Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Salt screening"
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Статті в журналах з теми "Salt screening"
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Mendlinger, Samuel, and Dov Pasternak. "Screening for Salt Tolerance in Melons." HortScience 27, no. 8 (August 1992): 905–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.8.905.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Twenty melon (Cucumis melo L.) cultigens (cultivars and breeding lines) were tested for salt tolerance. All cultigens were grown in the field using drip irrigation at three salt salinity levels: electrical conductivity (ECw = 1.2, 7.5, or 14.0 dS·m-1. Nineteen of the 20 cultigens proved to be salt-sensitive, as measured by reduction in fruit weight, but not necessarily to the same degree (i.e., some cultigens were tolerant at ECw = 7.5, whereas others were not). One line, `Evan Key', was salt-tolerant at ECw= 14.0. Increasing salinity levels did not affect the number of fruits produced in most cultigens. Overall, increasing salinity reduced netting quality but increased the total soluble solids content and shortened mean time to harvest in seven cultigens.
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Kumar, P. Arun, N. N. Reddy, and N. Jyothi Lakshmi. "Screening Tomato Genotypes for Salt Tolerance." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6, no. 11 (November 10, 2017): 1037–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.611.121.
Повний текст джерела
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Emdadi, Arash, Jamie Hestekin, and Lauren F. Greenlee. "Salt screening analysis for reverse electrodialysis." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 5, no. 23 (2021): 6135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1se01447a.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Gray: salts with OCVth < NaCl; red: salts with OCVth > NaCl and high hazard potential; yellow: salts with OCVth > NaCl, low hazard potential, expensive; green: promising salts in terms of OCVth, hazard potential and cost.
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Grieve, C. M., M. R. Guzy, J. A. Poss, and M. C. Shannon. "Screening Eucalyptus Clones for Salt Tolerance." HortScience 34, no. 5 (August 1999): 867–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.5.867.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Agroforestry plantations offer environmentally acceptable strategies for the reuse of saline drainage waters. Tree species suitable for use in such systems must be selected for survival and sustained growth under highly saline conditions. In this screening trial, four clones of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. (4543, 4544, 4573, and 4590) and one clone of E. rudis Endl. (4501) were grown in greenhouse sand cultures irrigated with sodium sulfate–dominated waters. Solution compositions were prepared to simulate saline drainage waters typically found in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Electrical conductivities of the solutions ranged from 2 to 28 dS·m–1. Treatments were replicated three times. All plants survived and were harvested after 7 weeks under saline treatment. Plant height was measured weekly and shoot biomass was determined at final harvest. The salinity levels that resulted in a 50% reduction in biomass production (C50) were 16.4 (4573), 17.1 (4543), 17.7 (4544), 29.0 (4590), and 30.0 dS·m–1 (4501). Over the range of salinities from 4 to 20 dS·m–1, clones 4501, 4590, and 4573 generally maintained higher relative growth rates (RGR) than did clones 4544 and 4543. However, at the highest salinity, RGRs of clones 4501, 4544, and 4573 were significantly greater than those of clones 4543 and 4590. Assessed on the basis of biomass production, clones 4501 (E. rudis) and 4590 (E. camaldulensis) showed exceptional potential for use in agroforestry systems where the saline drainage waters are sodium sulfate–dominated.
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Zhang, Guoshun, Li Zhang, Dezhi Yang, Na Zhang, Lan He, Guanhua Du, and Yang Lu. "Salt screening and characterization of ciprofloxacin." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 72, no. 1 (January 23, 2016): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052520615018582.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With the aim of improving the solubility of ciprofloxacin, polybasic organic acids were utilized to react with ciprofloxacin in different stoichiometric proportions. The use of the solvent drop grinding (SDG) method, as well as the solvent evaporation method, resulted in the crystalline salts ciprofloxacin/fumaric acid (1:1, 2:1), ciprofloxacin/maleic acid (1:1) and ciprofloxacin/citric acid (2:1). The solubilities of these salts in pure water (pH 7.0) were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at 310 K, with the salts showing considerably greater solubility than ciprofloxacin itself and, interestingly, ciprofloxacin/fumaric acid (2:1) being more soluble than ciprofloxacin/fumaric acid (1:1). Intrigued by this phenomenon, we undertook a comparison of the crystal structures of the salts: the three-dimensional sandwich-like structure observed in the 2:1 salt indicates that the preferred stacking may be a factor in increasing the solubility of ciprofloxacin.
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Kimura, Kazue, Saho Onishi, and Kei Moriyama. "Fluorescence-Based High-Throughput Salt Screening." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 107, no. 7 (July 2018): 1870–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2018.02.018.
Повний текст джерела
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Fernández Casares, Ana, W. Mieke Nap, Glòria Ten Figás, Pieter Huizenga, Richard Groot, and Marcel Hoffmann. "An evaluation of salt screening methodologies." Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 67, no. 6 (February 14, 2015): 812–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jphp.12377.
Повний текст джерела
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Ottman, Yvonne, and David H. Byrne. "Screening Rootstocks of Prunus for Relative Salt Tolerance." HortScience 23, no. 2 (April 1988): 375–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.23.2.375.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract A nondestructive method for evaluating the salt tolerance of Prunus seedlings was devised for greenhouse sand-culture with 60 days of saline drip irrigation. The treatments contained half-strength Hoagland's solution using distilled water and supplementary chloride and sulfate salts of Na, Ca, and Mg to reach 1.5 dS·m–1 for control, 4.5 dS·m–1 for the first trial, and 6.0 dS·m–1 for the second and third trial screenings. After 60 days of irrigation with 6.0 dS·m–1 Nemaguard, the standard peach [P. persica (L.) Batsch] rootstock averaged 46% of the fresh weight, 53% of the volume, 66% of the height, and 74% of the foliar health ratings of the control seedlings. Percent of control values were compared for a tentative ranking of salt tolerance: ‘Titan’ almond × Nemaguard and P. mexicana Wats. > Nemaguard and Nemared > Myrobalan plum (P. cerasifera J.F.Ehrh.) and bitter almond (P. amygdalus var. amara Focke.). Correlation coefficients were used in selecting useful sets of evaluation parameters. Height was rejected as a screening parameter. Final fresh weight and a final foliar health rating are recommended for cursory screenings of Prunus germplasm. The last three weekly foliar health scores are useful for comparing rates of decline. Volume displacements are useful for comparing root vs. shoot growth.
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Sedláčková, P., Š. Horáčková, T. Shi, M. Kosová, and M. Plocková. "Two different methods for screening of bile salt hydrolase activity in Lactobacillus strains." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 33, No. 1 (June 3, 2016): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/299/2014-cjfs.
Повний текст джерела
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Baek, Dongwon, Wonkyun Choi, Songhwa Kang, Gilok Shin, Su Jung Park, Chanmin Kim, Hyeong Cheol Park, and Dae-Jin Yun. "Screening of salt-tolerance plants using transgenic Arabidopsis that express a salt cress cDNA library." Journal of Plant Biotechnology 41, no. 2 (June 30, 2014): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5010/jpb.2014.41.2.81.
Повний текст джерелаДисертації з теми "Salt screening"
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Kose, Fatma Selin. "Physiological And Biochemical Screening Of Different Turkish Lentil Cultivars Under Salt Stress Conditions." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615009/index.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Salinity is the 2nd major limiting abiotic factor on plant growth. As a result of this, soil salinity greatly reduce the yield of the crop production by dual action on plants which are ionic toxicity and water deficit. Therefore, improvement of stress tolerance is greatly concerned. This study was performed to screen and select a salt-resistant and a salt-sensitive cultivar among 6 Turkish lentil cultivars (Lens culinaris M.) which are Çagil, Ç
iftç
i, Kafkas, Malazgirt, Seyran and Ö
zbek according to the physiological and biochemical properties. 12 days old lentil seedlings which were exposed to salt stress (100 mM NaCl and 150 mM NaCl) for 5 days as well as control groups analyzed physiologically by root-shoot fresh weights, and lengths
and biochemically by ion leakage, MDA, H
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Clarke, Catherine Bernadette. "Screening for enhanced salt tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana L. with particular consideration of altered stomatal function." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250151.
Повний текст джерела
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Penella, Casañ Consuelo. "SCREENING PEPPER GENOTYPES TO OBTAIN TOLERANT ROOTSTOCKS TO SALT AND WATER STRESS: PHYSIOLOGICAL AND AGRONOMICAL RESPONSES OF THE GRAFTED PLANTS." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/58767.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
[EN] Pepper is a vegetable of extraordinary economic and social importance in our country. Unfortunately, the persistent exploitation of the land, the monoculture and the intensification of production processes, lead to the development of soil diseases. This coupled with the abiotic stress, mainly the salinity of waters and soil, suboptimal temperatures and water stress, can induce the appearance of physiological disorders in peppers as the Blossom-end rot (BER) and cracking or cracked, induce plant senescence and decrease not only production, but also the quality of the product. Salinity and water shortages are two among the biggest environmental problems that crops have to face in the Mediterranean area. A way to overcome the stresses under the prism of an ecological or integrated crop management, is the use of grafted plants as adaptation strategy. Although there has been remarkable progress in this technique (mainly in tomato, melon, watermelon), in the cultivation of pepper use remains rare. In this Doctoral thesis several pepper genotypes have been selected through different physiological parameters which indicate tolerance to salt and water stress. Commercial cultivars were grafted onto the selected genotypes and were grown under water stress, salinity and control conditions studying several physiological, agronomic responses and the interaction rootstock/scion. The results obtained concluded that genotypes selected and used as rootstocks improved commercial varieties to salt and water stress tolerance, both in terms of performance (commercial production) compared to other commercial characters and variety without grafting. Different physiological mechanisms explain the tolerance to stress, such as the ability to maintain the water potential through an osmotic adjustment, stimulation of the antioxidant system, exclusion or retention of toxic ions (Na+ and Cl-) in saline in the roots and the maintenance of photosynthesis which allows to maintain the metabolic functions of grafted plants and production.[ES] El pimiento es una hortaliza de extraordinaria importancia económica y social en nuestro país. Lamentablemente, la persistente explotación del suelo, el monocultivo y la intensificación de los procesos de producción, conducen al desarrollo de enfermedades del suelo. Esto unido a los estreses abióticos, principalmente la salinidad de las aguas y del suelo, temperaturas subóptimas y estrés hídrico, puede inducir la aparición de fisiopatias en el pimiento como el Blossom-end rot (BER) y cracking o rajado, inducir senescencia vegetal y disminuir no solo la producción, sino también la calidad del producto. La salinidad y la escasez de agua son unos los mayores problemas medio ambientales a los que tienen que hacer frente los cultivos en el área Mediterránea. Un modo de sortear los estreses bajo el prisma de un manejo integrado o ecológico del cultivo, es la utilización de plantas injertadas como estrategia de adaptación. Aunque se ha producido un notable avance en esta técnica (principalmente en tomate, melón, sandía), en el cultivo del pimiento su utilización es poco frecuente aun. En esta Tesis Doctoral se han seleccionado mediante parámetros fisiológicos diferentes genotipos de pimiento tolerantes al estrés salino e hídrico. Los genotipos seleccionados fueron validados como patrones tolerantes a condiciones de estrés hídrico y salino injertados sobre una variedad comercial mediante el estudio de las respuestas fisiológicas, agronómicas y de la interacción patrón/variedad en ambas condiciones de estrés. De los resultados obtenidos se concluye que los genotipos seleccionados y utilizados como patrones mejoraron la tolerancia de las variedades comerciales a la salinidad, en términos de rendimiento (producción comercial) de frutos comparando con otros patrones comerciales y la variedad sin injertar. Diferentes mecanismos fisiológicos explican la tolerancia al estrés, como la capacidad de mantener el potencial hídrico mediante un ajuste osmótico, estimulación del sistema antioxidante, exclusión o retención de los iones tóxicos salinos (Na+ y Cl-) en las raíces y el mantenimiento de la fotosíntesis que permite mantener las funciones metabólicas de las plantas injertadas y la producción.
[CAT] El pimentó és una hortalissa d'extraordinària importància econòmica i social al nostre país. Lamentablement, la persistent explotació del sòl, el monocultiu i la intensificació dels processos de producció, conduïxen al desenrotllament de malalties del sòl. Açò unit als estressos abiòtics, principalment la salinitat de les aigües i del sòl, temperatures subòptimes i estrés hídric, pot induir l'aparició de fisiopaties en el pimentó com el Blossom-end rot (BER) i cracking, induir senescència vegetal i disminuir no sols la producció, sinó també la qualitat del producte. La salinitat i l'escassetat d'aigua són uns els majors problemes mitjà ambientals als que han de fer front els cultius en l'àrea Mediterrània. Una manera de sortejar els estressos davall el prisma d'un maneig integrat o ecològic del cultiu, és la utilització de plantes empeltades com a estratègia d'adaptació. Encara que s'ha produït un notable avanç en esta técnica (principalment en tomaca, meló, meló d'alger), en el cultiu del pimentó la seua utilització és poc freqüent. En esta Tesi Doctoral s'han seleccionat per mitjà de paràmetres fisiològics diferents genotips de pimentó tolerants a l'estrés salí i hídric. Els genotips seleccionats van ser validats com a patrons tolerants a condicions d'estrés hídric i salí empeltats sobre una varietat comercial per mitjà de l'estudi de les respostes fisiològiques, agronòmiques i de la interacció patrón/variedad en ambdós condicions d'estrés. Dels resultats obtinguts es conclou que els genotips seleccionats i utilitzats com a patrons van millorar la tolerància de les varietats comercials a la salinitat, tant en termes de rendiment (producció comercial) de fruits comparant amb altres patrons comercials i la varietat sense empeltar. Diferents mecanismes fisiològics expliquen la tolerància a l'estrés, com la capacitat de mantindre el potencial hídric per mitjà d'un ajust osmòtic, estimulació del sistema antioxidant, exclusió o retenció dels ions tòxics salins (Na+ i Cl-) en les arrels i el manteniment de la fotosíntesi que permet mantindre les funcions metabòliques de les plantes empeltades i la producció.
Penella Casañ, C. (2015). SCREENING PEPPER GENOTYPES TO OBTAIN TOLERANT ROOTSTOCKS TO SALT AND WATER STRESS: PHYSIOLOGICAL AND AGRONOMICAL RESPONSES OF THE GRAFTED PLANTS [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/58767
TESIS
Premiado
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Hendrati, Rina Laksmi. "Developing systems to identify and deploy saline and waterlogging tolerant lines of Eucalyptus occidentalis Endl." University of Western Australia. Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2010.0036.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
[Truncated abstract] Eucalyptus occidentalis, a timber species from south Western Australia, is highly salt and waterlogging tolerant. Screening identified genotypes tolerant of high salt concentrations and waterlogging. Tolerance at provenance, family and individual level, and how phenotypic performance under salt and waterlogging was inherited was explored to provide a breeding population. Salt and/or waterlogged screening was carried out under controlled conditions up to extreme salt levels to determine tolerance between genotypes. This tank method was shown to produce repeatable results. Seedlings of 30 families from 9 provenances were used for screening. At low salt concentration (up to 300 mM NaCl), differentiation occurred for some traits but in general there was only a slight reduction in growth under salt, and waterlogging alone was not detrimental. At high salt concentration (550 mM) differentiation occurred among genotypes for all traits. Equivalent genotypes were also planted in field trials at three sites, two with medium (583 - 847 mm) and one with low rainfall (372 - 469 mm), in southern Western Australia. Survival was low (<53%) after 9 months due to an exceptional dry season followed by 3 months waterlogging in Kirkwood (38 - 1360 mSm-1), but was high >89% after 33 months in saline fields in Sandalwindy (96 - 976 mSm-1) and Roberts (88 - 1424 mSm-1). Some families were similarly in high rank for height under saline conditions in controlled and field trials. Height had the highest narrow-sense heritability value, especially under controlled saltwaterlogging (0.85) treatment and 20% selection enabled a gain of 8-14% under controlled conditions and in the field. Leaf production under salt was not an inherited trait. Systems were developed to hasten deployment of selected material. Extended daylength (16 h) and paclobutrazol (1 mg a.i/mm stem circumference) stimulated flowering in 2 year-old plants. Clonal propagation was possible. Grafting success varied from 0-100% depending on scion/rootstock provenances. ... There was only a slight reduction in heterozygosity from species level to provenance and family levels, and two superior genotypes maintained high diversity. v Crossing was possible using one stop pollination of cut immature styles and capsule retention varied from 0-34% and germination rate from 2-96%. Genetic distance between parents was correlated with seed set and offspring fitness. Wider genetic distances increased capsule retention, seed germination and seedling survival. Under 500 mM salt-waterlogging, offspring heights were similar when parental genetic distances were similar. High heritability value for height from ANOVA-REML parental screening was confirmed using parent-offspring regression. Screened superior genotypes, which withstood very high salt concentration, provide a breeding population for further breeding and for plantations under saline regions in low-medium rainfall areas in Western Australia and other parts of the world. These trees provide an economic return in areas where no other plants may survive and an environmental service in potentially reducing waterlogging, salinity and its spread.
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Kaczmarska, Zuzanna. "Search for new antiviral compounds using fragment screening methodology." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/285075.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Picornaviridae are among the most diverse and oldest known viral families that include many important pathogens of humans and animals. They are small, icosahedral (+)ssRNA viruses, causing a variety of diseases, such as encephalitis, and poliomyelitis. Vaccines are available for poliovirus, hepatitis A virus and foot-and mouth disease virus, but no effective prophylaxis is implemented for other picornaviruses. Thus far, anti-viral research has focused on the capsid, whereas inhibitors targeting non-structural proteins (i.e. proteases, helicases, polymerases) have remained largely unaddressed.
The project was focused on structural and biochemical characterization of the enterovirus-B93 (EVB93) 3C protease alone and in complex with several covalent inhibitors. The second objective was to identify the first non-covalent potent inhibitors of the EV-B93 3C protease and their further biochemical, antiviral, and structural evaluation.
This work studied the in-vitro proteolytic activity of the EV-B93 3C protease, alone and in the presence of two known covalent inhibitors - rupintrivir and compound 1, as well as three low molecular weight covalent inhibitors - NZO, NZN and DB5_60. The crystal structures of the EV-B93 3C protease alone and in complex with rupintrivir, compound 1, and NZN molecule were solved at high resolution (1.57, 1.50, 1.32, and 1.73 Å, respectively). The structures revealed that the protein adapts a chymotrypsinlike fold similarly to other picornavirus 3C proteases and possesses His-40, Glu-71 and Cys-147 as a catalytic triad.
The STD NMR-based fragment screening was performed to select non-covalent binders of the EV-B93 3C protease. Validation and profiling of the most promising non-covalent hits were done using thermal shift assay (TSA), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and proteolytic activity assay. 44 analogs of the most potent molecule were evaluated in the in-vitro proteolytic activity assay. The most active compound displayed IC50 value of 5 flM. Further chemical optimization was performed resulting in more efficient inhibitor with similar IC50 value. Selected analogs were tested in the in-vitro proteolytic assay against analogous 3C proteases from the following viruses: human rhinovirus-A49, enterovirusD68, aichivirus A, porcine sapelovirus, and equine rhinitis B virus. All compounds exhibited good inhibitory activity against three of the tested proteases. Furthermore, in a cell-based proteolytic assay and an antiviral assay the compounds did not exhibit either proteolytic or antiviral activity, which may be explained by several factors such as lack of cell permeability, low solubility and/or high toxicity.
Extensive co-crystallization and soaking trials were performed to obtain crystal structures of noncovalent complexes of the EV-B93 3C protease with the most potent compounds. Regrettably, no additional electron density was identified in the proteolytic active site. Bioinformatics docking simulations suggested potential binding mode of the optimized compound. These pointed to the presumed pockets occupied by the compound that interact with the two conserved residues from the catalytic triad. Since the most potent compound is a relatively large and rigid molecule, it is unable to bind to the protease without its previous rearrangement, which is unfavorable in the crystalline state of the protein. This observation may explain the inability of the non-covalent molecules to co-crystallize with EV-B93 3C protease. The results obtained in this study may aid the design of potent, noncovalent antivirals targeting enteroviral 3C proteases.Los Picornaviridae son una de las familias de virus más diversas y conocidas desde hace más tiempo. Esta familia incluye importantes agentes patógenos que afectan a humanos y a animales. Los Picornaviridae son virus pequeños, icosaédricos, de ARN de cadena sencilla de sentido positivo y causan una gran variedad de enfermedades, tales como encefalitis y poliomielitis. Se dispone de vacunas para el poliovirus, el virus de la hepatitis A y el virus de la fiebre aftosa, pero no se ha implementado ninguna profilaxis efectiva para otros picornavirus. Hasta ahora, la investigación antiviral se ha centrado en la cápside, mientras que los inhibidores dirigidos a proteínas no estructurales (como las proteasas, las helicasas y las polimerasas) están todavía por explorar. Este proyecto se centró en la caracterización estructural y bioquímica de la proteasa 3C de enterovirus B93 (EV-B93) y de los complejos de esta proteasa con varios inhibidores covalentes. El segundo objetivo fue conseguir inhibidores no covalentes de la proteasa EV-B93 3C y realizar una caracterización bioquímica, antiviral y estructural de los complejos de EV-B93 3C con estos inhibidores.
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Harris, Haggis. "Rapid preformulation screening of drug candidates for dry powder inhaler preparation." Thesis, University of Bath, 2008. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.512332.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Candidate active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are routinely tested to determine such parameters as physical stability, chemical stability, and bioavailability. Preformulation analysis of APIs does not currently attemept to determine whether they will perform to an acceptable level once they have been formulated. In practice, the APIs are subjected to extensive in vitro testing of their performance in a formulation, combined with optimisation of the formulation. This formulation testing is both time-consuming and expensive. In the field of pulmonary drug delivery from dry powder inhalers (DPIs), the API has to be aerosolized effectively in order to penetrate the lunfs and reach its deposition target. In a conventional ternary DPI fromulation, the API is combined with carrier lactose and fine lactose particles. The inter-particle forces between these three components and the bulk properties of the formulation determine the structure of the formulation and the aerolization performance of the API. In this study, physicochemical properties of salbutamol base and several of its salts were investigated both quantitatively and qualitatively. The in vitro deposition characteristics of the formulated APIs were also determined. The relationship between these parameters and the deposition was analysed to establish if a rapid preformulation screening technique could be applied to the APIs with respect to predicting the deposition performance of the formulated API. A clear relationship between the deposition of the unformulated API and the formulated API was observed that could be exploited as a screening technique.
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Tunca, Guzin. "A virtual screening procedure combining pharmacophore filtering and molecular docking with the LIE method." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284031.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Actualment, el cribratge virtual juga un paper central en el món del descobriment de fàrmacs. L’anàlisi in silico permet el cribatge de milions de molècules petites i la tria de les més prometedores per a les proves experimentals. Per trobar candidats que puguin esdevenir fàrmacs, és crucial reunir una sèrie d’eines computacionals individuals i complementàries. En aquesta tesi, es descriu un procediment automatitzat de cribatge virtual que combina el modelat de farmacòfors i el seu ús en cerques, mètodes d’alt rendiment d’acoblament molecular, puntuació de consens i estimació d'energia lliure d'unió mitjançant el mètode d’energia d'interacció lineal (LIE) a partir de simulacions de dinàmica molecular.
Un dels objectius d'aquesta tesi ha estat el de construir una metodologia flexible i versàtil de cribratge virtual, que permeti la integració de diferents eines en les diferents etapes de l’estudi. El procediment, que es va iniciar com la combinació d'un senzill filtre per tamany, la simulació de l’acoblament molecular i una puntuació de consens, ha derivat en un procediment computacional elaborat i automatitzat amb l'addició de cerques basades en farmacòfor i l'estimació de l'energia lliure d'unió mitjançant el mètode LIE. Aquest mètode integrat té l’objectiu de compensar les debilitats individuals de les diferents tècniques usades i permet avaluar i comparar el rendiment i la l’exactitud d'aquestes tècniques. Una altra fita important ha estat l'aplicació del procediment computacional a proteïnes diana concretes per tal d’avaluar-ne la capacitat de trobar molècules que puguin ser candidats a fàrmacs. Tests experimentals realitzats per a la β-Glucosidasa àcida i la hidrolasa de Bleomicina humanes indiquen que diverses molècules petites seleccionades pel procediment computacional tenen activitat inhibitòria micromolar. El mètode LIE emprat en aquest treball es va aplicar sobre més de deu mil complexos proteïna-lligand per a tres proteïnes diana diferents, el que és, al nostre entendre, la primera aplicació del mètode LIE a aquesta escala.Virtual screening plays a central role in the world of drug discovery today. In silico testing allows to screen millions of small molecules and to choose only the most promising ones for experimental testing. To find potential drug candidates, it is crucial to bring together individual and complementary computational tools. In this thesis, I describe an automated virtual screening procedure that combines pharmacophore modeling and searches, high-throughput molecular docking, consensus scoring and binding free energy estimation with the linear interaction energy (LIE) method through molecular dynamics simulations. One goal of this thesis was to build an evolving and versatile virtual screening methodology, which enables integration of different tools at different steps. The procedure that started as a combination of a simple size filter, molecular docking and consensus scoring, advanced into an elaborate and automated computational workflow with the addition of pharmacophore searches and binding free energy estimation with LIE. This integrated method intends to compensate for weaknesses of individual structure-based techniques and allows the evaluation and comparison of the performance and accuracy of these techniques. Another important goal was to apply the computational workflow to target proteins and find hits that could be drug candidates. Experimental testing performed for human acid β-Glucosidase and bleomycin hydrolase indicate that several small molecules selected by the computational workflow display micromolar inhibitory activity. The standard LIE method used in this work was applied to more than ten thousand ligand-protein complexes for three different targets, which is, to our knowledge, the first time application of LIE at such large scale.
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Cuquerella, Fuentes Àngel. "Propietats psicomètriques de l’adaptació espanyola del psychopathy checklist: screening version (PCL:SV)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/666929.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Pritchard, Kurt Schneider i Cleckley, entre d’altres, han anat definint al llarg dels darrers dos segles el constructe de la psicopatia, fins que a les últimes dècades de la segona meitat del segle XX Hare l’operativitza en un inventari de 20 ítems anomenat Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R; 1991, 2003), que agrupa en dos Factors i després dividiria en quatre Facetes: “Interpersonal”, “Afectiva”, “d’Estil de vida” i “Antisocial”. Posteriorment i com a versió de garbellat (del PCL-R) és va dissenyar el Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (Hart, Cox i Hare, 1995) amb 12 ítems i un temps d’administració molt menor, apte per a entorns forenses i clínics.
L’objectiu general d’aquesta Tesi va ser l’estudi de les propietats psicomètriques (fiabilitat i validesa) de l’adaptació espanyola del PCL:SV (Cuquerella i Torrubia, 1996) en mostres forenses (judicial, psiquiàtrica, penitenciària i d’agressors sexuals) del nostre medi cultural. Com a objectius específics es va estudiar: a) la fiabilitat de consistència interna; b) la fiabilitat entre avaluadors; c) l’error estàndard de mesura; d) la validesa estructural, mitjançant anàlisis factorials exploratòries i confirmatòries; e) la validesa concurrent, amb l’estudi de l’associació amb el PCL-R; f) la validesa convergent, amb instruments com les Karolinka Scales of Personality, Escales de Sensibilitat al Càstig i de Sensibilitat a la Recompensa, amb el Qüestionari de Psicopatia experimental i amb variables sociodemogràfiques, penitenciàries i delictives; i g) la validesa discriminat, amb mesures d’intel·ligència (Test de Matrius Progressives de Raven) i algunes variables sociodemogràfiques. La mostra fou de 394 participants voluntaris, agrupats en les quatre submostres esmentades.
El resultats més importants foren: Pel que fa a la fiabilitat, la consistència interna fou força acceptable i la fiabilitat Inter-avaluadors superior, fins i tot, a la mitjana de resultats del Manual original (Hart et al, 1995). En relació a la validesa, i pel que fa específicament a la validesa estructural (estructura factorial), la solució que millor va explicar els resultats obtinguts a la nostra Mostra va ser la tetrafactorial (anàlisi factorials confirmatòries), si bé al Manual descrivia la solució bifactorial com la més parsimoniosa i amb millor bondat d’ajustament (Hart et al, 1995). Les dades de validesa convergent, aportaren correlacions en el sentit esperable, destacant, entre d’altres: a) que escales com Evitación de la monotonía i Agresión verbal es mostraren associades a major Puntuació Total PCL:SV); b) correlacions del Factor 2 negatives amb l’escala Socialización i positives amb Sensibilitat a la recompensa (SR); i c) correlacions positives del Factor 2 i la Puntuació Total amb el Qüestionari de Psicopatia experimental (QPe). Pel que fa a correlats sociodemogràfics, delictius i penitenciàris (submostra Penitenciària) destacaríem l’associació entre la Puntuació total (PCL:SV) i tipologies delictives relacionades amb “trencament de condemna” i “lesions”, o amb variables criminològiques com Precocitat en la primera detenció, Edat del primer ingrés a presó, Edat del primer judici, Nombre de regressions (de grau), Nombre de sancions greus o Nombre de trencaments de condemna.
Ratifiquem doncs, la similitud de resultats del present treball amb els del Manual, els quals confirmen una fiabilitat i una validesa acceptables de l’adaptació espanyola del PCL:SV, permetent, doncs l’aplicació en l’àmbit forense i d’investigació d’aquest instrument com a eina de cribratge de la psicopatia.Pritchard, Kurt Schneider y Cleckley, entre otros, han ido definiendo a lo largo de los últimos dos siglos el constructo de psicopatía, hasta que en las últimas décadas del siglo XX Hare lo operativiza en un inventario de 20 ítems denominado Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R; 1991, 2003), que agrupa en dos Factores y después dividiría en cuatro Facetas: "Interpersonal", "Afectiva", "de Estilo de vida" y "Antisocial". Posteriormente y como versión de cribado (del PCL-R) se diseñó el Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL: SV; Hart, Cox y Hare, 1995) con 12 ítems, un tiempo de administración mucho menor y apto para entornos forenses y clínicos. El objetivo general de esta Tesis fue el estudio de las propiedades psicométricas (fiabilidad y validez) de la adaptación española del PCL: SV (Cuquerella y Torrubia, 1996) en muestras forenses (judicial, psiquiátrica, penitenciaria y de agresores sexuales) de nuestro medio cultural. Como objetivos específicos se estudió: a) la fiabilidad de consistencia interna; b) la fiabilidad entre evaluadores; c) el error estándar de medida; d) la validez estructural, mediante análisis factoriales exploratorios y confirmatorios; e) la validez concurrente, con el estudio de la asociación con el PCL-R; f) la validez convergente, con instrumentos como las Karolinska Scales of Personality, Escalas de Sensibilidad al Castigo y de Sensibilidad a la Recompensa, el Cuestionario de Psicopatía experimental y con variables sociodemográficas, penitenciarias y delictivas; y g) la validez discriminante, con medidas de inteligencia (Test de Matrices Progresivas de Raven) y algunas variables sociodemográficas. La muestra fue de 394 participantes voluntarios, agrupados en las cuatro submuestras mencionadas. Los resultados más importantes fueron: En cuanto a la fiabilidad, la consistencia interna fue bastante aceptable y la fiabilidad Inter-evaluadores superior, incluso, a la media de resultados del Manual original (Hart et al, 1995). En relación con la validez y por lo que respecta específicamente a la validez estructural (estructura factorial), la solución que mejor explicó los resultados obtenidos en nuestra Muestra fue la tetrafactorial (análisis factoriales confirmatorios), si bien en el Manual se describía la solución bifactorial como la más parsimoniosa y con mejor bondad de ajuste (Hart et al, 1995). Los datos de validez convergente, aportaron correlaciones en el sentido esperable, destacando, entre otros: a) que escalas como Evitación de la monotonía y Agresión verbal se mostraron asociadas a mayor Puntuación Total PCL: SV); b) correlaciones del Factor 2 negativas con la escala Socialización y positivas con Sensibilidad a la Recompensa; y c) correlaciones positivas del Factor 2 y la Puntuación Total con el Cuestionario de Psicopatía experimental. En cuanto a correlatos sociodemográficos, delictivos y penitenciarios (submuestra Penitenciaria) destacaríamos la asociación entre la Puntuación total (PCL: SV) y tipologías delictivas relacionadas con "quebrantamiento de condena" y "lesiones", o con variables criminológicas como Precocidad en la primera detención, Edad del primer ingreso en prisión, Edad del primer juicio, Número de regresiones (de grado), Número de sanciones graves o Número de quebrantamientos de condena. Ratificamos pues, la similitud de resultados del presente trabajo con los del Manual, los cuales confirman una fiabilidad y una validez aceptables de la adaptación española del PCL: SV, permitiendo, pues, la aplicación en el ámbito forense y de investigación de este instrumento como herramienta de cribado de la psicopatía.
Pritchard, Kurt Schneider and Cleckley, among others, have defined over the last two centuries the psychopathy construct. More recently, in the two last decades of the 20th century, Hare operationalized it into a 20-item checklist called the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R; 1991, 2003), which groups them into two Factors and four Facets: "Interpersonal", "Affective", "Lifestyle" and "Antisocial." Subsequently, a screening version of the PCL-R, the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL: SV; Hart, Cox and Hare, 1995), was developed, including 12 items, with a much lower administration time and that is useful for forensic and clinical purposes. The general aim of this Thesis was the study of the psychometric properties (reliability and validity) of the Spanish adaptation of the PCL:SV (Cuquerella and Torrubia, 1996) in forensic samples (judicial, psychiatric, penitentiary and sexual aggressors). As specific objectives, we studied: a) internal consistency reliability; b) interrater reliability; c) the standard measurement error; d) structural validity, through exploratory and confirmatory factorial analyses; e) concurrent validity, through the study of the association with the PCL-R; f) convergent validity, with instruments such as Karolinska Scales of Personality, Scales of Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward, the Experimental Psychopathy Questionnaire and sociodemographic, penitentiary and criminal variables; and g) discriminant validity with intelligence measures (Raven Progressive Matrices Test) and some sociodemographic variables. The sample was composed by 394 voluntary participants, grouped in the four above mentioned sub-samples. The most important results were: As far as reliability is concerned, internal consistency was quite acceptable and the interrater reliability superior, even the average results of the original Manual (Hart et al., 1995). Regarding the validity, and with regard to the structural validity (factor structure), the solution that best explained the results obtained in our sample was the four-factor one (confirmatory factor analysis), although the Manual described the two-factor solution as the most parsimonious and with the best goodness of fit (Hart et al., 1995). Data about convergent validity showed correlations in the expected direction, emphasizing, among others: a) that scales such as Monotony Avoidance and Verbal Aggression were shown to be associated with a higher Total Score(PCL:SV); b) negative Factor 2 correlations with the Socialization scale and positive ones with Sensitivity to Reward; and c) positive correlations of Factor 2 and Total Score (PCL:SV) with the Experimental Psychopathy Questionnaire. As regards sociodemographic, criminal and penitentiary correlates, we would highlight the association between Total Score (PCL: SV) and criminal typologies related to "conviction breaks" and "injuries", or with criminological variables such as Precocity in the First arrest, Age of first admission to prison, Age of first trial, Number of regressions (of degree), Number of serious penalties or Number of sentences breaks. It is noticeable the similarity of the results of the present study with those from the Manual, which confirm an acceptable reliability and validity of the Spanish adaptation of the PCL: SV, allowing, therefore, the application of this instrument as a screening tool for psychopathy both in forensic contexts as well as for research purposes.
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Rachman, Moira. "Fragment-to-Lead Optimization with Automated and Iterative Virtual Screening." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671756.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fragment-based drug design is an established strategy of finding new drugs. Instead of doing mass screening of chemical libraries containing compounds that are already lead-like, starting from a small fragment can be be a more efficient strategy, because fragment space can actually represent a much larger chemical space than an equally sized library of lead-like compounds. This strategy has led to the discovery of binders for targets where high-throughput screening has previously failed. However, because fragments are small they bind with low affinity, and must be optimized into high affinity and lead-like compounds, and fragment to lead optimization is challenging. This thesis describes the development and validation of an automated fragment-to-lead optimization pipeline. The pipeline can be seen as a focused virtual screening of the chemical space surrounding a given fragment. The pipeline does the virtual screening iteratively to harnesses information about the chemotypes and features of the hits. It does this by determining the most likely to bind analogues through complementary structure-based methods, and then using the best hits to determine the chemical space for the next round of virtual screening. It has been developed to be scalable to screen the continuously growing available libraries. Furthermore, it performs structure-based scaffold hopping, to explore as much chemical space as possible. It's iterative nature makes it possible to seamlessly integrate it into drug discovery pipelines, and also makes it possible to control the ligand efficiency, i.e. maintaining only the most important part of the molecules, necessary for molecular recognition. Our results show that the platform is capable of finding active ligands for known targets such as BRD4, HSP90, DYRK1A, but also unknown targets e.g. NUDT21. Furthermore, it's been shown to be at least as equally successful as other virtual screening methods.
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Leite, Gustavo Faraon. "Cine Theatro Carlos Gomes : o funcionamento da sala a partir do gênero cinematográfico (1971-2002)." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/30222.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo compreender a lógica de funcionamento do Cine Theatro Carlos Gomes, bem como verificar que desdobramentos foram acarretados nesta sala de cinema em alguns pontos fundamentais da atividade de exibição a partir das mudanças de gêneros cinematográficos por ela ofertados ao público entre 1971 e 2002. Para que fosse possível formar um quadro sólido das práticas e transformações deste cinema de calçada, foram empregadas técnicas de pesquisa de naturezas distintas. A primeira delas, de caráter quantitativo, foi o levantamento de dados relativos a renda, valor do ingresso praticado, modalidade de exibição, empresa distribuidora e filmes programados em cada cine-semana dos anos de 1975, 1983, 1990 e 1998. Estas informações foram combinadas e confrontadas com os depoimentos coletados através de entrevistas abertas de cinco profissionais que atuaram junto ao cinema: três ex-administradores, um crítico de cinema e um distribuidor. O referencial teórico adotado foi calcado na perspectiva de indústria audiovisual, organizada em três tríades interrelacionadas, de João Guilherme Barone Reis e Silva; na visão de economia cinematográfica de Luiz Gonzaga Assis de Luca; e em um viés de gênero cinematográfico do ponto de vista da exibição, construído a partir da definição de Jacques Aumont e Michel Marie. Através deste estudo, foi constatado que o gênero programado exerceu influência sobre toda a cadeia de processos da exibição, e esteve diretamente relacionado com as principais transformações ocorridas no Carlos Gomes. Entretanto, não é possível afirmar que ele tenha uma relação causal com tais mudanças.This research aims to understand the processes of Cine Theatro Carlos Gomes, as well as to verify the role played by the genres programmed between 1971 and 2002 in the changes occured in the movie theatre. In order to draw a realistic picture of the practices and tranformations of this theatre, different research techniques were used. The first one was quantitative and consisted on gathering data on income, ticket prices, screening method, filme distribution company and movies programmed in each week of the years 1975, 1983, 1990 and 1998. This information was combined and confronted with statements collected by means of open interviews with five professionals who had relationship with the theatre: three former associates, one film critic and one representative of a film distribution company. The adopted theoretical framework was based on João Guilherme Barone Reis e Silva’s perspective of the audiovisual industry, organized in three interrelated triads; on Luiz Gonzaga Assis de Luca’s idea of film economy; and on film genre from the exhibitor’s point of view, built from the definition by Jacques Aumont and Michel Marie. In this study, it was observed that the programmed genre had influence over the entire process of the screening business, and was directly related to the main changes ocurred at Carlos Gomes. However, it is not possible to assert that there is a causal link with such transformations.
Книги з теми "Salt screening"
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Malcolm, C. V. Screening schrubs for establishment and survival on salt-affected soils in south-western Australia. Perth: Department of Agriculture, 1989.
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Bado, Souleymane, Brian P. Forster, Abdelbagi M. A. Ghanim, Joanna Jankowicz-Cieslak, Günter Berthold, and Liu Luxiang. Protocols for Pre-Field Screening of Mutants for Salt Tolerance in Rice, Wheat and Barley. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26590-2.
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Sheehan, Ray. Evaluation of mannitol salt agar with methicillin as a screening for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. [S.l: The Author], 1993.
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4
Razvi, Syed Inayat Ali. Potato germplasm screening for adoptation to subtropical production including salt tolerance: Final report (1st April 1981 to 30th June 1987). Mirpurkhas [Pakistan]: Sind Horticulture Research Institute, 1987.
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Special Task Force to Recommend Changes to Improve the Delivery of Breast Screening Services in Alberta. Report to the Minister of Health. [Edmonton]: The Task Force, 1995.
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Forster, Brian P., Souleymane Bado, Abdelbagi Ghanim, Joanna Jankowicz-Cieslak, Berthold Günter, and Liu Luxiang. Protocols for Pre-Field Screening of Mutants for Salt Tolerance in Rice, Wheat and Barley. Springer, 2018.
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Forster, Brian P., Souleymane Bado, Abdelbagi Ghanim, Joanna Jankowicz-Cieslak, Berthold Günter, and Liu Luxiang. Protocols for Pre-Field Screening of Mutants for Salt Tolerance in Rice, Wheat and Barley. Springer, 2018.
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Forster, Brian P., Souleymane Bado, Abdelbagi Ghanim, Joanna Jankowicz-Cieslak, Berthold Günter, and Liu Luxiang. Protocols for Pre-Field Screening of Mutants for Salt Tolerance in Rice, Wheat and Barley. Springer, 2016.
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Beattie, R. Mark, Anil Dhawan, and John W.L. Puntis. Cystic fibrosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569862.003.0021.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Gastrointestinal manifestations 156Management of gastrointestinal symptoms in children with CF 158Nutrition in CF 158Nutritional management 159Vitamins 160The incidence of cystic fibrosis (CF) is around 1 in 2500. Cases are diagnosed as a consequence of population screening or high-risk screening, or following presentation with clinical symptoms typical of the disorder. The basic defect is in the CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) protein which codes for a cyclic adenosine monophosphate-regulated chloride transporter in epithelial cells of exocrine organs. This is involved in salt and water balance across epithelial surfaces. The gene is on chromosome 7. There are multiple known mutations, the most common being ...
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Patterson, Richard North. Private Screening(Arr Spec Sale). Arrow Books Ltd, 1996.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Salt screening"
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Newman, Ann, Cen Chen, and Carlos Sanrame. "Salt and Cocrystal Screening." In Early Drug Development, 229–70. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527801756.ch10.
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Mohrlok, U., and P. Dietrich. "Exploration of Preferential Transport Paths Using Geoelectrical Salt Tracer Tests." In Field Screening Europe 2001, 327–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0564-7_55.
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Bhat, Mukhtar A., Sumiya Jamshieed, Abdul Mujib, M. M. Azooz, Mahmooduzzafar, Junaid Aslam, and Parvaiz Ahmad. "Plant Tissue Culture: A Useful Measure for the Screening of Salt Tolerance in Plants." In Salt Stress in Plants, 465–95. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6108-1_18.
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Bado, Souleymane, Brian P. Forster, Abdelbagi M. A. Ghanim, Joanna Jankowicz-Cieslak, Günter Berthold, and Liu Luxiang. "Protocol for Screening for Salt Tolerance in Rice." In Protocols for Pre-Field Screening of Mutants for Salt Tolerance in Rice, Wheat and Barley, 21–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26590-2_4.
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Chakma, Nidhi, Moutoshi Chakraborty, Salma Bhyan, and Mobashwer Alam. "Molecular breeding for combating salinity stress in sorghum: progress and prospects." In Molecular breeding in wheat, maize and sorghum: strategies for improving abiotic stress tolerance and yield, 421–32. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245431.0024.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This chapter discusses current progress and prospects of molecular breeding and strategies for developing better saline-tolerant sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) varieties. Most molecular breeding techniques for salt tolerance have been carried out in controlled environments where the plants were not exposed to any variation of the surrounding environment, producing reliable results. Due to the polygenic nature of salt tolerance, the identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) could be false QTLs. Therefore, QTL validation is important in different plant populations and field conditions. Subsequently, marker validation is important before utilizing marker-assisted selection for screening salt-tolerant plants. Combining molecular breeding with conventional breeding can hasten the development of salt-tolerant sorghum varieties.
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Bado, Souleymane, Brian P. Forster, Abdelbagi M. A. Ghanim, Joanna Jankowicz-Cieslak, Günter Berthold, and Liu Luxiang. "Protocol for Screening for Salt Tolerance in Barley and Wheat." In Protocols for Pre-Field Screening of Mutants for Salt Tolerance in Rice, Wheat and Barley, 33–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26590-2_5.
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Murphy, Kenneth P., Travis T. Waldron, and Greta L. Schrift. "Salt Effects in Ribonuclease-Ligand Interactions: Screening or Competitive Binding?" In Biocalorimetry 2, 93–105. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470011122.ch5.
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Almeida, Diego M., M. Cecília Almadanim, Tiago Lourenço, Isabel A. Abreu, Nelson J. M. Saibo, and M. Margarida Oliveira. "Screening for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Rice: Salt, Cold, and Drought." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 155–82. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3356-3_14.
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Qureshi, R. H., A. Rashid, and N. Ahmad. "A procedure for quick screening of wheat cultivars for salt tolerance." In Genetic Aspects of Plant Mineral Nutrition, 315–24. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2053-8_48.
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Bado, Souleymane, Brian P. Forster, Abdelbagi M. A. Ghanim, Joanna Jankowicz-Cieslak, Günter Berthold, and Liu Luxiang. "Introduction." In Protocols for Pre-Field Screening of Mutants for Salt Tolerance in Rice, Wheat and Barley, 1–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26590-2_1.
Повний текст джерелаТези доповідей конференцій з теми "Salt screening"
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Yang Xiaolu, Lin Hai, and Li Cong. "Efficient screening of petroleum-degrading bacteria under high salt acclimation." In 2010 2nd International Conference on Information Science and Engineering (ICISE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icise.2010.5689293.
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Jian-hui, Wu, Chen Jin-gen, Cai Xiang-zhou, Yu Cheng-gang, Zou Chun-yan, Jia Guo-bin, Li Xiao-xiao, and Han Jian-long. "TMSR Fuel Cycle Evaluation Under a Screening and Decision-Making Framework." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-67283.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
MSR (Molten salt reactor) is a reactor with the fission material dissolved in the fluoride salt as the fuel, which continuously circulates through the primary loop. The liquid fuel makes the online refueling and reprocessing be possible, consequently, more fuel cycle options would be presented due to the introduction of various refueling fuel type and reprocessing mode (continuous / batch reprocessing) comparing with that of the solid fuel reactor systems. It is important to evaluate all the possible fuel cycle options and screen out the promising ones to narrow the R&D activities of TMSR (Thorium-based Molten-Salt Reactor nuclear energy system) program. In this study, we firstly established a screening and decision-making framework, then conducted an initial evaluation work and identified the potential promising fuel cycle options. Synthesizing the goal of TMSR program and technology readiness, we proposed a “Three-steps” fuel cycle development strategy with the aim for gradually increasing the thorium resource utilization while considering the challenges of the reprocessing technology.
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Martin, Claudia, Nils Breidenbach, and Markus Eck. "Screening and Analysis of Potential Filler Materials for Molten Salt Thermocline Storages." In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6493.
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Solar thermal power plants are a promising option for future solar electricity generation. Their main advantage is the possibility to utilize integrated thermal storage capacities, allowing electricity generation on demand. In state of the art solar thermal power plants, two-tank molten-salt thermal energy storages are used. Significant cost reductions are expected by using thermocline thermal energy storage by storing the liquid storage material inside a single tank when compared to a two tank storage system. By embedding a low cost solid filler material inside the storage tank further cost reductions can be achieved. In earlier studies [1, 2] several potential filler materials have been investigated. In these study quartzite turned out to be a promising candidate due to its satisfying thermal stability and availability. At a temperature of approx. 573°C the crystal structure of quartzite changes from trigonal α-quartz phase to the hexagonal β-quartz phase [3]. This quartz conversion results in a volume change [4] that may cause cracking of the quartzite crystals due to weight loads in a packed bed. Since these thermal tests of the study mentioned were limited to 500°C this dunting was not considered. Thus, despite of the published studies there is a need for further, more detailed analysis. One trend in today’s development of solar thermal power plants is to use molten salt as storage material and heat transfer fluid at operating temperatures of 560°C and above. Accordingly, the quartz inversion might limit the applicability of quartzite as a filler material at elevated operating temperatures. Due to this concern, an investigation has been started to investigate the utilizability of natural rocks as low cost filler materials. In the first phase of this investigation a comprehensive literature survey was conducted. Based on this study, magmatic and sedimentary rocks turned out to the most promising rock classes for this application. For the further investigation, basalt was chosen as a suited representative for magmatic and quartzite for sedimentary rocks. In lab-scale tests, these candidate materials were investigated with respect to their: • Calcite content • Thermal stability up to 900°C in air • Thermal stability up to 560°C in molten salt • Cyclic stability between 290°C and 560°C in molten salt • Specific heat capacity up to 600°C In this paper the results of these investigations are presented and future activities are outlined.
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Ayazi, Philip, Nathan Peregoy, Gabriel Monreal, and Frank Zamora. "Screening Friction Reducer Performance Using Zeta Potential." In SPE International Conference on Oilfield Chemistry. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204303-ms.
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Abstract Friction reducers (FRs) are essential additives for water used in hydraulic fracturing treatments for shale reservoirs. These polymers swell and unfurl in the frac water so that polymer chains align along the direction of flow to inhibit turbulence thereby reducing friction at high flow rates. Source water ion content, application pH, and compatibility with the formation are key drivers in deciding which FR chemistries are fit-for-purpose for the operation, balancing desired fluid performance with treatment economics. This investigation explores zeta potential measurement as a novel and meaningful analytical metric to correlate chemical and rheological properties of FRs in a range of source water qualities with their friction reducing performance. The approach of this investigation involves measuring zeta potential of frac fluids formulated using anionic or cationic FRs in waters with varying ionic activity over a range of FR concentrations and pH. The evaluation encompasses a variety of FRs spanning general purpose materials to more sophisticated additives designed to function in fluids with higher concentrations of salt. Dry FR materials as well as corresponding slurry or emulsion forms of the additives are tested. Monovalent and divalent salts and mixtures thereof are used in brine formulations. FR characterization is performed including rheological sweeps, viscoelasticity measurements, and flow loop tests. Results from this study support the conclusion that zeta potential measurement can be used during the FR screening process as a viable supplement to industry standard tests for assessing FR performance in brine.
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Myers, Philip D., Abhinav Bhardwaj, D. Yogi Goswami, and Elias Stefanakos. "Chloride Salt Systems for High Temperature Thermal Energy Storage: Properties and Applications." In ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2015 Power Conference, the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2015-49460.
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There is substantial potential to increase the operating temperatures of concentrating solar power (CSP) plants, thereby increasing the Carnot efficiency. Coupled with viable thermal energy storage (TES) strategies, this would bring us closer to achieving the goals of the U.S. Department of Energy Sunshot Initiative. Current TES media employ molten inorganic salts (namely, nitrate salts) for thermal storage, but they are limited in application to lower temperatures: generally, below 600°C. While sufficient for parabolic trough power plants, these materials are inadequate for use with the higher operating temperatures achievable in solar power tower-type CSP plants. For these higher temperatures, chloride salts are more ideal candidate storage media, either for sensible heat storage in the molten salt (e.g, a dual-tank storage arrangement) or for sensible and latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) as phase change materials (PCMs). Their melting points and those of their eutectic mixtures cover a broad range of potential operating temperatures, up to and including 800.7°C, the melting point of pure NaCl. This paper examines these salt systems and presents relevant properties and potential applications in high temperature (>400°C) utility scale solar thermal power generation. A preliminary screening of pure chloride salts based on available literature yields a list of promising candidate salts. Eutectic mixtures of these salts are also considered; the eutectic systems were modeled using the thermodynamic database software, FactSage. Thermophysical properties (melting point, latent heat) are summarized for each salt system. Radiative properties are also addressed, since at these temperatures, thermal radiation can become a significant mode of heat transfer. Candidate containment materials and strategies are discussed, along with the attendant potential for corrosion. Finally, cost data for these systems are presented, allowing for meaningful comparison among these systems and other materials in the context of utility scale thermal energy storage units.
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Belic, Jelena, Ellen Heitzer, Peter Ulz, Martina Auer, Katja Fischereder, Thomas Bauernhofer, Jochen B. Geigl, and Michael R. Speicher. "Abstract PR05: Analysis of ctDNA using the mFastSeqS and plasma–Seq methods for screening and therapy monitoring in prostate cancer patients." In Abstracts: AACR Precision Medicine Series: Integrating Clinical Genomics and Cancer Therapy; June 13-16, 2015; Salt Lake City, UT. American Association for Cancer Research, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1557-3265.pmsclingen15-pr05.
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Amelia, Sri, Dian Dwi Wahyuni, Rina Yunita, and Muhammad Fakhrur Rozi. "Comparison of Performance between Mannitol Salt Agar-supplemented Cefoxitin Disc and Chromogenic Media for Methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus Aureus Screening." In International Conference of Science, Technology, Engineering, Environmental and Ramification Researches. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010075004760480.
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Tse, Louis A., Antoine Stopin, Gani B. Ganapathi, Miguel A. Garcia-Garibay, and Richard E. Wirz. "Thermal Testing of Organic Fluids for Supercritical Thermal Energy Storage Systems." In ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2013-18195.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Concentrating solar power (CSP) continues to advance as worldwide interest in renewable energy continues to grow. CSP technologies, including parabolic troughs, power towers, and dish/engines, provide the unique potential for low-cost thermal energy storage that will ensure that renewable energy can become cost-competitive with traditional fossil fuel sources on a large scale and comprise a significant portion of the global energy portfolio. The challenge is to develop cost-effective thermal energy storage to ensure that renewable energy can become a major part of the national and global energy supply. Storage fluid selection is a critical decision that must fulfill a number of criteria to not only provide long-term reliability, but also to remain cost-competitive in the power generation arena. The state-of-the-art thermal storage design uses a 2-tank molten salt configuration. However, most molten salt mixtures have a relatively high freezing temperature, which poses some system design issues. Additionally, the price of molten salt mixtures is steadily increasing. Current laboratory and industry research efforts have shifted focus to exploration of alternative storage fluids to significantly reduce costs. In this study, several storage fluid candidates have been selected based on an attractive combination of thermodynamic properties, cost, and availability. In this paper, rapid screening of fluid candidates is reported, and an expanded series of thermal cycling and supercritical characterization experiments have been planned and are being implemented to determine the long-term durability of the fluid candidates over a range of operating temperatures for extended periods of time. Commercial-grade materials were used, and in the case of naphthalene and biphenyl, the testing procedure was carefully controlled to prevent sublimation of the sample. This paper presents the results of a study investigating the thermal stability of several organic fluids. Samples were extracted and chemical analyses such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gas chromatography (GC) were conducted to observe degradation behavior and decomposition pathways. The rapid screening phase provided a timely and effective filter of the best-performing fluid candidates for supercritical thermal energy storage.
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Wang, Kai, Edgar Molina, Ghazal Dehghani, Ben Xu, Peiwen Li, Qing Hao, Pierre Lucas, Mohamad H. Kassaee, Sheldon M. Jeter, and Amyn S. Teja. "Experimental Investigation to the Properties of Eutectic Salts by NaCl-KCl-ZnCl2 for Application as High Temperature Heat Transfer Fluids." In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6578.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A group of eutectic ternary halide salts were surveyed and studied for the objective of developing a high temperature heat transfer fluid with a freezing point below 250°C and a low vapor pressure, below 1.0 atm, at temperatures up to 800°C. The studied salts include: 1) NaCl-KCl-ZnCl2 with a mole fractions of 18.6%-21.9%-59.5% and a melting point of tm=213°C; 2) NaCl-KCl-ZnCl2 with a mole fraction of 13.4%-33.7%-52.9% and a melting point of tm=204°C; and 3) NaCl-KCl-ZnCl2 with mole fraction of 13.8%-41.9%-44.3% and a melting point of tm=229 °C. Vapor pressures of these salts at different temperatures were experimentally obtained using an in-house developed test facility. The results show that vapor pressures of all the three eutectic molten salts are below 1.0 atm at a temperature of 800 °C. The salt of ZnCl2-KCl-NaCl in mole faction of 44.3%-41.9%-13.8% has lowest vapor pressure which is only about 1.0 atm even at a temperature of 900 °C. Viscosities of these salts were measured in the temperature range from after melting to 850°C. At low temperatures near their melting points of the salts, the viscosities are about 16 × 10−3Pa s, while at high temperatures above 700°C the viscosities are around 4 × 10−3Pa s, which is satisfactorily low to serve as heat transfer fluid for circulation in a CSP system. Both the vapor pressure and the viscosities of the studied three eutectic salts demonstrated satisfaction to serve as high temperature heat transfer fluids. Other thermal and transport properties of these salts are expected to be reported in the future for screening out a satisfactory high temperature heat transfer fluid.
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Zhao, Jinkun, Shengyi Si, Qichang Chen, and Hua Bei. "New Exploration on TMSR: Redesign of the TMSR Lattice." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-66564.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Molten Salt Reactor (MSR) has been recognized as one of the Next Generation Nuclear Power systems. Most MSR concepts are the variants evolved from the ORNL’s Molten-Salt Breeder Reactor (MSBR) which employs Molten-Salt as both fuel and coolant, and normally graphite is used as moderator. Many evaluations have revealed that such concepts have low breeding ratio and might present positive power coefficient. Facing these impediments, TMSR (Thorium Molten Salt Reactor) with redesigned lattice is proposed in this paper. Based on comprehensive investigation and screening, important lattice parameters including molten salt fuel composition, solid moderator material, lattice size, structure and lattice P/D ratio (lattice pitch to channel diameter) are redesigned. In this paper, new composition of fuel salt without BeF2, which is also recommend for Molten Salt Fast Reactor (MSFR), is employed instead of LiF-BeF2-ThF4-UF4 adopted in the design of single fluid MSBR. The new fuel composition makes TMSR to benefit from the increased solubility for actinides (e.g. Th4, UF4). Moreover, due to the decent slowing-down power and neutron multiplication effect by (n,2n) reaction of beryllium, BeO is employed as moderator to improve neutron economy instead of graphite. To avoid corrosion on the one hand, Ceramic cladding (e.g. SiC) is introduced to separate the flowing liquid fuel and fixed solid moderator. More importantly, ceramic cladding is capable of maintaining a stable flow channel and supporting the core structure on the other hand. Concerning neutron spectrum, P/D ratio is an important parameter indicating the volume fraction of fuel in the lattice. In order to obtain a suitable spectrum for better breeding and safety features, lattice size and P/D ratio have been optimized for TMSR. Furthermore, since online reprocessing capability and refueling control are key parameters influencing depletion behavior which concerns the sustainability of the reactor system, these issues are also discussed in this paper. Simulation of the redesigned TMSR system is performed to evaluate the outcomes of the lattice parameters optimization. SONG/TANG-MSR codes system is applied in the simulation, which is independently developed by Shanghai Nuclear Engineering Research & Design Institute (SNERDI). A traditional core model with LiF-BeF2-ThF4-UF4 fuel and graphite moderator is also evaluated by the codes for reference. Thanks to the optimized lattice parameters and as consequences of the redesigned lattice, TMSR has achieved a high breeding ratio close to 1.13. With a proper reprocessing and refueling strategy, the doubling time of TMSR can be shortened to about 15 years. Meanwhile a negative power coefficient is still maintained. Based on this lattice design, TMSR will have excellent performance on safety and sustainability.
Звіти організацій з теми "Salt screening"
1
Hobbs, D. T. Screening Evaluation of Sodium Nonatitanate for Strontium and Actinide Removal from Alkaline Salt Solution. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/774856.
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Hobbs, D. T. Screening Evaluation of Alternate Sorbents and Methods for Strontium and Actinide Removal from Alkaline Salt Solution. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/779682.
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Sela, Shlomo, and Michael McClelland. Desiccation Tolerance in Salmonella and its Implications. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594389.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Salmonella enterica is a worldwide food-borne pathogen, which regularly causes large outbreaks of food poisoning. Recent outbreaks linked to consumption of contaminated foods with low water-activity, have raised interest in understanding the factors that control fitness of this pathogen to dry environment. Consequently, the general objective of this study was to extend our knowledge on desiccation tolerance and long-term persistence of Salmonella. We discovered that dehydrated STm entered into a viable-but-nonculturable state, and that addition of chloramphenicol reduced bacterial survival. This finding implied that adaptation to desiccation stress requires de-novo protein synthesis. We also discovered that dried STm cells develop cross-tolerance to multiple stresses that the pathogen might encounter in the agriculture/food environment, such as high or low temperatures, salt, and various disinfectants. These findings have important implications for food safety because they demonstrate the limitations of chemical and physical treatments currently utilized by the food industry to completely inactivate Salmonella. In order to identify genes involved in desiccation stress tolerance, we employed transcriptomic analysis of dehydrated and wet cells and direct screening of knock-out mutant and transposon libraries. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that dehydration induced expression of ninety genes and down-regulated seven. Ribosomal structural genes represented the most abundant functional group with a relatively higher transcription during dehydration. Other large classes of induced functional groups included genes involved in amino acid metabolism, energy production, ion transport, transcription, and stress response. Initial genetic analysis of a number of up-regulated genes was carried out). It was found that mutations in rpoS, yahO, aceA, nifU, rpoE, ddg,fnr and kdpE significantly compromised desiccation tolerance, supporting their role in desiccation stress response.
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Li, Li, Joseph Burger, Nurit Katzir, Yaakov Tadmor, Ari Schaffer, and Zhangjun Fei. Characterization of the Or regulatory network in melon for carotenoid biofortification in food crops. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7594408.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The general goals of the BARD research grant US-4423-11 are to understand how Or regulates carotenoid accumulation and to reveal novel strategies for breeding agricultural crops with enhanced β-carotene level. The original objectives are: 1) to identify the genes and proteins in the Or regulatory network in melon; 2) to genetically and molecularly characterize the candidate genes; and 3) to define genetic and functional allelic variation of these genes in a representative germplasm collection of the C. melo species. Or was found by the US group to causes provitamin A accumulation in chromoplasts in cauliflower. Preliminary genetic study from the Israeli group revealed that the melon Or gene (CmOr) completely co-segregated with fruit flesh color in a segregating mapping population and in a wide melon germplasm collection, which set the stage for the funded research. Major conclusions and achievements include: 1). CmOris proved to be the gene that controls melon fruit flesh color and represents the previously described gflocus in melon. 2). Genetic and molecular analyses of CmOridentify and confirm a single SNP that is responsible for the orange and non-orange phenotypes in melon fruit. 3). Alteration of the evolutionarily conserved arginine in an OR protein to both histidine or alanine greatly enhances its ability to promote carotenoid accumulation. 4). OR promotes massive carotenoid accumulation due to its dual functions in regulating both chromoplast biogenesis and carotenoid biosynthesis. 5). A bulk segregant transcriptome (BSRseq) analysis identifies a list of genes associated with the CmOrregulatory network. 6). BSRseq is proved to be an effective approach for gene discovery. 7). Screening of an EMS mutation library identifies a low β mutant, which contains low level of carotenoids due to a mutation in CmOrto produce a truncated form of OR protein. 8). low β exhibits lower germination rate and slow growth under salt stress condition. 9). Postharvest storage of fruit enhances carotenoid accumulation, which is associated with chromoplast development. Our research uncovers the molecular mechanisms underlying the Or-regulated high level of carotenoid accumulation via regulating carotenoidbiosynthetic capacity and storage sink strength. The findings provide mechanistic insights into how carotenoid accumulation is controlled in plants. Our research also provides general and reliable molecular markers for melon-breeding programs to select orange varieties, and offers effective genetic tools for pro-vitamin A enrichment in other important crops via the rapidly developed genome editing technology. The newly discovered low β mutant could lead to a better understanding of the Or gene function and its association with stress response, which may explain the high conservation of the Or gene among various plant species.
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Miller, Gad, and Jeffrey F. Harper. Pollen fertility and the role of ROS and Ca signaling in heat stress tolerance. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598150.bard.
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The long-term goal of this research is to understand how pollen cope with stress, and identify genes that can be manipulated in crop plants to improve reproductive success during heat stress. The specific aims were to: 1) Compare heat stress dependent changes in gene expression between wild type pollen, and mutants in which pollen are heat sensitive (cngc16) or heat tolerant (apx2-1). 2) Compare cngc16 and apx2 mutants for differences in heat-stress triggered changes in ROS, cNMP, and Ca²⁺ transients. 3) Expand a mutant screen for pollen with increased or decreased thermo-tolerance. These aims were designed to provide novel and fundamental advances to our understanding of stress tolerance in pollen reproductive development, and enable research aimed at improving crop plants to be more productive under conditions of heat stress. Background: Each year crop yields are severely impacted by a variety of stress conditions, including heat, cold, drought, hypoxia, and salt. Reproductive development in flowering plants is highly sensitive to hot or cold temperatures, with even a single hot day or cold night sometimes being fatal to reproductive success. In many plants, pollen tube development and fertilization is often the weakest link. Current speculation about global climate change is that most agricultural regions will experience more extreme environmental fluctuations. With the human food supply largely dependent on seeds, it is critical that we consider ways to improve stress tolerance during fertilization. The heat stress response (HSR) has been intensively studied in vegetative tissues, but is poorly understood during reproductive development. A general paradigm is that HS is accompanied by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induction of ROS-scavenging enzymes to protect cells from excess oxidative damage. The activation of the HSR has been linked to cytosolic Ca²⁺ signals, and transcriptional and translational responses, including the increased expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and antioxidative pathways. The focus of the proposed research was on two mutations, which have been discovered in a collaboration between the Harper and Miller labs, that either increase or decrease reproductive stress tolerance in a model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana (i.e., cngc16--cyclic nucleotide gated channel 16, apx2-1--ascorbate peroxidase 2,). Major conclusions, solutions, achievements. Using RNA-seq technology, the expression profiles of cngc16 and apx2 pollen grains were independently compared to wild type under favourable conditions and following HS. In comparison to a wild type HSR, there were 2,776 differences in the transcriptome response in cngc16 pollen, consistent with a model in which this heat-sensitive mutant fails to enact or maintain a normal wild-type HSR. In a comparison with apx2 pollen, there were 900 differences in the HSR. Some portion of these 900 differences might contribute to an improved HSR in apx2 pollen. Twenty-seven and 42 transcription factor changes, in cngc16 and apx2-1, respectively, were identified that could provide unique contributions to a pollen HSR. While we found that the functional HS-dependent reprogramming of the pollen transcriptome requires specific activity of CNGC16, we identified in apx2 specific activation of flavonol-biosynthesis pathway and auxin signalling that support a role in pollen thermotolerance. Results from this study have identified metabolic pathways and candidate genes of potential use in improving HS tolerance in pollen. Additionally, we developed new FACS-based methodology that can quantify the stress response for individual pollen in a high-throughput fashion. This technology is being adapted for biological screening of crop plant’s pollen to identify novel thermotolerance traits. Implications, both scientific and agricultural. This study has provided a reference data on the pollen HSR from a model plant, and supports a model that the HSR in pollen has many differences compared to vegetative cells. This provides an important foundation for understanding and improving the pollen HSR, and therefor contributes to the long-term goal of improving productivity in crop plants subjected to temperature stress conditions. A specific hypothesis that has emerged from this study is that pollen thermotolerance can be improved by increasing flavonol accumulation before or during a stress response. Efforts to test this hypothesis have been initiated, and if successful have the potential for application with major seed crops such as maize and rice.