Статті в журналах: "SAND BLENDED"

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Nirwan, Reza Fauzi, and Priyanto Saelan. "Studi Mengenai Perancangan Campuran Beton Abu Terbang dengan Pendekatan Blended Sand (Hal. 88-97)." RekaRacana: Jurnal Teknil Sipil 4, no. 4 (November 29, 2018): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/rekaracana.v4i4.88.

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ABSTRAKPenelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui hasil perancangan campuran beton abu terbang yang mensubtitusi semen dengan cara pendekatan sand blended, yaitu abu terbang yang mensubtitusi semen diperlakukan sebagai agregat halus, sehingga agregat halus merupakan campuran dari pasir dan abu terbang. Penelitian dilakukan dengan kuat tekan rencana 20 MPa dan 30 MPa. Substitusi semen oleh abu terbang sebesar 10 %, 20 %, dan 30 % dari berat semen. Ukuran maksimum agregat kasar yang digunakan adalah 20 mm, dan pasir dengan modulus kehalusan 2,768, slump rencana 6 cm dan 10 cm. Hasil pengujian tekan silinder beton berdiameter 10 cm dan tinggi 20 cm menunjukkan bahwa kuat tekan beton abu terbang yang dihasilkan berdekatan dengan beton acuan yaitu beton tanpa abu terbang, untuk semua kadar abu terbang yaitu sampai dengan kadar subtitusi semen oleh abu terbang sebesar 30 %. Pendekatan sand blended dapat dilakukan dalam perancangan campuran beton abu terbang.Kata Kunci : beton abu terbang, kuat tekan, pasir blendedABSTRACTThis is research was performed to know the result of the test of fly ash concrete mix designed by sand blended method. Fly ash will be treated as fine aggregate so that the total fine aggregate is the consist of fly ash and sand. 20 MPa and 30 MPa concrete mix are designed for 10 %, 20 % and 30 % by weight of cement subtitution by fly ash. Concrete mix use 20 mm maximum aggregate size, finess modulus of sand 2.768, and 6 cm and 10 cm slump. Compressive strength tests of 10 cm diameter and 20 cm height cylinder showed that the stength of fly ash concrete is the same as the strength of initial concrete. Fly ash concrete mix can be designed by sand blended approximation.Keywords : fly ash concrete, compressive strength, blended sand

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Venkitasamy, Venkatachalapathy, Srinivasan Gopala Krishnan, and B. P. C. Rao. "Performance of Fly Ash blended Crushed Sand Concrete." Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series A 102, no. 2 (April 5, 2021): 513–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40030-021-00525-0.

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Chen, Meizhu, Mingkai Zhou, and Shaopeng Wu. "Optimization of blended mortars using steel slag sand." Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed. 22, no. 4 (December 2007): 741–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11595-006-4741-3.

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Gupta, Ashish, Beerendra Kumar, and Bhishm Singh Khati. "A Comparative Study of the California Bearing Ratio Value of Subgrade Made by Stone Dust and Natural Sand with Coarse Aggregate." SAMRIDDHI : A Journal of Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology 14, no. 03 (July 15, 2022): 266–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18090/samriddhi.v14i03.04.

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Resources of engineering materials (sand) used for construction activities are limited, so some other materials should be introduced by changing the sand. Stone dust produced from Stone Crushing Zone appears as a problem for effective disposal. Stone dust can be replaced by sand which is used as a fine aggregate in construction work. In this study, the main concern is to find an alternative to sand. Replacement of normal sand by stone dust will work both solid waste minimization and sand recovery. Stone dust is one of the alternatives to sand which can meet the demand of fine aggregate. In the engineering practice, the properties of existing sub-grades are required for the construction of the earth, thereby improving density and strength of the subgrade. A series of California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests have been conducted for determination of soaked and un-soaked CBR by using the stone dust as a fine aggregate blended with 10 mm and 20 mm size Coarse Aggregates (CA). A detailed comparison is made for the findings of the CBR tests conducted on samples prepared using natural sand (as a fine aggregate) blended with 10 mm and 20 mm size coarse aggregates.

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Azam, Shahid. "Study on the swelling behaviour of blended clay–sand soils." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 25, no. 3 (November 7, 2006): 369–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10706-006-9116-1.

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Shi, Hu, Zhuqing Yu, Jian Ma, Chenxin Ni, and Xiaodong Shen. "Properties of Portland cement paste blended with coral sand powder." Construction and Building Materials 203 (April 2019): 662–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.100.

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Avci, Eyubhan. "Permeability Characteristics of Sand Grouted with Glyoxal Blended Sodium Silicate." Hittite Journal of Science and Engineering 4, no. 1 (2017): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17350/hjse19030000051.

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Alawad, Omer Abdalla, Abdulrahman Alhoziamy, Mohd Saleh Jaafar, Abdulaziz Al-Negheimish, and Farah Noor Abdul Aziz. "Properties of Mortar Incorporating Ground Dune Sand as Cement Replacement Material." Advanced Materials Research 925 (April 2014): 334–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.925.334.

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Supplementary cementitious materials provide economic and environmental advantages in concrete industry. In this study, natural ground dune sand (GDS) was used as cement replacement material to fabricate mortar specimens. Ordinary Portland cement was replaced by GDS at five levels of replacement (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 %) by weight. The cast mortar specimens were cured under normal and autoclave curing conditions. Compressive strength, drying shrinkage and resistance to sulfate attack were investigated. Results showed that the compressive strength under normal curing decreased as the level of replacement increased. However, under autoclave curing compressive strength increased as the content of GDS increased with 30% being the optimum replacement level. Autoclave curing decreased the drying shrinkage of plain and GDS blended mixtures by about 70% compared to control mixture cured under normal curing. Up to 270 days, no sulfate attack was observed on the GDS blended mixtures regardless of the replacement level. The use of GDS to reduce the Portland cement consumption can have a significant impact on the sustainability and economy of concrete construction.

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Smart, P. "Classification by Texture and Plasticity." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 2, no. 1 (1986): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.1986.02.01.64.

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AbstractThe concept of a well-blended soil leads to a logical textural classification for gravel-sand-fines. The concept of coordinates along and perpendicular to the A-line in the (IP-WL)-chart, clarifies the classification of fine-grained soils.

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Fukudome, K., K. Kokado, Y. Moriguchi, and N. Omae. "Study on the Feasibility of Crushed Sand Blended with Fly-ash." Concrete Journal 46, no. 10 (2008): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3151/coj1975.46.10_19.

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11

El-Mir, Abdulkader, Hilal El-Hassan, Amr El-Dieb, and Abdelrahman Alsallamin. "Optimization of Dune Sand-Slag Blended Geopolymer Mortar Using Taguchi Method." MATEC Web of Conferences 364 (2022): 02009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202236402009.

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Achieving optimum performance of geopolymer mortar intended for structural and repair applications is a complex task with various factors being considered prior to production. This study explores the influence of mix design parameters on the fresh and hardened properties of geopolymer mortar made with treated dune sand (TDS) and granulated blast furnace slag (BFS). A total of nine geopolymer mortar mixtures were designed following the Taguchi method for four factors, each with three levels. These factors included BFS replacement rate by TDS, alkali-activator solution to binder ratio (AAS/B), sodium silicate-to-sodium hydroxide ratio (SS/SH), and sodium hydroxide (SH) molarity. The investigated performance quality criteria were flowability, compressive strength, water permeability, and carbon dioxide footprint. The effect of various factors on the responses was assessed through ANOVA while determining the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios to seek the optimum proportions of mixtures. Results revealed that a mix made with TDS replacement, AAS/B, SS/SH, and SH molarity of 25%, 0.5, 1.5, and 14 M yielded superior performance.

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., Deepak Rana. "STUDY OF SHEAR BEHAVIOUR OF YAMUNA SAND BLENDED WITH SOFT SOIL." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 06, no. 03 (March 25, 2017): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2017.0603003.

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Janotka, I., F. Puertas, M. Palacios, M. Kuliffayová, and C. Varga. "Metakaolin sand–blended-cement pastes: Rheology, hydration process and mechanical properties." Construction and Building Materials 24, no. 5 (May 2010): 791–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.10.028.

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Liu, Mengdi, Engui Liu, Jian Li Hao, Luigi Di Sarno, and Jun Xia. "Hydration and material properties of blended cement with ground desert sand." Construction and Building Materials 389 (July 2023): 131624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131624.

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Shalabi, Faisal I., Javed Mazher, Kaffayatullah Khan, Muhammad Nasir Amin, Alaa Albaqshi, Abdullah Alamer, Ali Barsheed, and Othman Alshuaibi. "Influence of Lime and Volcanic Ash on the Properties of Dune Sand as Sustainable Construction Materials." Materials 14, no. 3 (January 30, 2021): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14030645.

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This study focused on evaluating dune sand stabilized with lime and volcanic ash as base course materials in engineering construction. Dune sands are found in Saudi Arabia in huge quantities. Due to the high demand for construction materials, this makes them highly suitable for construction. A testing program was designed to investigate the effect of adding different percentages by weight of lime (L: 0, 2, 4, and 6%) and volcanic ash (VA: 0, 1, 3, and 5%) on the engineering properties of the stabilized mixture. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests were conducted. In addition, Raman spectroscopy and laser-scanning microscopy (LSM) tests were performed to explore the chemical characteristic, packing, and structure of the mixture. The results showed that the UCS, CBR, and the Young’s modulus (Es) of the treated dune sand increased with the increase in percentage of both stabilizers. Furthermore, LSM images of mortar blended with intermediate L-to-VA blend ratio ≈0.55 (L: 6% and VA: 5%) exhibit compact packing of sand grains, indicating strong adhesion and higher cementing value. The results of the study are promising and encourage using the treated dune sand in engineering construction even with a low percentage use of lime (2%) and volcanic ash (1–3%) as stabilizers.

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Alawad, Omer Abdalla, Abdulrahman Alhoziamy, Mohd Saleh Jaafar, Farah Noor Abdul Aziz, and Abdulaziz Al-Negheimish. "Blended Cement Containing High Volume Ground Dune Sand and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag for Autoclave Concrete Industry." Applied Mechanics and Materials 754-755 (April 2015): 395–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.395.

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This paper presents the results of using ground dune sand (GDS) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (slag) as high volume cement replacement materials. In this study, plain and four blended mixtures were fabricated and cured under normal and autoclave conditions. For the blended mixtures, 40% GDS by weight of the total binder materials and different percentages of slag (15%, 30% and 45%) were incorporated as partial cement replacement materials. The effect of curing conditions (normal and autoclave) on the compressive strength of prepared mixtures was studied. The results showed that, for the autoclave cured mixture, up to 85% of cement can be replaced by GDS and slag without significant drop in the compressive strength. Microstructure analyses using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) were carried out to examine the microscale changes of the hydrated mixtures. The SEM revealed the formation of thin plate-like calcium silicate hydrate and compacted microstructure of autoclave cured mixture. XRD showed the elimination of calcium hydroxide and existence of residual crystalline silica of all blended mixtures.

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Ubachukwu, O. A., F. O. Okafor, K. B. Nwokoukwu, and K. P. Esochaghi. "Performance of Sand-Crushed Oyster Shells Blended Fine Aggregates in Concrete: Waste Management Perspective in Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Technology 40, no. 1 (March 23, 2021): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v40i1.3.

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Pollution of our environment with wastes and the associated harm to our ecosystem and health is of great concern globally. In addition, the unabated mining of sharp sand for concrete with environmental degradation arising therefrom is worrisome. In the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, enormous quantities of oyster shells are being littered along the streets, riverbanks and landfills, after eating the fleshy part as meat. As a means of managing the waste and conserving sand, this study examines the properties of concrete made, using crushed oyster shells (COS) as partial replacement of sand. Sand was partially replaced in concrete with COS at the rate of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%. The concrete matrix was cast in a metal cube mold of 150mm3 and cured for 3, 7, 14 and 28 days. A total of 72 cubes were cast in three replicates for each replacement level and each curing period, using a standard mix of 1:2:4 and water-cement ratio of 0.5. The results reveal that the addition of COS reduces the slump of the fresh concrete from 27 mm at 0% to 20 mm at 25%. The addition of COS up to 25% reduced the density of the concrete by 4.05%. The compressive strength slightly reduced as the percentage replacement increased from 0 to 25%. The findings recommend replacement not exceeding 15% that has true slump of 23.5 mm, lighter density of 25.17 kg/m−3 and compressive strength of 26.2 Nmm−2 which are good for concrete works. When sand is partially replaced with COS in concrete, we can confront the environmental degradation arising from indiscriminate disposal of oyster shells, as well as the depletion of sand as non-renewable component of concrete.

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Satyanarayana, D., and R. Padmapriya. "Performance of photocatalytic concrete blended with M-Sand, POFA and Titanium Dioxide." Materials Today: Proceedings 44 (2021): 4919–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.949.

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Wang, Yanru, Yubin Cao, Peng Zhang, and Yuwei Ma. "Effective Utilization of Waste Glass as Cementitious Powder and Construction Sand in Mortar." Materials 13, no. 3 (February 5, 2020): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13030707.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the availability of waste glass as alternative materials in sustainable constructions. Collected waste glass was ground into waste glass powder (WGP) with similar particle size distribution as Portland cement (PC) and waste glass sand (WGS) with similar grade as sand. The compressive strength was investigated through the Taguchi test to evaluate the effect of different parameters on WGP-blended mortar, which include WG-replacement rate (G/B, 0, 10%, 20%, 30%), water/binder ratio (w/b, 0.35. 0.40, 0.50, 0.60), cementitious material dosage (Cpaste, 420, 450, 480, 500 kg/m3), and color of powder (green (G) and colorless (C)). The alkali–silica reaction (ASR) expansion risk of WGS-blended mortar was assessed. The experimental results indicated that WGP after 0.5 h grinding could be used as substituted cement in mortar and help to release potential ASR expansion. The replacement rate played a dominant role on strength at both the early or long-term age. The water/binder ratio of 0.35 was beneficial to the compressive strength at three days and 0.50 was better for strength at 60 and 90 days. An optimal value of cementitious material dosage (450 Kg/m3) exited in view of its strength, while the effect of the color of WG was minor. WGS could be graded as standard construction sand and no ASR expansion risk was found even for 100% replacement of regular sand in mortar. Through the comprehensive reuse of waste glass, this study could provide basic knowledge and a concept for the sustainable development of building materials.

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Kirgiz, Mehmet Serkan. "Effects of Blended-Cement Paste Chemical Composition Changes on Some Strength Gains of Blended-Mortars." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/625350.

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Effects of chemical compositions changes of blended-cement pastes (BCPCCC) on some strength gains of blended cement mortars (BCMSG) were monitored in order to gain a better understanding for developments of hydration and strength of blended cements. Blended cements (BC) were prepared by blending of 5% gypsum and 6%, 20%, 21%, and 35% marble powder (MP) or 6%, 20%, 21%, and 35% brick powder (BP) for CEMI42.5N cement clinker and grinding these portions in ball mill at 30 (min). Pastes and mortars, containing the MP-BC and the BP-BC and the reference cement (RC) and tap water and standard mortar sand, were also mixed and they were cured within water until testing. Experiments included chemical compositions of pastes and compressive strengths (CS) and flexural strengths (FS) of mortars were determined at 7th-day, 28th-day, and 90th-day according to TS EN 196-2 and TS EN 196-1 present standards. Experimental results indicated that ups and downs of silica oxide (SiO2), sodium oxide (Na2O), and alkali at MP-BCPCC and continuously rising movement of silica oxide (SiO2) at BP-BCPCC positively influenced CS and FS of blended cement mortars (BCM) in comparison with reference mortars (RM) at whole cure days as MP up to 6% or BP up to 35% was blended for cement.

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Das, Sujan Kumar, Jahid M. M. Islam, Monirul Hasan, Humayun Kabir, Md Abdul Gafur, Enamul Hoque, and Mubarak A. Khan. "Development of Electrically Conductive Nanocrystalline Thin Film for Optoelectronic Applications." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 15 (September 2013): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.15.90.

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Sodium alginate (TiO2) sand composites were prepared by solution casting. Purified sand was added in the composite films to increase electrical conductivity. Electrical properties such as conductivity, capacitance, dielectric constant, and loss tangent of the composites were investigated. The current voltage characteristics for all the composites showed ohmic behavior. All the electrical properties have been found to improve with the incorporation of sand (SiO2) but 6% sand containing composite exhibits the best electrical properties. The mechanical properties tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (Eb) and Young modulus for 6% sand containing composite film are found to be 4.445 MPa, 9.76%, and 72.8 MPa respectively. The experimental results reveal that the blended films exhibit higher stability and improved mechanical properties of both tensile strength and elongation at break in dry state. Water absorption properties of the composites are found to decrease with the increase of sand content. Lowest water uptake properties and highest stability were demonstrated by 6% sand containing sample. Electrically conductive composite films have useful applications for solar cells and optoelectronics. Thus, this study is very much expected to aid in the design and selection of proper composite for the potential application of solar cell and optoelectronics.

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Das, Sujan Kumar, Jahid M. M. Islam, Monirul Hasan, Humayun Kabir, Md Abdul Gafur, Enamul Hoque, and Mubarak A. Khan. "Development of Electrically Conductive Nanocrystalline Thin Film for Optoelectronic Applications." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 15 (June 29, 2013): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-5aiw59.

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Sodium alginate (TiO2) sand composites were prepared by solution casting. Purified sand was added in the composite films to increase electrical conductivity. Electrical properties such as conductivity, capacitance, dielectric constant, and loss tangent of the composites were investigated. The current voltage characteristics for all the composites showed ohmic behavior. All the electrical properties have been found to improve with the incorporation of sand (SiO2) but 6% sand containing composite exhibits the best electrical properties. The mechanical properties tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (Eb) and Young modulus for 6% sand containing composite film are found to be 4.445 MPa, 9.76%, and 72.8 MPa respectively. The experimental results reveal that the blended films exhibit higher stability and improved mechanical properties of both tensile strength and elongation at break in dry state. Water absorption properties of the composites are found to decrease with the increase of sand content. Lowest water uptake properties and highest stability were demonstrated by 6% sand containing sample. Electrically conductive composite films have useful applications for solar cells and optoelectronics. Thus, this study is very much expected to aid in the design and selection of proper composite for the potential application of solar cell and optoelectronics.

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Griffin, Dale W., John T. Lisle, David Feldhake, and Erin E. Silvestri. "Colony-Forming Unit Spreadplate Assay versus Liquid Culture Enrichment-Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for the Detection of Bacillus Endospores in Soils." Geosciences 10, no. 1 (December 21, 2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10010005.

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A liquid culture enrichment-polymerase chain reaction (E-PCR) assay was investigated as a potential tool to overcome inhibition by chemical component, debris, and background biological impurities in soil that were affecting detection assay performance for soil samples containing Bacillus atrophaeus subsp. globigii (a surrogate for B. anthracis). To evaluate this assay, 9 g of matched sets of three different soil types (loamy sand [sand], sandy loam [loam] and clay) was spiked with 0, ~4.5, 45, 225, 675 and 1350 endospores. One matched set was evaluated using a previously published endospore concentration and colony-forming unit spreadplate (CFU-S) assay and the other matched set was evaluated using an E-PCR assay to investigate differences in limits of detection between the two assays. Data illustrated that detection using the CFU-S assay at the 45-endospore spike level started to become sporadic whereas the E-PCR assay produced repeatable detection at the ~4.5-endospore spike concentration. The E-PCR produced an ~2-log increase in sensitivity and required slightly less time to complete than the CFU-S assay. This study also investigated differences in recovery among pure and blended sand and clay soils and found potential activation of B. anthracis in predominately clay-based soils.

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Sithole, N. T., and M. T. M. Nkosi. "Effect of Synthesis Conditions on Mechanical Strength of Aluminium Slag Modified Waste Foundry Sand Geopolymers." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1009, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1009/1/012011.

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Abstract The waste foundry sand was alkaline activated into geopolymers to reduce their environmental pollution. The waste foundry sand was blended with aluminium slag and alkali activated to produce geopolymers. Aluminium slag was used to supplement WFS with alumina because as it has low content of alumina. The main parameters tested were the effect alumina content, concentration of alkali, liquid to solid ratio, and temperature. The optimum synthesis parameters were a geopolymer prepared with 2% aluminium, 3 M NaOH solution, liquid solid ratio of 0.15 and curing temperature and time of 80°C and 5 days respectively. The optimum parameters yielded the highest UCS of 4.7 MPa. The developed aluminium slag modified waste foundry sand geopolymers met the minimum requirements for ASTM C126-99 and ASTM C216-07a.

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25

Ban, Cheah Chee, Kevin Khaw Le Ping, Roysten Habirin Lapongan, and Liew Jia Jia. "Influence of densified silica fume on engineering properties of concrete containing coal bottom ash aggregate." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1289, no. 1 (August 1, 2023): 012078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1289/1/012078.

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Abstract Coal bottom ash (CBA) is a significant waste produced by the coal manufacturing power plant, harming the environment. CBA has been used in many studies to replace sand in cementitious materials. However, few studies have investigated the use of CBA in concrete as a sand replacement with densified silica fume (DSF) as a cement replacement. DSF is a potential supplementary cementitious material (SCM) to combat the engineering properties of concrete that are typically decreased when CBA is used as a replacement for natural aggregate. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the influence of DSF on the engineering properties of concrete containing different content of CBA as a partial replacement for natural sand. The mix design of the ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and binary blended concrete comprised 90% OPC and 10% DSF by total binder’s weight. The CBA as the fine aggregate replacement was used at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% by total aggregate volume. The mechanical, porosity, absorption performance of DSF and CBA (DSF+CBA) concrete containing CBA as partial aggregate replacement material were investigated. DSF+CBA with 50% CBA replacement showed improved mechanical strength performance than control by 15% at 28d and 5.6% at 56d of curing. However, the total porosity performance for DSF+CBA concrete decrease as CBA content increases. In conclusion, the DSF as SCM in binary blended concrete with CBA content up to 50% achieved a better performance in terms of mechanical properties even though the porosity was marginally increased.

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Raja, Rajapriya, and Ponmalar Vijayan. "Strength and microstructural behavior of concrete incorporating laterite sand in binary blended cement." Revista de la construcción 19, no. 3 (2020): 422–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/rdlc.19.3.422-430.

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Laterite, due to its wide availability and low cost, is considered as a societal building material in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Excavation of the laterite leaves laterite stones as scrap which accounts for around 25-30%. These scraps being a hindrance for the further excavation of the laterite in the quarries can be crushed and used to meet the demand of fine aggregates in the construction industry. Performance indicators such as workability, compressive, split-tensile and flexural strength are measured to evaluate the suitability. M30 grade of concrete specimens were produced with these crushed scraps by replacing M-sand at the intervals of 25% ranging from 0% to 100%. Laterite replacement of 25% could enhance the performance after 28 days. Not limiting only to strength characteristics, its morphological features were also understood by conducting Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) for the optimum mixes. Laterite, due to its wide availability and low cost, is considered as a societal building material in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Excavation of the laterite leaves laterite stones as scrap which accounts for around 25-30%. These scraps being a hindrance for the further excavation of the laterite in the quarries can be crushed and used to meet the demand of fine aggregates in the construction industry. Performance indicators such as workability, compressive, split-tensile and flexural strength are measured to evaluate the suitability. M30 grade of concrete specimens were produced with these crushed scraps by replacing M-sand at the intervals of 25% ranging from 0% to 100%. Laterite replacement of 25% could enhance the performance after 28 days. Not limiting only to strength characteristics, its morphological features were also understood by conducting Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) for the optimum mixes.

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Arulpandian, V., R. Jagadheeswari, S. Danielraj, S. Muthuraman, and A. Sakthivel. "Feasibility Study on Paver Blocks blended with Textile Effluent Sludge and M-Sand." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1006 (December 25, 2020): 012040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1006/1/012040.

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28

Phanikumar, B. R., Supriya Dembla, and A. Yatindra. "Swelling Behaviour of an Expansive Clay Blended With Fine Sand and Fly Ash." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 39, no. 1 (July 22, 2020): 583–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10706-020-01480-6.

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29

Satyanarayana, G. V. V., and P. Gayathri. "BEHAVIOURAL STUDIES ON TRIPLE BLENDED FOAM CONCRETE." E3S Web of Conferences 184 (2020): 01104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018401104.

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Анотація:

In recent days construction industry focuses on other than conventional concrete in infrastructural purposes like building etc., due to excess usage of cement, sand and other aggregates which leads depreciation of natural resources and effects on the environment. By utilization of lightweight bricks and foam concrete which reduces not only its self-weight but also improve resistance against heat and sound insulation and architectural features. The density of foam concrete varies from 300 to 1800kg/m3. Foam concrete composes of cement, water, fly ash and foaming agent without coarse aggregate. The function of foam is to create air bubbles in the cement-based slurry. The density of foam concrete depends on the quantity of foam added. The foam creates several pores with this effect; it has low thermal conductivity. As density of foam concrete is low at same time strength also low when compared to conventional concrete, so an attempt made to improve mechanical properties of foam concrete by adding admixtures like Silica fume and GGBS in different percentages. In these experimental studies, the workability and compressive strengths are mentioned

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30

Tayebali, Akhtarhusein A., Glen A. Malpass, and N. Paul Khosla. "Effect of Mineral Filler Type and Amount on Design and Performance of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1609, no. 1 (January 1998): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1609-05.

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Three methods for classifying aggregate particle shape and texture—AASHTO TP33, ASTM D3389, and the flow rate method—were evaluated. These methods were used to rank four natural river sands and a crushed granite from good to poor performance based on the criteria established by each method. Test results indicate that all methods easily distinguished the crushed aggregate from the natural river sands. The AASHTO TP33 and the flow rate method were found to be somewhat less sensitive to slight differences in particle shape and texture than was ASTM D3398. All the test methods were found to be repeatable, each having low coefficients of variation for all the aggregates tested. To evaluate the effect of particle shape and texture and mineral filler content on mix performance in permanent deformation, one natural sand ranked as average performing was selected and blended with the crushed granite in the proportion of 20 percent natural sand and 80 percent crushed granite. Asphalt-aggregate mixtures containing 4, 6, 8, and 12 percent mineral filler were designed by using the Marshall procedure and were tested in repeated shear test at constant height. Within the range of mineral filler type and contents used, results indicate that mixtures containing 100 percent crushed granite show lower accumulation of permanent strain than does an 80/20 blend of crushed granite and natural sand, and an increase in the mineral filler content of a mixture was found to decrease its accumulated permanent strain while increasing the mixture shear resilient modulus.

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31

Alam, Jamshed. "Strength Determination of High Strength Concrete Blended with Copper Slag and Fly Ash." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (July 15, 2021): 1198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36515.

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An experimental analysis was conducted to study the effects of using copper slag as a fine aggregate (FA) and the effect of fly ash as partial replacement of cement on the properties high strength concrete. In this analysis total ten concrete mixtures were prepared, out of which five mixes containing different proportions of copper slag ranging from 0% (for the control mix) to 75% were prepared and remaining five mixes containing fly ash as partial replacement of cement ranging from 6% to 30% (all mixes contains 50% copper slag as sand replacements). Concrete matrix were tested for compressive strength, tensile strength and flexural strength tests. Addition of copper slag as sand replacement up to 50% yielded comparable strength with that of the control matrix. However, further additions of copper slag, caused reduction in strength due to an increment of the free water content in the mix. Concrete mix with 75% copper slag replacement gave the lowest compressive strength value of approximately 80 MPa at 28 days curing period, which is almost 4% more than the strength of the control mix. For this concrete containing 50% copper slag, fly ash is introduced in the concrete to achieve the better compressive, split and flexural strengths. It was also observed that, introduction of the fly ash gave better results than concrete containing 50% copper slag. When concrete prepared with 18 % of fly ash, the strength has increased approximately 4%, and strength decreased with further replacements of the cement with fly ash. Hence, it is suggested that 50% of copper slag can be used as replacement of sand and 18% fly ash can be used as replacement of cement in order to obtain high strength concrete.

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32

Tran, Thanh Tai, and Vu Minh Hoang Pham. "Use Recycled Glass As Fine Aggregate in Slag-Blended Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Mortar." Journal of Technical Education Science, no. 78B (August 28, 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.54644/jte.78b.2023.1253.

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Geopolymer has emerged as the potential alternative to Portland cement in recent years. In addition, fly ash and recycled glass are abundant by-products derived from the industry. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of using recycled glass to replace the sand aggregate in slag-blended fly ash-based geopolymer mortar. For geopolymer synthesis, the mixture of water glass (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution with a NaOH concentration of 14 mol/l was used as an activator. In the mortar mixture, the recycled glass's investigated replacement level of the sand aggregate was up to 100 %. Using recycled glass (RG) as fine aggregate was seen to increase the mechanical strength compressive strength and flexural strength of mortar after 28 days of curing. Otherwise, there was a reduction in the drying shrinkage of mortar samples with a high recycled glass content of 80 and 100 %.

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Nduka, David O., Emmanuel T. Akanbi, Daniel O. Ojo, Timilehin E. Babayemi, and Kayode J. Jolayemi. "Investigation of the Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Masonry Mortar Made with Seashell Particles." Materials 16, no. 6 (March 20, 2023): 2471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16062471.

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In order to study the mechanical and microstructural properties of masonry mortar, combined particles of cockle and scallop seashell wastes were incorporated and analysed through destructive and non-destructive tests. River sand was replaced with the combined seashell particles (SPs) at seven mixes, viz., 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30% with a 0.5 constant water-to-cement ratio (W/C). A mortar mix design of M4-type of BS EN 1996-1-1 was adopted with a target compressive strength of 5.17 MPa at 28 days. The physical, chemical and mineralogy properties of the SPs were analysed through BS standard sieving, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. The hardened SP-based mortars were subjected to direct compressive strength, rebound hammer, ultrasonic pulse velocity tests, and nonevaporable degree of hydration analysis. The XRF, SEM, and XRD analysis results of the SPs showed over 86% calcium oxide content, irregular and needle-like particles, and hydroxyapatite/calcium silicates, respectively. The direct compressive strength and the non-destructive test results revealed that up to 30% sand replacement with SP in masonry mortar, an improvement of 45% compressive strength could be attained over the control sample. The nonevaporable water method of the degree of hydration analysis showed that after 28 days, hydration increased considerably for the SP-blended mortars over the control, especially the SPM-30 with 30% sand replacement. Therefore, the study concludes that the investigated SPs in blended masonry mortar could benefit an eco-friendly environment and conservation of natural resources.

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34

Navaratnarajah, Sathiparan, and Madhuranya Muralitharan. "Compression and Bond Properties of Fired Clay Brick Masonry with Cocopeat Blended Binding Mortar." Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering 23, no. 2 (March 30, 2023): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.56748/ejse.233942.

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The production of agricultural, industrial, and demolition trash increases along with global population growth and industrial expansion. They endanger the environment when they are not properly recycled, repurposed, or disposed of. Cocopeat is one such agricultural waste. The use of cocopeat in binder cement is urged to support sustainable construction methods. Because it is seen as trash and discarded in landfills. Cocopeat is an environmentally friendly by-product which can be got during the coconut fibre extraction process. The current study investigates the strength properties of masonry built with binding mortar that incorporates cocopeat as opposed to traditional cement-sand mortar. The mortar prepared with four different integrations of cocopeat as sand replacement of 0, 4, 6 and 8% by weight was used for masonry. Fresh properties of cocopeat binding mortar and their effect on the mechanical characteristics of masonry were investigated. The test results revealed that the mechanical characteristics of masonry were enhanced with increased cocopeat content in the mortar.

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35

Hyuk Lee, Vanissorn Vimonsatit, and Prinya Chindaprasirt. "Residual Strength of Blended Cement Pastes and Mortar Exposed to Elevated Temperatures." Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering 16 (January 1, 2016): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.56748/ejse.16208.

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This paper presents the outcome of a series of tests to determine properties of blended cement pastes and mortar mixtures using Taguchi’s design of experiment approach. Fly ash (FA), water to cementitious material ratio (w/c), superplasticiser (SP) and sand to cementitious material ratio (s/c) are the main parameters considered. Mixture samples were tested at varying temperatures up to 800oC. The ANOVA results and regression analysis show that an increase in FA content and w/c ratio lead to a decrease in the density of blended cement. For compressive strength development, an increase in FA content and s/c ratio decreased the compressive strength development. Within the tested levels of the parameters, the optimum mix to achieve the highest compressive strength of blended cement mixtures is 20% of FA content, 1.5 of s/c ratio, 0.35 of w/c ratio and 0.2% of SP. Increasing the content of FA and SP improved the overall residual strength, and the optimum mix design to achieve the highest residual strength is 20% of FA, 1.5 of s/c ratio, 0.35 of w/c ratio and 0.2 of SP. Based on all the test results, an empirical formula for predicting residual strength of blended cement paste and mortar is proposed.

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36

Ochepo, J. "Effect of Rice Husk Ash on the Hydraulic Conductivity and Unconfined Compressive Strength of Compacted Bentonite Enhanced Waste Foundry Sand." LAUTECH Journal of Civil and Environmental Studies 5, no. 1 (September 27, 2020): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.36108/laujoces/0202/50(0190).

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A laboratory study of the hydraulic conductivity, (HC), and unconfined compressive strength, (UCS), of compacted bentonite enhanced waste foundry sand (BEWFS) treated with rice husk ash, (RHA) for possible use as liner material is presented. The bentonite enhanced waste foundry sand, BEWFS, was obtained by blending waste foundry sand (WFS) with 12% bentonite by weight of the WFS and mixing the resulting blend thoroughly to obtain a homogenous mix. RHA was added to the BEWFS in increment of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% respectively of the dry weight of the BEWFS. The entire blended material was thoroughly mix together to obtain sample with different content of RHA. Index tests, compaction, UCS and HC tests were carried out on the blended materials to determine the effect of RHA on the behaviour of the BEWFS. HC as well as UCS of the materials were study using three compactive efforts of British standard light, (BSLC), West African standard, (WASC) and British standard heavy, (BSHC) compactive efforts respectively. The results obtained show that addition of RHA to BEWFS affected the index properties of the material marginally where the liquid limit increased to 35 from 32 %, plastic limit reduced from 12 to 11% and plasticity index increased from 20 to 25% respectively. The HC of the material was found to increase slightly from 6.28 x 10-08 to 3.90 x 10-08, 2.64 x 10-09 to 2.07 x 10-08 and 8.55 x 10-11 to 1.83 x 10-10 m/s with addition of up to 10 % RHA content and compacted at BSLC, WASC and BSHC respectively. Similarly, the UCS was found to increase to peak values of 177.22, 288.48 and 454.26 kN/m2 at same RHA content and compactive efforts. The implication of this result is that the addition of RHA up to 10% to BEWFS slightly increase the HC but does not compromise it while the strength gain in term of UCS can be said to compensate for the slight lost in HC. It is recommended that BEWFS treated with between 8 to 10% RHA content and compacted at BSHC compactive effort can be applied as liner in engineered waste containment system.

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37

Li, Xingxing, Ying Ma, Xiaodong Shen, Ya Zhong, and Yuwei Li. "Study of Hydration and Microstructure of Mortar Containing Coral Sand Powder Blended with SCMs." Materials 13, no. 19 (September 24, 2020): 4248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13194248.

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The utilization of coral waste is an economical way of using concrete in coastal and offshore constructions. Coral waste with more than 96% CaCO3 can be ground to fines and combined with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) such as fly ash, silica fume, granulated blast furnace slag in replacing Portland cement to promote the properties of cement concrete. The effects of coral sand powder (CSP) compared to limestone powder (LSP) blended with SCMs on hydration and microstructure of mortar were investigated. The result shows CSP has higher activity than LSP when participating in the chemical reaction. The chemical effect among CSP, SCMs, and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) results in the appearance of the third hydration peak, facilitating the production of carboaluminate. CSP-SCMs mortar has smaller interconnected pores on account of the porous character of CSP as well as the filler and chemical effect. The dilution effect of CSP leads to the reduction of compressive strength of OPC-CSP and OPC-CSP-SCMs mortars. The synergic effects of CSP with slag and silica fume facilitate the development of compressive strength and lead to a compacted isolation and transfer zone (ITZ) in mortar.

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38

Stehouwer, Richard C., Jennifer M. Hindman, and Kirsten E. MacDonald. "Nutrient and Trace Element Dynamics in Blended Topsoils Containing Spent Foundry Sand and Compost." Journal of Environmental Quality 39, no. 2 (March 2010): 587–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2009.0172.

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39

Dungan, Robert S., Jong-Shik Kim, Hang-Yeon Weon, and April B. Leytem. "The characterization and composition of bacterial communities in soils blended with spent foundry sand." Annals of Microbiology 59, no. 2 (June 2009): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03178323.

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40

Satya, Yudhi Salman Dwi, Edy Saputra, and Monita Olivia. "Performance of Blended Fly Ash (FA) and Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) Geopolymer Mortar in Acidic Peat Environment." Materials Science Forum 841 (January 2016): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.841.83.

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This paper presents performance of blended geopolymer mortars prepared from fly ash (FA) and palm oil fuel ash (POFA). Both materials are used their Si and Al elements were activated by alkaline solution. The alkaline solution was prepared by mixing sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide. The optimum mix proportion of geopolymer mortar with FA:POFA mass ratio was 90:10. The ratio of sodium silicate solution to sodium hydroxide solution by mass was 2.5:1. The mass ratio of sand to blended ashes was 2.75:1. The mortar specimens were prepared using 5×5×5 cm cube and cured at room temperature (28oC) for 3 days before subsequently heat-cured at 110oC for 24 hours. The specimens were immersed in distilled water and peat water with pH 4-5 for 120 days. The compressive strength change, porosity, and sorptivity tests were taken. In general, the results shows there was a decrease in strength, an increase in porosity and sorptivity of the blended geopolymer mortars. Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) test revealed that interaction of geopolymers mortar with the acidic peat water can also cause replacement of the exchangeable cations (Na, K) in polymers by hidrogen or hydronium ions. Formation of some new zeolitic phases in blended FA-POFA geopolymer mortar exposed to acidic peat water were observed.

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Pavlíková, Milena, Lucie Zemanová, Martina Záleská, Jaroslav Pokorný, Michal Lojka, Ondřej Jankovský, and Zbyšek Pavlík. "Ternary Blended Binder for Production of a Novel Type of Lightweight Repair Mortar." Materials 12, no. 6 (March 26, 2019): 996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12060996.

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The goal of the paper was development and testing of a novel type of ternary blended binder based on lime hydrate, metakaolin, and biomass ash that was studied as a binding material for production of lightweight mortar for renovation purposes. The biomass ash used as one of binder components was coming from wood chips ash combustion in a biomass heating plant. The raw ash was mechanically activated by grinding. In mortar composition, wood chips ash and metakaolin were used as partial substitutes of lime hydrate. Silica sand of particle size fraction 0–2 mm was mixed from three normalized sand fractions. For the evaluation of the effect of biomass ash and metakaolin incorporation in mortar mix on material properties, reference lime mortar was tested as well. Among the basic physical characterization of biomass ash, metakaolin and lime hydrate, specific density, specific surface, and particle size distribution were assessed. Their chemical composition was measured by X-Ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), elements mapping was performed using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analyser, and mineralogical composition was tested using X-Ray diffraction (XRD). For the developed mortars, set of structural, mechanical, hygric, and thermal properties was assessed. The mortars with ternary blended binder exhibited improved mechanical resistance, lower thermal conductivity, and increased water vapor permeability compared to the reference lime mortar. Based on good functional performance of the produced mortar, the tested biomass ash could potentially represent a novel sustainable alternative to other pozzolans commonly used in construction industry. Moreover, reuse of biomass ash in production of building materials is highly beneficial both from the environmental and economic reasons especially taking into account circular economy principles. The ternary blended binder examined in this paper can find use in both rendering and walling repair mortars meeting the requirements of culture heritage authorities and technical standards.

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42

Saravanan, B., R. Divahar, S. P. Sangeetha, and M. Bhuvaneshwari. "Evaluation of the Energy Factor and Equivalent CO2 Gas Emission by Utilization of Industrial By-products in Concrete for Environmental Protection." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 22, no. 1 (March 2, 2023): 327–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2023.v22i01.033.

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Climate change and global warming are two of the world’s most pressing environmental issues. With CO2 being one of the most significant greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere, and cement and concrete manufacturing accounting for roughly 10% of worldwide CO2 emissions, the construction sector must employ an environmentally sustainable substance as a substitute for cement. The CO2 emissions, energy factor, and strength qualities of concrete were investigated. Those negative reaction of conventional cementitious substances is reduced by the development of binary and ternary cementitious systems. In this study, two mineral admixtures obtained from industrial waste substances, red mud (RM) and silica fume (SF), had been used as the alternatives for cement and fine aggregate was fully replaced by manufactured sand (M-sand). An experimental examination of the compressive strength, water absorption, density of concrete, equivalent CO2 emission, and energy factor for environmental benefits with the comparison of RM on SF-based eco-friendly concrete mix of M30 grade was used. A binary and ternary blended cementitious system with RM and SM was created with twelve various mix proportions, varying from 0-20% by 5% increases. From the binary blended cementitious system (BBS), based on the observed mechanical characteristic of concrete it was found that the optimum level of RM was 15% and SF was 10 % by the volume of cement. Similarly, for the ternary blended cementitious system (TBS), the level of 10% RM and 10% SF in the cement mixture provides a much higher improvement in compression strength compared to the alternative trials. The negative sign implies that replacing cement with RM and SF reduces energy consumption (-1.91% to -6.97%) and CO2 emissions (-4.52% to -16.16%). The use of mineral admixtures such as RM and SM in supplementary cementitious materials results in a significant outcome and potential impact on the production of sustainable concrete that addresses environmental issues.

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Folagbade, Samuel Olufemi, and Aluko Olawale. "Permeation Resistance of Sawdust Ash Blended Cement Laterized Concrete." Civil Engineering Dimension 21, no. 2 (October 18, 2019): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/ced.21.2.76-83.

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This paper compared the initial surface absorption of conventional concrete and laterized concrete containing Portland cement (PC) and sawdust ash (SDA). Laterized concrete was produced at laterite contents of 15 and 30% as partial replacement for sand and SDA contents of 10 and 20% as partial replacement for PC. Compressive strengths at 28 days and initial surface absorption after 10 minutes (ISA-10) at 28, 60 and 90 days were determined at the water/cement ratios of 0.35, 0.50 and 0.65 and assessed at equal 28-day strengths of 25-35 N/mm2. At equal water/cement ratios, compressive strength reduced and ISA-10 increased with increasing content of laterite and SDA. On the other hand, compressive strength and resistance to surface absorption of the blended cement laterized concretes increased with increasing curing age. At equal strengths, all the blended cement laterized concretes have better resistance to surface absorption than the conventional PC concrete.

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44

Ikumapayi, Catherine M., and Oluwaga F. Alamu. "Compressive Strength and Thermogravimetric Analysis of Metakaolin Blended Cement." FUOYE Journal of Engineering and Technology 7, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 264–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.46792/fuoyejet.v7i2.835.

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Анотація:

Cement concrete is the most extensively used construction materials across the world. The environmental unfriendliness attached to the production of cement which is one of the major constituents of concrete demands persistent attention and the wide use of pozzolanic material as partial replacement of cement in concrete looks to be a promising supplement for cement in concrete production. Based on past research works, metakaolin was selected and its compressive strength and thermal resistance as well as other properties were determined. The replacement percentage of metakaolin employed was 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by weight of cement with a mix ratio of cement to sand to granite of 1:2:4 cured at 7 days, 14 days, 28 days and 56 days . The output of this research work shows that with respect to compressive strength and thermal resistance, the metakaolin blended cement examined here is not suitable as supplementary materials for cement in construction industry.

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45

Umoh, Akaninyene A., and Anthony O. Ujene. "Improving the strength performance of high volume periwinkle shell ash blended cement concrete with sodium nitrate as accelerator." Journal of Civil Engineering, Science and Technology 6, no. 2 (September 1, 2015): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/jcest.147.2015.

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The objective of this study is to examine the effect of accelerator (NaNO3) on the strength properties of High volume Periwinkle shell ash blended cement concrete. A mix ratio and water-binder ratio of 1:2:4 (cement: sand: gravel) and 0.60, respectively was used as the reference. The cement was then replaced with 30% Periwinkle Shell Ash (PSA) by weight of cement. Sodium nitrate in the dosages of 1, 2, and 3% by weight of cement was added to the blended mixture of cement and PSA. The strength properties investigated were compressive and splitting tensile strength tested at 7, 14 and 28 days hydration. The results indicated that the compressive strength and the splitting tensile strength generally increases with curing age, and that sodium nitrate of up to 2% dosage greatly improved the strength performance of high volume PSA blended cement concrete over that of the reference. The study concluded that the inclusion of 2% sodium nitrate by weight of cement in the mixture could be considered the optimum dosage for the improvement of both compressive and splitting tensile strength of concrete incorporating up to 30% PSA content.

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46

Pham, Van Nam, Quoc Cuong Nguyen, Hoang Giang Nguyen, and Ken Kawamoto. "Unsaturated hydraulic property of recycled concrete aggregates blended with autoclaved aerated concrete grains for unbound road base and subbase materials in Vietnam." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1289, no. 1 (August 1, 2023): 012100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1289/1/012100.

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Abstract Roadbed materials of base and subbase layers are frequently unsaturated caused by rainfall, drainage, and evaporation. However, the movement of water in these layers is still poorly understood because of lacking data on unsaturated properties such as the water retention curve (WRC) and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (K). This study, therefore, recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) blended with autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) grains (% of substitution on the mass basis from 0 to 50%) were used to examine the WRC and K for unbound roadbed materials in Vietnam using the evaporation method. Natural aggregates (NA) and Toyoura sand were used as control and reference material. Results showed that compared to NA100% and RCA100%, the water capacity of RCA mixed samples was much improved by blending AAC grains. Toyoura sand showed higher water capacity at saturation compared to RCA100% and NA100%, but quickly became lowest when matric potential exceeds 10 kPa. Toyoura sand showed the highest saturated hydraulic conductivity, but decreased dramatically around 10 kPa, while other tested samples remained higher K. The original van Genuchten – Mualem model was well fitted for Toyoura sand and underestimated for other tested samples, but showed an agreement with estimated conductivity parameter ranging from – 3.0 to -4.4.

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47

Anbarasan, Indhumathi, and Nagan Soundarapandian. "Investigation of mechanical and micro structural properties of geopolymer concrete blended by dredged marine sand and manufactured sand under ambient curing conditions." Structural Concrete 21, no. 3 (November 26, 2019): 992–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/suco.201900343.

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48

V. Vijayalakshmi, S. Sathish, and K. Sivasubramaniam. "Hydrophilic polymer seed coating on drought Mitigation in Black Gram Var. VBN 8 (Vigna mungo L.)." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 29, no. 02 (2023): 676–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i02.020.

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Анотація:

An investigation was carried out to standardize the suitable hydrophilic polymer seed coating technique to withstand drought in rainfed Black gram cv. VBN 8. Seven organic hydrophilic polymers namely, Ethyl cellulose, Methyl Cellulose, Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose, Agar Agar, Xanthan Gum, Carrageenan and Gum Arabic were taken and their gel formation and water holding capacities were studied. Among all the polymers Xanthan Gum, Carrageenan, Agar Agar, Carboxy methyl cellulose and Gum Arabic showed higher potential in terms of gel formation and water holding capacity and were used for seed coating studies in three different concentrations (1, 2 and 3%) with two different dosages (20 ml and 40 ml /kg of seeds) and subjected to germination test under 60 % WHC of sand. Results revealed that seeds coated with 2 % carrageenan @ 40 ml /kg of seeds performed better in terms of all seed quality parameters under water stress which was on par with 2% Xanthangum@ 40 ml /kg coated seeds. Further the five identified polymers were tried in combinations. Each polymer were blended with other polymers in the ratio of 1:1 and 3:1 and studied for their stress avoidance potential under 60 % water holding capacity of sand. The results revealed that Blackgram seeds coated with 2 % Agar blended Carrageenan in the ratio of 3:1 @ 40 ml / kg performed better in terms of seed quality parameters and expressed promising effect in drought mitigation.

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49

Meziane, El-Hadj, Karim Ezziane, Said Kenai, and Abdelkader Kadri. "Mechanical, hydration, and durability modifications provided to mortar made with crushed sand and blended cements." Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 29, no. 18 (May 26, 2015): 1987–2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2015.1048931.

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50

Raj, Dev, P. C. Sharma, and Devina Vaidya. "Effect of blending and storage on quality characteristics of blended sand pear-apple juice beverage." Journal of Food Science and Technology 48, no. 1 (October 8, 2010): 102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13197-010-0098-x.

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