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Статті в журналах з теми "Sand mitigation measure"
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Krishna, A. Murali. "Mitigation of Liquefaction Hazard Using Granular Piles." International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering 2, no. 1 (January 2011): 44–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jgee.2011010104.
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In this paper, ground improvement techniques are used to mitigate liquefaction hazards. Granular piles are the preferred alternative due to several advantages. Granular piles improve the ground by reinforcing and adding density to the surrounding soil apart from providing drainage. Different mechanisms operate in the function of stone columns/granular piles in liquefaction mitigation, including Drainage, Storage, Dilation, Densification, and Reinforcement. This paper presents an overview of the use of granular piles as a liquefaction remedial measure for sand deposits. A brief description on liquefaction and the associated features is presented. A short discussion on various ground improvement methods available for liquefaction mitigation is discussed in light of the importance of granular piles. Different installation methods and design concepts for granular piles are presented. Various mechanisms of granular piles in mitigating the liquefaction potential of loose sand deposits are discussed and quantified in detail proving their effectiveness in hazard mitigation.
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Abdul Kadir, A. I., N. M. Rais, and R. Mohd-Towel. "Micro Surfacing Asphalt Pavement as a Mitigation Measure at Accident’s Prone Area along East Coast Expressway Phase 2 (ECE 2)." Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia 4, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 378–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v4i3.31.
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The condition of pavement surface is an essential factor to be considered in mitigation of accidents in highways, as it is in direct contact with users' vehicles, especially in terms of quality of driving, skid resistance and friction. Lack of surface pavement maintenance may lead to accidents, and if taken for granted, it may witness high accident fatalities in the expressways. If the cause of the accidents happening on the roads is due to engineering factors, then adequate mitigation measures should be undertaken to avoid further tragedies from happening. One way of mitigating the accidents on highways is by conducting periodic maintenance of the roads and related highway infrastructure. Micro- surfacing is one of the potential measures, developed from a slurry seal technique. It is the process of applying a mixture of polymer modified bitumen emulsion with 8.0 mm chipping, quarry dust, cement, additives and water on an existing asphalt pavement surface. The current study was carried out to evaluate the performance of micro-surfacing as a mitigation measure, applied on the accident-prone pavement areas along the East Coast Expressway Phase 2 (ECE2). The Portable Pendulum Tester was used to evaluate the skid resistance performance while the texture depth of micro-surfacing was measured using the Sand Patch Test. The results showed tremendous improvement in the skid resistance and texture depth after the application of micro-surfacing. The number of accidents also reduced after the application of micro-surfacing asphalt pavement as a mitigation measure at the identified accident-prone areas along ECE2. Thus, the study confirmed that micro-surfacing asphalt pavement was effective in mitigating the accidents in accident-prone areas along ECE2.
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Kazemiroodsari, Hadi, Mishac K. Yegian, Akram N. Alshawabkeh, and Seda Gokyer. "Electric Conductivity Probes to Study Change in Degree of Saturation - Bench Top Laboratory Tests." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 03016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019503016.
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Sand characteristics such as liquefaction susceptibility can be affected as a result of change in degree of saturation of sand. New liquefaction mitigation technique by inducing partial saturation in sands is introduced by Yegian et al in 2007[1]. This technique requires to monitor changes in degree of saturation of sand. By nature, changes in degree of saturation of sand can lead in changes in its electric conductivity. Electric conductivity is the property of a material that represents its ability to conduct electric current. Fully saturated sand can conduct electric current better than sand with lower degree of saturation. Therefore, the change in measured electric conductivity can be used to calculate the change in degree of saturation of sand. In 1942, Gus Archie [2] expressed that the electric conductivity of soil is a function of its porosity, degree of saturation, tortuosity and electric conductivity of pore fluid. Using Archie’s law electrical conductivity can be related to the degree of saturation in sands. Typically, electric conductivity probes and meters are instruments which are used to measure electric conductivity. Using electrical conductivity probes, sets of bench top tests were conducted on Ottawa sand to study the relation between degree of saturation and electric conductivity in sand. Partial saturation in sands were created by pouring dry sand into sodium percarbonate solution with a known initial concentration. By nature, sodium percarbonate in water, generates oxygen gas bubbles in time. The changes in electric conductivity in the specimen were measured using electric conductivity meters and probes. In addition, changes in degree of saturation of the specimen were measured using soil phase relations equations. Measured electric conductivity data and calculated degree of saturations were correlated to explore relation between electric conductivity and degree of saturation. This paper presents results of bench top tests, and suggests a relationship between, final degree of saturation of sand and initial concentration of sodium percarbonate solution
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Raffaele, Lorenzo, Jeroen van Beeck, and Luca Bruno. "Wind-sand tunnel testing of surface-mounted obstacles: Similarity requirements and a case study on a Sand Mitigation Measure." Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 214 (July 2021): 104653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2021.104653.
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Luijendijk, Arjen. "A novel coastal landscape model for sandy systems." Research in Urbanism Series 7 (February 18, 2021): 223–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47982/rius.7.135.
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A common measure to mitigate erosion along sandy beaches is the implementation of sand nourishments. The design and societal acceptance of such a soft mitigation measure demands information on the expected evolution at various time scales ranging from a storm event to multiple decades. Process-based morphodynamic models are increasingly applied to obtain detailed information on temporal behaviour. This paper discusses the process-based morphodynamic model applied to the Sand Motor and how the morphodynamic forecasts have benefitted from the findings of an interdisciplinary research program called NatureCoast. The starting point is the morphodynamic prediction of the Sand Motor made for an Environmental Impact Assessment in 2008 before construction began. After the construction, the model computations were optimized using the first-year field measurements and insights by applying advanced model features. Next, an integrated model was developed that seamlessly predicts the morphodynamics in both the subaqueous and subaerial domains of the Sand Motor. Decadal predictions illustrate the need to be able to resolve the marine and aeolian processes simultaneously in one modelling framework in the case of dynamic coastal landscapes. Finally, a novel morphodynamic acceleration technique was developed that allows for predicting the morphodynamics for multiple decades while incorporating storm events in one simulation. Combining the above-mentioned developments has led to a unique, open-source, process-based landscape tool for (complex) coastal sandy systems, which can stimulate further collaboration between research communities. Moreover, this work demonstrates the evolution from mono- to interdisciplinary forecasts of coastal evolution.
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Daryono, Lutfian R., Kazunori Nakashima, Satoru Kawasaki, Koichi Suzuki, Imam Suyanto, and Arief Rahmadi. "Investigation of Natural Beachrock and Physical–Mechanical Comparison with Artificial Beachrock Induced by MICP as a Protective Measure against Beach Erosion at Yogyakarta, Indonesia." Geosciences 10, no. 4 (April 15, 2020): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10040143.
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Typically, the mitigation of coastal erosion is achieved by amending surface conditions using materials, such as concrete. The objective of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of constructing artificial beachrocks using natural materials (e.g., microbes, sand, shell, pieces of coral, and seaweed, etc.) within a short time, and to propose the method as a novel strategy for coastal protection. Initially, a survey on resistivity and a multichannel analysis of seismic waves (MASW) were conducted along the coastal lines to characterize and elucidate the subsurface structure of existing beachrocks in the Southeast Yogyakarta coastal area, Krakal–Sadranan beach, Indonesia. The field survey on natural beachrocks suggested that both resistivity and shear wave velocity were higher in the deeper deposits compared to the underlying unconsolidated sand layer within a depth of approximately 1.5 m and covering an area of 210.496 m2 for the α-section and 76.936 m2 for the β-section of beachrock deposit. The results of the sand solidification test in the laboratory showed that treated sand achieved unconfined compressive strength of up to around 6 MPa, determined after a treatment period of 14 days under optimum conditions.
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Liu, Minghao, Jing Luo, Liang Zhang, and Xin Ju. "A New Mitigation Measure to Counter Thermal Instability of Air-Cooled Embankment in Sandy Permafrost Zones of Tibet Plateau." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (April 7, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5548638.
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A crushed-rock revetment (CRR) with high permeability that can be paved on embankment slopes is widely used to cool and protect the subgrade permafrost. In this study, a traditional CRR over warm permafrost was selected to investigate its cooling characteristics based on the ground temperature observed from 2003 to 2014. A new mitigation structure (NMS) was designed to improve the cooling capacity of the CRR and to counter the pore-filling of the rock layer. Numerical simulations were conducted to evaluate the cooling performance and reinforcing capacity of the NMS based on a developed heat and mass transfer model. The results indicate that the traditional CRR can improve the symmetry of the permafrost subgrade and decrease the ground temperature of shallow permafrost. However, the CRR cannot generate strong enough cooling to influence the deep (below 10 m depth) and warm permafrost with a mean annual ground temperature above −1.0°C. The wind-blown sand can further weaken the cooling of the CRR and cause significant permafrost warming and thawing beneath the slopes, posing a severe threat to the long-term safe operation of the embankment. The proposed NMS can produce a significantly superior cooling performance to the CRR. If the CRR is reinforced by the new structure, it can not only effectively cool the underlying warm permafrost but also elevate the permafrost table. The new structure can also protect the rock layer on the slopes from sand-filling. The NMS can be used as an effective method for roadbed design or maintenance over warm permafrost.
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Cordeiro, Diana, Fausto Molina-Gómez, Cristiana Ferreira, Sara Rios, and António Viana da Fonseca. "Cyclic Liquefaction Resistance of an Alluvial Natural Sand: A Comparison between Fully and Partially Saturated Conditions." Geotechnics 2, no. 1 (January 6, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics2010001.
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Earthquake-induced liquefaction is one of the major causes of building damage as it decreases the strength and stiffness of soil. The liquefaction resistance of soils increases significantly as the degree of saturation decreases, making soil desaturation an effective measure for the mitigation of this phenomenon. This paper presents a comparative analysis of liquefaction resistance of an alluvial sand from Aveiro (Portugal) under fully and partially saturated conditions. For this purpose, an in situ characterisation based on CPTu and a laboratory series of cyclic triaxial tests were carried out. The cyclic triaxial tests were conducted under undrained conditions on remoulded specimens with different degrees of saturation, including the full saturation. On the other hand, the triaxial apparatus was instrumented with Hall-effect transducers to accurately measure the strains during all testing phases. In addition, it was equipped with piezoelectric transducers to measure seismic waves velocities, namely P-wave velocity, for evaluation of the saturation level of the specimen in parallel with the Skempton’s B parameter. Hence, relations between the B-value, and P-wave velocity and cyclic strength resistance are presented. The number of cycles to trigger liquefaction, considering the pore pressure build-up criterion, is presented for the different degrees of saturation. Results confirmed the increase in liquefaction resistance for lower degrees of saturation in this soil.
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Ahmadzai, Hayatullah, Arzoo Malhotra, and Seta Tutundjian. "Assessing the impact of sand and dust storm on agriculture: Empirical evidence from Mongolia." PLOS ONE 18, no. 2 (February 6, 2023): e0269271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269271.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Assessing the economic impact of sand and dust storms provides critical insights to policy development and reforms; a subject that is gaining more attention as risk management becomes the dominant approach for hazard mitigation policies. To assess the causal impact of sand and dust storms on agriculture, specifically on crop and livestock revenue and physical production, random year-to-year variations in dust exposure were analyzed using a fixed effect regression. To complete this analysis, weather and climate data from the on-ground meteorological stations was combined with the household level socioeconomic surveys conducted by Mongolia’s National Statistics Office (NSO) over a decade. The descriptive statistics of the meteorological data collected over the eight years period show that, on average, 29 dust events have occurred every year across the country, with greater variation among provinces (Aimags) and regions, reaching up to 108 events in a year in some provinces. The overall trend reveals a slight decrease in the dust events from 2009 to 2019. The econometric results show that value of crop and livestock production (gross income) and physical yields significantly decline in response to higher frequencies of sand and dust storms events. During this period, Mongolia experienced a 2.7% decline in crop revenue as a result of additional sand and dust storms. Assuming 2.7% constant decline in revenues across all agricultural sub-sectors and regions or Aimags, this could lead to about $37.8 million in losses to the economy, which is equivalent to about 0.27% of the national GDP of Mongolia. Increases in the frequency of sand and dust storms could reduce agricultural productivity by between 1.5% to 24%, depending on the crop. Estimates from the modelling exercise are robust to potential endogeneity bias in the measure of sand and dust storms; different specification and identification approaches accounting for the endogeneity bias consistently reveal negative and qualitatively similar impacts of sand and dust storms on crop and livestock productivity.
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Torres-Freyermuth, Alec, Gabriela Medellín, Ernesto Mendoza, Elena Ojeda, and Paulo Salles. "Morphodynamic Response to Low-Crested Detached Breakwaters on a Sea Breeze-Dominated Coast." Water 11, no. 4 (March 27, 2019): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11040635.
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Low-crested detached breakwaters (LCDBs) have been widely employed as a mitigation measure against beach erosion. However, only a few studies have assessed their performance in sea-breeze-dominated environments. This work investigates the beach morphodynamics behind LCDBs deployed on a micro-tidal sea-breeze-dominated beach. The study area, located in the northern Yucatán peninsula, is characterized by low-energy, high-angle waves, which drive a persistent (westward) alongshore sediment transport (O(104) m3/year). High-resolution real-time kinematics global positioning system (GPS) beach surveys were conducted over a one-year period (2017–2018) to investigate the performance of LCDBs at three sites. Moreover, unmanned aerial vehicle flights were employed to evaluate far-field shoreline stability. Field observations revealed a distinct behavior in the three study sites, dependent on the breakwaters’ transmission characteristics, geometry, stability, and shoreline orientation. Impermeable LCDBs, made of sand-filled geosystems, induced significant beach accretion (erosion) in up-(down-)drift areas. On the other hand, permeable LCDBs, made of Reef Ball™ modules, induced moderate beach changes and small erosion in down-drift areas owing to higher transmission coefficients. Measurements of LCDBs’ freeboard height show that sand-filled geosystems’ breakwaters presented a significant loss of sand during the study period, which explains the unexpected beach morphodynamic response on the lee side of the structure. Observations suggest that the study area is highly sensitive to the presence of LCDBs with low transmissivity.
Книги з теми "Sand mitigation measure"
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Wang, Fawu, and Tonglu Li. Landslide Disaster Mitigation in Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Springer, 2009.
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Wang, Fawu, and Tonglu Li. Landslide Disaster Mitigation in Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Springer, 2016.
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Wang, Fawu, and Tonglu Li. Landslide Disaster Mitigation in Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Springer, 2009.
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4
Alix, Alexandre, Laurent Bellet, Corinne Trommsdorff, and Iris Audureau, eds. Reducing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Water and Sanitation Services: Overview of emissions and their potential reduction illustrated by utility know-how. IWA Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789063172.
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The scientific evidence contained in the three volumes of the 6th IPCC report (AR6), published between August 2021 and April 2022, are another reminder of the urgent need to respect the 2015 Paris Agreement. 195 countries agreed to the goal of limiting long-term global temperature increase to “well below 2°C” compared to pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C by massively reducing their emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases (GHGs). Water and climate questions are usually addressed from the perspective of adaptation to climate change. For urban water services the mitigation aspect has been less studied up till now. These considerations fit into the broader context of the interdependence of energy and water (Water-Energy Nexus). This report approaches the question from the angle of energy use in the water sector rather than the better-known water requirements for the energy sector. Reducing GHG emissions in urban water management requires reducing both fossil energy requirements and direct emissions of nitrous oxide and methane. Finally, it must be said that the need to reduce the GHG emissions of water and sanitation services goes with the growing demand for water. It should increase by 50% between now and 2030 worldwide due to the combined effects of population growth, economic development, and the shift in consumer patterns. This synthetic report aims to provide an overview of possible levers to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions of water and sanitation services and provides an analysis of how adaptation measures can embrace this low-carbon approach.
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Alix, Alexandre, Laurent Bellet, Corinne Trommsdorff, and Iris Audureau, eds. Réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre des services d'eau et d'assainissement: Aperçu des émissions et de leur potentiel de réduction illustré par le savoir-faire des services d'eau. IWA Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789063271.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The scientific evidence contained in the three volumes of the 6th IPCC report (AR6), published between August 2021 and April 2022, are another reminder of the urgent need to respect the 2015 Paris Agreement. 195 countries agreed to the goal of limiting long-term global temperature increase to “well below 2°C” compared to pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C by massively reducing their emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases (GHGs). Water and climate questions are usually addressed from the perspective of adaptation to climate change. For urban water services the mitigation aspect has been less studied up till now. These considerations fit into the broader context of the interdependence of energy and water (Water-Energy Nexus). This report approaches the question from the angle of energy use in the water sector rather than the better-known water requirements for the energy sector. Reducing GHG emissions in urban water management requires reducing both fossil energy requirements and direct emissions of nitrous oxide and methane. Finally, it must be said that the need to reduce the GHG emissions of water and sanitation services goes with the growing demand for water. It should increase by 50% between now and 2030 worldwide due to the combined effects of population growth, economic development, and the shift in consumer patterns. This synthetic report aims to provide an overview of possible levers to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions of water and sanitation services and provides an analysis of how adaptation measures can embrace this low-carbon approach.
Частини книг з теми "Sand mitigation measure"
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Scawthorn, C. "Fire Following Earthquake—The Potential in Istanbul." In Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering, 287–306. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68813-4_13.
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AbstractFire following earthquake is a little recognized risk in seismic regions with significant wood building inventories. Methods exist for quantifying this risk, and examples are provided in this chapter for San Francisco, Istanbul and Montreal. There are many opportunities for reducing this risk, and examples are provided regarding reducing fire station vulnerability and improving emergency firefighting water supply. Once accomplished however, vigilance is required to maintain these mitigation measures.
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Alam, Mohammad Feruj, Animesh Talukder, and Tajul Anuar Jamaluddin. "Weathered Rock Slope Stability Assessment and Risk Mitigation Measures—A Case Study from UKM Campus, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia." In IAEG/AEG Annual Meeting Proceedings, San Francisco, California, 2018 - Volume 1, 63–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93124-1_8.
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"Propagated Fish in Resource Management." In Propagated Fish in Resource Management, edited by VAUGHN L. PARAGAMIAN and RAYMOND C. P. BEAMESDERFER. American Fisheries Society, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569698.ch32.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—In 1994, the Kootenai River white sturgeon <em>Acipenser transmontanus </em>was listed in the United States as an endangered species. Under provisions of the Endangered Species Act, a recovery plan was prepared and included two main recovery measures: (1) mitigation of spring flows for spawning and early life rearing, and (2) implementation of a conservation aquaculture and breeding plan to prevent extinction and sustain year-classes. The hatchery program was controversial and intended as a short-term measure as the flow mitigation strategy for wild fish developed. It called for the release each year of up to 1,000 white sturgeon from each of 10–12 families. It was believed that the mitigation of spring flows from Libby Dam would rapidly bring about recovery. However, after 8 years of flow mitigation and intensive monitoring and evaluation, it became apparent that recovery needs were more complex. Flow releases were not at the expected magnitude and habitat issues became a significant concern because the spawning location of sturgeon did not appear suitable (silt and sand) for adequate survival of eggs and larvae. Recruitment of wild fish was extremely low, while survival of hatchery sturgeon was higher than expected. Hatchery fish soon became abundant out numbering juvenile wild sturgeon by about 400:1. Assessment of sturgeon demographics, with extinction risk models, provided evidence that the wild population would be extinct within three decades and the population would be comprised almost exclusively of hatchery fish. Population projections described a significant near-term bottleneck in spawner numbers as the wild population diminished but hatchery fish had not yet matured. Managers are faced with a contentious dilemma of elevating the importance of the hatchery program by taking a higher proportion of the remaining wild spawners, escalating the number of hatchery releases, which could result in increasing the risk of inbreeding depression, loss of genetic diversity, genetic swamping, disease magnification, long term domestication, and intraspecific competition with wild recruits, compromising recovery. However, without significant hatchery intervention, the population could become a museum piece with no management options to benefit anglers. There will be disagreements, but risks must be considered, and we propose some compromises that may ease the intrusion of hatchery fish and provide management options.
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E. Torres Molina, Luz, Sara Morales, and Luis F. Carrión. "Urban Heat Island Effects in Tropical Climate." In Vortex Dynamics Theories and Applications. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91253.
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This paper reviews some of the characteristics of urban climates and the causes and effects of urban heat island (UHI) issues in the tropical climate. UHI effect is a kind of heat accumulation phenomenon within the urban areas due to urban construction and human activities. It is recognized as the most evident characteristic of urban climate. The increase of land surface temperature in San Juan, Puerto Rico, caused by the UHI effect was influenced by the change of land use and material types in construction. The impacts of daily temperature, surface albedo, evapotranspiration (ET), and anthropogenic heating on the near-surface climate are discussed. Analyzed data and field measurements indicate that increasing albedo and vegetation cover can be effective in reducing the surface and air temperatures near the ground. Some mitigation and prevention measures are proposed for the effects of UHI, such as a flash flood warning system.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Sand mitigation measure"
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Saputra, Muhammad Nur Wangsa, Rahmi Ciptaningsih, and Niken Endah Febryana. "Unlocking ESP Potential in High Gas/Liquid Ratio Wells Using Gas Lock Prevention Control in West Java Field, Indonesia." In SPE/IATMI Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205643-ms.
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Abstract West Java field operated 60 electric submersible pumps (ESPs) as a lifting method with 2.850 BOPD production contribution. These ESP wells produce from a mature structure. At one point, 48% of ESP operation were shut down due to ESP non-optimum operation. The challenges in ESP operations in the asset are high gas-liquid ratio (GLR), impurities, sand and scale buildup, and well integrity where high GLR was deemed as the major problem that deteriorated the ESP's performance. Conventional ESPs gas separator were installed in the field, but the gas-handling device could not handle more than 45% free gas while some wells have more than 50% free gas. Three wells in particular were assessed, Well A, Well B, and Well C, which have 585, 1196, and 1690 average GLR respectively. These wells had problem with reduced pump efficiency and very low run life due to frequent ESP trips which were caused by the gas lock problem. A solution to maintaining oil production was by changing the production zone to zone that producing less gas and by installing more advanced gas-handling device. However, the probability of experiencing high gas production from new zones can't be ruled out therefore other mitigation plan had to be found. Gas lock protection control is an algorithm that manipulates ESP real-time rotational speed to prevent gas interference inside pump. The algorithm was introduced as a mitigation measure and commissioned in July 2020 at Well A where it directly optimized production by 16%. To prove the robustness of the gas lock prevention control, the project was then extended to Well B and Well C which began to implement gas lock prevention control in August 2020 to handle the increase of their gas production. Thanks to this gas lock prevention control, the wells have been able to maintain production without spending either time or money to change production zone or to change the ESP completion. Going forward, gas lock protection control will be set as an option on ESP devices. Thus, unplanned gas interference effects may be reduced in other wells that being produced by ESP thereby helping to maintain production at an optimum level.
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Nalasavagan, Kausalyah, Harun bin Abdul Rahman, Mohd Fairuz bin Azman, and Rizal bin Bakar. "Managing Accelerated Water Breakthrough in High Permeability Contrast Waterflood Reservoirs, and Achieving Production Conformance Through Injection Redistribution Strategy." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211195-ms.
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Abstract Waterflooding for pressure maintenance often seems straightforward with key objective being voidage replacement as demonstrated through material balance. Even though pressure maintenance can be achieved, it may not directly translate into higher production if efficient sweep is not attained, and oil has been bypassed. This paper demonstrates a real case study at Field S on how swift and integrated mitigation plan successfully addressed the production impairment during the initial water injection period. Field S started injection through newly drilled peripheral water injectors to fill up the voidage created by earlier production volumes hence tempered the pressure decline. Reservoir response was observed from downhole pressure gauges as early as after the first few days of injection in several producers. The first water breakthrough was then identified few months after at the most up-dip wells and resulted in producers died off. At the expense of voidage replacement ratio (VRR) performance, intermittent flow strategy was deployed as temporary measure, to revive and keep the producers flowing, while flow diverter chemicals have been under evaluation to serve as a more sustainable solution. Impacted producers were determined to have good connectivity with the injectors as shown by streamline analysis, diagnostic plot, salinity measurement and log correlation. This is easily validated with pressure response recorded via PDG (pressure downhole gauge) throughout injection period. It was observed that high permeability contrast ratio presence across multiple sand lobes at the affected producers with the highest permeability was recorded up to Darcy range. While such contrast was absent at injectors, this specific sand lobe still effectively provides the preferential flow path between injectors to producers and lead to channeling effect. Managing drawdown through choke optimization was ineffective as the short distance between injectors and producers allows rapid water charging through the high permeability streak. However, shutting-in injection temporarily managed to slow down water production almost promptly. Subsequently, intermittent injection strategy implementation enabled certain amount of solution gas being liberated to provide in-situ gas lift effect inside the tubing for continuous production. The producers were successfully put back on production within weeks with close monitoring and surveillance. Next step, flow diverter chemical will be injected to partially block the channeling path, hence maximizing the well potential and oil recovery. Production upset caused by early water breakthrough is a common issue in waterflood reservoir. However, by understanding the root cause, supported by prudent surveillance practices and operation flexibility, the production downtime can be minimized as showcased in this paper. Besides, geological and petrophysical input are pivotal in understanding reservoir or well performance issues.
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Putra, I. Wayan Eka, Tan Chin Chien, M. Fauzi Badaruddin, M. Hilmi Isa, Cheong Xiang Hou, Liu Dongjie, and Sun Dalin. "Sand Erosion Mitigation for Offshore Pipeline and Riser – Erosion Prediction by Computational Fluid Dynamic CFD Analysis and Experimental Testing." In Offshore Technology Conference Asia. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31451-ms.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Late life production of oil & gas facilities are faced with significant challenge especially when sand is produced along with the production fluid. It can cause premature failure of the equipment, for example piping and pipeline. Mitigation by adding sand removal facility is limited by space, available load, and handling at satellite wellhead platform. It also introduced additional pressure drop which limit the production that already in low pressure. One of the measures to mitigate sand erosion issue for the offshore pipeline and riser is by flow assurance, to reduce the flow velocity so that the sand velocity will be less than the erosional velocity. This mitigation comes with drawback where reducing velocity will require bigger size pipeline, higher cost, and introduce higher liquid dropout along the pipeline which will create severe slugging issue in the pipeline. Next mitigation can be done by increasing bend radius along the pipeline, to reduce impact angle of the sand to the internal surface of the pipeline. Last mitigation will be increasing resistance of the material to the sand erosion. Combination of those methodology is required to achieve the most optimum solution to mitigate sand erosion. This paper present sand erosion mitigation on one of the existing pipeline replacement projects in PETRONAS by application of unbonded flexible pipe. Modeling of the of the erosion due to sand particle solution in the pipeline was done using computational fluid dynamic finite element analysis simulation. Experimental test with samples positioned at various orientation of the riser bend location were also investigated. Concerning the exceptional balance between results efficiency and simulation time, a grid sensitivity test has also been included. Various parameters were used to verify the sensitivity of the simulation including materials properties for various fluid composition data obtained from production forecast and fluid velocity as modeled in the pipeline steady state hydraulic analysis and transient flow assurance analysis. As result, the thickness of internal carcass is found sufficient to withstand the erosion threat generated by sand particles for the entire design life of the pipeline. The results obtained from finite element analysis and erosion experimental test were then correlated, and the comparison were illustrated in graph of velocity against erosion rate for each of sand concentration. The result of the modeling and experimental testing may improve prediction model of the sand erosion in the offshore pipeline especially for flexible pipeline and riser application.
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Hassan, Mohmaed, Ahmed Nour, Wejdan Abdul-Aziz, Thanyan Al-Yaqout, Ali Al-Azmi, Budoor Al-Hashash, Badriya Al-Methen, Abdullah Abu-Eida, Jorge Munoz, and Lulwa Al-Suwailem. "ESP Performance Enhancement and Premature Failure Reduction Through Esp Equipment Reliability Project in a West Kuwait Field - Case Study From Kuwait." In SPE Conference at Oman Petroleum & Energy Show. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/200120-ms.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Most of wells in the major oil fields of West Kuwait Asset are producing with Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP). During 2012- 2013, the ESP premature failures reached high percentages of up to 30% of ESP population with high deferred oil. In order to enhance the ESP performance and reduce the number of premature failed ESP, FD (WK) has initiated ESP Equipment Reliability Project in 2014. The main objective was to define a proper workflow that will be capable to identify the root cause of ESP premature failures, find the way forward and mitigation actions to overcome the issue. All ESP business partners from KOC and service providers were involved in the project. Series of technical workshops following the API and KOC standards were conducted by the team members to analyze the ESP performance and premature failures where the team was able to define analytical workflow in the early review sessions to conduct the required work. The workflow takes in consideration the reservoir parameters and conditions, ESP performance with all tags and signatures, ESP systems from the overhead electrical line or generator, surface equipment down to ESP down hole equipment specifications, installation and pull-out procedures, and ESP operating conditions. Also attending the tear down of the failed wells to ensure the vendors procedures and the reported findings. In-addition, well models were utilized to find the deviation between the design and actual parameters and surface network model was utilized to define the impact of the pipeline issues on the ESP performance. Based on this study, the root cause of the ESP premature failures were found to be mainly due to; Power Quality, Sour condition, External sand source, Down hole emulsion, and some Equipment quality / specifications that were not designed to handle the down hole conditions of UG wells. A mitigation plan and list of recommended actions were concluded and implemented with a measure of the outcome and results in addition to some modifications that were applied within time. The project shows excellent results with time where the premature failures reduced from 30% in year 2012- 2013 to 12% in year 2018. Also the ESP showed enhanced performance over time. Extra room for improvement can be chieved by enhancing the power quality of the overhead lines and generators. Applying the mentioned workflow with the proper project structure form will help ESP stakeholders to identify the root cause and not the failure reason, Hence reduce premature failures. This will lead to reduce deferred oil, reduce cost per barrel, and avoid equipment compensation fees.
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Ioan, Tiberiu, Nooruldeen Zeyad Essmat, Gianluigi Moroni, and Jonathan Neil Sallis. "Risk Mitigation Measures Implemented by Use of Expandable Liner to Prevent Alpha-beta Gravel Pack Failure When Unstable Shale Formation is Exposed." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210183-ms.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Current oil and gas volatile market environment and the increase focus towards sustainability, it is essential to develop more economically and ecofriendly technologies in oil and gas industry environment. Maintain well integrity is mandatory towards developing oilfields to contain the reservoir fluids within the wellbore, however it becomes more critical in developing new underground gas storage reservoir in Italy. During construction phase of gas production and storage wells, one goal, besides hydraulic isolation of the production casing with cement, is the sand production containment during production cycle of the field. Sand production, even in small quantities, will eventually erode downhole and surface equipment leading to potential catastrophic scenarios of uncontrol reservoir fluid reaching surface. These can have significant health, environmental, and economic impact. Additionally, the impending need for well intervention, along with high re-entry costs, will further weaken revenue margins. In high permeability reservoirs required for underground gas storage projects, the injection and production cycles can lead to stresses applied in nearby wellbore formation which will destabilize the sandstone grains leading to sand production. To mitigate the sand production into the wellbore, a gravel pack operation will support the wellbore, consolidating the space behind the production screens. In this field, a high-risk failure was identified for traditional alpha-beta gravel pack methodology. This could lead to expensive recovery operations for the client and service provider to restore the well and re-perform the gravel pack. To tap different part of the reservoir, one well in particular had to be sidetracked from 9-5/8in casing resulting in a long clay interval being exposed susceptible of instability. It was required to isolate this interval to avoid disturbing the clay interval during gravel pack operations, however, to accommodate the completion, the optimum solution was to use expandable liner. Using this zonal isolation technique to regain well integrity, along with redesign of gravel pack carrier fluid technology led to a successful job securing client position as a reliable field operator. The field operator was committed for high level of safety during operations, starting from design phase through the execution, to achieve long-term well integrity and performance.
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Westgate, Zack, Ricardo Argiolas, Regis Wallerand, and Jean-Christophe Ballard. "Experience with Interface Shear Box Testing for Pipe-Soil Interaction Assessment on Sand." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31268-ms.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This paper is a companion paper to OTC 28671, titled "Experience with Interface Shear Box Testing for Axial Pipe-Soil Interaction Assessment on Soft Clay", and presents a similar range of experience and best practice recommendations for geotechnical laboratory testing to determine soil properties relevant to pipeline-seabed friction on sandy seabeds. The paper is underpinned by a new database that demonstrates the driving parameters that influence interface friction in granular materials. By accurately quantifying shear resistance along the pipe-soil interface under low normal stresses imposed by subsea pipelines, design ranges in friction can be narrowed and/or tailored to specific pipeline conditions. These improved geotechnical inputs to pipe-soil interaction can alleviate unnecessary axial expansion mitigation and lateral stabilization measures, unlocking cost savings otherwise unavailable through conventional testing. A large database is presented, compiled from both previously published research and unpublished recent industry experience with low normal stress interface shear testing using various modified direct shear box devices. The test database comprises several coarse-grained soil types of both silica and carbonate minerology tested against pipeline coatings of various material, hardness and roughness. The database populates a framework for assessing frictional pipe-soil interaction response, illuminating key trends from normal stress, interface roughness and hardness, and particle angularity, which otherwise remain elusive when examined through individual test datasets. This database and the populated framework provides guidance to pipeline and geotechnical engineers in the form of a basis for initial estimates of axial and lateral friction of pipelines on sand and an approach for improving these estimates via focused site-specific testing. The test database includes previously unreleased project data collected over the past few years for offshore oil and gas projects. Similar to its predecessor paper on soft clays (OTC 28671), this paper shares the authors’ collective experience providing guidance on the planning, execution and interpretation of low stress interface shear tests in sands. The combined databases across both papers provide a significant improvement in early stage guidance for characterization of geotechnical soil properties for subsea pipeline design.
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Kane, Prasad Laxman, and Dominic Pliszka. "Novel Erosion Control Technology for Production Debottlenecking." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-78033.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Erosion of piping systems is a significant issue for many operators of Hydrocarbon infrastructure. Until now mitigation measures have been limited to detection / measurement and reducing production. For many operators this can be a significant loss in revenue and an increase in IMR costs. A novel Erosion Control Technology (ECT) is being developed that can significantly reduce the impact of erosion on piping infrastructure. This technology has the potential of adding immense value when it is used to debottleneck and optimize flow rates. The patented ECT has been designed to control sand erosion in real-time by deflecting and redistributing sand in the product flow stream. Preliminary laboratory testing of the ECT has been very successful. The ECT inserts designed for the ambient test conditions have shown substantial reduction in erosion (both global and local). Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been the key enabling factor allowing the critical breakthrough in this technology. Experimental results have shown very good correlation with the CFD sand erosion model results. A roadmap in line with industry practices and standards has been developed for project implementation of the ECT solution in the near future.
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LeCompte, Brian, Tosin Majekodunmi, Mike Staines, Gareth Taylor, Barry Zhang, Randy Evans, and Nathan Chang. "Machine Learning Prediction of Formation Evaluation Logs in the Gulf of Mexico." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31093-ms.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The objective of the paper is to describe the application of artificial intelligence software to predict formation evaluation logs (compressional sonic, shear sonic and density) using only gamma ray, and resistivity log data and drilling dynamics data as received by the electronic drilling recorder (EDR). The software was applied real-time as a well was being drilled in deepwater Gulf of Mexico. Thorough examination and conditioning of EDR and wireline data give way to a training model construction for the artificial neural network (ANN) using full suites of log-data in offset wells. Next, a neural network architecture and associated hyperparameters are chosen and tested. The fully trained and validated model is applied to the gamma ray, resistivity and EDR of the target well while drilling. Real-time EDR and wireline data flow via WITSML from rig to cloud and data is delivered to the client. The results of the study indicate the simulated log data were comparable to those measured from conventional logging tools over the study area. In both blind well tests the density agreed with the conventional log results within 1.1 % and the compressional within 2.51 % (Figure 1). Each of these is well within the range of variance expected of repeat runs of a conventional logging tool. A primary driver for near real-time logs was to confirm structural depth of the target sands along the well bore. There was a depleted sand below the expected TD of the well that, if encountered, could have led to total losses and possible loss of the wellbore. It was critical to have real-time logs to characterize the sands above the depleted sand, using every possible petrophysical and geologic character to refine the log correlation. This integration of all the logs provided the best interpretation of the sand quality and led toward the completion decision. AI-based logs are a highly cost-effective alternative to LWD logging. It presents an environmentally friendly approach as there is no logging personnel on-site and no expensive and potentially dangerous nuclear sources in the hole The deployment of this patented, machine learning-driven, real-time simulation of formation evaluation logs is unique in using only gamma ray, resistivity and drilling data. It is particularly useful in the overburden section where formation evaluation tools are often not run for cost reasons, in side-tracks, in HP/HT settings and operational risk mitigation. It provides additive data for other petrophysical/QI/rock property analyses including seismic inversion, shale content, porosity, log QC/editing, real-time LWD, drilling optimization, etc.
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Troup, Duncan. "Complete Analysis of a Complex Sand Screen Completion in a Single Run in Hole is Enabled by Combination of Novel Passive Acoustic Tools with Conventional PLT and Caliper Techniques." In SPE/ICoTA Well Intervention Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209030-ms.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Wells with sand control measures may still exhibit onset of sanding during production, often due to isolated damage of individual screen sections. Positive identification of the location of the sand production allows targeted mitigation to remove the sanding source while retaining as much hydrocarbon flow as possible. This paper discusses the novel acoustic techniques used to identify productive zones and areas of sand production in a well suffering a sanding event. Ultrasonic methods for sand detection in a downhole environment have proved troublesome primarily due to the difficulty in separating acoustic signatures due to particle impacts from those generated by turbulent flow. Advances in sensor technology and digital sampling have enabled reliable discrimination of turbulence and particle signatures in both controlled flow-loop conditions and in real producing wells. Novel processing algorithms have been developed to not only detect sand ingress points, but also to quantify and characterise sand particles in the flow stream. A horizontal oil producing well exhibited a change of behaviour following an increase in choke opening, when it started to produce sand along with an increased water cut. A toolstring combining production logging, acoustic sand detection and multifinger caliper with a tractor for conveyance was deployed in the well and a number of passes were made combining continuous logging and stationary recordings. The acquired data indicated there was no crossflow during shut-in, while there were indications of sand build-up over the lower sections of screens. With the well flowing, the PL data showed the inflow profile across all screens and identified a point of very large influx of mostly water. Analysis of the acoustic data using transient statistical sampling techniques showed this to be the main source of sand entering the wellbore and was able to verify sand transport in the flow stream. Analysis using general noise level sampling was able to detect energy due to turbulent flow in and into the wellbore, correlated with spinner responses, and also in the near wellbore environment behind certain screens. Multifinger caliper data confirmed the general integrity of the screens and enabled the planning of isolation measures to shut off sand production while minimising production loss. The verified ability of the new tool to separate the acoustic signatures of particle impacts from turbulent flow noise brings an additional aspect to production logging interpretation, allowing inflow profiling for solids as well as fluid phases. Statistical analysis of the broad-spectrum noise recorded also reveals information about fluid flow not just in the wellbore but also in the near-wellbore environment behind the primary tubular. This information can prove critical in analysis of completion design.
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Milewski, Henry, Matt Dietz, Andrea Diambra, and Lawrence W. de Leeuw. "Axial Resistance of Smooth Polymer Pipelines on Sand." In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-95938.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The axial resistance of pipelines is an important design input, influencing a variety of analyses such as buckling and axial walking. As such, accurate assessment of the frictional behaviour of the soil-pipeline interface is necessary to properly model axial behaviour. Smooth polymer coated pipelines are commonly used subsea, yet despite their common application, limited guidance exists in the main governing standards concerning the expected level of axial friction to be used in design. Related guidance that does exist (e.g. BSI, 2016) suggests a minimum friction coefficient of 0.55 for sand-pipeline interfaces. This paper reviews various aspects of sand-polymer direct shear interface testing that must be considered and presents the results of some experimental research TechnipFMC have undertaken in collaboration with the University of Bristol. These results indicate that a sand-pipeline friction coefficient of 0.55 is often unrealistic for smooth polymer coated pipelines and in many design scenarios a lower frictional coefficient is more appropriate. The experimental test program considered the main factors believed to influence axial friction of smooth polymers on sand including D50 grain size, sand density and a range of stress levels (including the low stresses expected for subsea pipelines). All tests were conducted fully saturated to mimic subsea conditions and the roughness of the pipe coating samples was thoroughly characterised. TechnipFMC project experience has found that use of lower axial friction is sometimes beneficial (e.g. axial feed-in to trigger buckle initiation). In other cases, a higher axial friction may be better for design (e.g. limiting axial walking). Being able to better characterise the friction range is therefore important to ensure a robust design and to assist in avoiding more costly mitigation measures where they may not actually be needed.