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1
Mainfort, Robert C. "Response to review of “Indian social dynamics in the period of european contact”." Historical Archaeology 19, no. 1 (January 1985): 96–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03374053.
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Moody, Simanique. "New Perspectives on African American English: The Role of Black-to-Black Contact." English Today 31, no. 4 (November 2, 2015): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078415000401.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
One of the most widely researched language varieties in the field of sociolinguistics is African American English (AAE), a term used to describe a range of English dialects, from standard to vernacular, spoken by many (but not all) African Americans as well as by certain members of other ethnic groups who have had extensive contact with AAE speakers. Most linguists agree that AAE developed from contact between enslaved Africans and predominantly English-speaking Europeans (who spoke a range of English vernaculars) during the early to middle period of colonization of what is now known as the United States of America. Consequently, research on the development of AAE is traditionally framed in terms of the degree of contact with white English vernaculars, both during and after AAE genesis, with white vernaculars playing a primary, if not exclusive, role (McDavid & McDavid, 1951; Mufwene, 1996; Poplack, 2000; Poplack & Tagliamonte, 2001). Though some analyses of AAE allow for substrate influence from creole and/or African languages in its development (cf. Winford, 1997, 1998; Rickford, 1998, 2006; Wolfram & Thomas, 2002; Holm, 2004), many studies place a particular focus on Earlier African American varieties or Diaspora varieties, such as the Ex-Slave Recordings, Samaná English, and Liberian Settler English rather than contemporary AAE varieties spoken within U.S. borders (cf. Rickford, 1977, 1997, 2006; DeBose, 1988; Schneider 1989; Bailey, Maynor, & Cukor-Avila, 1991; Hannah, 1997; Singler, 1998, 2007a, 2007b; Kautzsch 2002). This research has helped further linguists’ understanding of AAE yet does not reflect its full history in the United States.
3
Filihia, Meredith. "‘Oro‐dedicatedMaro ‘Urain Tahiti:Their rise and decline in the early post‐European contact period." Journal of Pacific History 31, no. 2 (December 1996): 127–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223349608572814.
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Jones, Eric E. "Population History of the Onondaga and Oneida Iroquois, A.D. 1500–1700." American Antiquity 75, no. 2 (April 2010): 387–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.75.2.387.
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Much of the discussion about North American precontact and contact-period populations has focused on continent-wide estimates. Although the associated work has produced valuable information on the demographic and cultural history of the continent, it has failed to generate agreed-upon estimates, population trends, or detailed demographic knowledge of Native American cultures. Using archaeological settlement remains and methods developed in recent research on Iroquoian cultures, this study estimates and examines population trends for the Onondaga and Oneida cultures of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) from A.D. 1500 to 1700. Onondaga population appears to have increased until the mid—seventeenth century, when drastic declines in settlement area and population size occurred. This depopulation event is both several decades after first contact with Europeans and at least a decade after the first known depopulation event among the Haudenosaunee. Oneida populations show a much more complex history that suggests the need for more detailed analyses of contact-period Native American population data. In conjunction with archaeological evidence and ethnohistoric information, the population trends generated by this study create a model of two precontact Native American populations and display the effects of European contact on those populations.
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Sharma, Umesh, and Grant Samkin. "Development of accounting in Fiji, 1801–2016." Accounting History 25, no. 2 (September 23, 2018): 281–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1032373218798645.
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This article reviews the development of accounting in Fiji. Although this article mentions the pre-European contact period (before 1800), four key phases during which accounting developments occurred are examined. These are the pre-colonial period (1801–1873), the colonial period (1874–1970), Fiji as a Sovereign State under the 1970 Constitution (1971–1986) and the Fijian Sovereign State following the 1987 coups (1987–2016). In each of these periods, a number of major accounting developments that occurred in the country are reviewed and the players responsible for the developments are identified. Directions for future accounting history research are suggested.
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Moreau, J. F., and R. G. V. Hancock. "The Effects of Corrosion on INAA Characterizations of Brass Kettles of the Early European Contact Period in Northeastern North America." Journal of Archaeological Science 26, no. 8 (August 1999): 1119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1999.0407.
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Gottmann, Felicia. "Mixed Company in the Contact Zone: the “Glocal” Diplomatic Efforts of a Prussian East Indiaman in 1750s Cape Verde." Journal of Early Modern History 23, no. 5 (October 2, 2019): 423–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342641.
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Abstract This article takes a micro-historical actor-centered approach to study the encounter between the officers of a Prussian East India Company Ship and local elites in 1750s Praia, Cape Verde. Combining recent advances in New Diplomatic History and in Company Studies with insights from the study of Contact Zones and transculturation, it analyzes the diplomatic strategies marginalized and hybrid players could adopt to project themselves onto the early modern global stage and locally counterbalance the hegemonic Northern European Atlantic powers. It thus proposes an alternative model of nonprofessional diplomatic interaction in the early modern period.
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Scarry, John F., and Bonnie G. McEwan. "Domestic Architecture in Apalachee Province: Apalachee and Spanish Residential Styles in the Late Prehistoric and Early Historic Period Southeast." American Antiquity 60, no. 3 (July 1995): 482–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/282261.
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The traditional architectural styles of the Apalachee of northern Florida and Spanish colonists in the New World represent distinct approaches to the organization of domestic and community space and reflect different attitudes toward public and private activities. To the degree that the Apalachee became Hispanicized or that the Spaniards in Apalachee adopted aspects of aboriginal lifestyles during the seventeenth-century mission period, we might expect to see changes in architecture and community organization. Archaeological and ethnohistorical data from Apalachee Province indicate that the shapes and spatial arrangement of native and European domestic structures changed very little as a result of contact. This suggests that each group maintained a distinct identity in the realm of residential organization, despite the profound changes that both the Apalachee and Spaniards made in other aspects of their lives as a result of European colonization in La Florida.
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Beckett, Louise Butt. "The Function of ‘the tragic’ in Henry Reynolds' Narratives of Contact History." Queensland Review 3, no. 1 (April 1996): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1321816600000684.
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This paper discusses the ways in which ideas of ‘the tragic’ function in recent narratives of contact history in Australia. ‘Contact history’ is used here to refer to first and second generation contact between Aboriginal people and the European invaders in Australia in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and I shall be primarily concerned with those historical narratives which attempt to ‘re-write’ history to include Aboriginal responses during this period. Within Australian historiography this project is said to have commenced in the 1970s, prompted by wider events in the Australian community such as the Aboriginal land rights movement (Curthoys 1983, 99). One of the best-known contributors to this project of inclusion has been Henry Reynolds, now the author of eight books dedicated to it. I shall be examining two of Reynolds' most recent contributions to this area: With the White People (1990) and The Fate of a Free People (1995). At the same time that Reynolds and other professional historians have engaged in this project, there has been an increasing body of work by Aboriginal writers — much of it classified as fiction rather than academic historiography — examining these same themes of initial contact and resistance to invasion. In order to clarify some of my arguments about the function of the tragic mode in Reynolds' work, I shall also discuss a recently published short story by the Aboriginal writer, Gerry Bostock.
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Ansari, S. M. Razaullah. "Modern Astronomy in Indo – Persian Sources." Highlights of Astronomy 11, no. 2 (1998): 730–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s153929960001861x.
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The Period from 1858 to 1947 is known as the British Period of Indian History. After the fall of Mughal empire, when the first war of independence against British colonisers failed in 1857, and the East India Company’s Government was transferred to the British Crown in 1858. However only in 1910, a Department of Education was established by the (British) Govt, of India and in the following decades modern universities were established in various important Indian towns, wherein Western / European type education and training with English as medium of instruction were imparted. However more than a century before, Indian scholar’s came into contact with the scholars – administrators of East India Company, either through employment or social interaction. Thereby, Indians became acquainted with the scientific (also technological) advances in Europe. A few of them visited England and other European countries, Portugal, Prance etc. already in the last quarter of 18th century, in order to experience and to learn firsthand the European sciences.
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Schieffelin, Edward L. "Early Contact as Drama and Manipulation in the Southern Highlands of Papua New Guinea: Pacification as the Structure of the Conjuncture." Comparative Studies in Society and History 37, no. 3 (July 1995): 555–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500019812.
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Accounts of first contact in Papua New Guinea have aroused considerable interest over the years (Hides 1936; Leahy and Crain 1937; Nelson 1982; Connelly and Anderson 1987; Schieffelin and Crittenden 1991). No doubt, this has been in part because these accounts have an intrinsic drama and popular romantic appeal (intrepid explorers enter remote mountain valleys and discover vast populations of previously unknown tribes who had never seen white men before and believed they were supernatural beings). More recently, anthropologists and historians have begun examining these sorts of events to explore how historical and cultural forces unique or intrinsic to quite different societies become transformed when they come into contact with each other, a process, that Sahlins has termed the “structure of the conjuncture” (Sahlins 1980, 1985; Dening 1988). Accounts of the period immediately following first contact in Papua,1 during which Australian government officers extended political control over the newly discovered native Papuan tribesmen, however, are usually narratives of European (Australian) colonial history, with little sense of Papuan experience.
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Schler, Lynn. "Writing African Women's History with Male Sources: Possibilities and Limitations." History in Africa 31 (2004): 319–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s036154130000351x.
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Colonial sources can provide historians with a wealth of information about African lives during the colonial period, but they must be read against the grain, filtering out valuable information from the biases and prejudices of European officials. The task of studying African women's history using colonial sources is even more complicated, as women were not often the focus of the colonial agenda, and contact between colonial officials and African women was relatively limited, and often indirect. Particularly in those arenas of African social, cultural, and political life deemed as women's spheres, colonial officials had little incentive to intervene. As a result, historians of later generations are faced with relatively sparse documentation of women-centered social activity during the colonial era. For their part, African women guarded cultural and political spheres under their influence from outside intervention, thus making it difficult for Europeans, and particularly European men, to gain a full and accurate understanding of women's individual and collective experiences under colonial rule.This paper will examine colonial research and documentation of African women's birthing practices.to illustrate both the potential for using these sources to understand some basic elements of women's experiences, and the limitations of this source material in providing deep and accurate insights into African women's history. Using an example from colonial Cameroon, we will see how European interest in women's birthing practices was motivated by colonial economic and scientific agendas steeped in racism and sexism, preventing European researchers from obtaining a balanced and accurate understanding of this women's sphere of social life. On the other hand, the documents reveal efforts of African women to prevent the colonial infiltration into women's arenas of influence.
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Lizee, Jonathan M., Hector Neff, and Michael D. Glascock. "Clay Acquisition and Vessel Distribution Patterns: Neutron Activation Analysis of Late Windsor and Shantok Tradition Ceramics from Southern New England." American Antiquity 60, no. 3 (July 1995): 515–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/282263.
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In southern New England, typological distinctions between Niantic, Hackney Pond, and Shantok ceramics have been used to describe changing settlement patterns for the Late Woodland (500- 350 Years B.P.) and contact (post-A.D. 1600) periods. Based on the initial typologies developed by Rouse (1947) the Shantok ceramic tradition was also considered an ethnic marker of the Mohegan and Pequot tribes based on material recovered from Fort Shantok. Reexamination of stylistic data have suggested that levels of stylistic similarity between late ceramic types actually limit their use as ethnic markers in reconstructing contact period settlement patterns (Lizee 1994; McBride 1990). In this study, neutron activation analysis is employed to determine if compositional profiles correspond with identified stylistic types. The distribution of compositional groups within the region proves to be useful in describing changes in settlement during the Late Woodland and contact periods for southeastern Connecticut. Results of this study suggest that cultural factors underlying the evolution of the historic Pequot and Mohegan tribes, and locations of focal village sites, also had an impact on access to clay resource zones at the time of European contact.
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Wangermann, Ernst. "“By and By We Shall Have an Enlightened Populace”: Moral Optimism and the Fine Arts in Late-Eighteenth-Century Austria." Austrian History Yearbook 30 (January 1999): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237800015940.
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I should like to begin by recalling my own occasional points of contact with Robert Kann. When his first book, the great two-volume work on the nationality problem in the Habsburg Empire, was published, I was a student about to embark on research on eighteenth-century Austria, and took little notice of any large works not on my research period. Later, teaching nineteenth-century European history, I came to appreciate its wide range and deep insights. By the time his highly original Study in Austrian Intellectual History was published in 1960, my career as a historian had prospered sufficiently for me to be offered this book for review by a leading British historical periodical. I commented very positively on his analysis of Abraham a Sancta Clara. Turning to the chapters on Joseph von Sonnenfels, however, I took the opportunity of presenting some results of my own research on Sonnenfels, which had only just been published and which I thought called some of his judgments into question. Unlike many Central European academics of his generation, Robert Kann did not resent criticism by a younger colleague; hence I have memories of some pleasant and stimulating meetings with him in Vienna during the time he held an honorary professorship there.
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Schwaller, John F. "Environmental Historian: An Interview with Alfred W. Crosby." Americas 72, no. 2 (April 2015): 309–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tam.2015.5.
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Alfred W. Crosby is the author of such influential works as The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492(New York: Greenwood Press, 1973).He lives in retirement on Nantucket Island with his wife Frances Karttunen, noted in her own right for important works in linguistics and history. In September, 2013, I had the opportunity to carry on a long conversation with Crosby about his work, American Studies, and the future for environmental history. Crosby suffers from Parkinson's disease. His mind is sharp and his insights are keen. The Columbian exchange is the phenomenon of the contact period in which European crops and animals were imported into the New World, while New World crops and animals were introduced into Europe.
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Bucciferro, Justin R. "A Forced Hand: Natives, Africans, and the Population of Brazil, 1545-1850." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 31, no. 2 (July 3, 2013): 285–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610913000104.
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ABSTRACTThe settlement and expansion of the Portuguese colonies in South America were made possible by slave labour; however, the historical size of enslaved Native and African groups is largely unknown. This investigation compiles extant statistics on the population of «Brazil» by race and state for the pre-census period from 1545 to 1850, complementing them with headcount estimates based on sugar, gold, and coffee production; pre-contact indigenous populations; and trans-Atlantic slave voyages. The resulting panel of demographic data illustrates national and regional racial transitions encompassing the colonial era. Brazil's population was of Native descent but became predominantly African in the 18th century; people of European ancestry remained a minority for another 200 years.
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Mancall, Peter C., Paul Robertson, and Terry Huriwai. "Maori and Alcohol: A Reconsidered History." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 34, no. 1 (February 2000): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2000.00693.x.
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Objective: To document aspects of the history of alcohol use among Maori, with a particular focus on the period from 1840 to 1872 and to identify potential use of this knowledge in the development of strategies for the prevention and treatment of alcohol-related harm among Maori in contemporary New Zealand. Method: A survey of the surviving documentation about alcohol in nineteenth-century New Zealand; materials were predominantly drawn from the writings of pakeha (non-Maori) missionaries, officials and travellers, as well as available statistical records. Results: Analysis of early written historical records suggests significant variation in the response of Maori to the introduction of alcohol in different parts of New Zealand during the period following European contact. Conclusions: One stereotype that has arisen suggests Maori have been incapable of and/or unable to manage the production and use of alcohol. On the other hand, another commonly held belief has been that Maori supported abstinence or ‘resisted alcohol’ because they recognised its ‘ruinous nature’ and because it was contrary to traditional custom and practices. Historical information indicates that the Maori response to the introduction of alcohol was in fact diverse and for much of the nineteenth century alcohol was non-problematic for many Maori. This reinterpretation of the historical record can potentially empower contemporary Maori to take greater responsibility for the use of alcohol. It also challenges the negativity of the stereotypes generated by historical misinformation.
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Figueira -Cardoso, Samuel, and Alexandre da Silva Borges. "Brief history of general languages and language policies in Colonial Brazil." Bucharest Working Papers in Linguistics 23, no. 1 (2021): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31178/bwpl.23.1.4.
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Brazil is a multilingual and multicultural country and was so even before the Europeans arrived in the territory. Over the centuries, contact and conflict between European and African languages with indigenous languages have influenced the variety of Portuguese spoken in the country since the 16th century. In this paper[1], we present an overview of Brazil’s languages, referring to the so-called general languages and the language policies in favor of the Portuguese language in the period. To this end, we resort to the contributions of scholars who investigate the use of language in society or “social history of language” (Burke 2002, Freire 2003); some concepts derived from the field of language policy; notions of heritage and indigenous culture. It is shown that the policies of colonization were harmful to linguistic diversity, as in the case of the Nheengatu language spoken until today in the North of the country, due to the continuous resistance of the speakers of the language.
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Olko, Justyna, and John Sullivan. "Empire, Colony, and Globalization. A Brief History of the Nahuatl Language." Colloquia Humanistica, no. 2 (June 13, 2015): 181–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/ch.2013.009.
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Empire, Colony, and Globalization. A Brief History of the Nahuatl LanguageThis paper is the first attempt to outline the cultural and sociopolitical history of Nahuatl, one of the most important native languages of America, beginning with preconquest times, focusing on its role in the Aztec empire, and continuing through the colonial period until the present. We discuss the most important elements of the Nahua writing tradition, its changes under contact with European culture and Spanish, as well as modern threats to its survival. We finish with current prospects for revitalization. Imperium, kolonia i globalizacja. Krótka historia języka nahuatl Artykuł jest pierwszą próbą zarysowania kulturowej i społeczno-politycznej historii języka nahuatl, jednego z najważniejszych języków tubylczych Ameryki, począwszy od czasów przedhiszpańskich, a zwłaszcza jego roli w imperium azteckim, przez czasy kolonialne aż po sytuację obecną. Przedmiotem dyskusji są najważniejsze elementy związane z tradycją piśmiennictwa w tym języku, jego zmiany pod wpływem kontaktu z kulturą europejską i językiem hiszpańskim, aktualne zagrożenia oraz możliwe scenariusze jego rewitalizacji.
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VanDerwarker, Amber M., Jon B. Marcoux, and Kandace D. Hollenbach. "Farming and Foraging at the Crossroads: The Consequences of Cherokee and European Interaction Through the Late Eighteenth Century." American Antiquity 78, no. 1 (January 2013): 68–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.78.1.68.
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AbstractThe material remains of daily subsistence within Cherokee communities reflect strategies that households enacted while adapting to disruptions associated with European colonialism. Plant subsistence remains dating from the late Pre-Contact period through the end of the Revolutionary War (A.D. 1300–1783) reveal how Cherokee food producers! collectors fed their families as they navigated an increasingly uncertain landscape. Framing our analysis in terms of risk mitigation and future-discounting concepts from human behavioral ecology, we argue that Cherokee households responded to increasing risk and uncertainty by shifting towards subsistence strategies that had more immediate rewards. Although Cherokee plant subsistence remains exhibit continuity in how people farmed and foraged, our study shows that households made strategic decisions to alter their food production and collection with respect to looming uncertainty. Archaeobotanical analysis from multiple sites spanning the Colonial period (ca. A.D. 1670–1783) reveal a stepwise process of declining maize production, increased foraging, and overall diversification of the plant diet. This case underscores the relevance of concepts from human behavioral ecology to complex colonial situations by demonstrating that strategies of risk prevention and mitigation have applicability beyond ecological factors.
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Ralli, Angela. "Modern Greek V V dvandva compounds: A linguistic innovation in the history of the Indo-European languages." Word Structure 2, no. 1 (April 2009): 48–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e1750124509000294.
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This paper deals with [V V] dvandva compounds, which are frequently used in East and Southeast Asian languages but also in Greek and its dialects: Greek is in this respect uncommon among Indo-European languages. It examines the appearance of this type of compounding in Greek by tracing its development in the late Medieval period, and detects a high rate of productivity in most Modern Greek dialects. It argues that the emergence of the [V V] dvandva pattern is not due to areal pressure or to a language-contact situation, but it is induced by a language internal change. It associates this change with the rise of productivity of compounding in general, and the expansion of verbal compounds in particular. It also suggests that the change contributes to making the compound-formation patterns of the language more uniform and systematic. Claims and proposals are illustrated with data from Standard Modern Greek and its dialects. It is shown that dialectal evidence is crucial for the study of the rise and productivity of [V V] dvandva compounds, since changes are not usually portrayed in the standard language.
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Özervarli, M. Sait. "ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO MODERNIZATION IN THE LATE OTTOMAN PERIOD: İZMİRLİ İSMAİ L HAKKI'S RELIGIOUS THOUGHT AGAINST MATERIALIST SCIENTISM." International Journal of Middle East Studies 39, no. 1 (February 2007): 77–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743807002541.
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The aim of this article is to explore the distinctiveness of İzmirli İsmail Hakki (1869–1946) in the context of late Ottoman intellectual history and to suggest several implications of his thought on our understanding of debates on religion and modernization among Ottomans in the modern period. Studies on modern Islamic thought in the 19th and 20th centuries are mostly limited, especially in Western literature, to works dealing with a few well-known figures in the Arab world, such as Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and Muhammad Abduh. However, a close investigation into several mostly neglected or yet uncovered thinkers of the Ottoman capital, Istanbul, can provide us with more interesting aspects of this period. The earlier interest of Istanbul ulama in modernization, their closer and more direct contact with Europeans, and the long historical experience of central Ottoman intelligentsia in similar reviving attempts are some of these aspects. This article aims to demonstrate that central Ottoman studies can make significant contributions to the current knowledge of the period, not only in political history, as has been the main focus so far, but also in religious and intellectual thought. It will show how a contact was established between modern European and Ottoman religious thought, in which ways the issue of modernization became an important topic in religious circles, and what kind of perceptions took place among them about its content and limits.
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Radu, Magda. "“What We Think about the Object Is Far More Important Than Its Making”: Some Notes on Horia Bernea's Early Works." ARTMargins 2, no. 3 (October 2013): 63–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artm_a_00061.
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The text analyzes the early activity of the Romanian artist Horia Bernea (1938–2000), putting it in conjunction with various aspects of conceptual art. It emphasizes points of contact between Bernea's practice and the existing narratives of conceptual art (including the Eastern European ones) and it provides contextual information about the artistic and socio-political environment in Romania during the period of liberalization which debuted at the end of the 1960s and lasted for a few years. The text mainly focuses on a close reading of some Bernea's works which were made in this timeframe, namely the Production Charts series and his investigation of the “post-cognitive iconography” formed by a family of “Entities” with invented names and morphologies.
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HAIR, P. E. H. "PORTUGUESE CENTURY IN GUINEA São Jorge da Mina 1482–1637. La vie d'un comptoir portugais en Afrique occidentale. Par J. BATO'ORA BALLONG-WEN-MEWUDA. Lisbon and Paris: École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, collection du Centre d'Études Portugaises: Fondation Calouste Gulbenkian/Commission Nationale pour les Commémorations des Décourvertes Portugaises, 1993. 2 vols. Pp. 642. No price given (ISBN 972-95871-3-2)." Journal of African History 38, no. 1 (March 1997): 123–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853796386908.
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The foundations of Afro-European relations were laid in the first one hundred or so years of contact, the period from the 1440s to at least the 1550s during which Portuguese activities in Guinea proceeded without grossly damaging interference from other European powers. From 1482 up to the final disaster of capture by the Dutch in 1637, the fort of Sáo Jorge da Mina was the principal base for official Portuguese activities, ‘Mina’ being the conduit for the most extensive sea-export of gold. Despite its economic value to the crown, and its international status as the symbol of the Portuguese claim to sovereignty over Guinea and monopoly of the sea-export trade of western Africa, the fort had probably less lasting influence on early Afro-European relations than had the less heralded, and even more poorly recorded, activities of private Portuguese traders in western Guinea. Nevertheless, the history of the fort, when Portuguese, deserves close attention, and these two volumes by Joseph Bato'ora Ballong-wen-Mewuda represent a brave attempt to provide an analytical account.
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Viditz-Ward, Vera. "Photography in Sierra Leone, 1850–1918." Africa 57, no. 4 (October 1987): 510–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1159896.
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Opening ParagraphIn recent years scholars have shown considerable interest in the early use of photography by non-Western peoples. Research on nineteenth-century Indian, Japanese and Chinese photography has revealed a rich synthesis of European and Asian imagery. These early photographs show how non-Western peoples created new forms of artistic expression by adapting European technology and visual idioms for their own purposes. Because of the long history of contact between Sierra Leoneans and Europeans, Freetown seemed a logical starting point for similar photographic research in West Africa. The information presented here is based on ten years of searching for nineteenth-century photographs made by Sierra Leonean photographers. To locate these pictures, I have visited Freetonians and viewed their family portraits and photograph albums, interviewed contemporary photographers throughout Sierra Leone, and researched in the various colonial archives in England to locate photographs preserved from the period of colonial rule. I have discovered that a community of African photographers has worked in the city of Freetown since the very invention of photography. The article reviews the first phase of this unique photographic tradition, 1850–1918, and focuses on several of the African photographers who worked in Freetown during this period.
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Roszkowska, Ewa. "The Alpine context of the development of Polish mountaineering up to 1914." Studies in Sport Humanities 24 (July 12, 2019): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7559.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Polish Tatra tourism and its specialised form – mountaineering, experienced a dynamic period of their development in the second half of the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century, at a period when Poland did not exist on world maps. At that time, the Tatra Mountains for Poles, were more than a place of fascination with mountains or implementation of mountain passion, they were a symbol of freedom, a kind of sacrum, „altars of freedom” and a testimony of national pride. Perhaps for this reason, the history of mountain climbing was viewed from a local, Polish perspective. In this article, it is shown that the development of tourist activity in the Tatras as well as the origin and evolution of mountain climbing were largely conditioned by inspirations fl owing from Western European mountaineering. This infl uence was manifested in the theoretical (ideological) dimension conditioned by knowledge of mountaineering literature, direct contact between mountaineers and mountaineering achievements during climbing trips to the Alps and the Dolomites, and the support received by Polish mountaineers from active mountaineers in the Tatras. As a consequence of these inspirations, mountain climbing, with the characteristic features of Western European mountain eering, was born.
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Ririmasse, Marlon NR. "Sebelum Jalur Rempah: Awal Interaksi Niaga Lintas Batas di Maluku dalam Perspektif Arkeologi." Kapata Arkeologi 13, no. 1 (July 25, 2017): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/kapata.v13i1.388.
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Spice Route has become one of the main issues in the cultural historical studies of Indonesia recently. The discussion is still attached to effort to understand the existence of spice route as the part of the extensive trade system that have been initiated by the history of contact and interaction with the traveler from Western Asia; China; and the European explorers. There were almost no discussion that tried to explore the nature of the spice route prior to the contact with the Mainland Asia and the European. Including in the Maluku Archipleago. This paper discuss the formation process of the spice trade system in the prehistoric period and early historic period in Maluku from the archaeological perspective. The approach that has been adopted in this research is bibliographical studies. This paper found that the trade system and exchange in Maluku has been initiated since the prehistoric period as has been highlighted by the arcaheological studies in the region. Jalur rempah kembali menjadi salah satu isu yang mengemuka dalam diskusi sejarah budaya Nusantara setahun terakhir. Dimana wacana yang mengemuka umumnya masih mengamati keberadaan jalur rempah sebagai jejaring yang dibentuk oleh sejarah kontak dan interaksi dengan para penjelajah dari Asia Barat; Tiongkok dan terutama para pendatang Eropa. Hampir tak ada diskusi yang mencoba mengamati kemungkinan tumbuh kembang jalur niaga ini di era yang jauh lebih awal. Termasuk di Kepulauan Maluku. Makalah ini mencoba mengamati proses pembentukan jaringan niaga dan perdagangan rempah serta aneka komoditi eksotik di masa prasejarah dan awal sejarah di Kepulauan Maluku dari sudut pandang studi arkeologi. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah kajian pustaka. Hasil kajian menemukan bahwa jaringan niaga dan pertukaran di Maluku telah dibentuk semenjak masa prasejarah sebagaimana ditunjukkan oleh ragam hasil penelitian arkeologi.
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Hall, Kenneth R. "Commodity Flows, Diaspora Networking, and Contested Agency in the Eastern Indian Ocean c. 1000–1500." TRaNS: Trans -Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia 4, no. 2 (July 2016): 387–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/trn.2016.21.
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AbstractRecent revisionist approaches to early pre-1500 eastern Indian Ocean history draw from and cross-reference epigraphic, archaeological, art historical, literary, cultural, textual, shipwreck, and a variety of other primary and secondary sources as these document the evolution of Southeast Asia from roughly 300 to 1500, before significant European regional presence became a factor. This study's focus is the transitional importance of c. 1000–1500 Indian Ocean international maritime trade and transit from the South Asian shorelines of the Bay of Bengal to the South China and Java Seas, which is conceived to have temporarily produced an inclusive eastern Indian Ocean zone of contact. In this then ‘borderless’ region there were a variety of meaningful contacts and material, cultural, and knowledge transfers that resulted in synthesis of Indian, Chinese, Middle Eastern, and Southeast Asian cultures and populations made possible by enhanced international maritime trade connections before European presence became a factor, a period often dated from the fall of Melaka to the Portuguese in 1511.
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Wuyts, Celine, and Geert Loosveldt. "Measurement of Interviewer Workload within the Survey and an Exploration of Workload Effects on Interviewers’ Field Efforts and Performance." Journal of Official Statistics 36, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 561–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jos-2020-0029.
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AbstractInterviewer characteristics are usually assumed fixed over the fieldwork period. The number of sample units that require the interviewers’ attention, however, can vary strongly over the fieldwork period. Different workload levels produce different constraints on the time interviewers have available to contact, recruit and interview each target respondent, and may also induce different motivational effects on interviewers’ behavior as they perform their different tasks. In this article we show that fine-grained, time-varying operationalizations of project-specific workload can be useful to explain differences in interviewers’ field efforts and achieved response outcomes over the fieldwork period. We derive project-specific workload for each interviewer on each day of fieldwork in two rounds of the European Social Survey in Belgium from contact history and assignment paradata. Project-specific workload is measured as (1) the number of sample units which have been and remain assigned on any day t (assigned case workload), and (2) the number of sample units for which interviewer activity has started and not yet ceased on any day t (active case workload). Capturing temporal variation in interviewers’ workloads in a direct way, the time-varying operationalizations, are better predictors than are the interviewer-level operationalizations of typical (active or potential) workload that are derived from them, as well as the traditional total-count workload operationalization.
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Eisenhofer, Stefan. "The Benin Kinglist/s: Some Questions of Chronology." History in Africa 24 (January 1997): 139–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3172022.
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The chronology of the history of the Benin kingdom is seen by many historians as clarified in the main back to the thirteenth century and even earlier. Apart from the reports of European travelers and missionaries and some information given by merchants, this chronology is based mainly on the Benin kinglist for the periods before 1897. This list names 38 kings (obas) of Benin and covers past centuries with seemingly great accuracy (see table 1).In spite of the many names of former obas and the pretended accuracy of the list's time-frame, it would be problematic to take it as historically factual since it cannot be corroborated by any documentation before the mid-nineteenth century. The data concerning the period before this time are almost exclusively based on the writings of the Benin amateur historian Jacob Egharevba. In his work Egharevba reported on important events in the oral traditions of Benin and connected the reign of former kings with specific years. In doing so he forced his African oral material into a linear European time scheme and into the framework specified by European written sources.Unfortunately, very few historians have as yet critically analyzed the chronological data for Benin. This is surprising, since the great Benin researcher Bradbury noted some time ago that Egharevba's “chronological conclusions have been accepted too uncritically, especially for the period up to the first European contact” (Bradbury 1959:285f) and have been seen as historical facts without any further consideration ever since. Neither the question of so-called “genealogical parasitism,” nor any of the other fundamental problems which arise when studying kinglists have been addressed.
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Pettifer, James. "Dimitri Obolensky after the Cold War: Reflections on Saint Vladimir and Orthodoxy." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 65, no. 4 (2020): 1231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2020.413.
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The article is devoted to Sir Dmitri Dmitrievich Obolensky, Professor of Russian and Balkan history at Oxford University, who is known for his study of the “Byzantine Commonwealth” and its influence on the Eastern European Slavic peoples: Bulgarians, Serbs and Russians. As a well-known British scholarly historian and philologist and the son of a noble emigrant from Russian Empire, Prince Dimitri Alexandrovich Obolensky, Obolensky tried to remain in close intellectual contact with the Russian science throughout the entire period of the Cold War and until his death in 2001. Obolensky, as a very religious person, was interested not only in the processes of transformation of the Russian society after the end of the Cold War, but also in the Russian spiritual revival that took place in the country after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The article analyzes the changes in the academic and journalistic works by Obolensky in the context of both global processes — perestroika, the end of the Cold War, the collapse of the Soviet Union, democratization, the growing influence of the Orthodox Church in Russia — and local issues — family drama, a decline in study of both Russian language and history in universities in Great Britain and in Europe. The personality of Dmitri Obolensky, his spiritual and his intellectual heritage as well as the results of his philosophical studies and forecasts for the development of the Russian society expressed during the last decade of his life are of undoubted interest to the Russian reader.
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Hair, P. E. H. "J. W. Blake: A Tribute." History in Africa 16 (1989): 413–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171800.
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J. W. Blake, who died on 7 March 1987, was a significant and notable link in the chain of African historiography. In the 1930s he learned Portuguese, assembled Portuguese sources, and did meticulous research among the difficult and then largely unpenetrated archives of the English High Court of Admiralty. The result was a monograph on European Beginnings in West Africa, 1454-1578, published in 1937, followed by two volumes of documents relating to the same period, Europeans in West Africa, published in 1942. The outbreak of war in 1939 delayed the second publication and by preventing Blake from visiting French archives made it one nation short in its documents. The titles of these very solid works express exactly what they contain. The monograph was much admired by the distinguished Portuguese scholar, Avelino Teixeira da Mota, and by the small but growing band of Anglo-American historians who from the 1950s developed an interest in the history of Guinea. Indeed, the 1937 work was almost the earliest work to make a serious study of the first stages of European contact with Black Africa. But it was essentially a work about Europeans overseas, since Blake had been trained in a tradition of what was then called ‘imperial history.’ In modern parlance it was Eurocentric, and its references to the experiences and reactions of Africans were, by later standards, naive and uninformed.
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Robinson, Patrick G., Andrew Murray, Graeme Close, and Denis F. Kinane. "Assessing the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in international professional golf." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 7, no. 2 (June 2021): e001109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001109.
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ObjectivesThere is no published data on the incidence or risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission when playing golf, a sport played outdoors where social distancing is possible. The purpose of this prospective study was to report incidence and transmission regarding SARS-CoV-2, of professional golfers competing on the PGA European Tour across 23 events in 11 countries.MethodsDaily symptom and temperature checks and weekly reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) screening were performed to determine potential carriage of SARS-CoV-2. Onset and type of symptomology were analysed. Gene expression and cycle thresholds (Cts) were reviewed for all positive cases. Repeat PCR testing was performed on all positive players. RT-PCR analysis included human housekeeping genes and various RNA genes specific for SARS-CoV-2.ResultsDuring the study period, there were 2900 RT-PCR tests performed on 195 professional golfers competing on the European Tour. Four players tested positive on-site during the study period (0.14% of tests; positive results were declared with Ct <40). Two positive tests were returned as part of routine protocols, while two reported a history of close contact with an individual who had tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and were isolated and target tested. All were asymptomatic at time of testing, with three developing symptoms subsequently. None required hospital admission. There was no transmission from player to player.ConclusionGolf is an outdoor sport where social distancing is possible, meaning risks can be low if guidance is followed by participants. Risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 can be mitigated by highly accurate RT-PCR testing of participants and by setting up a safe bubble that includes testing players and support staff, as well as all persons coming into contact with them during the course of the tournament, for example, drivers and hotel staff. This report can also provide reassurance for participants and policy makers regarding community golf, which can be encouraged for the health benefits it provides, in a relatively low-risk environment, with minimal risk of transmission by observing sensible viral hygiene protocols.
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Kerimova, S. A. "ON THE HISTORY OF THE FORMATION OF ISTANBUL ICONOGRAPHY IN THE PAINTING OF AZERBAIJAN." Culture and Text, no. 43 (2020): 295–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.37386/2305-4077-2020-4-295-308.
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In the visual arts of Azerbaijan, the formation of the iconography of Istanbul is a multi-level and stage process. Its relevance is due to a number of factors of both the socio-ethnocultural aspect, historicism of relations, and creative searches of a personal nature. The purpose of the study of this article is to identify the context and the main priorities of the formation of the pictorial signature of Istanbul in Russian painting at certain stages of its development. The choice of the iconographic method as the main one made it possible to most clearly trace the specific semantics of the city, and also led to an appeal to the iconology of plots and genres associated with the image of Istanbul. The formation of canonical schemes took place against a complex background of a complex of historical mutual influences of related states, which necessitated the use of the diachronic method as one of the main tools. As a result, a rather capacious empirical base was analyzed, which included works of Azerbaijani painting from successive historical eras. Along with them, the initial base was considered, a series of interviews with the authors of the work was conducted. A generalization of the study was the conclusion that the image of Azerbaijani artistic creative consciousness was gradually formed, starting from the Middle Ages, within the framework of canonical art and against the background of constant close historical contact, which also led to periods of recession (Soviet period) in the development of themes. Stable positions during the new time are traditions of European romanticism, and in particular, Orientalism, reflected in the monumental painting of Azerbaijan. The stylistic and genre diversity is rapidly gaining momentum with a period of independence within the framework of both classical and postmodernism.
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Wojnicz, Piotr. "PRAWNE ASPEKTY INTEGRACJI IMIGRANTÓW W UNII EUROPEJSKIEJ W KONTEKŚCIE WIELOKULTUROWOŚCI." Civitas et Lex 4, no. 4 (December 31, 2014): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/cetl.2025.
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The phenomenon of migration is accompanied by rapid and profound changes that graduallyshape the present period of history. The phenomenon of migration is a very intensive process,which state authorities are forced to conform to specific regulations. Globalisation has affectedthe shape and extent of the migration of the population. The effect of globalization has becomea phenomenon revive ethnic and cross-cultural migrations. Religious and cultural changes takingplace on the European continent, and caused the migration of the population, are comparable tothose which were the result of the Reformation in the sixteenth century. Currently, a large partof immigrants come from such different cultures that their integration in European society isextremely difficult. Europeans contact with people from other cultures causes interesting effects onthe border law enforcement and preserving traditions inherited from their ancestors. The ideologyof multiculturalism has suffered a crisis in many EU countries. Therefore, the EU legislator isforced to develop a new perspective on the integration process of migrants. The right to familyreunification is an essential element of this process.It should be noted that a well-designed and effectively complied with the law in this areacan contribute to the effective elimination of pathologies that are often an expression of overinterpretationof old tribal customs.
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Boyd, Matthew, and Clarence Surette. "Northernmost Precontact Maize in North America." American Antiquity 75, no. 1 (January 2010): 117–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.75.1.117.
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Corn (Zea mays ssp. mays) was a key economic plant in the Americas, yet little information exists on the northern limit of maize consumption before European contact. Based on the analysis of carbonized food residue on pottery for plant microfossils (phytoliths and starch granules) from 58 precontact archaeological sites, we report the first evidence of maize consumption in the subarctic boreal forest. Recovery of maize microfossils from several widely distributed Laurel phase (Middle Woodland/Initial Shield Woodland) vessels indicates that the diffusion of corn into this region was surprisingly early (ca. A.D. 500) and may have initially spread through long-distance exchange networks linking temperate and boreal North America during the Woodland period. After A.D. 1000 maize was a widespread component of diet and was consumed by every major Late Woodland culture in the region. These results have profound implications both for the history of this cultigen and for small-scale human societies in northern North America.
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Richards, Michael P., Sheila Greer, Lorna T. Corr, Owen Beattie, Alexander Mackie, Richard P. Evershed, Al von Finster, and John Southon. "Radiocarbon Dating and Dietary Stable Isotope Analysis of Kwaday Dän Ts'inchí." American Antiquity 72, no. 4 (October 2007): 719–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25470442.
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We report here on the results of AMS dating and isotopic analysis of the frozen human remains named Kwaday Dän Ts'inchí and associated materials recovered from a glacier located in Northwest British Columbia, Canada in 1999. The isotopic analysis of bone collagen (bulk and single amino acids) from the individual indicates a strongly marine diet, which was unexpected given the location of this find, more than 100 km inland eroding out of a high elevation glacier; however, bulk hair and bone cholesterol isotopic values indicate a shift in diet to include more terrestrial foods in the year before death. The radiocarbon dating is not straightforward, as there are difficulties in determining the appropriate marine correction for the human remains, and the spread of dates on the associated artifacts clearly indicates that this was not a single use site. By combining the most recent date on a robe worn by Kwaday Dän Ts'inchi with direct bone collagen dates we conclude that the individual likely dates to between cal A.D. 1670 to 1850, which is in the pre-(or early) European contact period for this region.
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Hitzer, Bettina, and Joachim Schlör. "Introduction." Journal of Urban History 37, no. 6 (October 12, 2011): 819–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144211413228.
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This article introduces a special issue that investigates the place of religion in the spatial and cultural organization of west and east European cities in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Discussing different frameworks for a conceptualization of the role of religion within the urban context during the past two hundred years, it argues for adopting a broader perspective that takes into account the multiple and often conflicting processes and practices of religious modernization. Thus, it places particular emphasis on scrutinizing a space in between, that is to say, the area of contact between the outward influence on the spatial development of religious communities on the one hand and the inner workings of such communities on the other hand. Based on an 1880s debate over the way Jewish immigrants changed the religious landscape of New York Jewry as well as on the results of the following contributions, it supports a fresh look at the turn of the century as a period of intensified religious life and visibility within metropolises that contributed to the development of more “modern,” individualized forms of religious sociability and, in the same vein, fostered the emergence of modern urbanity.
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Gulnar Nadirova, Bayan Jubatova, Kunduzay Aubakirova, and Nazym Konkabayeva. "STATUS OF THE KYPCHAK LANGUAGE IN MAMLUK EGYPT: LANGUAGE - BARRIER OR LANGUAGE - CONTACT?" World Science 3, no. 8(36) (August 30, 2018): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ws/30082018/6080.
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The purpose of the study is to determine the status of the Kypchak language in the political, social and intellectual history of Egypt during the period of Mamluks’ rule.To clarify the situation, we have made an overview of the few primary and secondary sources that deal with the functioning of the Turks’ language and the analysis of its role and place in the Egyptian medieval society from the historical, religious and cultural positions. Metaphorically, the Kypchak language was the barrier language separating the social group of former slaves from the local population of Egypt and providing the right to a special position, up to the possibility of occupying the highest office of power. It also helped not to dissolve in a much larger society of Egyptians and to maintain the identity, the main component of which it was. However, the dominance of the military caste of the Mamluks did not engender language conflicts in medieval Egypt. Despite the cultural differences between the social groups - the Turkic military elite and the bulk of the Egyptian population, the devaluation of local dialects and languages has not occurred. Moreover, the Mamluk rulers have even strengthened the status of the Classical Arabic by their strong support of the material and spiritual Islamic culture and infrastructure. However, the Kypchak language did not lose its positions remaining the language of communication not only of the Turks but also of the Türkicized Caucasian and Mongolian ethnic groups.We believe that the study of the language of the medieval Turkic world can be more productive if we include an interdisciplinary approach to the methodology of its study and not only Eastern but European sources as well.
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Blyton, Greg. "Smoking Kills." International Journal of Critical Indigenous Studies 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2010): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcis.v3i2.48.
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This paper brings to the reader‟s attention a history of tobacco smoking that arguably had a negative effect on the health of Aboriginal communities in the Hunter region of central eastern New South Wales during the early colonial contact period from 1800 to 1850. Furthermore, it will also be shown that tobacco was used by colonists to engage the services of Aboriginal people, not only in Aboriginal communities in the Hunter region, but further afield across many other frontiers of colonial expansion in Australia in the 19th century. It will be demonstrated through primary archival and secondary sources that colonists utilised tobacco as a coercive agent to appease, befriend, pacify, coerce and remunerate Aboriginal People, resulting in widespread addiction. It is argued that tobacco smoking not only undermined the health of traditional communities, but also this unhealthy habit has been largely overlooked in measurements of the impact of colonization on the health of Indigenous people. While historians widely acknowledge that exotic diseases such as smallpox had a negative effect on the health of Aboriginal People, it is rarely considered in contemporary historical accounts that tobacco had an even more insidious effect on the well being of Aboriginal societies during the early colonial contact period. Furthermore, while diseases such as smallpox have hopefully disappeared forever, health destroyers like tobacco have endured and continue to impact on Aboriginal health. Finally, this paper recognises the enormity of challenges faced by health authorities, and indeed Indigenous Australians, in contemporary society in combating a chronic problem that has been embedded in Aboriginal post-colonial culture during the long course of European occupation.
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Martinez-Serna, Gabriel. "Jesuit Missionaries, Indian Polities, and Environmental Transformation in the Lagoon March of Northeastern New Spain." Journal of Early American History 3, no. 2-3 (2013): 207–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18770703-00303008.
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The introduction of European agriculture and livestock transformed the natural and human landscape of the Americas profoundly. In the borderlands of the continent, it was often missionaries who introduced these practices to areas where mobile Indians groups had adapted their cultures to an environment that was irrevocably changed. Transforming a landscape usually doomed a mobile ethnic group to forced adaptation, migration or extinction, but could also prove a catalyst to an ethnogenesis that could not have occurred without the effects the Columbian Exchange brought about by the missionaries. The so-called Lagoon March (Comarca Lagunera) of the northeastern borderlands of New Spain experienced perhaps the most dramatic of these episodes in this story of Colonial North America. This region was home to the Lagunero Indians, the most populous pre-contact group in the borderlands, and as late as the last decade of the sixteenth century it was a lush lagoon environment surrounded by wooded mountains. The Jesuits founded the Parras mission there in 1598, and within two generations, the Laguneros had largely disappeared, and the area was transformed into an archipelago of highly productive oasis surrounded by scrub barely suitable for livestock. Viticulture made the area the richest non-mining region of the entire frontier, and a magnet for population. Tlaxcalan (Nahua) colonist that had lived in the mission and survived the Lagunero extinction became a borderlands community intrinsically attached to viticulture and communal rights to water from the region’s only major spring, giving them a legal status that distinguished them from other Indian groups (including other Tlaxcalans) and underlining a social cohesion that lasted until the Independence period. Thus, the unintended effects of the Jesuit presence transformed the Parras environment and the way Indian identity related to it.
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Simonyan, R. H., and T. M. Kochegarova. "Russians among the Peoples of the Baltic States: the Origins of Mutual Perceptions and Relations." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 6(45) (December 28, 2015): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-6-45-124-134.
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The Baltic countries - the next neighbors of Russia, whose history is closely linked with our country in the period of Kievan Rus, the Grand Duchy of Moscow, the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, and today in a broad European context. Both Russia and the Baltic states are the states that make up the Baltic region. The role of this region in the European integration is the key. The border between Russia and the European Union, Russia and the EU are in direct contact, there is a direct interaction between the peoples of Europe, divided by confrontations of the twentieth century. In this border area sociocultural diffusion occurs between the two parts of the European continent. Factor of cooperation of neighbors is an essential guarantee of stability of the world system. For this cooperation to be productive, you must have an adequate view of the neighbors, about the processes that take place there. Knowing immediate environment in a globalized world is a prerequisite for good neighborly relations. The condition of willingness to help, if needed. In the current civilization elevated risk mutual definitely be in demand. Historical experience shows that the lack of objective knowledge is the cause of misunderstanding, and often the source of origin of enmity. This is not only of interest to neighboring nations, but the need to have certain knowledge about them, are closely linked to historical responsibility. Feature stories is that it is inextricably linked with modernity. For public decision-making needs of reliable knowledge about the processes that led to the present, the historical conditions of social psychology folding neighboring nations, forms of expression of their national characteristics. On the basis of sociological methods - from the study of documentary and literary sources, analysis of the results of mass surveys to group discussions and participant observation - analyzes the problems of mutual Russian and Baltic peoples.
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Harkin, Michael E. "Ethnohistory's Ethnohistory." Social Science History 34, no. 2 (2010): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200011184.
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This article examines the first decades of the field of ethnohistory as it developed in the United States. It participated in the general rapprochement between history and anthropology of mid-twentieth-century social science. However, unlike parallel developments in Europe and in other research areas, ethnohistory specifically arose out of the study of American Indian communities in the era of the Indian Claims Commission. Thus ethnohistory developed from a pragmatic rather than a theoretical orientation, with practitioners testifying both in favor of and against claims. Methodology was flexible, with both documentary sources and ethnographic methods employed to the degree that each was feasible. One way that ethnohistory was innovative was the degree to which women played prominent roles in its development. By the end of the first decade, the field was becoming broader and more willing to engage both theoretical and ethical issues raised by the foundational work. In particular, the geographic scope began to reach well beyond North America, especially to Latin America, where archival resources and the opportunities for ethnographic research were plentiful, but also to areas such as Melanesia, where recent European contact allowed researchers to observe the early postcontact period directly and to address the associated theoretical questions with greater authority. Ethnohistory is thus an important example of a field of study that grew organically without an overarching figure or conscious plan but that nevertheless came to engage central issues in cultural and historical analysis.
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Kooiman, Susan M., and Heather Walder. "Reconsidering the Chronology: Carbonized Food Residue, Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Dates, and Compositional Analysis of a Curated Collection from the Upper Great Lakes." American Antiquity 84, no. 3 (June 10, 2019): 495–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2019.33.
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Recent reexamination of pottery, copper objects, and glass trade beads using modern analytic methods has amended the occupational history of the Cloudman site (20CH6), once interpreted as an early “Contact” period site in Michigan. The original chronology of the site, located on northern Michigan's Drummond Island in Lake Huron, was based on an apparent association of Iroquoian pottery with European-made trade goods relatively dated to circa AD 1630. Current advances in archaeological dating methods have revealed new insights into the poorly understood settlement patterns and social interactions of various Upper Great Lakes groups between AD 1300 and 1700. Accelerator mass spectrometry dating of carbonized food residue collected from late Late Woodland and Ontario Iroquoian pottery vessels suggests some contemporaneous use of both styles and the culmination of occupation by pottery-making groups by AD 1500. Elemental analysis of glass beads indicates that the recovered trade items were likely manufactured post–AD 1650. Likewise, compositional analysis of copper-base metal artifacts clarifies how such objects were made and used over time at the site. The results demonstrate how the application of modern analytic methods to curated collections can lead to significant reinterpretation, ultimately enhancing understandings of regional chronologies, social relationships, and population movements.
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Bartal, Israel. "Back to the Post-Communist Motherlands." Nordisk judaistik/Scandinavian Jewish Studies 31, no. 1 (May 18, 2020): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30752/nj.86216.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article presents some of the personal observations of a veteran Israeli scholar whose long-years' encounters with the 'real' as well as the 'imagined' eastern Europe have shaped his historical research. As an Israeli-born historian of Polish-Ukrainian origin, (the so-called 'second generation') he claims to share an ambivalent attitude towards his countries of origin with other fellow- historians. Jewish emigrants from eastern Europe have been until very late in the modern era members of an old ethno-religious group. One ethnos out of many in a diverse multi-ethnic environment, whose demographic core survived and flourished for centuries in the old places. Several decades of social, economic, and political upheavals exposed the Jewish population to drastic changes. These changes lead several intellectuals who left their home countries to look back at what have happened as both involved actors, and distant observers. Israeli historians of east European origin found themselves confronted with a crucial question: in what way the past in the Old Country connected (if at all) to the history of Israel. Following some 40 years of academic career in the field of eastern European Jewish history, it is claimed that until the collapse of the Soviet Union, the image of eastern Europe that runs through the Israeli historical research has been shaped in large part by members of the different generations of emigrants, outside of eastern Europe. The renewed direct contact after 1989 caused a dramatic change: within a few years, Israeli historians were examining archives and libraries throughout eastern Europe. After seven decades of isolation between the Israeli historian and the primary sources necessary to his/her research in the archives, the new wave of documents was celebrated in Israeli Universities. Yet far more influential was the revolution prompted in 1989 on the historical perspective from which Israeli historians could now examine the Jewish past. What happened in 1989 has seemed, to some Israeli historians, a breaking point marking the end of the eastern European period in the course of Jewish history. The article concludes with some thoughts on a new historical (Israeli) perspective. A one that fits a time when hundreds of thousands of immigrants from what was the largest eastern-European Jewish collective in the world inhabit a remote Middle Eastern nation-state.
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Brosnan, Denis A. "Characterization and Degradation of Masonry Mortar in Historic Brick Structures." Journal of Structures 2014 (April 27, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/859879.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study characterized mortars from a masonry fortification in Charleston, South Carolina (USA), harbor where construction was during the period 1839–1860. This location for analysis was interesting because of the sea water impingement on the structure. The study was included as part of an overall structural assessment with restoration as an objective. The mortars were found to be cement, lime, and sand mixtures in proportions similar to ones expected from the historic literature, that is, one part binder to two parts of sand. The binder was found to be American natural cement, a substance analogous to the European Roman cement. The results suggest that the thermal history of the cement during manufacturing affected setting rate explaining why the cements were considered as variable during the mid-to-late 1800s. Fine pores were found in mortars exposed to sea water resulting from corrosion. Contemporary natural cement was shown to release calcium in aqueous solution. While this release of calcium is necessary for setting in natural and Portland cements, excessive calcium solution, as exacerbated by sea water contact and repointing with Portland cement mortars, was shown to result in brick scaling or decay through cryptoflorescence.
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Franzo, Giovanni, Maria Luisa Menandro, Claudia Maria Tucciarone, Giacomo Barbierato, Lorenzo Crovato, Alessandra Mondin, Martina Libanora, et al. "Canine Circovirus in Foxes from Northern Italy: Where Did It All Begin?" Pathogens 10, no. 8 (August 9, 2021): 1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10081002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Canine circovirus (CanineCV) is a recently identified virus affecting both domestic and wild carnivores, including foxes, sometimes in presence of severe clinical signs. Its circulation in wild animals can thus represent a potential threat for endangered species conservation and an infection source for dogs. Nevertheless, no data were available on its circulation in the Alps region of Northern Italy. In the present study, samples collected from 186 foxes in the period 2009–2020 from Valle d’Aosta and Veneto regions were tested using a real-time PCR assay, demonstrating a viral circulation of approximatively 2–5%, depending on the considered regions. Two complete or almost complete genome sequences were obtained, highlighting that the detected strains were part of a so defined “fox only” clade, which suggests that, despite common contact opportunities, Alps foxes are not involved in frequent transmission events to domestic dogs. Such genetic isolation could be at least partially attributed to some sort of independent evolution occurred in the foxes, leading to species barrier. Additionally, CanineCV strains in foxes from Italy were unexpectedly related to those previously identified in foxes from the United Kingdom and Scandinavian area. Combining the history of fox distribution in Europe since the last glacial maximum (LGM) with the viral history allowed us to speculate a long-standing coexistence between European canine circovirus and this host, justifying the peculiar geographic distribution and evolutionary paths of the fox infecting clade.
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Zuyev, G. V. "Current population structure of European anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus L. (Engraulidae: Pisces) in the Sea of Azov – Black Sea basin and history of its formation." Marine Biological Journal 4, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21072/mbj.2019.04.1.05.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
European anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus L. is one of the most abundant fish species in the Sea of Azov – Black Sea basin. Historically it is the main commercial fish in all Black Sea countries. In modern conditions, the share of anchovy catches totals 80–85 %. In recent years (since 2001) the average annual catch was 250 tones. E. encrasicolus is a polytypic species. In the Black Sea and in the Sea of Azov there are two intraspecific forms – Black Sea anchovy (E. encrasicolus ponticus Alex.) and Sea of Azov anchovy (E. encrasicolus maeoticus Pusanov), and their taxonomic status is still unclear. An actual task is the assessment of the current population structure of E. encrasicolus and its possible changes under the influence of climatic and anthropogenic factors in order to develop the necessary measures to prevent negative impacts and to preserve the resource potential of the species. This work focuses on the study of European anchovy modern population structure in the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, the geological and paleoclimatic conditions of its formation and assessment of possible changes taking into account real natural and anthropogenic risk factors. The work is based on the research results of intraspecific morphobiological, biochemical, genetic and ecological variability of E. encrasicolus, as well as spatial and reproductive relationships between Sea of Azov anchovy and Black Sea anchovy. Investigations concerned with the study of intraspecific heterogeneity problem of E. encrasicolus in the Black Sea and in the Sea of Azov were reviewed. Data obtained by domestic and foreign authors for a 100-year period (1913–2014) were analyzed; the list of publications includes more than 40 titles. Our own research results were also used in the work. The information about reproductive area boundaries of Sea of Azov anchovy and Black Sea anchovy was systematized and summarized. Their reproductive areas were found to be distributed over the entire water area of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov and overlapped over the whole space. The absence of spatially separate reproductive areas and the presence of simultaneous spawning exclude belonging of Black Sea anchovy and Sea of Azov anchovy to different subspecies (geographical races). Population level of the differences between Black Sea anchovy and Sea of Azov anchovy was confirmed by the results of genetic and biochemical studies: the coefficients of genetic similarity and genetic distance between them were 0.9983–0.9985 and 0.0015–0.0017, respectively. Geological history of population structure formation of Engraulis encrasicolus was presented. Modern Sea of Azov anchovy and Black Sea anchovy in the past were spatially separated and came into contact again only after appearance of a number of differences between them in the course of evolution. Their isolation occurred in the newly formed Sarmatian Sea isolated from the Tethyan Ocean in the Miocene (23.0–5.3 million years ago). As a result, two geographically isolated and independent anchovy groups (western and eastern) appeared. Further development of these groups occurred at different rates. Faster rates of evolution of the western group led to the formation of more progressive Black Sea anchovy and Mediterranean anchovy, lower rates of evolution of the eastern group led to the formation of more primitive Sea of Azov anchovy. Only in the modern era, after the last glacial period had ended and the connection of the Black Sea with the Mediterranean Sea had been reconstituted (7–5 thousand years ago) Sea of Azov anchovy and Black Sea anchovy contacted, the process was followed by their subsequent hybridization, i. e. by the appearance of the zone of secondary intergradation. There is a real threat of Sea of Azov anchovy genofund destruction and its “genetic absorption” by Black Sea anchovy in conditions of introgressive hybridization in recent decades associated with salinity increase of the Sea of Azov caused by human economic activity. Nevertheless, the genetic uniqueness of Sea of Azov anchovy persists to the present, first of all, due to ecological isolation mechanisms – seasonal isolation (timing) and biotope isolation (site selection) during the reproductive period. А certain pattern of redistribution in the spawning population composition of Sea of Azov anchovy and Black Sea anchovy females was identified: the share of Sea of Azov anchovy females decreased while the share of Black Sea anchovy females increased. Thus, Sea of Azov anchovy and Black Sea anchovy populations are the “temperature” races adapted to different reproductive temperature conditions: Sea of Azov anchovy – to lower temperature conditions, Black Sea anchovy – to higher ones. In addition to seasonal isolation, the biotopic isolation of Black Sea anchovy and Sea of Azov anchovy was found. Black Sea anchovy prefers to spawn in open areas of the Black Sea with water salinity above 16 ‰: its share is here 55–60 %, whereas in the coastal waters its share does not exceed 5–40 %. Sea of Azov anchovy, on the contrary, in spawning period prevails in the coastal freshened waters with salinity below 15 ‰, with its share here reaching 60–90 %.
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Mazur-Melewska, Katarzyna, Anna Mania, Paweł Małecki, Iwona Klimecka, Alicja Bartkowska-Śniatkowska, Waldemar Bobkowski, Marek Niedziela, Wojciech Służewski, and Magdalena Figlerowicz. "Kawasaki-like syndrome in children from Greater Poland during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic." Pediatria i Medycyna Rodzinna 16, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 396–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.15557/pimr.2020.0071.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Kawasaki disease is an acute disease caused by systemic vasculitis, which predominantly affects children younger than 5 years of age. It is the leading cause of acquired coronary artery disease in childhood in developed countries. Currently, in the era of COVID-19, an increased number of cases, most likely related to SARS-CoV-2, are being observed. Our study aimed to describe the incidence and course of Kawasaki-like syndrome in patients admitted to the Polish department of infectious diseases during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic. We identified 6 children with Kawasaki disease within almost 6 weeks of the pandemic. Medical history of 3 children showed contact with a person suspected of SARS-CoV-2 infection. One patient had confirmed SARS-CoV-2 serology (a female patient who lived in the epidemic centre). We did not confirm any bacterial or viral aetiology in 3 patients. Conclusions: Based on the conducted analysis comparing the number of cases during the “spring wave” of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic compared to previous years, an increased incidence of Kawasaki syndrome among children from the Greater Poland was found, similar to that reported by doctors from various European countries. The mean age of patients with Kawasaki disease was higher than previously reported. Analysis of clinical forms in our patients showed the entire spectrum from incomplete Kawasaki disease to full blown Kawasaki disease shock syndrome and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. The risk assessment of immunoglobulin resistance using the Kobayashi and Egami scores had no predictive value in patients with Kawasaki disease during the COVID-19 period.
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Gajdács, Márió, Anita Németh, Márta Knausz, Ibrahim Barrak, Anette Stájer, Gyula Mestyán, Szilvia Melegh, et al. "Streptococcus suis: An Underestimated Emerging Pathogen in Hungary?" Microorganisms 8, no. 9 (August 24, 2020): 1292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091292.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen, demonstrated as an etiological agent in human infections in increasing frequency, including diseases like purulent meningitis, sepsis, uveitis-endophtalmitis and arthritis. Due to the increased availability and utility of novel diagnostic technologies in clinical microbiology, more studies have been published on the epidemiology of S. suis, both in veterinary and human medicine; however, there are no comprehensive data available regarding human S. suis infections from East-Central European countries. As a part of our study, data were collected from the National Bacteriological Surveillance (NBS) system on patients who had at least one positive microbiological result for S. suis, corresponding to an 18-year study period (2002–2019). n = 74 S. suis strains were isolated from invasive human infections, corresponding to 34 patients. The number of affected patients was 1.89 ± 1.53/year (range: 0–5). Most isolates originated from blood culture (63.5%) and cerebrospinal fluid (18.9%) samples. Additionally, we present detailed documentation of three instructive cases from three regions of the country and with three distinctly different outcomes. Hungary has traditional agriculture, the significant portion of which includes the production and consumption of pork meat, with characteristic preparation and consumption customs and unfavorable epidemiological characteristics (alcohol consumption, prevalence of malignant diseases or diabetes), which have all been described as important predisposing factors for the development of serious infections. Clinicians and microbiologist need to be vigilant even in nonendemic areas, especially if the patients have a history of occupational hazards or having close contact with infected pigs.