazil are also addressed in this article. Finally, a brief comparison is made between MSW management in Brazil and in other countries, the barriers to developing effective waste disposal systems are discussed and some recommendations for future MSW management development in Brazil are given.
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Wilderer, P. A., and D. Schreff. "Decentralized and centralized wastewater management: a challenge for technology developers." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The traditional wastewater management concept (urban wastewater collection system plus treatment of the wastewater in a central treatment plant) has been successfully applied over many decades in densely populated areas of industrialized countries. Whether this technology is of ultimate wisdom must be questioned, especially considering the urgent need for improved sanitary infrastructures in developing countries. The problem is that the costs for implementing a centralized system in mega-cities, in particular the investment costs for the sewer system, are exorbitant. Decentralized wastewater management systems, with the wastewater treated close to where it is generated, are being considered by various researchers and institutions including the World Bank as an alternative to the traditional centralized system. The degree of technological sophistication that should be applied is under dispute, however. In this paper, we advocate development and application of high-tech on-site treatment plants, designed and fabricated by modern industrial methods. When mass produced, the costs for manufacturing such package plants can presumably be kept at a relatively low level. The plants should be delivered in a “user ready” state. Local plumbers may connect toilet bowls and sinks and washing machines, but may not be involved in the manufacturing of the treatment system. The plant should produce an effluent which is hygienically safe and can subsequently be utilized for toilet flushing, washing clothes, cleaning floors or watering lawns. In order to keep the plants operating properly, they should controlled by remote sensing, and maintained by specialized service enterprises. The conceptual design of such a compact plant is discussed in the form of a case study.
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Mehta, Yash D., Yogendra Shastri, and Babu Joseph. "Economic analysis and life cycle impact assessment of municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal: A case study of Mumbai, India." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 36, no. 12 (August 16, 2018): 1177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x18790354.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is a major concern in Indian cities. This work rigorously assesses the relative costs and the environmental and health benefits of alternative MSW management methods. Management of MSW over the next 20 years for the city of Greater Mumbai was considered. A generic model was developed to determine the costs for (i) dumping on open ground, (ii) sanitary landfill without leachate treatment, (iii) landfilling with leachate treatment and (iv) regional composting and landfilling. LandGEM was used to quantify the gaseous emissions from landfill, while emissions from leachate and composting were taken from literature. The life cycle impact model of one tonne of MSW was developed using OpenLCA software and the International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD) 2011 method was used for impact assessment. The cost of disposal of one tonne of waste was found to be INR344 (US$5.17), INR741 (US$11.13) and INR1367 (US$20.53), respectively, for the first three scenarios. As compared to open dumping, landfill gas flaring reduced the global warming potential by 32% and leachate treatment reduced freshwater ecotoxicity and total human toxicity marginally, by 20% and 60%, respectively. Composting-landfilling was the most preferred option, with a cost of INR531 tonne−1 (US$7.97), leading to a reduction in global warming potential by 79% and a slight decrease in freshwater ecotoxicity by 64%. Further, emissions due to accidental fires were also quantified. The study provides valuable insights for the selection of MSW management options for large metropolitan cities in developing countries.
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Zafreen, Farzana, Md Abdul Wahab, Md Rezwanur Rahman, and Shahana Shermin. "Personal Hygiene Practices among Selected Rural School Children in Bangladesh." Delta Medical College Journal 8, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dmcj.v8i1.58962.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background: Proper hygiene practices play vital roles in prevention of communicable diseases and maintenance of health for children in developing countries.
Objective: To assess the status of personal hygiene practices among the rural school children.
Materials and method: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from January to June 2014 among the children of class VIII, IX and X of Defalbari and Nagarbathan high school of Jhenaidah district, Bangladesh. A total of 240 children were selected through purposive sampling and data were collected through face to face interview with a pretested semi-structured questionnaire.
Results: Total 240 students’ mean age was 15.36±1.69 years and 56.3% was boy. About 52.5% of the students’ monthly family income was below 10,000 taka, 42.5% were living in kacha house. About 77.1% students practiced hand washing before meal and 73.3% after using toilet. About 47.5% students had sanitary latrine in their home and 56.2% had practices of wearing shoes in toilet. About 72.9% students had daily bathing practices and 39.6% students trimmed their nail weekly. Students’ mothers’ education status had significant association with hand washing practices both before meal and after using toilet.
Conclusion: Proper practices of personal hygiene keep young children away from many diseases and help in maintaining growth and development. Mothers’ education status was found to have significant association with students’ personal hygiene practices. So, effort should be made to aware every school going children and their parents about the benefits of regular practice of personal hygiene for a bright and healthy life.
Delta Med Col J. Jul 2020 8(1): 28-31
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Vieira, P. C., M. von Sperling, L. C. M. Nogueira, and B. F. S. Assis. "Performance evaluation of a novel open trickling filter for the post-treatment of anaerobic effluents from small communities." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 12 (June 1, 2013): 2746–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.195.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The objective of the work is to evaluate the performance of an innovative design of a trickling filter for small population sizes, which has been implemented for the post-treatment of sanitary effluent from a UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) reactor. The unit, named open trickling filter (OTF), operates with no side walls, no perforated bottom slab and no secondary settler. The OTF packing was 3.5 m high, composed of crushed stone, with a fixed distribution system made of channels with V-notch weirs. The OTF was operated with mean surface hydraulic loading rates of 4.1 and 9.3 m3 m−2 d−1, corresponding to population equivalents of approximately 250 and 550 inhabitants, respectively. For the surface hydraulic loading rate of 4.1 m3 m−2 d−1, the median removal efficiencies obtained by the OTF and overall system (UASB + OTF) were, respectively, 24 and 83% for total suspended solids (TSS), 44 and 79% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), 42 and 82% for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 40 and 40% for N-ammonia. For the surface hydraulic loading rate of 9.3 m3 m−2 d−1, the median removal efficiencies obtained by the OTF and global system (UASB + OTF) were 14 and 76% for TSS, 28 and 76% for COD, 25 and 86% for BOD, 15 and 15% for N-ammonia. Considering the great simplicity, no mechanization and small footprint of the system, these results can be considered satisfactory, suggesting that the OTF is suitable for small communities, especially in developing countries.
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Pathak, Dhundi Raj, Suvash Nepal, Tejendra Thapa, Nimesh Dhakal, Pravin Tiwari, and Tirtha Kumar Sinha. "Capacity assessment and implementation analysis of common treatment facility for the management of infectious healthcare waste in rapidly urbanising city of Nepal." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 39, no. 1_suppl (April 30, 2021): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x211013910.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study is one of the first systematic attempts to examine the possibility of a common treatment facility (CTF) to treat infectious healthcare waste (HCW) in Nepal. First, the survey was conducted in 14 healthcare facilities (HFs) ranging from health posts to large hospitals selected from 120 total HFs in Nepalgunj sub-metropolitan city (SMC), a rapidly urbanising city of Nepal to investigate the current practices of HCW management (HCWM) and to estimate the waste generation and characteristics in the different HFs. The result shows that the average unit waste generation rate for health posts, clinics, urban health centres, and hospitals was estimated at 1.397 kg day−1, 1.608 kg day−1, 0.178 kg day−1 and 1.818 kg bed−1 day−1, respectively. Of the total 1242 kg day−1 HCW generated in Nepalgunj SMC, 73% is infected in the current situation, but if fully sorted at source, only 32% of the waste will be infected. Based on these HCW generation data and fraction of infectious waste, including waste management practices, three different scenarios are proposed for the capacity assessment and designing implementation modality of the CTF to treat infectious waste from all HFs of Nepalgunj SMC as a case study where an integrated solid waste management facility including material recovery facility and sanitary landfill site for municipal solid waste management is already in operation. The different implementation analyses are discussed, and the best implementation arrangement has been recommended for the sustainability of the project. This approach can be replicated in other cities alone or regions with many neighbouring cities of Nepal and explores a workable solution for HCWM in the rapidly urbanising cities of developing countries to help them improve their condition.
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Shelekhan, H., and R. Suzak. "ANALYSIS OF EXPORT FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION OF UKRAINE IN THE RAILWAY AND SEA CONNECTION." Municipal economy of cities 3, no. 163 (June 29, 2021): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2021-3-163-199-205.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper analyzes the export transportation of goods by rail and transshipment in seaports of Ukraine using the methods of mathematical statistics. At present, the export of Ukrainian goods to the countries of the world in terms of traffic exceeds imports several times and is the most dynamically developing international trade sector. Despite the unstable political and economic, and since last year also the sanitary-ecological situation in Ukraine and in the world, exports still have a stable positive dynamics among the total volumes of international traffic. The analysis of export cargo with transshipment in seaports showed that for the sixth year in a row grain cargo ranks first among others in terms of exports. On the railway the key type of cargoes in transportations in recent years also became grain which rates of transportation increase annually. The export component of international trade is also based on ferrous metals, ores, oils, chemical and mineral fertilizers, and mechanical engineering products. The total share of the export component for the EU market as Ukraine's main international trading partner increased from 27.3% in 2008 to 37.3% in 2020. Among the problems hindering the further increase in transshipment in seaports is the still underdeveloped infrastructure, despite the available opportunities to increase technical capacity, and as a result - the limited range of cargo and types of vessels for service, and the use of outdated technologies of ship handling and cargo operations in ports. Ukraine's international trade development projects include attracting investors to port infrastructure through concession tenders in seaports, introduction of private locomotive traction on railways, measures to ensure safety of navigation and maintaining the necessary depths in ports, addressing the shortage of rolling stock on railways, infrastructure development port railway stations. The application of the Fourier analysis technique to detect cyclical fluctuations in transport processes made it possible to obtain a forecast function of grain cargo volumes in certain time intervals, which can be used to develop measures to smooth out uneven traffic flows and reduce uncertainties in transport.
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Manandhar, Dinesh Raj, William Hogland, V. Krishnamurthy, and Sanjay Nath Khanal. "Estimation of leachate from a pilot scale lysimeter." Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 8, no. 2 (January 3, 2013): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kuset.v8i2.7331.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The most important component of solid waste management is long-term safe and reliable disposal of solid waste in sanitary landfills. Leachate formed in landfills needs proper management. The biodegradable portion of waste is largely responsible for the production of leachate and landfill gas. This paper presents the outcome of the research on the water management of landfill in Nepal using a designed and built pilot scale field lysimeter model. The leachate production from the lysimeter as an effect of climatological factors is assessed. The Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP) model is used to compute estimates of water balances. Simulation of the model indicates that the evapotranspiration (ET) is nearly constant and do not follow the precipitation and percolation trend. Also the evapotranspiration component in this case, is not high. This may be due to the small surface area of lysimeter and larger portion of the leachate percolated before evaporation could take place. The model has been calibrated for the local situation with the limited observed data of leachate generation from the lysimeter. However the trend of leachate generation on HELP simulation and Actual Data seem to be similar during month of October to December season, but during June to September, the trend shows higher actual percolation rate compared to the model output. This may be due to the higher value of permeability of barrier soil (in the range of 10-5 cm/s), which should be generally in the range of 10-7 cm/s or lower. The rainy season during June to September may be another reason, when soil is wet most of the time. The annual data shows that percolation is about 81-84% of precipitation amount, whereas evapotranspiration is about 15-19%. The application of the model may be a valuable tool to determine strengths and weaknesses of designing and operating of landfills in developing countries like Nepal. Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 8, No. II, December, 2012, 93-100 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kuset.v8i2.7331
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WOLFE, ROBERT. "Regulatory transparency, developing countries and the WTO." World Trade Review 2, no. 2 (July 2003): 157–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745603001393.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The tension in the WTO between adaptation to globalization and integration of developing countries is illustrated by one of the central norms of the regime, transparency. Experts believe democratic governance and efficient markets are both enhanced when autonomous administrative agencies are open about what they doing. WTO requirements for regulatory transparency may prove to be more straightforward for OECD countries than developing countries. The future of the WTO as a legitimate and effective international organization depends on finding modes of regulation accessible to all its Members. A review of how Canada, Brazil, South Africa, Thailand, and Uganda implement the transparency requirements of the agreements on basic telecommunications, and sanitary and phytosantitary measures found that regulatory independence and transparency are increasingly prevalent in telecommunications, but much less so in food safety. Transparency between countries appears easier than transparency within countries, and economic regulation seems easier to adapt to international norms than social regulation.
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Bruschi, Fabrizio. "Trichinellosis in developing countries: is it neglected?" Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 6, no. 03 (February 4, 2012): 216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.2478.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Trichinellosis is a foodborne zoonosis caused by the parasitic nematode Trichinella, which is characterized by an extremely wide host range and geographical distribution. The aim of the present review is to provide epidemiological information on animal and human trichinellosis occurring in developing countries in the different continents, where cooking habits along with poverty and poor sanitary conditions and lack of veterinary controls may facilitate the occurrence of human trichinellosis outbreaks. Countries have been considered according to the six regions designated by the World Health Organization (WHO): 1) WHO African Region, 2) WHO Region of the Americas, 3) WHO South-East Asia Region, 4) WHO European Region, 5) WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region, and 6) WHO Western Pacific Region. For the purposes of this article, developing countries are defined as those not industrialised according to the World Economic Outlook Report of the International Monetary Fund (http://www.imf.org); however, with regard to the European Region of WHO, only those countries that are not member states of the European Union will be considered.
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CAHILL, SARAH M., and JEAN-LOUIS R. JOUVE. "Microbiological Risk Assessment in Developing Countries." Journal of Food Protection 67, no. 9 (September 1, 2004): 2016–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-67.9.2016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Microbiological risk assessment (MRA) has been evolving at the national and international levels as a systematic and objective approach for evaluating information pertaining to microbiological hazards in foods and the risks they pose. This process has been catalyzed by international food trade requirements to base sanitary measures on sound scientific evidence and appropriate risk assessments. All countries, including developing countries, need to understand and use MRA. MRA is resource intensive, as has been demonstrated by some of the the assessments undertaken in industrialized countries. However, when used in the appropriate circumstances MRA offers many benefits. The process of undertaking MRA improves the understanding of key issues, enables an objective evaluation of risk management options, and provides a scientific justification for actions. Although the gap between developing countries and some industrialized countries is quite extensive with regard to MRA, many developing countries recognize the need to at least understand and move toward using MRA. This process requires development of infrastructure and enhancement of scientific and technical expertise while making optimal use of limited resources. International organizations, such as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, are in a position to provide countries with guidance, training, information resources, and technical assistance to develop and/or strengthen food safety infrastructure. Enhanced cooperation and collaboration at all levels are needed for such efforts to be successful and to ensure that MRA, as a food safety tool, is available to all countries.
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Nik Ab Rahim, Nik Nor Rahimah, Jamal Othman, Norlida Hanim Mohd Salleh, and Norshamliza Chamhuri. "A Non-Market Valuation Approach to Environmental Cost-Benefit Analysis for Sanitary Landfill Project Appraisal." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 10, 2021): 7718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147718.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Extensive non-engineered landfilling practice in developing countries has raised environmental concerns, but operating a sanitary landfill appears infeasible due to financial incapability. This study aims to determine the feasibility of a sanitary landfill project by including its environmental values into the project appraisal while simultaneously applying three policy-relevant methods—non-market valuation, benefits transfer, and cost-benefit analysis—in two study areas in Peninsular Malaysia. The non-market valuation study used choice modeling, a questionnaire-based technique, to elicit willingness to pay among 624 households toward the environmental attributes of the sanitary landfill. Their responses resulted in the monetary values of the environmental attributes by referring to implicit prices of leachate discharge, bad odor, disease vector and view. The implicit prices of bad odor (RM2.29 per month) and view (RM3.59 per month) in the two study areas were transferable and used as a proxy of additional solid waste disposal payment in environmental cost-benefit analysis. Positive net present value offers empirical evidence of the feasibility of the sanitary landfill project. The findings show that the inclusion of environmental values in project appraisals increases the chances of implementing sanitary landfills, providing a new approach to address the environmental concerns in developing countries. Future research should consider the external costs along with the external benefits to allow for a comprehensive comparison between environmental values in environmental cost-benefit analysis.
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Mok, Emily A., Lawrence O. Gostin, Monica Das Gupta, and Max Levin. "Implementing Public Health Regulations in Developing Countries: Lessons from the OECD Countries." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 38, no. 3 (2010): 508–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2010.00509.x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Public health agencies undertake a broad range of health promotion and injury and disease prevention activities in collaboration with an array of actors, such as the community, businesses, and non-profit organizations. These activities are “multisectoral” in nature and centered on public health agencies that oversee and engage with the other actors. Public health agencies can influence the hazardous activities in the private sector in a variety of ways, “ranging from prohibition and regulation to volunteerism, and from cooperation to cooption.” Hence, a public health agency that possesses the necessary administrative resources and authority is vital to the effective implementation of health policies and regulations.In the developing world, however, many state health agencies lack these basic capacities in dealing with critical health threats, including their ability to avert epidemics of communicable diseases arising from poor sanitary conditions. A serious constraint is the shortage of public health funding for health agencies in the developing world for typical agency functions (e.g., surveillance, monitoring, assessment, and intervention). This is often aggravated by the transaction-intensive demands entailed in enforcing regulations among an array of private and public sector actors including individuals, businesses, and local bodies responsible for providing civic services.
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Patyashina, M. A., and L. A. Balabanova. "Current problems of surveying sanitary and epidemiological well-being at public events with international participation." Kazan medical journal 96, no. 1 (February 15, 2015): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17750/kmj2015-090.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Providing public sanitary and epidemiological welfare while preparing and holding public events with international participation is one of the prime tasks in ensuring state security. When large numbers of participants, officials and guests from different countries of the world arrive for public events, these conditions are always associated with increased epidemiological risks because of increased load on sanitary infrastructure of public event places and transient increase in population density in a limited area. Preparation and holding of public events are held at regional and international levels and requires the coordination of different sides and agencies of the host country, as well as interaction with other countries and international organizations. The system of measures on ensuring sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population on the territory of our country includes the system of epidemiological surveillance and control (monitoring and analysis), safety environment monitoring, measures for sanitary-epidemiological emergency localization and containment. The problem of providing population sanitary and epidemiological welfare is divided into the following scientific areas: territorial sanitary surveillance, epidemiological surveillance of natural foci of zoonotic and other infectious diseases; sanitary-epidemiological emergency prevention and containment, arising both independently and because of natural and anthropogenic disasters. The XXVII Summer Universiade (2013, Kazan), XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games (2014, Sochi) highlighted the readiness of the services responsible for providing public sanitary and epidemiological welfare for conducting major sporting events. Further studying of international experience of holding international public events, its summarizing seems an important task for developing scientific rationale and better management for providing public sanitary and epidemiological welfare.
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Kumar, M. Vijaya. "A Review on Municipal Solid Waste Disposal by Sanitary Landfilling Method." International Journal of Research and Review 8, no. 10 (October 28, 2021): 520–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20211066.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Over the years, the generation of municipal waste in India has increased significantly. Solid waste management has become an important issue due to poor waste management practices affect public health and urban services. Municipal waste generation increases with increasing population, urbanization and industrialization. Municipal solid wastes disposal is a stinging and widespread problem in many developed and developing countries, in both urban and rural areas. Municipal waste management solutions must be economically sustainable, technically feasible, social, legally acceptable and environmentally friendly. Sanitary landfilling is popular in most countries because of the due to its relatively low cost and low technical requirements This paper mainly review on need to dispose of municipal waste, sanitary land filling method of disposal of MSW, Evaluation of the impact of landfills on the environment such leachate, land fill gases (LFG), land fill fires (LFF), strategies for effective management of sanitary landfills and sustainable measures (reduce, reuse and recycle) to minimize the amount of waste that ends up in landfills. Keywords: Municipal solid waste, Sanitary landfill, leachate, land fill gases (LFG) and land fill fires (LFF).
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Ramizo, Dorothea M., and Jong Woo Kang. "Impact of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures and Technical Barriers on International Trade." Journal of World Trade 51, Issue 4 (August 1, 2017): 539–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2017022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In principle, sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures aim to protect the health of humans, plants and animals, while technical barriers to trade (TBT) ensure product quality and safety. However, governments may overshoot the requirements of health and consumer safety and use SPS and TBT to shield domestic producers from fair competition. Potential abuses of both measures as protectionist tools not only constrain international trade but also consumers’ welfare by restricting the choices of goods available to them. Our analysis shows that in general the measures seem to be positive for trade after controlling for other factors. However, the impacts are mainly driven by exports from advanced economies. Less developed countries do not gain as much when implementing the measures or are disadvantaged in exporting goods, particularly when importers are advanced economies. Within South countries, developing Asia are more adversely affected by SPS while non-Asian developing country exports are afflicted more by TBT. SPS in particular is damaging intraregional agricultural trade among Asian countries, which calls for policy makers to act more proactively in resolving nontariff hurdles in the region.
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Wang, Xi Yuan, Xiang Wu, and Xiao Wen Xu. "R&D on Wollastonite-Based Low Carbon Products." Advanced Materials Research 228-229 (April 2011): 1135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.228-229.1135.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The thesis raises an idea of researching and developing synthetic material of wollastonite in four-molding and simple-molding method through the analysis on the energy consumption of traditional ceramic sanitary products, and comparatively studies the energy consumption and carbon emission of traditional sanitary products and low carbon sanitary products and verifies the applicable value of the latter, providing a basis for the R&D of low carbon sanitary products.
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Kaur, Rajanbir, Kanwaljit Kaur, and Rajinder Kaur. "Menstrual Hygiene, Management, and Waste Disposal: Practices and Challenges Faced by Girls/Women of Developing Countries." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2018 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1730964.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Menstruation and menstrual practices still face many social, cultural, and religious restrictions which are a big barrier in the path of menstrual hygiene management. In many parts of the country especially in rural areas girls are not prepared and aware about menstruation so they face many difficulties and challenges at home, schools, and work places. While reviewing literature, we found that little, inaccurate, or incomplete knowledge about menstruation is a great hindrance in the path of personal and menstrual hygiene management. Girls and women have very less or no knowledge about reproductive tract infections caused due to ignorance of personal hygiene during menstruation time. In rural areas, women do not have access to sanitary products or they know very little about the types and method of using them or are unable to afford such products due to high cost. So, they mostly rely on reusable cloth pads which they wash and use again. Needs and requirements of the adolescent girls and women are ignored despite the fact that there are major developments in the area of water and sanitation. Women manage menstruation differently when they are at home or outside; at homes, they dispose of menstrual products in domestic wastes and in public toilets and they flush them in the toilets without knowing the consequences of choking. So, there should be a need to educate and make them aware about the environmental pollution and health hazards associated with them. Implementation of modern techniques like incineration can help to reduce the waste. Also, awareness should be created to emphasize the use of reusable sanitary products or the natural sanitary products made from materials like banana fibre, bamboo fibre, sea sponges, water hyacinth, and so on.
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Henson, Spencer, and Rupert Loader. "Barriers to Agricultural Exports from Developing Countries: The Role of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Requirements." World Development 29, no. 1 (January 2001): 85–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(00)00085-1.
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Castillo, María José, and Carlos E. Carpio. "Demand for High-Quality Beef Attributes in Developing Countries: The Case of Ecuador." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 51, no. 04 (July 8, 2019): 568–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2019.21.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractConsumer preferences are likely to become more important in policy and market initiatives in developing countries. This study explores current and potential demand for high-quality beef in Ecuador. A survey of 547 households (including two choice experiments) was carried out in order to gather knowledge, quality perceptions, and experiences regarding Ecuadorian beef and preferences for specific beef attributes. Consumers have positive and economically significant willingness-to-pay values for all credence attributes considered in the study: sanitary control, meat maturation, animal welfare, and traceability. The results provide evidence that there is a potential market for increased-quality beef in Ecuador.
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Akpabio, Emmanuel M. "Negotiating hygiene and sanitary behaviors in transnational contexts: examples of Nigerians in the UK." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 6, no. 1 (February 6, 2016): 132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2016.108.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper seeks to understand the extent to which hygiene and sanitary attitudes/practices are reproduced in transnational contexts using examples of Nigerians in the UK. In-depth and semi-structured interviews, participant interaction, secondary resources, follow-up interviews and informant discussions were important data sources. Issues discussed in this paper incorporate hand, body, dental, food and domestic hygiene and sanitary matters. The results show that not much has changed in hygiene and sanitary behaviors of the respondents despite having changed the environment and contexts of livelihood activities. The modest, recorded improvements in some behaviors can be attributed to the presence of basic infrastructures and services that unavoidably influence their utilization for some respondents. The paper argues that people do not necessarily aim for good hygiene and sanitary behaviors for health reasons as much as moral, social and certain cultural values. The desire to look good, be clean, eliminate discomfort, avoid bad bodily odor and gain social acceptance were the underlying driving reasons for sustaining good hygiene and sanitary living; health concerns were less important. Key elements of these findings hold practical prospects for addressing the hygiene and sanitary behavioral challenges for developing countries.
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Prekajac, Zora. "Treatment of agriculture within WTO with a review of developing and transition countries." Privredna izgradnja 46, no. 1-2 (2003): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/priz0302039p.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The agricultural sector is very important for almost all countries although the share of agriculture in international trade is relatively small (9%). GATT's rules allowed the use of various non-tariff barriers and because of that the agricultural protectionism of the developed countries has strengthened. All the attempts to broaden the general rules of trade to agriculture were unsuccessful because the opposition of developed countries. The acceptation of the Agreement on Agriculture and the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures was the first step in liberalization of trade in agricultural products and extension of multilateral rules to this sector. New round launched in the end of 2001. in Doha is the new test for multilateral trading system, especially for the process of liberalization of international trade in agricultural products.
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Зибарев, Евгений Владимирович, А. С. Афанасьев, О. В. Слюсарева, Т. И. Мурагимов, В. А. Степанец, С. М. Одоевский, Е. А. Спирина, and И. Д. Антонов. "Developing GIS portal to ensure sanitary and epidemiological surveillance of transferring radio engineering objects." Hygiene and sanitation 99, no. 4 (May 26, 2020): 344–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2020-99-4-344-350.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In recent years, in the Russian Federation there has been an increase in the levels of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in residential areas, including due to an increase in the number of base stations (BS). The purpose of sanitary and epidemiological surveillance at the stages of placement and commissioning of base stations (BS) is to prevent their adverse effects on public health. The increase in the number of base stations, together with the advent of new electronic equipment and antennas, provide opportunities for improving the processes of their accounting at the stage of placement and monitoring of the levels of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at the operation stage. This automation tool can be a geo-information portal for providing sanitary and epidemiological surveillance of cellular base stations. The prototype of the geo-information portal allows both calculating the size of sanitary protection zones (SPZ) and building restriction zones (RZ) from the BS in online mode, displaying the results of calculations in graphical form and issuing sanitary and epidemiological conclusions for the placement and operation of base stations. The geo-information portal has the ability to synchronize with the data of the radio frequency center. Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing will be able to receive up-to-date analytical data. There will be completely automated processes of collecting, processing and storing information on BS.
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Zibarev, Evgeny V., A. S. Afanasev, O. V. Slusareva, T. I. Muragimov, V. A. Stepanets, S. M. Odoevsky, E. A. Spirina, and I. D. Antonov. "Developing GIS portal to ensure sanitary and epidemiological surveillance of transferring radio engineering objects." Hygiene and sanitation 99, no. 4 (May 26, 2020): 344–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33029/0016-9900-2020-99-4-344-350.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In recent years, in the Russian Federation there has been an increase in the levels of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in residential areas, including due to an increase in the number of base stations (BS). The purpose of sanitary and epidemiological surveillance at the stages of placement and commissioning of base stations (BS) is to prevent their adverse effects on public health. The increase in the number of base stations, together with the advent of new electronic equipment and antennas, provide opportunities for improving the processes of their accounting at the stage of placement and monitoring of the levels of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at the operation stage. This automation tool can be a geo-information portal for providing sanitary and epidemiological surveillance of cellular base stations. The prototype of the geo-information portal allows both calculating the size of sanitary protection zones (SPZ) and building restriction zones (RZ) from the BS in online mode, displaying the results of calculations in graphical form and issuing sanitary and epidemiological conclusions for the placement and operation of base stations. The geo-information portal has the ability to synchronize with the data of the radio frequency center. Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing will be able to receive up-to-date analytical data. There will be completely automated processes of collecting, processing and storing information on BS.
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Uko, Charles E. A. "Liaison Engineering in Developing Countries." Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering 113, no. 3 (July 1987): 241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1052-3928(1987)113:3(241).
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Weihua Chen and M. Akay. "Developing EMRs in Developing Countries." IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine 15, no. 1 (January 2011): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/titb.2010.2091509.
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BUREAU, JEAN-CHRISTOPHE, SÉBASTIEN JEAN, and ALAN MATTHEWS. "The consequences of agricultural trade liberalization for developing countries: distinguishing between genuine benefits and false hopes." World Trade Review 5, no. 2 (May 16, 2006): 225–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147474560600276x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Recent analyses suggest that the impact of agricultural trade liberalization on developing countries will be very uneven. The Doha Round focuses on tariff issues, but some developing countries currently have practically duty-free access to European and North American markets under preferential regimes. Multilateral liberalization will erode the benefits of these preferences, which are presently rather well utilized in the agricultural sector. While South American and East Asian countries should benefit from an agricultural agreement, African and Caribbean countries are unlikely to do so. The main obstacles to the exports of the sub-Saharan African and Least Developed Countries appear to be in the non-tariff area (sanitary, phytosanitary standards), which increasingly originate from the private sector and are not dealt with under the Doha framework (traceability requirements, etc.). An agreement in Doha is unlikely to solve these problems and open large markets for the poorest countries. While this is not an argument to give up multilateral liberalization, a more specific and differentiated treatment should be considered in WTO rules, and corrective measures should be implemented.
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Santeramo, Fabio, Valentina Guerrieri, and Emilia Lamonaca. "On the Evolution of Trade and Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards: The Role of Trade Agreements." Agriculture 9, no. 1 (December 21, 2018): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9010002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Trade agreements and trade measures are policy instruments thought to favour trade by providing a degree of harmonisation among members. We analyse how the agri-food trade and the incidence of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards (SPSs) have evolved within countries sharing agreements. We examine, through a regression discontinuity design, whether the approval of agreements affects the evolution of trade and SPSs over time, and quantify the trade effects of SPSs. We also provide differences before and after the introduction of agreements, and among the most regulated agri-food products. Findings show that trade agreements tend to favour the increase of trade and the reduction of policy measures between members. However, regulation inequalities exist across trade agreements covering different geo-economic areas: after the approval of agreements, the existence and the importance of SPSs become relevant among developing countries, whereas the pervasiveness of SPSs becomes less stringent between developed and developing countries. Our analyses also prove that trade agreements and trade measures are trade-enhancing only at aggregate level: product-specific analyses show that cereal is the only sector that benefits from the joint influence of trade agreements and SPSs. The harmonisation of SPSs within agreements may be determinant in avoiding distortions in favour of members.
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Henson, Spencer, and Rupert Loader. "Impact of sanitary and phytosanitary standards on developing countries and the role of the SPS Agreement." Agribusiness 15, no. 3 (1999): 355–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6297(199922)15:3<355::aid-agr5>3.0.co;2-i.
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Zhou, Wanli, Yingwen Gu, and Xiulin Wang. "Access to sanitary toilets and health outcomes: A panel data analysis using two-way fixed effects model." Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 18, no. 6 (2021): 8815–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2021435.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<abstract> <p>Based on the data regarding the renovation of the toilets of 30 provinces (municipalities) in rural China from 2005 to 2017, this study utilized a two-way fixed effect model to empirically test the impact of access to sanitary toilets on health, which include intestinal infectious diseases (consisting of hepatitis A, dysentery, and typhoid) and child mortality (consisting of perinatal mortality, infant mortality, and the mortality rate of children under 5). This study attempted to assess the health outcomes of the "toilet revolution" in rural China. The results showed that: (1) Access to sanitary toilets effectively reduced the incidence of hepatitis A and dysentery. For every 1% increase in the rate of access to sanitary toilets, the incidence of hepatitis A was reduced by 5.6%, and the incidence of dysentery was reduced by 36.5%. (2) Access to sanitary toilets does not significantly reduce child mortality. (3) There are obviously regional differences in the impact of access to sanitary toilets on the health outcomes. The renovation of sanitary toilets has shown the most significant effect on reducing the incidence of intestinal infectious diseases in the central region as well as the effect on reducing child mortality in the western region. It is implied that the health outcomes of China's "toilet revolution" may provide supporting evidence and experience for other developing countries and regions in implementing toilet renovation projects.</p> </abstract>
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Parsons, Laura Brigitte. "Engineering in Context: Engineering in Developing Countries." Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice 122, no. 4 (October 1996): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1052-3928(1996)122:4(170).
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