Статті в журналах: "Sampling of Two Characters"

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Hariyadi, Slamet, M. Nasir Tamalene, and Aekanu Hariyono. "Ethnopedagogy of the osing tribe folk song: exploration and formation of biology learning character." Biosfer 12, no. 2 (November 21, 2019): 258–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/biosferjpb.v12n2.258-276.

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Exploration of ethnopedagogical values of the Osing tribe is essential to uncover the values of biological characters because the Osing tribe 3closely related to the application of biological science, for example, in utilizing plants for traditional ceremonial activities or as medicinal plants. This study aims to explore the character values contained in the folk song of the Osing Banyuwangi tribe, related to the formation of attitudes or characters needed in studying biology. The study was conducted using a survey method using structured interview techniques, semi-structured interviews, and in-depth interviews of 15 informants selected using Purposive Sampling and snowball sampling techniques. Data analysis consists of 3 stages: data reduction, data presentation, and making conclusions. The results of the study mentioned that the ethno-pedagogical values are found in “Tetak-tetak” and “Nggolek Ilmu” folk song of Fatrah-Abal. These two songs express explicit and implicit values of biological characters. The tetak-tetak and nggolek ilmu folk song became a community media in instilling the attitude or character values needed in studying biology at pre-school age. These values will be further developed in learning biology in schools, which are carried out in an integrated manner in affective aspect.

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Asrial, Asrial, Syahrial Syahrial, Dwi Agus Kurniawan, and Juwita Saputri. "E-Module Based on Local Wisdom Ngubat Padi Improves Students' Social Care Character." Jurnal Ilmiah Sekolah Dasar 5, no. 4 (November 8, 2021): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jisd.v5i4.36206.

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The use of teaching materials is essential for a teacher to deliver learning materials. Moreover, the selection of the wrong teaching materials can affect the character of students who will become weak. This study aims to analyze the relationship between social care characters integrated with electronic modules based on local wisdom of rice cultivation. The research method uses associative quantitative research, which aims to link an indicator. The research subjects were fourth-grade students, with the sampling technique being total sampling. The data collection instrument used was a questionnaire. Data analysis used descriptive statistics by using a correlation test to determine the relationship between two variables. The results in this study are that the social character of the students has a suitable category, seen from the indicators of social care character after using an electronic module based on local wisdom, strengthened by the correlation results obtained by 0.969 and produces a positive relationship. Therefore, teachers need to implement electronic modules based on local knowledge in learning to instill social care characters in students.

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Hidayat, Thomas, Mennofatria Boer, M. Mukhlis Kamal, Zairion, and Ali Suman. "Morfometric Character of Longtail Tuna (Thunnus Tonggol)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1224, no. 1 (August 1, 2023): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1224/1/012013.

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Abstract Longtail tuna is a pelagic fish that has a wide distribution from the Java Sea to the Natuna Sea or the South China Sea. This study aims to identified the character of the population and determine differences in population/stock of longtail tuna among stock in the Java Sea and the Natuna Sea. Sampling was carried out from May 2018 to April 2019, in Pekalongan representing the Java Sea, Pemangkat representing the west Natuna Sea and Tanjung Pinang representing the east Natuna Sea. The morphometric measurement consists of 20 characters, morphometric data is standardized by dividing all the morphometric characters by the standard length (SL). Principal components and discriminant functions analysis was employed to analyze morphometric variables to obtain distinguishing characters and stock identification. Discriminant Analysis to see the components of intra and inter-population sharing was carried out using SPPS ver.16 software. The results of Principal components analysis (PCA) found there are two distinguishing morphometric characters, namely: pelvic fin length (PeL) and anal fin length (PAF) characters. Canonical discriminant analysis found two subpopulation longtail tuna, which is one sub population Java Sea and west Natuna Sea, the other is east Natuna Sea sub population.

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LIU, BIN-BIN, and DE-YUAN HONG. "Identity of Pourthiaea podocarpifolia (Rosaceae)." Phytotaxa 269, no. 3 (August 5, 2016): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.269.3.5.

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Based on extensive field observations, population sampling, examination of a large number of specimens, and subsequent statistical analysis, we found that the characters used previously to distinguish between Pourthiaea blinii and P. podocarpifolia (Rosaceae), i.e. the density of indumentum on the lower surface of leaf blade and inflorescences, are extremely various within a population and continuous in variation, and show no character correlation. These characters are therefore of little value for delimiting these two species. Here we reduce P. podocarpifolia to the synonymy of P. blinii. Lectotypification is made for both Cotoneaster blinii (basionym of Pourthiaea blinii) and Photinia podocarpifolia (basionym of Pourthiaea podocarpifolia).

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Sapukh, Tatiana V., and Anastasia V. Chernikova. "SPEECH CHARACTERISTICS AND METHODS OF ITS TRANSLATION." Sovremennye issledovaniya sotsialnykh problem 14, no. 3 (October 31, 2022): 172–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2022-14-3-172-182.

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Background. The article is devoted to the study of ways to transfer the features of the character’s speech characteristics into Russian. The authors consider speech characterization as a selection of words, expressions and turns of speech, acting as a means of artistic representation of actors. The functions that perform the speech features of the character are discussed in the work. The authors analyze the ways of translating the speech characteristics of the characters of D. Mitchell’s work Black Swan Green into Russian, comparing two existing translations by T. Borovikova and A. Polyarinov. Purpose. To identify ways of translating the speech characteristics of the characters by the example of translations of the work of D. Mitchell Black Swan Green, performed by T. Borovikova and A. Polyarinov. Materials and methods. The material of the research is David Mitchell’s novel Black Swan Green, as well as its translations into Russian, made by Tatiana Borovikova and Alexey Polyarinov. The research methods were the comparative analysis, linguistic observation, as well as the continuous sampling method. Results. Based on the analysis of fragments from the work, it was revealed that when translating the speech characteristics of the characters, the translators used lexical and grammatical transformations (functional replacements, omissions, literal translation, repetition and doubling of the consonant sound, concretization and addition), trying to preserve both the plan of expression and the plan of content.

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Roeschenbleck, Joachim, Focke Albers, Kai Müller, Stefan Weinl, and Jörg Kudla. "Phylogenetics, character evolution and a subgeneric revision of the genus Pelargonium (Geraniaceae)." Phytotaxa 159, no. 2 (February 11, 2014): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.159.2.1.

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Previous molecular phylogenetic studies of Pelargonium have remained inconclusive with respect to branching patterns of major infrageneric lineages, with the exception of a basalmost generic split that reflects chromosome length differences. Because of this and the lack of clearly distinguishing morphological characters, no subgeneric classification has been undertaken so far. Here, we present increased phylogenetic signal using chloroplast atpB-rbcL spacer and trnL-F sequences including additional taxa (110 taxa in total) and character sampling. All analyses confirmed the previously recognised first split into two clades characterised by chromosome size, and also converged on four major clades (two within each chromosome size group). The four major clades are further supported by synapomorphic length mutations from both intergenic spacers. The evolution of characters from flower morphology and phenolic constituents was examined for usefulness for clade delimitation. Although character state distributions did not generally reveal clear synapomorphies for the respective lineages, differences in state distributions of floral characters and leaf phenols support the circumscription of these major clades. In particular, nectar guides and petal-ratios indicate character state shifts among clades. The leaf flavonoids, myricetin and prodelphinidin, exhibit differing evolutionary trends in Pelargonium species with small chromosomes. In summary, all results favour the recognition of four, morphologically diagnosable, lineages as subgenera and support a revised subgeneric classification of Pelargonium. In addition, a new section (stat. nov.) including two subsections (comb. nov.) is segregated from an otherwise paraphyletic section Polyactium.

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Jenner, Ronald A. "Towards a phylogeny of the Metazoa: evaluating alternative phylogenetic positions of Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, and Gnathostomulida, with a critical reappraisal of cladistic characters." Contributions to Zoology 73, no. 1-2 (2004): 3–163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-0730102001.

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This paper critically assesses all morphological cladistic analyses of the Metazoa that were published during the last one and a half decades. Molecular and total evidence analyses are also critically reviewed. This study focuses on evaluating alternative phylogenetic positions of the ‘acoelomate’ worms: Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, and Gnathostomulida. This paper consists of two parts. In Part I, all recently proposed sister group hypotheses and the supporting synapomorphies for these phyla are evaluated. Discrepancies in the treatment of corresponding characters in different cladistic analyses are identified, and where possible, resolved. In Part II, the overall phylogenetic significance across the Metazoa of all characters relevant for placing the ‘acoelomate’ worms is examined. The coding and scoring of these characters for other phyla are evaluated, and uncertainties in our understanding are pointed out in order to guide future research. The characters discussed in this paper are broadly categorized as follows: epidermis and cuticle, reproduction and sexual condition, development, larval forms, coeloms and mesoderm source, nervous system and sensory organs, nephridia, musculature, digestive system, and miscellaneous characters. Competing phylogenetic hypotheses are compared in terms of several criteria: 1) taxon sampling and the fulfillment of domain of definition for each character; 2) character sampling; 3) character coding; 4) character scoring and quality of primary homology; 5) quality of the proposed diagnostic synapomorphies as secondary homologies. On the basis of this study I conclude that a sister group for the Platyhelminthes has not yet been unambiguously established. A clade minimally composed of Neotrochozoa (Mollusca, Sipuncula, Echiura, Annelida) emerges as the most likely sister group of the Nemertea on the basis of morphological and total evidence analyses. Finally, morphological data currrently favor a sister group relationship of Gnathostomulida and Syndermata (probably plus Micrognathozoa). In contrast, molecular or total evidence analyses have not identified a reliable sister group of Gnathostomulida.Further progress in our understanding of metazoan phylogeny crucially depends on the improvement of the quality of currently adopted cladistic data matrices. A thorough reassessment of many of the more than 70 morphological characters discussed here is necessary. Despite the recent compilation of comprehensive data matrices, the power to test competing hypotheses of higher-level metazoan relationships is critically compromised due to uncritical data selection and poor character study in even the most recently published cladistic analyses.

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Huque, Abu Sayeed Ahsanul, Mainul Haque, Haidar A. Khan, Abdullah Al Helal, and Khawza I. Ahmed. "Comparative Study of KNN, SVM and SR Classifiers in Recognizing Arabic Handwritten Characters Employing Feature Fusion." Signal and Image Processing Letters 1, no. 2 (July 19, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31763/simple.v1i2.1.

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This paper evaluates and compares the performance of K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Sparse Representation Classifier (SRC) for recognition of isolated Arabic handwritten characters. The proposed framework converts the gray-scale character image to a binary image through Otsu thresholding, and size-normalizes the binary image for feature extraction. Next, we exploit image down-sampling and the histogram of image gradients as features for image classification and apply fusion (combination) of these features to improve the recognition accuracy. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated on Isolated Farsi/Arabic Handwritten Character Database (IFHCDB) – a large dataset containing gray scale character images. Experimental results reveal that the histogram of gradient consistently outperforms down-sampling based features, and the fusion of these two feature sets achieves the best performance. Likewise, SRC and SVM both outperform KNN, with the latter performing the best among the three. Finally, we achieved a commanding accuracy of 93.71% in character recognition with fusion of features classified by SVM, where 92.06% and 91.10% is achieved by SRC and KNN respectively.

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Vamvakas, Georgios, Basilis Gatos, and Stavros J. Perantonis. "Handwritten character recognition through two-stage foreground sub-sampling." Pattern Recognition 43, no. 8 (August 2010): 2807–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2010.02.018.

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Khare, B. B., and R. R. Sinha. "ESTIMATION OF PRODUCT OF TWO POPULATION MEANS BY MULTI-AUXILIARY CHARACTERS UNDER DOUBLE SAMPLING THE NON-RESPONDENTS." Statistics in Transition New Series 20, no. 3 (2019): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21307/stattrans-2019-025.

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Wulandari, Antonina Pantja Juni. "The Description of Resilient and Competitive Characters of The Senior High School Students in Jakarta." Humaniora 7, no. 2 (April 30, 2016): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v7i2.3524.

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Article described resilient and competitive characters of Senior High School students in Jakarta. This research used the descriptive quantitative research methodology. The population in this research was taken from class 12 students of Senior High School in Jakarta. The sample-taking technique used non-probability sampling. The data collection used the questionnaires given to Senior High School students around Jakarta. The questionnaire consists of two psychological measuring instruments, namely resilient and competitive characters. The measuring instrument for the resilient character was taken from the resilience theory, Resilience Scale (RS), which was developed by Wagnild and Young. The measuring instrument for the competitive character was taken from the achievement motivation theory that is the motivation to encourage a person to be successful in competition with a standard of excellence. Based on the result of this research, the average value of the resilient character is 2.98, while the average value of the competitive character is 2.92. The largest resilient character category is in the high category with the percentage of 59%, while the largest competitive category is in the high category with 224 students and the percentage of 58%. The suggestion for the school is that the teaching of resilient and competitive characters can be presented in the example, definition, discussion, and role-playing. The suggestion for the teacher is to give rewards for students with good characters. The reward is not only for the achievement, but students with good character should be praised to maintain their behavior and use it as the model for other students. The suggestion for the next researcher is that the qualitative research can be used to observe resilient and competitive character from family or school.

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Maulida, Laela, Ni Wayan Sri Suliartini, and I. Wayan Sudika. "Identification Of Quantitative Characters of Two Pineapple Varieties (Ananas comosus L. Merr) Resulted By Propagation Of Stem Cutting In Okinawa Prefecture." Jurnal Biologi Tropis 23, no. 3 (July 4, 2023): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v23i3.5070.

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Pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr) is one of the significant yields and the fundamental product created in Okinawa since it is appropriate climatic condition for pineapple improvement. seeds. This study intends to decide the quantitative characters of seedlings from stem engendering of pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr) stem cutting on two assortments in Okinawa, Japan. The review was led in December 2022 at Yagaji Island Nursery, Okinawa, Japan. A quantitative descriptive approach was used in the research, and random sampling was used to select 15 seedlings from each variety based on their age, starting at 60 HST, 90 HST, and 120 HST, for a total of 90 samples. Each seed test was noticed in view of boundaries set each month, in particular seedlding level, stem width number of leaves and. Research information were dissected utilizing basic measurement examination. The mean of each character was tried utilizing the T-test at the 5% level and the connection between's qualities was broke down utilizing the r-test at the 5% level. The outcomes showed that there were contrasts in quantitative characters of the two assortments, specifically the N67-10 assortment showing taller seedlings, more number of leaves and bigger stem at the three periods of perception, with the exception of 60 days for stem distance across and 120 days for seedling level. With a range of 0.44-0.77, the phenotypic correlation between characters is real.

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King, Benedict. "Which morphological characters are influential in a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis? Examples from the earliest osteichthyans." Biology Letters 15, no. 7 (July 2019): 20190288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0288.

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There has been much recent debate about which method is best for reconstructing the tree of life from morphological datasets. However, little attention has been paid to which characters, if any, are responsible for topological differences between trees recovered from competing methods on empirical datasets. Indeed, a simple procedure for finding characters supporting conflicting tree topologies is available in a parsimony framework, but an equivalent procedure in a model-based framework is lacking. Here, I introduce such a procedure and apply it to the problem of the ‘psarolepid’ osteichthyans. The ‘psarolepids’, which include the earliest known osteichthyans, are weakly supported as stem osteichthyans under parsimony but strongly supported as sarcopterygians in Bayesian analysis. The Bayesian result is driven by just two characters, both of which relate to the intracranial joint of sarcopterygians. Important characters that support a stem osteichthyan affinity for ‘psarolepids’, such as the absence of tooth enamel, have virtually no effect in a Bayesian framework. This is because of a bias towards characters with relatively complete sampling, a bias that has previously been reported for molecular data. This has important implications for Bayesian analysis of morphological datasets in general, as characters from different body parts commonly have different levels of coding completeness. Methods to critically appraise character support for conflicting phylogenetic hypotheses, such as that used here, should form an important part of phylogenetic analyses.

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Hopkins, Tapani, Heikki Roininen, Simon van Noort, Gavin R. Broad, Kari Kaunisto, and Ilari E. Sääksjärvi. "Extensive sampling and thorough taxonomic assessment of Afrotropical Rhyssinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) reveals two new species and demonstrates the limitations of previous sampling efforts." ZooKeys 878 (October 7, 2019): 33–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.878.37845.

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Tropical forest invertebrates, such as the parasitoid wasp family Ichneumonidae, are poorly known. This work reports some of the first results of an extensive survey implemented in Kibale National Park, Uganda. A total of 456 individuals was caught of the subfamily Rhyssinae Morley, 1913, which in the Afrotropical region was previously known from only 30 specimens. Here, the six species found at the site are described and the Afrotropical Rhyssinae are reviewed. Two new species, Epirhyssa johanna Hopkins, sp. nov. and E. quaggasp. nov., are described and a key, diagnostic characters, and descriptions for all 13 known Afrotropical species are provided, including the first description of the male of Epirhyssa overlaeti Seyrig, 1937. Epirhyssa gavinbroadi Rousse & van Noort, 2014, syn. nov. is proposed to be a synonym of E. uelensis Benoit, 1951. Extensive sampling with Malaise traps gave an unprecedented sample size, and the method is recommended for other poorly known tropical areas.

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Huda, Syamsul, Muhammad Syahrul, Mu'min Firmansyah, Rahmi Ramadhani, and Andika Eko Prasetiyo. "The Relationship between Problem-Solving Ability and Students' Characters Based on Islamic Perspectives." Tadris: Jurnal Keguruan dan Ilmu Tarbiyah 4, no. 2 (December 27, 2019): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/tadris.v4i2.5299.

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The purpose of this study was to analyze the mathematical problem-solving ability and characters of students who were taught using problem-based learning and ordinary learning based on Islamic perspectives. The instrument used in this study was a test of problem-solving ability and a students’ character questionnaire. This research was a quasi-experimental research with pre-test and post-test control group design. The sample of this research was 84 students from Private Islamic School in Medan, North Sumatera, by using a purposive sampling technique. The data in this research was declared homogenous and normal after being tested using the Levene’s Test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test. The hypothesis analyzes used was the Two Way-ANOVA test assisted by SPSS 25. The result showed that there was an improvement in mathematical problem-solving ability and students' characters through problem-based learning based on Islamic perspectives. However, there was no interaction between students' gender and problem-solving ability and character improvement based on Islamic perspectives. The gender factor in problem-based learning was not related to students’ cognitive and affective aspects. Each student with any gender had difference characters, especially related to Islamic perspectives. This research-proven that problem-based learning model had an important role in teaching and learning, and it can be used to improve students' mathematical and character problem-solving ability.

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Sidik, Umar. "ARKETIPE INISIASI DALAM CERITA ANAK PADA ANTOLOGI GURUKU IDOLAKU DAN PEMANFAATANNYA DALAM PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER ANAK." Widyaparwa 46, no. 1 (September 14, 2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/wdprw.v46i1.160.

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This study answers two questions, namely (1) what situation and condition that arise archetype initiation; and (2) how is the implication of archetype initiation in child character education.The research approach is the archetype of initiation (psychoanalysis) referring to Carl G. Jung's theory. The data sourche is chosen using purposive sampling technique. The result shows that archetypes of initiation occured by "confronting" a problem with certain situation and condition that can touch character’s psychic. However, some other stories are done by direct conditioning of the character, namely by giving an acceptable advice for the characters. The archetype initiation of stories can be an inseparable part of character building for their readers (children).In addition, the story type can provide inspiration for parents and / or teachers in the process of child character education.Penelitian ini menjawab dua pertanyaan, yaitu (1) situasi dan kondisi seperti apa sehingga memunculkan arketipe inisiasi; dan (2) bagaimanakah pemanfaatan arketipe inisiasi dalam pendidikan karakter anak. Pendekatan yang digunakan ialah arketipe inisiasi (psikoanalisis) mengacu pada teorinya Carl G. Jung. Penentuan sumber data dilakukan dengan teknik pur- posive sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa arketipe inisiasi terjadi dengan cara “membenturkan” persoalan dengan situasi dan kondisi tertentu yang dapat menyentuh ke- jiwaan tokoh. Akan tetapi, sebagian cerita yang lain dilakukan dengan cara pengondisian secara langsung terhadap tokoh, yakni dengan cara memberikan nasihat yang dapat diterima oleh tokoh. Cerita berarketipe inisiasi dapat menjadi bagian yang tidak terpisahkan dalam pembentukan karakter bagi pembacanya (anak). Selain itu, cerita tipe itu dapat memberikan inspirasi bagi orang tua dan/atau guru dalam proses pendidikan karakter bagi anak.

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Roza, André Silva, José Ricardo Miras Mermudes, and Luiz Felipe Lima da Silveira. "A New Genus and Two New Species of Fireflies from South America (Lampyridae: Lampyrinae: Photinini)." Diversity 14, no. 11 (November 19, 2022): 1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14111005.

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Lampyridae taxonomy has traditionally relied on a few characters now deemed to be highly homoplastic, and their classification—especially at the genus level—is yet to be consolidated based on rigorous phylogenetic analyses. Recent studies highlighted the value of genitalic trait variation in the evolution in Lampyridae, particularly for the rich and poorly known South American Photinini fauna. Here, we describe a new genus, with a new species from the Cerrado and another one from the Atlantic Forest. Phylogenetic analyses based on Bayesian and Maximum Parsimony approaches recovered these two species as sister to each other, which we place here in Zoiudo gen. nov. Males of this new lineage of fireflies are overall strikingly similar to Photinus Laporte 1833, but can be readily distinguished by traits heretofore neglected, including the structure of tibial spurs and many genitalic traits. Instead, Zoiudo gen. nov. is strongly supported as sister to Ybytyramoan Silveira and Mermudes, 2014, supported by eight synapomorphies, the most conspicuous being the sternum VIII with lateral margins divergent up to basal 1/5, then convergent posteriorly, and the rudimentary ventral plate of phallus. Our study confirms the value of extensive character and taxon sampling towards a revised classification of Photinini taxa and highlights the need for a continued sampling and protection of South American biomes.

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Santoso, Agung Dwi, and Purnomo Purnomo. "Variation and Phenetic Relationship of Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) In Central Java and Yogyakarta Based on Morphological Characters." Jurnal Riset Biologi dan Aplikasinya 3, no. 2 (November 11, 2021): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jrba.v3n2.p73-79.

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Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is a plant used as a mixture of cigarettes, and recreational media especially for men. This study aimed to identify variations, and determine the relationship between tobacco cultivars in Central Java and Yogyakarta based on macromorphological and micromorphological characters. Sampling locations are determined by surveying locations in both regions. Tobacco samples found include 5 cultivars in Central Java namely 'Mantili', 'Uler Magetan', 'Garut', ‘Gober Boyolali’, 'Manila', and 3 cultivars in Yogyakarta namely 'Siluk', 'Java', and 'Virginia'. Characterization with 23 qualitative macromorphological characters including leaves, and stems, with 9 qualitative and quantitative micromorphological characters including trichome and stomata. Descriptive data analysis is done to obtain the typical character of each cultivar, followed by numerical analysis including scoring characters processed with MVSP (Multi Variate Statistical Package), clustering with UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Averages), and calculation of similarity coefficients with Simple matching formula. The results showed variations in the macromorphological characters including the shape of the leaf lamina, the base of the leaf, the absence of leaf stalks, and type of leaf venation. Tobacco has anisositic stomata, and varies in terms of length, width, and density of stomata. Tobacco trichomes are glandular. The result dendrograms form two clusters (A and B) with the similarity index of each cluster above 0.80. Cultivars with close relationships such as 'Siluk'-'Java', and far relationship like 'Java'-'Manila'.

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ORLANDIN, ELTON, RYAN A. ST LAURENT, MÔNICA PIOVESAN, WINNIE HALLWACHS, ISIDRO CHACÓN, DANIEL JANZEN, and EDUARDO CARNEIRO. "Anurocampa (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): two new species, systematics and immature stages." Zootaxa 5306, no. 4 (June 22, 2023): 401–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5306.4.1.

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Notodontidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea) comprise over 4,000 described species distributed worldwide, among which nearly half are restricted to the Neotropics. Morphology of adults and immatures of Notodontidae have been broadly investigated and many larval, pupal, and adult characters were found to be synapomorphies of subfamilies and tribes. Despite this, the current classification of Notodontidae remains unsettled as most recent classification systems are contradictory due to reliance on incomplete global sampling and, many taxa, especially in the Neotropics, are still informally classified as incertae sedis. Anurocampa Herrich-Shäffer was recently treated as an incertae sedis genus, and immature and adult characters may provide further evidence for its systematic position among the Notodontidae. With this goal in mind, the present study describes the immature stages of Anurocampa mingens Herrich-Shäffer from Brazil and describes two new species in the genus from Costa Rica based on morphology and mitochondrial DNA: Anurocampa markhastingsi Chacón and St Laurent sp. nov. and Anurocampa abelardochaconi Chacón and St Laurent sp. nov. and discusses the systematic position of Anurocampa.

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Parker, William G. "Revised phylogenetic analysis of the Aetosauria (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia); assessing the effects of incongruent morphological character sets." PeerJ 4 (January 21, 2016): e1583. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1583.

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Aetosauria is an early-diverging clade of pseudosuchians (crocodile-line archosaurs) that had a global distribution and high species diversity as a key component of various Late Triassic terrestrial faunas. It is one of only two Late Triassic clades of large herbivorous archosaurs, and thus served a critical ecological role. Nonetheless, aetosaur phylogenetic relationships are still poorly understood, owing to an overreliance on osteoderm characters, which are often poorly constructed and suspected to be highly homoplastic. A new phylogenetic analysis of the Aetosauria, comprising 27 taxa and 83 characters, includes more than 40 new characters that focus on better sampling the cranial and endoskeletal regions, and represents the most comprenhensive phylogeny of the clade to date. Parsimony analysis recovered three most parsimonious trees; the strict consensus of these trees finds an Aetosauria that is divided into two main clades: Desmatosuchia, which includes the Desmatosuchinae and the Stagonolepidinae, and Aetosaurinae, which includes the Typothoracinae. As defined Desmatosuchinae now containsNeoaetosauroides engaeusand several taxa that were previously referred to the genusStagonolepis, and a new clade, Desmatosuchini, is erected for taxa more closely related toDesmatosuchus. Overall support for some clades is still weak, and Partitioned Bremer Support (PBS) is applied for the first time to a strictly morphological dataset demonstrating that this weak support is in part because of conflict in the phylogenetic signals of cranial versus postcranial characters. PBS helps identify homoplasy among characters from various body regions, presumably the result of convergent evolution within discrete anatomical modules. It is likely that at least some of this character conflict results from different body regions evolving at different rates, which may have been under different selective pressures.

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Ahmad, Yuliani, M. Taufik Fauzi, and Bambang Budi Santoso. "Karakter Habitus dan Viabilitas Biji Tanaman Biduri (Calotropis gigantea) Aksesi Lombok Tengah Bagian Selatan." JURNAL SAINS TEKNOLOGI & LINGKUNGAN 7, no. 1 (June 25, 2021): 114–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jstl.v7i1.238.

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This study aims to describe the morphological character and seed growth potential of biduri (Calotropis gigantea) accession growing in the tourist area of South Central Lombok (Kuta Mandalika, Tanjung Aan, and Seger), and was carried out during February-August 2020. The method used was descriptive observative with survey techniques and sampling by purposive sampling based on the population of biduri. The seed growth experiment used a completely randomized design in a greenhouse consisting of two factors, namely the type of substrate and accession, which was repeated three times, so that there were 18 experimental units. The results shows that the Kuta Mandalika Biduri accession was showed superiority in the number of fruit characters per panicle. Tanjung Aan accessions excel in branching characters (primary and secondary branches), number of panicles per tree, number of flowers per panicle, number of fruits per tree and fruit size. Meanwhile, Seger accessions were superior in terms of plant height, seed size and weight of 100 seeds. There were no character differences in seed viability of the three accessions. The closest genetic-relationship occurs in the Kuta Mandalika accession of plot 2 sample 2 with the Kuta Mandalika accession of plot 3 sample 1 marked with a coefficient value of 1.00. Meanwhile, the furthest relationship was found in the Kuta Mandalika accession of plot 1 sample 1 with Tanjung Aan accession of plot 2 sample 2 marked with a coefficient value of 33.932.

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Wagner, Peter J. "Phylogenetic analyses and the fossil record: Tests and inferences, hypotheses and models." Paleobiology 26, S4 (2000): 341–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300027007.

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Tree-based paleobiological studies use inferred phylogenies as models to test hypotheses about macroevolution and the quality of the fossil record. Such studies raise two concerns. The first is how model trees might bias results. The second is testing hypotheses about parameters that affect tree inference.Bias introduced by model trees is explored for tree-based assessments of the quality of the fossil record. Several nuisance parameters affect tree-based metrics, including consistency of sampling probability, rates of speciation / extinction, patterns of speciation, applied taxonomic philosophy, and assumed taxonomy. The first two factors affect probabilistic assessments of sampling, but also can be tested and accommodated in sophisticated probability tests. However, the final three parameters (and the assumption of a correct phylogeny) do not affect probabilistic assessments.Often paleobiologists wish to test hypotheses such as rates of character change or rates of preservation. Assumptions about such parameters are necessary in simple phylogenetic methods, even if the assumptions are that rates are homogeneous or that sampling is irrelevant. Likelihood tests that evaluate phylogenies in light of stratigraphic data and / or alternative hypotheses of character evolution can reduce assumptions about unknowns by testing numerous unknowns simultaneously. Such tests have received numerous criticisms, largely based in philosophy. However, such criticisms are based on incorrect depictions of the logical structures of parsimony and likelihood, misunderstandings about when arguments are probabilistic (as opposed to Boolean), overly restrictive concepts of when data can test a hypothesis, and simply incorrect definitions of some terms.Likelihood methods can test multiparameter hypotheses about phylogeny and character evolution (i.e., rates, independence, etc.). The best hypothesis positing a single rate of independent character change (with no variation among character states) is determined for each topology. Hypotheses about rate variation among characters or across phylogeny, character independence, and different patterns of state evolution then are examined until one finds the simplest (i.e., fewest varying parameters) hypothesis that cannot be rejected given knowledge of a more complicated hypothesis. This is repeated for alternative topologies. An example is presented using hyaenids. Two trees are contrasted, one of which requires the minimum necessary steps and the other of which requires at least seven additional steps. Given either tree, likelihood rejects fewer than three general rates of character change and also rejects the hypothesis of independence among the characters. However, hypotheses of changes in rates across the tree do not add substantially to the tree likelihood. The likelihoods of the trees given stratigraphic data also are determined. Both morphologic and stratigraphic data suggest that the multiparameter hypothesis including the parsimony tree is significantly less likely than the multiparameter hypothesis including a different tree.

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Heryanto, R., T. Arlianti, S. Wahyuni, and S. Purwiyanti. "Observation and morphological character of Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) in Ciampea, Bogor Regency." E3S Web of Conferences 373 (2023): 03017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337303017.

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Bogor Regency is one of the regions in Indonesia that produces quite large noni fruits. Noni fruit is a plant that has benefits as a medicine and is often used in traditional medicine. This study aimed to determine the diversity of noni fruit plants in Ciampea, Bogor Regency, based on characteristic morphology. The methods used are survey methods, characterization, and interviews with farmers. Purposive Random Sampling method to create a sample. The morphological characters observed include qualitative and quantitative characters of plant habitus, leaf, and fruit. Based on the quantitative character of the height of the plant from 3 meters to 8 meters, the stem diameter was 40.5-90 cm, the length of the leaves was 22.8 - 27.4 cm, the leaf width was 12-14.9 cm, the fruit length was 9-11 cm, and the fruit width was 5 cm. The results of qualitative characters showed no differences such as leaf color, leaf tip shape, leaf surface, young fruit color, ripening, and texture of the fruit peel. However, based on the shape of the fruit, there are differences, namely, obovate wide and narrowly obovate. Based on the dendrogram, the plants were grouped into two.

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Álvaro, J. Javier, and Jorge Esteve. "Reply to Comment on: Álvaro J.J., Esteve, J. & Zamora, S. 2019. Morphological assessment of the earliest paradoxidid trilobites (Cambrian Series 3) from Morocco and Spain [Geological Magazine] by Geyer G, Nowicki J, Żylińska A & Landing E." Geological Magazine 157, no. 12 (April 13, 2020): 1971–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756820000217.

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AbstractTwo research teams have different opinions regarding the number of paradoxidine species close to the base of the Miaolingian in Morocco and Spain. Geyer & Vincent (2015) recognized five species based on a mosaic of overlapping characters that include some relative length and width ratios, qualitative descriptions of cranidial and pygidial outlines, and relief observations. In contrast, Álvaro et al. (2018) conducted a morphometric analysis of all these specimens from the Cambropallas telesto acme level of the Assemame quarry and concluded that the Moroccan material had been taxonomically over-split and was represented by only two species, Acadoparadoxides mureroensis and A. nobilis. Subsequently, Geyer et al. (2019) commented that we had not analysed some diagnostic characters, and applied the stratigraphic setting of their morphospecies as a diagnostic character for taxonomic identification. After sampling the Cambropallas telesto acme level in the Taroucht quarry, where the other team purchased its collection, and re-analysing the diagnostic characters claimed by Geyer et al. (2019), our conclusions are maintained: (i) morphometric values of several paratype specimens fall outside the purported ranges of diagnostic characters; (ii) all 2D morphometric analyses incorporating the diagnostic characters of the morphospecies are unable to detect interspecific differences, except for A. nobilis; and (iii) the slight concavity displayed by some pygidia, strongly controlled by preservation, is in need of 3D biometrical analysis. Hence, our proposed synonymy should be maintained until 3D statistical analyses are available on material preserved in carbonate or concretions.

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Hartatik, Nia Sri, Eddy Tri Sucianto, and Endang Sri Purwati. "Genera Jamur Patogen dan Persentase Penyakit Bercak Daun yang ditemukan pada Pertanaman Sawi Hijau (Brassica juncea) di Desa Serang, Kecamatan Karangreja, Purbalingga." BioEksakta : Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi Unsoed 2, no. 3 (December 23, 2020): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.bioe.2020.2.3.3387.

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Green mustard (Brassica juncea) is an annual or horticultural plant of the Brassica genus. The purpose of this research is to knowledge the type of fungi that cause leaf spot disease on green mustard plants and to know the large percentage of leaf spot diseases caused by fungus on mustard greens in Serang Village, Karangreja District, Purbalingga. This research is used survey method by taking purposive random sampling at two different locations. The type of fungus that causes leaf spot disease on (B. juncea) mustard green can be identified by isolating the part of plants are sick then identified. Identification of fungi is doing by two stages of observation, that is observation macromorphological characters and micromorphological characters. Observation of macromorphological characters includes colony color, colony shape, the edge of colony shape and colony reverse color. Observation of the micromorphology character includes the presence of hyphae, hyphae (insulated or non-insulated), conidia shape, conidia color, additional devices and conidiophores. The next stage to find out the type of fungus that causes leaf spot disease is Koch's Postulate.The results obtained there is one type of disease in green mustard plants. Leaf spot is one of the diseases of mustard greens caused by the fungus Alternaria sp, with a frequency of leaf spot disease as many as 196 times, and the percentage of disease of 51,30%.

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Zaelani Adnan, Ahmad, Eeng Ahman, Nanang Fattah, Tjutju Yuniarsih, Disman Disman, Syamsul Hadi Senen, and Suwatno Suwatno. "ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION STRATEGY IN SHAPING THE LEADERSHIP CHARACTERS OF THE LEADERS IN OIL AND GAS ACADEMY (AKAMIGAS), INDRAMAYU." Dinasti International Journal of Economics, Finance & Accounting 1, no. 5 (November 5, 2020): 761–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.38035/dijefa.v1i5.581.

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Communication acts as an instrument for everyone to interact both in formal and informal matters in daily life. The purpose of this study was to analyse organizational communication strategies in shaping the leadership character of the leaders of the Indramayu Oil and Gas Academy (AKAMIGAS). This study uses a qualitative approach, by determining the informants using purposive sampling and snowball sampling. Data collection techniques are using observation and interviews. Based on the results of research and discussion that structured information dissemination using the institution's primary online media as a communication strategy, team work, and leadership competency training are strategies used to form leadership characters that must be nurtured by the organization. Based on the results that the author has carefully examined, by conducting observations and interviews in the organization of communication strategies conducted using downward communication and upward communication. With these two ways communication strategies can be carried out with leaders and subordinates as the creation of communication that influences the organization's progress

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Cutting, James E. "The Framing of Characters in Popular Movies." Art & Perception 3, no. 2 (2015): 191–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134913-00002031.

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I investigated the number and locations of characters as they appear on the screen in 48 popular movies released from 1935 to 2010. Sampling an average of one of every 500 frames (∼20 s of film) I amassed data from almost 14 000 movie images. The number and placement of the characters in each image were digitally recorded and compared across years and across aspect ratios (the ratio of the width to the height of the image). Results show a roughly linear decrease in the number of characters on the screen across years. Moreover, the number of characters influences shot scale, shot duration, and mediates their direct effect on one another. The location of characters on the screen was measured by the bridge of the nose between the eyes. By this measure I found that framing varies widely across aspect ratios, but when each image is conformed to the same shape, the overlap of the locations of characters is remarkably constant across years and aspect ratios for images with one, two, and three characters. Together, these results exemplify both constancy and change in the evolution of popular movies.

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Velusamy, Karthika, and J. Kannan. "Seasonal Variation in Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Characteristics of Sewage Water from Sewage Treatment Plants." Current World Environment 11, no. 3 (December 25, 2016): 791–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.11.3.14.

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The present research deals with the study of physico-chemical and bacteriological characteristics of sewage water collected from three different sites of Coimbatore during two consecutive seasons. Seasonal variations indicated that the most of the nutrients (viz., total N, phosphates) and salts (nitrates, chlorides and sulphates) are present abundantly at pre-monsoon and the physical characters like TSS (600 mg/L) are more at post-monsoon. Multiple comparisons made using analysis of variance showed that the Ukkadam sampling point varies significantly from other two points. The total coliform count for the Ukkadam samples were >2400 (MPN/100ml) in raw sewage. This study concludes that the physicochemical characters and microbiological characters are outrageous in the raw sewage and upon the treatment the undesirable characters are reduced. Studies on the sewage characteristics of treatment plants are crucial to know the pollutant levels upon the various time scales and the treatment status which is necessary to improve the state of the art of the treatment process.

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MABEE, PAULA M., ERICKA A. GREY, GLORIA ARRATIA, NINA BOGUTSKAYA, ALICJA BORON, †MILES M. COBURN, KEVIN W. CONWAY, et al. "Gill arch and hyoid arch diversity and cypriniform phylogeny: Distributed integration of morphology and web-based tools." Zootaxa 2877, no. 1 (May 13, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2877.1.1.

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Using the multiple tools available to support an online collaborative environment, we surveyed 62 morphological features from the hyoid arch and gill arches of 53 species of cypriniform fishes that matched those sampled in recent molecularanalyses and two sets of outgroup species (‘Saitoh outgroups’ and ‘Basal outgroups’). This is a skeletal region whose variation is considered historically significant within fishes and Cypriniformes in particular, and we review previous work in light of our own. The clarity of description of characters was enhanced by the use of a community reference ontology, the Teleost Anatomy Ontology. Terms, synonyms, and definitions for skeletal features from this region were contributed to this ontology, and links to these terms and relationships are included in our character descriptions. One thousand two hundred sixty-three images of features from this region were linked to ontology terms and deposited in a community image repository, Morphbank; these are linked to the characters described herein. Character data were analyzed using parsimony and Bayesian methods for two sets of outgroups, one of which matched that used in previous molecular analyses. The parsimony results, using either outgroup set, indicated similar higher-level relationships, including a sister group relationship between cyprinids and loaches. A basal trichotomy among Gyrinocheilus, catostomids and cyprinids + loaches was the result of Saitoh outgroup analysis in contrast to a sister group relationship between Gyrinocheilus and catostomids discovered in the Basal outgroup analysis. Interestingly, analyses including basal outgroups recovered a monophyletic Cyprinidae, consistent with all previous studies. Character evolution that supports higher-level nodes of interest in the consensus tree is described. In some respects, it might be a surprise that 62 morphological characters from a small skeletal region for only 53 cypriniform species (out of over 3,200 total species) could provide as much resolution as it does. We expect, however, further phylogenetic resolution as morphological data from across skeleton regions are combined, species sampling is increased, and molecular data are added.

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Choi, Hyeok Jae, Liliana M. Giussani, Chang Gee Jang, Byoung Un Oh, and J. Hugo Cota-Sánchez. "Systematics of disjunct northeastern Asian and northern North American Allium (Amaryllidaceae)." Botany 90, no. 6 (June 2012): 491–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b2012-031.

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This study was undertaken to better understand Allium infrageneric taxonomy, character evolution, species diversification, and patterns of radiation in disjunct species between the New and Old World using morphological and molecular data. Taxonomic sampling focused on northeastern Asian (mainly Korean and northeastern Chinese) and representative disjunct northern North American (Canadian) species. Pistil and seed testa morphology was investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. These characters were useful to assess degree of relationship at different taxonomic levels in Allium. Phylogenetic studies included nrDNA ITS and cpDNA trnL–trnF sequence data analyzed using maximum parsimony approaches. Our molecular phylogeny recovers a similar topology to that published in recent studies and confirms three major evolutionary lines and patterns of radiation regarding the ancestors of subgenera Amerallium and Anguinum in the genus. The northeastern Asian and northern North American disjunction in this genus is inferred to be the result of multiple intercontinental migrations. Seed testa sculpture attributes in combination with seed shape provide key characters to distinguish Allium’s major clades in the molecular phylogeny. The two types of ovarian processes, basal hood-like and apical crest-like in disjunct Old and New World species, respectively, are newly derived characters in each continent. Most infrageneric Allium groups are monophyletic, while subgenus Cepa is polyphyletic.

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Lebrun, P., L. Baudouin, R. Bourdeix, J. Louis Konan, J. HA Barker, C. Aldam, A. Herrán, and E. Ritter. "Construction of a linkage map of the Rennell Island Tall coconut type (Cocos nucifera L.) and QTL analysis for yield characters." Genome 44, no. 6 (December 1, 2001): 962–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g01-085.

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AFLP and SSR DNA markers were used to construct a linkage map in the coconut (Cocos nucifera L.; 2n = 32) type Rennell Island Tall (RIT). A total of 227 markers were arranged into 16 linkage groups. The total genome length corresponded to 1971 cM for the RIT map, with 523 markers per linkage group. QTL analysis for yield characters in two consecutive sampling periods identified nine loci. Three and two QTLs were detected for number of bunches and one and three QTLs for number of nuts. The correlation of trait values between characters and evaluation periods is partially reflected in identical QTLs. The QTLs represent characters that are important in coconut breeding. The cosegregation of markers with these QTLs provides an opportunity for marker-assisted selection in coconut breeding programmes.Key words: coconut, QTL, AFLP, SSR, marker-assisted selection (MAS).

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Wang, Ning, Huateng Huang, and Li-Bin Ma. "The intraspecific variation of morphology and coloration of field crickets: a taxonomic revision of Chinese Gymnogryllus Saussure, 1877 and Phonarellus Gorochov, 1983 (Orthoptera, Gryllidae, Gryllini)." ZooKeys 1129 (November 15, 2022): 85–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1129.87706.

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After extensive sampling of specimens from species found in China, we examined the intraspecific morphological variation of several characters used for species delimitation in two closely related cricket genera, Gymnogryllus Saussure, 1877 and Phonarellus Gorochov, 1983. We found that the characters (male genitalia in Gymnogryllus odonopetalus Xie & Zheng, 2003 and Phonarellus ritsemae (Saussure, 1877), and coloration of the hind leg in Phonarellus minor (Chopard, 1959)) exhibit considerable amounts of variation within species, and are thus not reliable characters for species differentiation. Therefore, we revised the taxonomy of these two genera. Five synonyms are proposed: G. yunnanensis (= G. odonopetalus) syn. nov., G. striatus (= G. odonopetalus) syn. nov., G. longus (= G. odonopetalus) syn. nov., G. tumidulus (= G. odonopetalus) syn. nov., and P. flavipes (= P. minor) syn. nov. All species mentioned above are described and illustrated. Keys and a distribution map are provided.

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SHAW, MATTHEW. "Delimiting the Dermanyssoidea." Zoosymposia 22 (November 30, 2022): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.22.1.127.

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The Dermanyssoidea and the Eviphidoidea are two closely related diverse superfamilies within the mite order Mesostigmata. This diversity accrues from their remarkable ecological vagility. The Dermanyssoidea is particularly prone to evolve symbioses with larger animals. Our understanding of the relationships within and between these superfamilies remain unsatisfactory. Various currently-used characters used to recognise the Dermanyssoidea are plesiomorphies and cannot clearly unite this grouping or define it with respect to the Eviphidoidea. While integrated phylogeny will assist in resolving these issues, for key taxa there is a need to further refine available characters to render them usable as homology statements. Several phylogenetically useful characters are outlined. Key characters, when clearly defined, will help the search for natural groups. This will guide phylogenetic sampling and make subsequent tests of evolutionary ecological questions coherent. These needs persist despite widespread calls (coming from outside of acarology) to distil the number of characters used to describe taxa at the species level.

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Tang, Xiangjun, He Wang, Bo Hu, Xu Gong, Ruifan Yi, Qilong Kou, and Xiaogang Jin. "Real-time controllable motion transition for characters." ACM Transactions on Graphics 41, no. 4 (July 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3528223.3530090.

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Real-time in-between motion generation is universally required in games and highly desirable in existing animation pipelines. Its core challenge lies in the need to satisfy three critical conditions simultaneously: quality, controllability and speed , which renders any methods that need offline computation (or post-processing) or cannot incorporate (often unpredictable) user control undesirable. To this end, we propose a new real-time transition method to address the aforementioned challenges. Our approach consists of two key components: motion manifold and conditional transitioning. The former learns the important low-level motion features and their dynamics; while the latter synthesizes transitions conditioned on a target frame and the desired transition duration. We first learn a motion manifold that explicitly models the intrinsic transition stochasticity in human motions via a multi-modal mapping mechanism. Then, during generation, we design a transition model which is essentially a sampling strategy to sample from the learned manifold, based on the target frame and the aimed transition duration. We validate our method on different datasets in tasks where no post-processing or offline computation is allowed. Through exhaustive evaluation and comparison, we show that our method is able to generate high-quality motions measured under multiple metrics. Our method is also robust under various target frames (with extreme cases).

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Flores, Jorge R., Samuli Lehtonen, and Jaakko Hyvönen. "Exploring the impact of unstable terminals on branch support values in paleontological data." Paleobiology 47, no. 3 (February 15, 2021): 432–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pab.2020.64.

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AbstractRecent studies have acknowledged the many benefits of including fossils in phylogenetic inference (e.g., reducing long-branch attraction). However, unstable taxa are known to be problematic, as they can reduce either the resolution of the strict consensus or branch support. In this study, we evaluate whether unstable taxa that reduce consensus resolution affect support values, and the extent of such impact, under equal and extended implied weighting. Two sets of analyses were conducted across 30 morphological datasets to evaluate complementary aspects. The first focused on the analytical conditions incrementing the terminal instability, while the second assessed whether pruning wildcards improves support. Changes in support were compared with the “number of nodes collapsed by unstable terminals,” their “distance to the root,” the “proportion of missing data in a dataset,” and the “proportion of sampled characters.” Our results indicate that the proportion of missing entries distributed among closely related taxa (for a given character) might be as detrimental for stability as those distributed among characters (for a given terminal). Unstable terminals that (1) collapse few nodes or (2) are closely located to the root node have more influence on the estimated support values. Weighting characters according to their extra steps while assuming that missing entries contribute to their homoplasy reduced the instability of wildcards. Our results suggest that increasing character sampling and using extended implied weighting decreases the impact of wildcard terminals. This study provides insights for designing future research dealing with unstable terminals, a typical problem of paleontological data.

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Vanzolini, Paulo Emilio. "On the geographical differentiation of Gymnodactylus geckoides Spix, 1825 (Sauria, Gekkonidae): speciation in the Brasilian caatingas." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 76, no. 4 (December 2004): 663–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652004000400005.

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The specific concept of G. geckoides was initially ascertained based on a topotypical sample from Salvador, Bahia. Geographic differentiation was studied through the analysis of two meristic characters (tubercles in a paramedian row and fourth toe lamellae) and color pattern of 327 specimens from 23 localities. It is shown that the population from the southernmost locality, Mucugê, is markedly divergent in all characters studied. A Holocene refuge model is proposed to explain the pattern. A decision about the rank to be attributed to the Mucugê population is deferred until more detailed sampling is effected and molecular methods are applied.

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Šípek, Petr, Petr Janšta, and David Král. "Immature stages of Euchirinae (Coleoptera:Scarabaeoidea): genera Cheirotonus and Propomacrus with comments on their phylogeny based on larval and adult characters." Invertebrate Systematics 25, no. 4 (2011): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is11028.

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We report the discovery of the larvae of Propomacrus bimucronatus (Pallas, 1781) in their natural habitat; providing notes on their biology based on field observations and laboratory-bred specimens. We give a detailed description of Cheirotonus formosanus Ohaus, 1913 and P. cypriacus Alexis & Markis, 2002 larvae as well as a redescription of the immature stages of P. bimucronatus and present the first diagnosis of larval Euchirinae. Based on 105 morphological and ecological characters of adults and larvae in 24 taxa of Scarabaeoidea, we discuss the phylogenetic relationships of Euchirinae within the group. Our results corroborate Euchirinae monophyly, supported by two larval synapomorphic characters; however, no adult autapomorphic characters were detected. The results of 15 separate phylogenetic analyses (differing in the set of terminalia, characters and in the optimality criteria) indicate a possible sister group relationship between Euchirinae and a clade comprising Melolonthinae + Rutelinae + Dynastinae, with Cetoniinae being a sister group to the whole clade. Larval characters represent a valuable source of information for the systematics of Scarabaeoidea; however, special effort should be paid to improve the still unsatisfactory sampling of immature data.

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COSTA, SUZANA M., FABIO A. VITTA, WILLIAM W. THOMAS, A. MUTHAMA MUASYA, ROSEMERI MOROKAWA, VOLKER BITTRICH, GEORGE J. SHEPHERD, and MARIA DO CARMO E. DO AMARAL. "An updated generic circumscription for Cryptangieae (Cyperaceae, Poales) based on a molecular phylogeny and a morphological character reconstruction." Phytotaxa 483, no. 3 (February 12, 2021): 211–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.483.3.2.

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Cryptangieae is a monophyletic tribe, as asserted in a recent molecular hypothesis, but there are questions about the circumscription and relationships of its genera. We enlarged the sampling of the tribe diversity, including about 80% of known species, and provide new analyses using single and combined matrices from two chloroplast (rbcL and trnL-F) and three nuclear ribosomal (ITS, ETS and 5S-NTS) regions with Bayesian Inference to clarify these questions. We also performed character reconstruction analyses with diagnostic morphological characters, including some traditionally applied in Cryptangieae taxonomy, using parsimony methods. The molecular analyses show Lagenocarpus in the current circumscription as polyphyletic, and the need to merge Cephalocarpus and Everardia to avoid paraphyletic genera. We propose an updated circumscription following the phylogeny, including a new name to a group at generic level (Krenakia); and discuss the phylogenetic significance of the morphological characters in Cryptangieae taxonomy. Though the relationship among some genera still needs more research, the genera we propose are strongly supported clades with clear morphological synapomorphies. Additionally, we provide an identification key, a brief description of genera and a list of accepted species including the required new combinations.

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39

XU, SHENJIAN, CE SHANG, ZHIXIANG ZHANG, and LIANGCHENG ZHAO. "The identity of Homalium breviracemosum (Salicaceae)." Phytotaxa 326, no. 1 (October 20, 2017): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.326.1.5.

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The taxonomic status of Homalium breviracemosum How & Ko (Salicaceae), a species endemic to China, has long been questionable. Due to lack of material, the reliability of its taxonomic characters is unknown and the species has been retained. Following extensive field investigations, population sampling and examination of specimens, we consider that the characters previously used to distinguish between H. breviracemosum and H. cochinchinense (Loureiro) Druce, i.e. the length of inflorescences and the density of indumentum, vary continuously within populations and should not be used to distinguish between the two species. Therefore, the name H. breviracemosum is here reduced to the synonym of H. cochinchinense.

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40

Sepahvand, Vahid, Nasrollah Rastegar Pouyani, and Farzaneh Momtazi. "A new species of Gourretia (Decapoda: Axiidea: Gourretiidae) from the Persian Gulf, Iran." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 96, no. 8 (December 21, 2015): 1671–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315415002040.

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Sampling in subtidal waters of the Persian Gulf revealed a new species of ghost shrimp from the family Gourretiidae. Gourretia qeshmensis sp. nov. resembles G. sinica from the South China Sea and G. manihinae from Tanzania. Gourretia qeshmensis sp. nov. differs from these two species by characters of the ischium of the large cheliped, pereopod 3, exopod of the uropod and maxilliped 3.

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41

Londoño-Burbano, Alejandro, and Roberto E. Reis. "A combined molecular and morphological phylogeny of the Loricariinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), with emphasis on the Harttiini and Farlowellini." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): e0247747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247747.

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We present a combined molecular and morphological phylogenetic analysis of the Loricariinae, with emphasis on the Harttiini (Cteniloricaria, Harttia, and Harttiella) and Farlowellini (Aposturisoma, Farlowella, Lamontichthys, Pterosturisoma, Sturisoma, and Sturisomatichthys). Character sampling comprised seven molecular markers (the mitochondrial Cytb, nd2, 12S and 16S, and the nuclear MyH6, RAG1 and RAG2) and 196 morphological characters. A total of 1,059 specimens, and 159 tissue samples were analized, representing 100 species. A Bayesian Inference analysis was performed using the concatenated data matrix, which is comprised of 6,819 characters. The Loricariinae were found to comprise the tribes (Hartiini (Loricariini, Farlowellini)), the latter two elevated from subtribes. A Maximum Parsimony analysis was also performed using the same data matrix in order to reveal phenotypical synapomorphies to diagnose each clade. Two MP trees were found with a length of 14,704 steps, consistency index of 0.29 and retention index of 0.61, which were summarized in a strict consensus tree. Harttiini includes (Harttiella (Cteniloricaria, Harttia), and Farlowellini includes (Lamontichthys (Pterosturisoma (Sturisoma (Sturisomatichthys, Farlowella)))). Aposturisoma was recovered nested within Farlowella and is synonymyzed to the latter. Sturisoma was corroborated as strictly cis-Andean, while Sturisomatichthys encompasses, besides the valid species already included in the genus, the trans-Andean species once belonging to Sturisoma sensu lato. Identification keys and phylogenetic diagnoses of family-group taxa and genera of both the Harttiini and the Farlowellini are provided.

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42

Siahaan, Amiruddin, Hafsah Hafsah, and Satria Mandala. "The Effect of Scientific Approach and Interpersonal Interaction of Islamic Education to Student Characters in Integrated Islamic School Al Hafiz Langkat District." Budapest International Research and Critics in Linguistics and Education (BirLE) Journal 3, no. 3 (August 5, 2020): 1281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birle.v3i3.1166.

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The purpose of this research are to find out: (1) the scientific approach has a significant influence on student character, (2) interpersonal interaction has a significant effect on student character, and (3) the effect of scientific approach and interpersonal interaction together on student character. The research method used was quasi experiment with 2 x 2 factorial designs. The sampling technique used was cluster random sampling. Data collection instruments are questionnaires and tests. Data analysis technique used two-way analysis of variance. The research findings show: (1) there is a positive and significant influence between the scientific learning approach and student character, (2) there is a positive and significant effect between interpersonal interactions in the learning of Islamic Education with student character, and (3) there is a positive and significant effect between scientific approach and interpersonal interaction on learning Islamic Education with student character.

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43

Restianingsih, Paring, and Ajat Sudrajat. "Karakter siswa yang tinggal di pesantren dan di rumah pada proses pemelajaran IPS." Harmoni Sosial: Jurnal Pendidikan IPS 5, no. 2 (December 3, 2018): 178–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/hsjpi.v5i2.13791.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan karakter siswa, perbedaan karakter siswa yang tinggal di pesantren dan di rumah, serta karakter siswa yang tinggal di pesantren dan di rumah pada proses pembelajaran IPS. Penelitian eksplanatif komparatif ini menggunakan metode campuran dengan strategi concurrent triangulation strategy. Populasi penelitian ini adalah 121 siswa kelas VIII SMP Diponegoro Depok, Kabupaten Sleman. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik sampling jenuh. Teknik analisis data kuantitatif menggunakan teknik statistik beda rata-rata Independent T-test dan teknik analisis data kualitatif bersifat induktif dengan menggunakan model Miles dan Huberman yaitu data reduction, data display, dan conclusion drawing/verification. Hasil penelitian adalah sebagai berikut. (1) siswa SMP Diponegoro, baik yang tinggal di pesantren maupun di rumah, secara keseluruhan karakter disiplinnya dalam kategori rendah sedangkan karakter jujur dan mandirinya dalam kategori sedang; (2) tidak terdapat perbedaan karakter siswa yang tinggal di pesantren dan di rumah. Ada perbedaan nilai rata-rata pada setiap nilai karakter di antara kedua kelompok siswa. Nilai karakter disiplin siswa yang tinggal di pesantren sebesar 27,13 sedangkan nilai karakter siswa yang tinggal di rumah sebesar 26,31; nilai karakter jujur siswa yang tinggal di pesantren sebesar 13,70 sedangkan siswa yang tinggal di rumah sebesar 13,68; dan nilai karakter mandiri siswa yang tinggal di pesantren sebesar 17,74 sedangkan siswa yang tinggal di rumah sebesar 17,33. (3) tidak terdapat perbedaan karakter siswa yang tinggal di pesantren dan di rumah pada proses pembelajaran IPS.Kata kunci: karakter, disiplin, jujur, mandiri, pembelajaran IPS. THE CHARACTER OF THE STUDENTS LIVING IN THE BOARDING SCHOOL AND AT HOME IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCE LEARNINGAbstractThis research aims to reveal the characters of the students, the difference of characters of the students living in the boarding school and those living at home, and the characters of the students living in the boarding school and those living at home in the social science learning process. This comparative explanatory research used mix-method with the concurrent triangulation strategy. The population was 121 grade VIII students of Junior High School Diponegoro Depok. The sample was established using the saturated sampling technique. The quantitative data analysis used the statistical technique of Independent T-test and the qualitative data analysis was done inductively by using Miles and Huberman models consisting of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification. The results are as follows. (1) the students of Diponegoro Junior High School, living in either boarding school or at home, have overall discipline character in the low category, however, honesty and independence characters in the medium category; (2) there is no difference in the character of the students living in the boarding school and at home. There are differences in the average value at each new character between the two groups of students. The discipline character value of the students living in the boarding school is 27.13, while those living at home is 26.31; the honesty character value of the students living in the boarding school is 13.70, while those living at home is 13.68; and the independence character value of the students living in the boarding school is 17.74, while that of those living at home is 17.33. (3) there is no difference in the character of the students living in the boarding school and that of those living at home in social science learning processes.Keywords: character, discipline, honesty, Independence, social science learning

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44

Volosnikov, Gleb Igorevich. "Location of fishing points of sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus L. 1758) for forensic-ichthyological examination." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Fishing industry 2019, no. 4 (December 13, 2019): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-5529-2019-4-70-78.

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The paper describes the details of the investigative actions taken in terms of the struggle against poaching, where the researchers of the Tobolsk Complex Research Station of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences carry out the forensic ichthyologic examination of illegally caught water bioresources. The researchers often encounter the need to investigate or confirm the alleged place of catching fish species submitted for examination. There have been considered the possibilities to determine the habitat of the caught sturgeon species, in particular sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus L. 1758) using direct comparative analysis and statistical processing of meristic characters of the alleged populations, because there is evidence of existing broodstocks of this species, linked to the specific water areas. The analysis was carried out using 357 specimens of sterlet caught in 4 different areas of the Lower Irtysh. Absence of significant differences in the means of meristic characters in the species of the studied groups can be explained by insufficiently representative sampling, which is frequent in forensic ichthyologic examinations. Nevertheless, according to a number of characteristics, one can speak of a certain heterogeneity of the samples, which indicates the presence of features in the distribution of individuals in the population. Additional statistical data processing by means of Kolmogorov–Smirnov non-parametric two-sample criterion demonstrates a reliable interpopulation difference in meristic characters including the case of scanty sampling. Expanding the study in terms of increasing the number of samples and pairs for comparison, as well as feasibility of analyzing the meristic characters in a longer time interval is being considered.

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45

Belviyani, Jenny, and Lisa Utami. "PENGARUH PENERAPAN PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER MELALUI STRATEGI INKUIRI TERBIMBING PADA MATERI LARUTAN ELEKTROLIT DAN NON ELEKTROLIT." JURNAL EKSAKTA PENDIDIKAN (JEP) 1, no. 2 (December 8, 2017): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jep.v1i2.54.

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This research was a quasi-experiment instigated by the low of student character building. This research aimed at knowing the effect of implementing character building through guided inquiry strategy on electrolyte and non-electrolyte solution material at state senior high school 9 pekanbaru that characters studied were honesty, responsibility, cooperation, discipline, and curiosity. Purposive sampling was used in this research, and there were two classes of samples selected that the tenth grade of Natural Science 4 was as the experimental group taught by implementing Character Building through Guided Inquiry strategy and Natural Science 3 was as the control group taught by using discussion, question and answer methods. This research was conducted for three meetings. Documentation and observation were the techniques of collecting the data. T-test was used to know the research findings of student communication skill. Final data processing results showed that tobserved was 2.19 and ttable was 1.99, and it revealed that tobserved was higher than ttable. Ho was rejected and Ha was accepted. There was an effect of implementing Character Building through Guided Inquiry strategy on Electrolyte and Non-Electrolyte Solution material at State Senior High School 9 Pekanbaru, and its coefficient effect was 5.86%.

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LIU, BIN-BIN, and DE-YUAN HONG. "A taxonomic revision of four complexes in the genus Pourthiaea (Rosaceae)." Phytotaxa 325, no. 1 (October 17, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.325.1.1.

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The taxonomy of four species complexes of Pourthiaea (i.e., P. arguta, P. pilosicalyx, P. salicifolia, and P. sorbifolia), distributed in E, S, and SE Asia, is extremely controversial among authors. This situation may have been caused by the lack of proper analysis and evaluation of the characters at the population level used previously. The present study is the first comprehensive taxonomic revision of these four complexes. We conducted extensive field observations, population sampling, examination of a large number of specimens, and did subsequent statistical analysis of the characters. All the morphological characters used in previous taxonomic treatments were evaluated one by one at the population level. They are length, width, margin, number of lateral veins, type of base, type of apex, and shape of leaf blade, length of petioles, type of inflorescences, length of pedicels, and density of indumentum on leaf blade and inflorescences. All these characters were found to be extremely variable within population and continuously varied between populations, and thus they are of little value for delimiting species. However, seven characters, i.e., width of leaf blade, lateral veins of leaf blade parallel or not, lower surface of leaf blade glabrescent or not, type of fruit, sepals caducous or not, number of carpels, and ratio of number of fertile seeds to that of total seeds, were found distinctly different (for qualitative characters) or statistically discontinuous (for quantitative characters), and thus they are valuable for species delimitation in these four complexes. As a result, we recognize four species and two subspecies, P. pilosicalyx, P. salicifolia, P. sorbifolia, and P. arguta which consists of two subspecies: subsp. arguta and subsp. pustulata. Two new combinations, P. sorbifolia (W. B. Liao & W. Guo) B. B. Liu & D. Y. Hong and P. arguta subsp. pustulata (Lindl.) B. B. Liu & D. Y. Hong, are proposed herein. Forty-one taxa are reduced as new synonyms, and 20 lectotypes are designated here.

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Aziz, Jamaluddin, Fuzirah Hashim, and Nor Fariza Mohd Nor. "Can We Not Just Talk About Men? The Bechdel Test, Narrative Salience and Female Voices in Two Selected Malay Films." Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication 38, no. 4 (December 31, 2022): 303–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkmjc-2022-3804-17.

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Western feminist film scholars’ claim that female characters are often defined in relation to their male counterparts resonates well in contemporary film and gender studies. This claim highlights the representational biases towards male privilege and primacy as visible signifiers; the ramification of this biasness is the invisibility of female subjectivity that renders them voiceless. Therefore, inquiries into female subjectivity in films outside of Hollywood context are crucial. This paper aims at identifying and comparing the representation of female characters in two Malaysian films of two genres - romance and horror - to highlight the consonance between female voice with feminine consciousness and empowerment. This study administers the Bechdel Test on two films selected using criterion sampling - 3 Temujanji and Pontianak Harum Sundal Malam - and suggests a novel approach by adding the analysis of the film using the concept of narrative salience. The analyses using both methods revealed contradictory results. 3 Temujanji, although failed most of the test, is revealed through narrative salience as assiduous towards feminine consciousness and empowerment. Pontianak Harum Sundal Malam, which passed the test, ironically and ideologically contained female voices within the patriarchal value system. The finding contributes towards the theorisation that women's voices in Malaysian films can be considered as an integral part of the acoustic register of films that enhances film analysis technique. Scriptwriters and filmmakers can utilise the test as a reference in which women can define themselves 'not in relation to men', while creating female characters who progressively think beyond patriarchy and androcentrism. Keywords: Women empowerment, Malay films, acoustic register, narrative salience, Hollywood.

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Li, Yimeng, Marcello Ruta, and Matthew A. Wills. "Craniodental and Postcranial Characters of Non-Avian Dinosauria Often Imply Different Trees." Systematic Biology 69, no. 4 (November 26, 2019): 638–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz077.

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Abstract Despite the increasing importance of molecular sequence data, morphology still makes an important contribution to resolving the phylogeny of many groups, and is the only source of data for most fossils. Most systematists sample morphological characters as broadly as possible on the principle of total evidence. However, it is not uncommon for sampling to be focused on particular aspects of anatomy, either because characters therein are believed to be more informative, or because preservation biases restrict what is available. Empirically, the optimal trees from partitions of morphological data sets often represent significantly different hypotheses of relationships. Previous work on hard-part versus soft-part characters across animal phyla revealed significant differences in about a half of sampled studies. Similarly, studies of the craniodental versus postcranial characters of vertebrates revealed significantly different trees in about one-third of cases, with the highest rates observed in non-avian dinosaurs. We test whether this is a generality here with a much larger sample of 81 published data matrices across all major dinosaur groups. Using the incongruence length difference test and two variants of the incongruence relationship difference test, we found significant incongruence in about 50% of cases. Incongruence is not uniformly distributed across major dinosaur clades, being highest (63%) in Theropoda and lowest (25%) in Thyreophora. As in previous studies, our partition tests show some sensitivity to matrix dimensions and the amount and distribution of missing entries. Levels of homoplasy and retained synapomorphy are similar between partitions, such that incongruence must partly reflect differences in patterns of homoplasy between partitions, which may itself be a function of modularity and mosaic evolution. Finally, we implement new tests to determine which partition yields trees most similar to those from the entire matrix. Despite no bias across dinosaurs overall, there are striking differences between major groups. The craniodental characters of Ornithischia and the postcranial characters of Saurischia yield trees most similar to the “total evidence” trees derived from the entire matrix. Trees from these same character partitions also tend to be most stratigraphically congruent: a mutual consilience suggesting that those partitions yield more accurate trees. [Dinosauria; homoplasy; partition homogeneity.]

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Asrial, Asrial, Syahrial Syahrial, Dwi Agus Kurniawan, and Latipia Damayanti. "Local Wisdom of Ngubat Padi: Implementation of E-Modules on Tolerance Characters." JPI (Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia) 11, no. 2 (September 28, 2021): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jpiundiksha.v11i2.35444.

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In elementary schools, no one has implemented learning using electronic modules based on local wisdom. This study aims to analyze the impact of using electronic modules based on local knowledge on the character of students' tolerance. This research was conducted using quantitative associative analysis, which aims to see the relationship between variables. The sample in this study was 29 students of class V, which was determined using purposive sampling. Data was collected using an instrument in the form of a questionnaire. Electronic module validation is the validation of several experts, namely linguists, material experts, media experts, and expert practitioners. The data analysis technique used in this research is descriptive statistical data analysis method and inferential statistics. The result of this research is that the correlation between the two indicators of tolerance character and student response is 0.790. The relationship between the two indicators is strong, with a probability value of 0.000 < 0.005. It was concluded that there was a relationship between the indicators of tolerance character and student responses to the application of electronic modules based on Ngubat Padi's local wisdom. In addition, students' answers to the electronic module get results in a suitable category to form students' tolerance character.

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Kelle, Brad E. "Moral Injury and Biblical Studies: An Early Sampling of Research and Emerging Trends." Currents in Biblical Research 19, no. 2 (February 2021): 121–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1476993x20942383.

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Moral injury emerged within clinical psychology and related fields to refer to a non-physical wound (psychological and emotional pain and its effects) that results from the violation (by oneself or others) of a person’s deepest moral beliefs (about oneself, others, or the world). Originally conceived in the context of warfare, the notion has now expanded to include the morally damaging impact of various non-war-related experiences and circumstances. Since its inception, moral injury has been an intersectional and cross-disciplinary term and significant work has appeared in psychology, philosophy, medicine, spiritual/pastoral care, chaplaincy, and theology. Since 2015, biblical scholarship has engaged moral injury along two primary trajectories: 1) creative re-readings of biblical stories and characters informed by insights from moral injury; and 2) explorations of the postwar rituals and symbolic practices found in biblical texts and how they might connect to the felt needs of morally injured persons. These trajectories suggest that the engagement between the Bible and moral injury generates a two-way conversation in which moral injury can serve as a heuristic that brings new meanings out of biblical texts, and the critical study of biblical texts can contribute to the attempts to understand, identify, and heal moral injury.

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