Дисертації з теми "Salt recovery"

Doutoramento em Biologia
Salt marshes are highly productive intertidal habitats that serve as nursery grounds for many commercially and economically important species. Because of their location and physical and biological characteristics, salt marshes are considered to be particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic inputs of oil hydrocarbons. Sediment contamination with oil is especially dangerous for salt marsh vegetation, since low molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons can affect plants at all stages of development. However, the use of vegetation for bioremediation (phytoremediation), by removal or sequestration of contaminants, has been intensively studied. Phytoremediation is an efficient, inexpensive and environmental friendly approach for the removal of aromatic hydrocarbons, through direct incorporation by the plant and by the intervention of degrading microbial populations in the rhizosphere (microbe-assisted phytoremediation). Rhizosphere microbial communities are enriched in important catabolic genotypes for degradation of oil hydrocarbons (OH) which may have a potential for detoxification of the sediment surrounding the roots. In addition, since rhizosphere bacterial populations may also internalize into plant tissues (endophytes), rhizocompetent AH degrading populations may be important for in planta AH degradation and detoxification. The present study involved field work and microcosms experiments aiming the characterization of relevant plant-microbe interactions in oilimpacted salt marshes and the understanding of the effect of rhizosphere and endosphere bacteria in the role of salt marsh plants as potential phytoremediation agents. In the field approach, molecular tools were used to assess how plant species- and OH pollution affect sediment bacterial composition [bulk sediment and sediment surrounding the roots (rhizosphere) of Halimione portulacoides and Sarcocornia perennis subsp. perennis] in a temperate estuary (Ria de Aveiro, Portugal) chronically exposed to OH pollution. In addition, the 16S rRNA gene sequences retrieved in this study were used to generate in silico metagenomes and to evaluate the distribution of potential bacterial traits in different microhabitats. Moreover, a combination of culture-dependent and -independent approaches was used to investigate the effect of oil hydrocarbons contamination on the structure and function of endophytic bacterial communities of salt marsh plants.Root systems of H. portulacoides and S. perennis subsp. perennis appear to be able to exert a strong influence on bacterial composition and in silico metagenome analysis showed enrichment of genes involved in the process of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) degradation in the rhizosphere of halophyte plants. The culturable fraction of endophytic degraders was essentially closely related to known OH-degrading Pseudomonas species and endophytic communities revealed sitespecific effects related to the level of OH contamination in the sediment. In order to determine the effects of oil contamination on plant condition and on the responses in terms of structure and function of the bacterial community associated with plant roots (rhizosphere, endosphere), a microcosms approach was set up. The salt marsh plant Halimione portulacoides was inoculated with a previous isolated Pseudomonas sp. endophytic degrader and the 2-methylnaphthalene was used as model PAH contaminant. The results showed that H. portulacoides health and growth were not affected by the contamination with the tested concentration. Moreover, the decrease of 2-methylnaphthalene at the end of experiment, can suggest that H. portulacoides can be considered as a potential plant for future uses in phytoremedition approaches of contaminated salt marsh. The acceleration of hydrocarbon degradation by inoculation of the plants with the hydrocarbon-degrading Pseudomonas sp. could not, however, be demonstrated, although the effects of inoculation on the structure of the endophytic community observed at the end of the experiment indicate that the strain may be an efficient colonizer of H. portulacoides roots. The results obtained in this work suggest that H. portulacoides tolerates moderate concentrations of 2-methylnaphthalene and can be regarded as a promising agent for phytoremedition approaches in salt marshes contaminated with oil hydrocarbons. Plant/microbe interactions may have an important role in the degradation process, as plants support a diverse endophytic bacterial community, enriched in genetic factors (genes and plasmids) for hydrocarbon degradation.
As zonas de sapal são ambientes intertidais altamente produtivos, que servem como áreas de reprodução para muitas espécies com grande importância a nível comercial e económico. Devido à sua localização e às suas características físicas e biológicas, os sapais são particularmente susceptíveis à exposição a hidrocarbonetos com origem antropogénica. A contaminação dos sedimentos com hidrocarbonetos de petróleo é especialmente nociva para a vegetação de sapal, uma vez que os hidrocarbonetos aromáticos de baixo peso molecular podem afectar todos os estágios de desenvolvimento das plantas. No entanto, a utilização de plantas para biorremediação (fitorremediação) por remoção ou captura de compostos tóxicos, tem sido amplamente estudada. A fitorremediação é encarada como uma abordagem eficiente, económica e de baixo impacto ambiental para remoção de hidrocarbonetos aromáticos, que envolve a intervenção directa das plantas coadjuvada pela atividade das populações microbianas degradadoras na rizosfera (fitorremediação assistida por microrganismos). Nas rizosferas desenvolvem-se comunidades de microorganismos equipados com genes catabólicos relacionados com a degradação de hidrocarbonetos do petróleo (OH), com potencial na destoxificação do sedimento em torno destas raízes. Além disso, uma vez que algumas bactérias da rizosfera são também capazes de colonizar os tecidos das plantas (bactérias endofíticas), designadamente da raiz, as comunidades rizocompetentes degradadoras de OH são importantes para a degradação de OH ״in planta“ e contribuem para o seu papel como agentes de biorremediação. Este trabalho envolveu uma componente de campo e uma compoente laboratorial desenvolvida em microcosmos, com o objectivo de caracterizar interacções planta-bactéria relevantes na bioremediação de sapais contaminados com hidrocarbonetos e optimizar combinações planta-bactéria para uma melhoria da sobrevivência das plantas e aceleração da degradação dos poluentes. Na abordagem de campo, foram utilizadas ferramentas moleculares para avaliar como o tipo de espécie de planta e a contaminação com hidrocarbonetos afetam a composição das comunidades bacterianas do sedimento [sedimentos sem vegetação e sedimentos em torno das raízes (rizosfera) das espécies Halimione portulacoides e Sarcocornia perennis subsp. perennis] num estuário temperado (Ria de Aveiro, Portugal) cronicamente exposto à poluição por OH.As sequências de genes de rRNA 16S obtidas neste estudo foram usadas para gerar metagenomas “in silico” e inferir tendências nos perfis funcionais das comunidades bacterianas em diferentes microhabitats. Posteriormente, uma combinação de métodos dependentes e independentes de cultivo foi utilizada para investigar o efeito de contaminação com OH sobre a estrutura e função da comunidade bacteriana endófitica das halófitas. Os sistemas radiculares de H. portulacoides e S. perennis subsp. perennis parecem exercer uma forte influência sobre a composição bacteriana e a análise metageomica “in silico” revelou um enriquecimento em genes envolvidos no processo de degradação de hidrocarbonetos aromáticos policíclicos (PAHs) na rizosfera de plantas halófitas. Na fracção cultivável de endofíticas degradadoras foram detetadas com particular frequência, espécies de Pseudomonas conhecidas como degradadoras de OH. As comunidades endofíticas revelaram um efeito local, relacionado com características do sedimento, tal como, o nível de contaminação de OH. A fim de determinar se a inoculação da H. portulacoides com bactérias degradadoras de hidrocarbonetos podem mitigar os efeitos negativos da exposição das plantas à contaminação por hidrocarbonetos, bem como avaliar as respostas em termos de estrutura e função das comunidades bacterianas associada à raíz de plantas (rizosfera e endosfera), foi desenvolvida uma experiência de microcosmos. A halófita Halimione portulacoides foi inoculada com uma estirpe de Pseudomonas sp., uma bactéria endofítica degradadora previamente isolada, e cultivada em sedimentos experimentalmente adicionados com 2-metilnaftaleno. Embora os resultados não tenham demonstrado um efeito significativo do contaminante sobre a condição da planta, a redução da concentração de 2-metilnaftaleno no sedimento no final da experiência sugere que H. portulacoides pode ser considerada como uma planta com potencial interesse para aplicação na fitorremediação de zonas de sapal contaminadas com hidrocarbonetos aromáticos. Apesar da degradação do hidrocarboneto não ter sido acelerada pela inoculação das plantas com uma estirpe de Pseudomonas sp. degradadora, esta parece ter exercido um efeito positivo sobre a condição das plantas, independentemente da adição de 2-metilnaftaleno. Os efeitos da inoculação sobre a estrutura da comunidade endófitica observada no final da experiência indicam que a estirpe pode ser uma colonizadora eficiente das raízes da H. portulacoides. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho sugerem que a H. portulacoides tolera concentrações moderadas de 2-metilnaftaleno podendo assim ser considerada como um agente promissor para processos de fitoremediação em sapais contaminados com hidrocarbonetos de petróleo. As plantas suportam comunidades bacterianas endofíticas diversas e enriquecidas em fatores géneticos (genes) relacionados com degradação de hidrocarbonetos e as interações planta/bactéria podem assumir um importante papel nos processos de degradação.

The recovery boiler in a pulp and paper mill plays a dual role of recovering pulping chemicals and generating steam for either chemical processes or producing electricity. The efficiency of producing steam in the recovery boiler is limited by the first melting temperature of ash deposits that accumulate on the superheater tubes. Above the first melting temperature, the molten salt reacts with the protective oxide film that develops and dissolves it. The most protective oxide is determined by evaluating how little it dissolves and how its solubility changes in the molten salt. Solubility tests were done on several protective oxides in a known salt composition from a recovery boiler that burns hardwood derived fuel. ICP-OES was used to measure concentration of dissolved metal in the exposure tests while EDS and XRD were used to verify chemical compositions in exposure tests. NiO was found to be the least soluble oxide while Cr₂O₃ and Al₂O₃ had similar solubility with Fe₂O₃ being less soluble than Cr₂O₃ but more soluble than NiO. Exposure tests with pure metals and selected alloys indicated that even though Fe₂O₃ has little solubility, it is not a protective oxide and causes severe corrosion in stainless steels. The change in performance of iron based alloys was due to the development of a negative solubility gradient for Fe₂O₃ where Fe₂O₃ precipitated out of solution and created a continuous leaching of oxide. Manganese was found to be beneficial in stainless steels but its role is still unknown. Nickel based alloys were found to be least corroded due to nickel's low solubility and because it did not form a negative solubility gradient.

Commercial nonylphenol ethoxysulphonate (NPEOS), octylphenol ethoxysulphonate (OPEOS) surfactant formulations and mixtures of alkyl aryl sulphonate and NPEOS surfactant formulations, are used for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). The surfactants have been analysed by liquid chromatography (LC), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry. Mixedmode C1 8/SAX and C8/SAX columns were used for both liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses of NPEOS and OPEOS. NPEOS and alkyl aryl sulphonate surfactant mixtures were separated using a mixed-mode C4/SAX column. Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) spectra were obtained using either alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid or 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid as matrix with the addition of lithium chloride to simplify the mass spectra obtained. Data obtained from each method indicate that the NPEOS formulation has an ethoxymer chain length ranging from 2-13 units with average of 6.26. This is in broad agreement with earlier studies, although the range was reported as 2-15. However, the data obtained suggest that the OPEOS formulation has an ethoxymer chain length ranging from 1-8 ethoxymer units with an average chain length of 3.67. This is in contrast to earlier studies carried out by LC only, which suggested that the chain length ranged from 2 to 6 ethoxymer units with an average of 3.6. A method for the extraction of NPEOS and OPEOS from sea-water and reagent water, and alkyl aryl sulphonate from sea-water only, using graphitised carbon black (GCB) solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges has also been developed. In the last section of this thesis the chemical oxidation of NPEOS used Fenton's reagent and biological oxidation of NPEOS using a microorganism (Paracoccus halodenitrificans) is reported. The intermediate products formed in the chemical oxidation have been identified and characterized by LC, LC-ES-MS and MALDI/MS techniques. The major products formed are dicarboxylic acids and single carboxylic acids. The aerobic biodegradation of NPEOS was carried out over five days. Theoxygen uptake was measured each day. The biodegradation intermediate products were analysed by LC and data indicate that the same products were formed as those from the chemical oxidation of NPEOS.

In Norway, more than 40.000 tonnes of aluminum (Al) in food packaging goes to incineration annually. Recycling this waste would save more than 1.5 TWh of energy and several hundred thousand tonnes of CO2 emissions. However, recycling thin aluminum foil in small packaging is more difficult than recycling of larger and cleaner scrap. In this thesis, properties of compacted coating-free Al foil with five different thicknesses (15, 30, 100, 200, 300 𝜇𝜇m) were investigated and related to percentage Al recovery during remelting in salt flux. This thesis consists of five main parts. Two initial studies involved shredding of the foil into a controlled chip size and compaction of these chips to briquettes of a wide range of bulk densities using three types of compaction techniques. In the following two studies, relevant briquette properties and oxidation behavior were determined. Finally, chips and briquettes were melted in salt flux and the percentage Al recovery was calculated. The bulk density, porosity and surface areas of the briquettes were significantly influenced by the type of compaction technique. Applied torque and heat in addition to uniaxial pressing were found to be effective measures to increase bulk density. Oxidation was higher for thin Al foil due to higher specific surface area and micro roughness. However, the oxidation of briquettes significantly decreased as the bulk density exceeded 2.4 g/cm3. Briquetting led to significantly increased recovery of the two thinnest foils. For the three thickest foils the effect of briquetting was smaller. For the thinnest foil, recovery increased with compaction. For this foil, even significantly oxidized chips compacted to bulk density 2.6 g/cm3 resulted in 99-100 % recovery. The specific surface area of the aluminum was the most important material property influencing recovery. It is expected that an optimum amount of salt flux and fluoride contentrelated to specific surface area of the scrap can be developed.
I Norge förbränns mer än 40 000 ton aluminiumförpackningar årligen. Återvinning av denna mängd aluminiumförpackningar skulle spara 1,5 TWh energi och hundratusentals ton av koldioxidutsläpp. Det mycket svårare att återvinna tunn aluminiumfolie i förpackningar än större och renare aluminiumskrot. I denna uppsats har egenskaper hos komprimerad beläggningsfri aluminiumfolie med fem olika tjocklekar (15, 30, 100, 200, 300 𝜇𝜇m) bestämts. Dessa egenskaper är sedan till kopplade till återvinningsgraden efter smältning i saltfluss. Uppsatsen består av fem huvuddelar. I de två inledande delarna strimlas foliet till en bestämd spånstorlekt varpå dessa komprimeras med tre olika presstekniker till briketter av olika bulkdensiteter. I de nästa två delarna bestäms relevanta brikettegenskaper och oxidationsbeteendet. I den sista delen bestäms återvinningsgraden av spån och briketter som smälts i saltfluss. Briketternas bulkdensitet, porositet och ytarea varierade beroende på pressningsteknik. Högtryckvridning under tillförd värme var ett effektivt sätt att öka bulkdensiteten. Tunnare folie oxiderade mera på grund av stor specifik ytarea och hög mikrosträvhet. Oxidationsgraden för briketter med bulkdensitet över 2.4 g/cm3 var betydligt lägre än briketter med lägre bulkdensitet. Briketter av de två tunnaste folierna ledde till högre återvinningsgrad jämfört med motsvarande spån. Effekten av kompression på återvinningsgraden var mindre för de tre tjockaste folierna. Återvinningsgraden ökade med ökad kompression för det tunnaste foliet. Trots att denna folie oxiderades relativt mycket var återvinningsgraden 99-100 % efter kompression till 2.6 g/cm3. Resultatet indikerar på att främst specifika ytarean påverkar återvinningsgraden av aluminiumet. Baserat på den föreslagna teorin borde ett optimum avsaltmängd, fluorinnehåll och ytarea skrot kunna utvecklas för att maximera återvinningsgraden.

To survive to adverse factors that characterize coastal environments, plant species often require special physiological or metabolic adaptations to overcome environmental stresses. Stress may be physical (e.g. temperature) or chemical (e.g. salinity). Many communities comprise highly specialized species, which have comparatively restricted geographical distributions. The coastal species investigated in this Ph.D. program were chosen accordingly to their habitat: Phleum sardoum (Hackel) Hackel and Rouya polygama (Desf.) Coincy for sandy dunes; Brassica insularis Moris and Lavatera triloba L. ssp. pallescens (Moris) Nyman for coastal cliffs; Lavatera triloba L. ssp. triloba and Halopeplis amplexicaulis (Vahl) Ces., Pass. & Gibelli for ultra-saline environments. Moreover, seed germination ecology of L. agrigentina Tineo, a species growing in clayey-chalky plains of South Italy, was also investigated for a comparative study within the Lavatera genus. For all the studied species, light and temperature requirements for seed germination were evaluated; their germination responses to salt stress (NaCl) and their germination recovery. Interpopulation variability on germination patterns was also evaluated for R. polygama, B. insularis and L. triloba ssp. triloba. Salt spray tolerance on the vegetative growth and biomass production during the early seedling developmental stages was evaluated for B. insularis, L. triloba ssp. pallescens, L. triloba ssp. triloba and H. amplexicaulis. Light did not affect germination percentages in any of the studied species enabling seed germination also under soil surface and highlighting that seeds were not photo-inhibited for germination. Seed germination of P. sardoum and R. polygama, as well as that of L. agrigentina, L. triloba ssp. pallescens and L. triloba ssp. triloba, reflected the optimal range of temperatures of “typical” Mediterranean species, suggesting germination in autumn-winter, when water availability, soil moisture and rainfalls are high, and temperatures are not excessively prohibitive for germination and consequent seedlings establishment. B. insularis differed from other “typical” Mediterranean plants, for which germination at low temperatures is a widely extended trait, demonstrating that germination of this species may occur in a wide time window during the year. H. amplexicaulis seed germination was highly promoted by the daily fluctuation of temperatures, while germination at constant temperatures was sensibly lower. Salinity tests showed higher germination percentages in the non-saline conditions, with seed mortality increasing proportionally with NaCl concentrations and temperatures. Salt tolerance limits varied among species, from a minimum of 100 mM NaCl for P. sardoum to 600 mM for H. amplexicaulis and L. triloba ssp. pallescens, without a clear habitat related pattern. The species for which salt spray experiments were conducted showed different responses on seedling growth to salt aerosol tolerance, with these differences being related to the habitat of each species and their distance from the sea. Populations of B. insularis and L. triloba ssp. pallescens, growing in coastal cliffs highly influenced by wind and salt spray, showed the lowest seedling mortality. High interpopulation variability in salt spray tolerance was detected for B. insularis, between a coastal and an inland population, with the latter resulting not adapted to this abiotic environmental factor. Seedling survival of the two inland species (L. triloba ssp. triloba and H. amplexicaulis) was inversely proportional to the increase of nebulization frequency, demonstrating a low adaptation to salt spray, likely due to their distance from the sea coast and/or to interposed vegetation that may determine a lower impact of marine aerosol. The results of this study lead to a better knowledge on the autoecology of the investigated species and to their limits of tolerance to abiotic factors such as temperature, soil salinity and salt spray.

To evaluate the success of reestablishing tidal connection to salt marshes as a method of creating new fish habitat, both newly-restored and previously-restored (hereafter termed "reference") habitats within the Huntington Beach Wetlands Complex were monitored over a two year period. Although fish abundance and diversity metrics were generally equivalent between marshes within one year, community composition remained different. Newly-restored habitat generally had higher abundances of planktivores (e.g., Atherinops affinis), and lower abundances of benthic carnivores (e.g., Fundulus parvipinnis ) relative to reference habitat. To determine the possible mechanisms driving fish habitat use patterns, trophic support was assessed for juvenile California halibut, Paralichthys californicus, using gut content and stable isotope analyses of wild-caught and caged individuals. Observed differences in the diet of halibut across size classes indicated ontogenetic shifts in feeding behaviors, while similarity in diet among marshes suggested the potential for rapid development of trophic support within restored habitats for this species.

Cette thèse vise à faire progresser notre connaissance du comportement rhéologique des mousses dans les milieux poreux. Pour cela, nous avons réalisé une étude pétrophysique systématique complète de l'écoulement de mousse dans des milieux poreux pour déterminer l'impact de la qualité de la mousse, du débit, de la perméabilité, de la pression et de la composition du gaz. Nos résultats montrent que les données obtenues sur une gamme de qualités de mousse, de vitesses interstitielles et de perméabilités, convergent vers une courbe maîtresse de loi de puissance, indépendamment du régime d'écoulement, une fois le comportement rhéologique de la mousse forte est exprimé comme la viscosité apparente en fonction du taux de cisaillement. La courbe maîtresse obéit à une loi de puissance avec un exposant universel de -2/3. Nous avons trouvé des preuves expérimentales et théoriques dans la littérature pour la valeur de l'exposant. Nos résultats ont montré aussi que la mousse était moins efficace pour réduire la mobilité des gaz lorsque la pression augmentait, et qu'à des pressions suffisamment basses, la composition du gaz n'avait aucun effet sur la performance de la mousse. Cependant, à haute pression, la composition du gaz devient un paramètre déterminant, et tous les composants doivent être pris en compte. Nous avons trouvé une courbe maîtresse pour la performance de la mousse que nous permet d'extrapoler l'efficacité de la mousse pour différentes compositions à différentes pressions. Donc, les deux approches et les corrélations ci-dessus peuvent être utilisées pour affiner la modélisation d'injection des mousses, améliorant ainsi la simulation du procédé Foam-EOR et sa fiabilité
This thesis aimed at advancing our knowledge of the rheological behavior of foams in porous media. For that, we performed a comprehensive systematic petrophysical study of foam flow in porous media to determine the impact of foam quality, flow rate (interstitial velocity), permeability, pressure and gas composition on foam performance. Our findings show that the data obtained over a range of foam qualities, interstitial velocities and permeabilities converged to a power law master curve, independently of the flow regime, once the rheological behavior of strong foam was expressed in terms of apparent viscosity as a function of shear rate. The master curve obeys a power law with a universal exponent of -2/3. We found experimental and theoretical evidence in the literature for the value of the exponent. Our results also showed that foam was less effective in reducing gas mobility as pressure increased and that at sufficiently low pressures, the gas composition has no effect on foam performance. However, at high pressures, the gas composition becomes a determinant parameter, and all components must be considered. We found a master curve for foam performance which allows us to extrapolate foam efficiency for different compositions at different pressures. The experimental correlations obtained by these original approaches hold immense potential to advance the physical modeling of foam flow in porous media. Therefore, both approaches and correlations above can be used to refine foam flooding modeling, thus improving the simulation of Foam-EOR process and its reliability

The impact of natural disasters is often exacerbated by a disparity between resources for relief and recovery. When the barrio of Punta Santiago in Puerto Rico was devastated by Hurricane Maria in September of 2017, many of its residents lived in the remains of their homes for over a year while they rebuilt from wind damage and flood waters that rose over 6 feet. As climate change leads to an even more constrained timeline for response with increasingly frequent and intense storms, the future of Punta Santiago and other coastal communities worldwide will necessitate strategies ranging from nature-based shore protection systems, coastal setbacks, and managed retreat. This thesis investigates the time disparate processes of disaster relief, recovery, and climate adaptation through the lens of their impact upon the interdependent identities of people and place as informed by theorists and designers including J.B. Jackson and Patrick Geddes. My approach works from the scale of the Antón Ruíz watershed to the delta to uncover the historical and contemporary processes that knit people in the region to the land. I identify commonalities in the immediate recovery needs and long-term resiliency of the community and ecosystems, and seek to support ongoing globally significant research of the rare coastal systems surrounding Punta Santiago. The proposed design, a causeway linking the coast to the hills, dovetails disaster relief and recovery with climate adaptation by providing a persistent connection that restores and reveals the dynamic coastal landscape.
Master of Landscape Architecture
Global warming is correlated with an increase in sea level rise, atmospheric moisture (water content in the air), and surface sea temperatures. The body of research around the complex interaction of these factors is growing, but current projections are that warmer seas will cause more intense hurricanes. Coastal communities, particularly those with fewer economic resources, bear the brunt of this trend and recovery is more difficult with each passing storm. After Hurricane Maria struck in September 2017, many residents of the barrio of Punta Santiago in Puerto Rico lived in the remains of their homes for over a year with little resources to rebuild from the severe wind damage and flood waters that rose over 6 feet. Recovery is still underway almost two years later. A sustainable way forward for Punta Santiago and other coastal communities worldwide necessitates strategies ranging from natural shore stabilization techniques like mangrove buffers and living reefs to restrictions on coastal development, and even the relocation of communities. This thesis investigates the time disparate processes of disaster relief, recovery, and climate adaptation through the lens of their impact upon the interdependent identities of people and place as informed by theorists and designers including J.B. Jackson and Patrick Geddes. My approach works from the scale of the Antón Ruíz watershed to the delta to uncover the historical and contemporary land use that knit people in the region to the land. I identify commonalities in the immediate recovery needs and long-term resiliency of the community and ecosystems, and seek to support ongoing globally significant research of the rare coastal systems surrounding Punta Santiago. The proposed design, a causeway linking the coast to the hills, dovetails disaster relief and recovery with climate adaptation by providing a persistent connection that restores and reveals the dynamic coastal landscape.

In the restoration of tidal wetland ecosystems, potential drivers of plant community development range from biotic controls (e.g. plant competition, seed dispersal) to abiotic controls (e.g. tidal flooding, salinity levels). How these controls influence the success of tidal wetland restoration are only partly understood, but have important implications for wetland habitat recovery. Specifically, the extent to which the existing native and non-native seed banks in tidally reconnected wetlands interact with these controls is not clear, yet the potential success of passive restoration methods depends upon this understanding. For a 54-year chronosequence of eleven tidal wetland restoration sites in the Lower Columbia River of western Oregon, USA, it was hypothesized that native plant species and soil properties would show trends approaching reference levels within 3 to 20 years post-restoration and that lower elevation wetland areas within restored sites would exhibit a greater native species abundance and similarity to reference sites, compared with restored high elevation wetland areas. Results indicated that plant species richness, soil organic matter, bulk density, pH, and salinity conditions among the restoration sites reached reference wetland ranges within 3-6 years post-tidal reconnection. The mid-low marsh elevation zones (<2.5 m) recovered native plant cover within 3-6 years post-tidal reconnection, while high marsh elevation zones (>2.5 m) remained dominated by nonnative species Phalaris arundinacea and Juncus effusus subsp. effusus. To investigate the mechanisms driving these non-native plant invasions, it was ii hypothesized that native and non-native wetland plant community distributions would be reflective both of their abundance in the seed bank and of their germination tolerance to wetland tidal flooding and salinity conditions. Using a factorial study design of three tidal conditions by three salinity levels, these hypotheses were tested in the greenhouse. Overall, non-native seeds were found to significantly outnumber native seeds in both seed banks. In the greenhouse, P. arundinacea and J. effusus were found to germinate more readily out of the seed bank under freshwater high-marsh flooding (1 hour a day) treatments as compared to oligohaline (3 ppt) mid-low marsh flooding (3-6 hours twice a day) treatments and to brackish salinity (10 ppt) treatments. Dominant native wetland species, Carex lyngbyei and Schoenoplectus lacustris, germination were not found to vary significantly among the treatments (p > 0.10). These results indicate that the salinity and flooding gradients within these restored marshes suppress germination of the non-native species in the low-mid marsh but not in the high marsh, where they are likely able to outcompete the native species due to their dominance in the seed bank. The implications of these results for passive tidal wetland restoration efforts are that both seed bank composition and species-specific tolerances to restored tidal flooding and salinity gradients are key mechanisms driving native and nonnative plant community development and resilience.

In this paper, we present a nonlinear curvelet-based sparsity-promoting formulation for three problems in seismic processing and imaging namely, seismic data regularization from data with large percentages of traces missing; seismic amplitude recovery for subsalt images obtained by reverse-time migration and primary-multiple separation, given an inaccurate multiple prediction. We argue why these nonlinear formulations are beneficial.

Orientadores: Denis José Schiozer, Eliana Luci Ligero
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica e Instituto de Geociências
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Resumo: Os reservatórios do pré-sal brasileiro apresentam grandes volumes de óleo leve com quantidade significativa de CO2 dissolvido. O CO2 produzido no pré-sal pode ser utilizado como gás de injeção no método especial de recuperação de injeção alternada de água e gás (WAG). Neste trabalho, a injeção WAG-CO2 miscível é empregada na recuperação de um óleo leve com teor de cerca de 8% molar de CO2 em condições análogas às do pré-sal de alta pressão e baixa temperatura, onde fenômenos físicos inerentes à injeção WAG-CO2 são incorporados aos modelos de simulação de reservatórios através dos modelos de histerese da permeabilidade relativa, tal como o modelo trifásico de Larsen e Skauge (1998). Este trabalho tem como foco o estudo dos efeitos da modelagem da histerese de permeabilidade relativa em simulações de injeção WAG-CO2 miscível. Dois modelos sintéticos de reservatório com óleo leve e com diferentes graus de heterogeneidade são estudados. Os modelos de simulações empregam a formulação composicional por ser mais apropriada em casos de injeção de gás miscível em óleo leve. A histerese causa redução da permeabilidade relativa aos fluidos, o que pode gerar dois efeitos: o aumento da eficiência local de varrido de óleo e a perda de injetividade. O primeiro efeito contribui para o aumento da recuperação de óleo, enquanto a perda de injetividade, dependendo das condições operacionais dos poços, resulta na redução da quantidade de fluidos injetada, prejudicando a recuperação. O predomínio de um desses dois efeitos faz com que a implementação dos efeitos da histerese de permeabilidade relativa nos modelos de simulação com injeção WAG resulte em recuperações finais de óleo diferentes das obtidas nos casos em que a histerese não é considerada, atingindo-se valores até 8% maior ou menor conforme efeito predominante e condições operacionais utilizadas
Abstract: The Brazilian pre-salt reservoirs present large volumes of light oil with a significant amount of dissolved CO2. It is intended to use CO2 produced in the pre-salt as an injection gas on the enhanced oil recovery method of water-alternating-gas (WAG) injection. In this work, the miscible WAG-CO2 injection is used in light oil recovery with an amount of 8% molar CO2 in similar conditions to pre-salt with high pressure e low temperature where physical phenomena involving WAG-CO2 injection applied to a reservoir of light oil with dissolved CO2 are built into the reservoir simulation models through the hysteresis of relative permeability models, as the Larsen and Skauge (1998) model. This work focuses on the study of the effects of modeling the hysteresis of relative permeability in simulation of miscible WAG-CO2 injection. Two synthetic reservoir models with light oil and different heterogeneities are studied. The simulation models employ the compositional formulation because it is more appropriate in cases of miscible gas injection in light oil. The hysteresis causes a reduction of the relative permeability of the fluid, which can cause two effects: increased local oil swept efficiency and the loss of injectivity. The first effect contributes to increase the oil recovery, while the loss of injectivity, depending on the operating conditions of the wells, results in a reduction of the amount of injected fluids, reducing the recovery. The predominance of one of these two effects makes the implementation of the effects of hysteresis of the relative permeability in simulation models with WAG injection exhibit different results compared to those models without hysteresis, reaching values up to 8% higher or lower according to the predominant effect and operational conditions used
Mestrado
Reservatórios e Gestão
Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo

As the currently available methods for recycling of valuable metals from batteries and old electronics (commonly called eWaste) are in need of improvement, this project focuses on the development of a novel valuable metals recovery method by electrolysis in molten salts. The process proposed consists of three steps: metal oxides dissolution in borate salts, liquid-liquid interface ion transfer between the borate and chloride layer, and electrodeposition from the chloride phase. Inherent borate salts stability and its affinity to metals, coupled with the chloride salts large electrochemical window enables a stable and efficient (semi)-continuous process concept to be explored. Two electrolytic cell concepts akin to an industrial set-up were designed. The first composed of three interconnected chambers each for one of the three steps of the process, or a simpler, single-vessel solution relying on the immiscibility of the molten phases. For the needs of a laboratory scale testing the smaller, one vessel solution has been assembled. The proposed recycling method is a novel solution for the recovery of valuable metals considered and evaluated in this work; Co, Cu, Ni, and Mn, present in most Li-ion and Ni-MH batteries, but also other metals suitable for electrodeposition present in the eWaste or other metal-rich waste streams. The process proposed was designed, evaluated and resulted in a successful recovery of all of the metals considered. Novel and promising experimental data on the metal oxides dissolution in molten borate salts is reported. Boron oxide salts were assessed, with the sodium borate achieving significant metals concentrations ranging from 4-20 wt%. Metals distribution between the oxide and halide layers was evaluated, and was found to be biased towards the borate layer due to its structure resulting in high metal affinity, with the metal ions concentration in the chloride layer around 1 wt% for the evaluated salts combination. This enables the sodium borate phase to work as a buffer, feeding the dissolved metal required for the electrodeposition into the chloride layer sustaining the process. Liquid-liquid interface transfer and diffusion phenomena in the melt as well as the metal electrodeposition parameters were studied using a range of (electro)-analytical methods, validating the main steps of the proposed metal recovery process. The system was evaluated in a three-electrode set-up (WE: tungsten, CE; graphite, QRE: tungsten) and the formal redox reaction potentials were reported for the following feedstock: Co2O3 [-0.733/-1.848 V], CuO [-1.297/-2.375 V], Mn2O3 [-1.552 V] and NiO [-1.734 V] versus chlorine evolution. The recovered metals were analysed and found to form high purity (~99 %) dendritic deposits (SA/V of 950 cm-1), which also supports the assumption of a diffusion controlled process. This marks the successful outcome of this proof-of-concept process, providing a feasible, alternative valuable metals recovery method design.

Région frontalière, exposée aux descentes ennemies autant qu’aux transgressions marines et aux invasions de sables, la Saintonge présente nombre de contraintes. Pourtant, au XVIe siècle, nombre d’indices témoignent d’une reconstruction réussie dans cette région enclavée. Durement éprouvée lors de la guerre de Cent Ans, la population a modifié son approche du littoral pour compenser l’absence de grand pôle urbain susceptible de mener à bien la reprise économique. L’économie saintongeaise développe dès lors des activités s’appuyant sur la dualité des campagnes côtières. Cette combinaison des ressources de l’estran et des terres offre aux habitants une forme de résilience efficace face aux risques alimentaires. Cette relative sécurité alimentaire facilite la reprise démographique dans les paroisses littorales. Le sel, le poisson, la récolte du varech, des coquillages ou de la salicorne permettent non seulement d’accroître les ressources locales, mais génèrent aussi d’autres activités comme la verrerie ou le tannage entre autres. Avec la céréaliculture, l’exploitation du bois ou le développement conséquent de l’élevage, la région dispose d’un panel conséquent de denrées commercialisables. La Saintonge intègre ainsi les sphères d’influence de La Rochelle et de Bordeaux. En tant que périphérie plus ou moins intégrée de ces deux pôles, les campagnes saintongeaises entrent dans leurs réseaux de relations commerciales avec les marchands fréquentant le golfe de Gascogne. Les deux villes-ports apportent également à la région les capitaux qui manquent. En effet, malgré la pluriactivité et la formation de communautés taisibles, la population saintongeaise ne parvient pas à générer les capitaux indispensables permettant à la région de poursuivre son développement économique. A la fin du Moyen Âge, la Saintonge offre donc le visage d’un territoire enclavé mais ouvert au commerce maritime par de petits ports, mais aussi d’une région riche avec des fortunes locales limitées
Saintonge presents a certain number of constratints: it is a border zone and as thus exposed to enemy raids; it also suffers from the encroachments of the sea and the invasion of sand dunes. Nevertheless, in the 16th century, converging signs show that this region, however distant from the main economic centers, has experienced a successful reconstruction. Victims of the Hundred Year’s war, local people have modified their approach of the coast to compensate the lack of a major urban center that would have organized economic recovery. From then on, the Saintonge economy is grounded on the dual resources of the coastal zones. The inhabitants combine the resources of the seashore and the countryside to better resist food risks. This relative food safety is instrumental in the demographic recovery of the coastal parishes.Salt gathering, fishing harvesting kelp (varech), picking shells or salicorne not only increase local resources, they generate other activities such as glass-making or tanning among others. With the cultivation of cereals, the exploitation of wood or the significant developpement of breeding, the area has a substantial panel of marketable foodstuffs to offer. In this way, Saintonge integrates the spheres of influence of La Rochelle and Bordeaux. It takes part in the trade connections that they have established with the merchants from the bay of Biscay. Both harbour-cities also contribute financial capital, something Saintonge itself coul nod provide. The fact is, in spite of its range of activities and economic developpment. So that at the end of the Middle Ages, Saintonge offers several aspects: it is out of the way but it compensates for it with its small coastal harbours and it has become prosperous, with some significant fortunes emerging from the area

Industrial and mining saline streams are often multi-component in nature. Much research within Eutectic Freeze Crystallization (EFC) has focused on the crystallization of ice and single salts from aqueous solutions. However, as a single salt and ice are crystallized, the concentration of the non-crystallizing salt species increase until the system is saturated with more than two species. In such a situation, the sequence and rate of crystallization of each species depends on both the kinetics of crystallization of each salt and the interaction between the different species. Seeding could be employed to control kinetics and thereby achieve selective recovery from multi-supersaturated systems. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the effect of seeding on the yield and purity of the salt product in a system supersaturated with two salts and ice. A eutectic MgSO4-Na2SO4-H2O system was chosen for this study as these salts are prevalent in saline waste streams in South Africa. A continuous 2 ℓ jacketed, scraped and stirred glass crystallizer was seeded with Na2SO4∙10H2O, MgSO4∙11H2O and ice. The initial salt seed loading and initial supersaturation were varied. The operating conditions used were 30 minutes residence time, a coolant temperature of -11°C, and operating temperature of approximately - 5.0 to -5.1°C. An increase in seeding mass was found to increase the yield and proportion of the seeded salt in the salt product due to an increase in salt growth rate. However, in all experiments it was found that MgSO4∙11H2O crystallized out at fractions higher than the eutectic thermodynamic ratio, indicating a higher selectivity towards this salt. Furthermore, the introduction of 30 g of MgSO4∙11H2O seeds produced a pure salt product (above 99.4 wt.% purity) and the highest salt yield. A similar mass of either seeding material resulted in a similar total mass of salt product. This was attributed to MgSO4∙11H2O crystallizing as the majority salt, and therefore its kinetics played a major role in the total salt yield. Initial supersaturation was found to have no significant effect on steady state salt purity and yield. This study showed that multiple steady states exist within this system at the same operating conditions but different initial seeding conditions. Seeding was found to have the potential to engineer the salt purity of the overflow and underflow split fractions by changing the individual salt average particle sizes. Therefore, this study showed that selectivity recovery of one salt is possible in a multi supersaturated system through seed engineering.

Gegenstand der Dissertation ist die Entwicklung eines Stoffmodells für duktile Salzgesteine, mit dem alle drei Kriechphasen, abhängig von einem inneren Zustandsparameter, beschrieben werden können. Die Modellierung der Schädigungs- bzw. Dilatanzentwicklung und deren Rückkopplung auf das Kriechverhalten ist das Kernstück der Stoffmodellentwicklung. Es wird eine Beziehung abgeleitet, die die Dilatanzentwicklung abhängig vom Manteldruck und der spezifischen Formänderungsarbeit beschreibt. Durch diese Formulierung und deren Verknüpfung mit dem o. g. Zustandsparameter lassen sich tertiäres Kriechen, Kriechbruch, Nachbruchverhalten und Restfestigkeit geschwindigkeitsabhängig beschreiben. Es erfolgte eine Validierung des Modells anhand von Laboruntersuchungen. Weiter wurden Parametersätze für zwei unterschiedliche Steinsalztypen abgeleitet. Anhand von drei realen Problemstellungen konnte gezeigt werden, dass das gemessene In-situ-Verhalten mit dem Modell berechnet werden kann und Prognoseberechnungen zu plausiblen Ergebnissen führen.

Gegenstand der Dissertation ist die Entwicklung eines Stoffmodells für duktile Salzgesteine, mit dem alle drei Kriechphasen, abhängig von einem inneren Zustandsparameter, beschrieben werden können. Die Modellierung der Schädigungs- bzw. Dilatanzentwicklung und deren Rückkopplung auf das Kriechverhalten ist das Kernstück der Stoffmodellentwicklung. Es wird eine Beziehung abgeleitet, die die Dilatanzentwicklung abhängig vom Manteldruck und der spezifischen Formänderungsarbeit beschreibt. Durch diese Formulierung und deren Verknüpfung mit dem o. g. Zustandsparameter lassen sich tertiäres Kriechen, Kriechbruch, Nachbruchverhalten und Restfestigkeit geschwindigkeitsabhängig beschreiben. Es erfolgte eine Validierung des Modells anhand von Laboruntersuchungen. Weiter wurden Parametersätze für zwei unterschiedliche Steinsalztypen abgeleitet. Anhand von drei realen Problemstellungen konnte gezeigt werden, dass das gemessene In-situ-Verhalten mit dem Modell berechnet werden kann und Prognoseberechnungen zu plausiblen Ergebnissen führen.

Motivation: The health effects of platinum on the human body are a great concern. It affects the respiratory system as well as the skin. The demands for platinum have seemingly increased over the last few years due to its use in automobile exhaust gas catalysts. Thus there will be an increase in the production and processing of platinum and therefore a greater possibility of exposure to platinum compounds. This is why it is of great importance to evaluate the surface sampling methods, to ensure that they are effective for platinum use. Objectives: 1) To evaluate and compare a few different surface sampling methods for removal of platinum salts from contaminated surfaces in order to determine which one of these methods has the best retention and recovery efficiency. 2) To use the most effective method to monitor surface contamination on porous and non–porous surfaces in a platinum refinery. Methods: Two types of filters (mixed cellulose ester and polyvinyl chloride) and GhostwipesTM were evaluated and compared in this study. Platinum solution (hexachloroplatinic acid) concentrations of 50, 150 and 300 ug Pt/ml solution were used. The retention efficiency of the different sampling mediums was tested by releasing 1 ml of each concentration directly onto the sampling medium. Efficiencies were tested on a non–porous (glass) and porous surface (semi–face bricks). This was done to see how the collection efficiency of the medium will differ on these two surfaces. A total of three wipes were used per surface, however were analyzed individually. All the samples were analyzed using the Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP–AES) analytical method by an accredited laboratory. Results: The results obtained indicated the retention and recovery efficiencies of the three sampling mediums at the three platinum concentrations of 50, 150 and 300 ug Pt/ml solutions. The retention efficiency of the GhostwipesTM was 93.2% at 50 ug Pt/ml solution, 95.3% at 150 ug Pt/ml solution and 93.6% at 300 ug Pt/ml solution, whilst the mixed cellulose ester (MCE) filters and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) filters were lower than 30% at all three concentrations. The overall recovery efficiencies of all three concentrations of the GhostwipesTM and MCE filter were the highest: the GhostwipesTM with levels of 73.9 %, 84.4% and 63.5% and the MCE filters with levels of 71.4%, 84.4% and 80.2%, whilst the PVC filters did not achieve levels above 60%. The wipe materials were also evaluated in terms of the ASTM E1792 standard requirements for wipe materials. Conclusion: GhostwipesTM were found to be the most suitable sampling medium based on retention and recovery efficiencies. The GhostwipesTM also complies with all the requirements listed in the ASTM E1792 standard for wipe materials, which makes it the most suitable wipe sampling material. The MCE and PVC filters however do not comply with all the ASTM E1792 requirements.
Thesis (M.Sc. (Occupational Hygiene))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

In this study three novel methods for the removal/recovery of inorganic salts from aqueous solution were explored to make a contribution to ongoing efforts by the petroleum industry to upgrade waste water for reuse by immobilising and removing inorganic substances from such contaminated water. These methods were targeted precipitation, supercritical treatment and eutectic freeze crystallisation. The feasibility of these methods for waste water treatment was investigated by using both simple laboratory prepared solutions and complex real-world waste water samples (TRO and EDR brine) from the petroleum industry. Different analytical techniques, including simple and complexometric titrations (AgNO3, EDTA), ICP-MS and IC were utilised to analyse original solutions and filtrates collected after precipitation by the different methods for several key anions/cations typically found in the waste water of a petroleum industry. The method of targeted precipitation entailed an adjustment of the molar ratio of species in laboratory and industrial solutions to effect precipitation of a target compound having a favourable stoichiometry to remove large amounts of anions/cations from solution. It was successful for the removal of sulphate ion from both simple synthetic solutions (> 85%) and complex real-world solutions (50% for TRO and 75% for EDR). The optimum chloride ion removal from synthetic solutions (60%) was obtained by using a slightly different molar ratio than planned, but from the industrial brines disappointingly low chloride ion removal (25% for TRO, 12% for EDR) was achieved. The second method required laboratory and industrial solutions to be subjected to conditions (typically 218 atm and 400°C) at which water is a supercritical fluid. The polar character, hydrogen bonding and ion solvating capability of water are destroyed under such conditions, so that ionic species are forced out of solution. The removal of sulphate ion from synthetic solutions was just as successful (80%) as targeted precipitation, though redissolution occurred over time as a result of competition with other ions for hydrating water molecules. A vast amount of sulphate (1000 mg/L or 28% for TRO and 3500 mg/L or 35% for EDR) was removed under supercritical water conditions, and large amounts of sodium (450 mg/L or 31 % for TRO, 1300 mg/L or 41 % for EDR) and calcium (450 mg/L or 85% for TRO, 600 mg/L or 90% for EDR) precipitated in addition to sulphate. Chloride ion removal was disappointingly low and never exceeded 15% for synthetic and 8% for real-world solutions. Eutectic freeze crystallisation was used in successive fractionations to remove substantial amounts of simple inorganic salts, such as Na2SO4 (67%) and Na2CO3 (31%), from pre-prepared eutectic solutions. Application of the technique to industrial waste water samples in seven successive fractionations led to collective removal of 20% of sulphate and 18% of chloride content of TRO and 60% of sulphate and 15% of chloride content of EDR waste water samples. The reliability of the operation to precipitate and collect ice-salt mixtures in several successive fractionations was proven by a proper mass balance enabled by analysis of the original solution, the filtrates after each collection and the residual mother liquid. The study rendered a modest contribution to the treatment of industrial waste water for the sake of mineral recovery and water restoration. It identified, applied and evaluated novel methods of waste water treatment in order to expand knowledge in this field and to broaden the capability of industry to help conserve water as a scarce resource. The inclusion of a method related to supercritical technology demonstrated its applicability to industrial processes and its relevance to green chemistry by utilising environmentally friendly supercritical fluids.
Thesis (M.Sc. (Chemistry))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Denna uppsats kretsar kring två företags återhämtningsarbete vid uppkomsten av respektive skandal. Vidare skapas en djupare förståelse för teorin Service Recovery's betydelse och användning i praktiken. De två fallen där skandaler inträffat är grundade dels i ICA:s köttfärsskandal och dels i IKEA:s fjäderplockningsskandal.   Uppsatsen har en deduktiv ansats vilket innebär att uppsatsen utgår från befintliga teorier som sedan testas med det insamlade empiriska materialet. Den teoretiska referensramen innefattar främst Grönroos teorier kring Service Recovery och kompletteras med teorier så som Service Recovery Paradox, kundförväntningar, sociala medier och immateriell påverkan. Uppsatsens forskningsfrågor besvaras främst med hjälp av en fallstudie med två företagsanalyser samt med en enkätundersökning. Studien är av både kvalitativ och kvantitativ karaktär där kvalitativ data samlats in via en e-mail intervju med Ylva Magnusson vid IKEA, och kvantitativt via en enkätundersökning. Uppsatsen har resulterat i kännedom om hur de två företagen arbetat med att återfå kundförtroende. Uppsatsen har även gett författarna möjlighet att utveckla en ny modell av praktisk bemärkelse som behandlar processarbete inom Service Recovery.

Den biologiska studien har visat att värphöns genom domesticeringen förändrat och anpassat sina beteenden till att leva med människor. De har utvecklat en minskad rädsla för människor och en ökad stresstålighet. I denna studie har höns återhämtning efter en stressupplevelse studerats. För att se hur domesticeringen har påverkat återhämtningen jämfördes beteenden mellan raserna White Leghorn och red junglefowl. Frågeställningarna som användes för att undersöka detta var: Hur lång tid tar det innan höns återhämtar sina naturliga beteenden, ej stressrelaterade, efter en stressupplevelse? Finns det några skillnader i återhämtningen beroende av kön eller mellan raserna White Leghorn och red junglefowl? Resultatet visade inte på en specifik tid för återhämtning men på att en tydlig återhämtning förekom. Återhämtningen visades i beteendena Relaxed Behaviour, Comfort Behaviour, Perch, Vocalisation och Stand Alert genom att uppvisandet av beteendena skiljde sig signifikant med tiden. Även signifikanta skillnader visades mellan raserna, både i beteenden som visade på återhämtning och i beteenden som inte gjorde det. En slutsats om vilken ras som återhämtade sig snabbast var svår att dra. Detta på grund av att beteendeskillnaderna visade på olika tendenser gällande återhämtning. Skillnaderna i återhämtningen mellan könen, visades tendenser på att hanarna återhämtade sig snabbare. Domesticering har även i denna studie studerats utifrån ett lärarperspektiv. Undersökningen visade att domesticering kan ingå i biologiundervisningen i områdena evolution och genetik i år 7-9.
The biological study has shown that behaviour of laying hens has changed through domestication and the hens have adapted to live with humans. They have developed less fear of humans and more resistance to stress. In this study hens’ recovery after a stressful experience has been studied. A comparison between the breeds White Leghorn and red junglefowl has been made to see how the domestication has affected the recovery. The questions of this study are therefore: How long does it take for hens’ to recover their natural behaviour, not stressrelated, after a stressful experience? Are there any differences in recovery between the different breeds White Leghorn and red junglefowl? The results did not show a specific time for recovery, but a distinct recovery was noticed in Relaxed Behaviour, Comfort Behaviour, Perch, Vocalisation and Stand Alert. This beacause of the behaviours differed significantly with time. Also significant differences existed between the breeds, both in behaviours that showed recovery and in behavious that did not. A conclusion of what breed that recovered fastest was difficult to make. This because of the differences of behaviour showed different tendencies in recovery. The differences in recovery between the sexes showed tendencies that the males recovered fastest. The domestication has also been studied from a teacherperspective. The study showed that domestication can be a part of biologyeducation in the fields of evolution and genetics in the grades 7-9.

The conception of exhaustion was first used in the end of 1960 and was then used in a psychological context directed towards the working life. Eventually was the conception devided into two main categories: mental and somatic symtoms. Today research of exhaustion is mainly aiming towards recovering and returning to working life. This work sets out to analyse the importance and effects of social networks such as family, friends and professional relations in helping people who suffer from exhaustion to recover. The study is based on interviews with eith people who have suffered from exhaustion but today are recovered. To my aid I have used tree different questions: What part have the social network of family and friends ment to the recovery? What part has the professional relationships with doctors, therapists and curators ment to the recovery? How have you changed your life in order to maintain balance? The interviews pointed out the importance of the social relationships as support, feedback and understanding that the process takes time. Courses in handeling stress had a vital part in order to learn how to manage stress, meet people with similar problems and the guidace of professionals. An important issue to maintain health and to keep the life balanced is consious present and to learn to do one thing at a time. The content of the examination has showed me that it is important to set your own boundaries and not to compare to others. It is also importent to take control over your own choices which is not easy to handle in todays stressed socity.

A escassez de pesquisas, instrumentos e parâmetros que subsidie o planejamento e a avaliação quantitativa e qualitativa de profissionais de enfermagem em salas de recuperação pós-anestésicas (SRPA) dificulta a provisão adequada de profissionais nessa área. Objetivo: Identificar o tempo médio das intervenções e atividades realizadas pela equipe de enfermagem em SRPA, como subsídio para a determinação da carga de trabalho. Método: Trata-se de um estudo de caso, observacional, transversal, de natureza quantitativa, realizado na SRPA do Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo (HU-USP). Participaram do estudo todos os profissionais de enfermagem que trabalharam na SRPA durante o período de coleta de dados. Os dados da pesquisa foram coletados e organizados de acordo com as seguintes etapas: identificação das atividades realizadas pela equipe de enfermagem, por meio da análise dos prontuários dos pacientes e da observação direta dos profissionais; mapeamento das atividades identificadas em intervenções de enfermagem, segundo a Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC); validação do mapeamento das atividades em intervenções de enfermagem, por meio de Oficinas de trabalho; mensuração do tempo despendido na execução das intervenções e atividades, utilizando a técnica Tempos Cronometrados. Resultados: Foram coletadas 6032 amostras de intervenções e atividades realizadas pelos profissionais de enfermagem na SRPA. O tempo total de execução dessas intervenções e atividades, cronometrados por observadores de campo, correspondeu a 192 horas, 56 minutos e 40 segundos. A distribuição da proporção do tempo de execução das intervenções de enfermagem evidenciou que as principais intervenções executadas foram Cuidados Pós-ANESTESIA (16,9%), DOCUMENTAÇÃO (14,3%), Controle de INFEÇÃO (5,9%). Os Domínios de maior representatividade foram: Domínio 6 - Sistema de Saúde (37%), Domínio 2 - Fisiológico Complexo (36%), Domínio 4 - Segurança (16%), Domínio 1 - Fisiológico Básico (10%) e Domínio 5 - Família (1%). O tempo da equipe está dividido em: 67% de intervenções de enfermagem; 9% de atividades associadas; 11% de atividades pessoais; 11% de tempo de espera e 2% de atividades realizadas no CC. A produtividade das enfermeiras foi de 92%, enquanto o tempo produtivo dos técnicos/auxiliares correspondeu à 86%. O tempo médio das intervenções e atividades correspondeu a dois minutos e treze segundos. A literatura não oferece dados que possibilite a comparação dos tempos médios das intervenções e atividades de enfermagem encontrados na presente pesquisa. Conclusão: A realização deste estudo permitiu identificar os tempos médios das intervenções e atividades executadas pela equipe de enfermagem na SRPA, contribuindo para a determinação da carga de trabalho e, consequentemente, para a superação das dificuldades relacionadas ao dimensionamento de profissionais nessa área
The scarcity of studies, tools and parameters to subsidize the planning and quantitative and qualitative evaluation of nursing professionals in post-anesthesia recovery room (PARR) hinders the adequate supply of professionals in this area. Objective: To identify the mean time of interventions and activities performed by the nursing staff in PARR, as the basis to determine the workload. Method: This is an observational, cross-sectional, quantitative case study, performed in the PARR of Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo (HU-USP). All study participants were nurses who worked in the PARR during the data collection. The study data were collected and organized according to the following steps: identification of the activities performed by the nursing staff, analysis of patients\' medical records and direct observation of professionals; mapping of activities identified in nursing interventions according to Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC); validation of activity mapping in nursing interventions through workshops; measuring the time spent on the implementation of interventions and activities, using the Clocked Time. Results: A total of 6032 samples of interventions and activities performed by nurses in the PARR were collected. The total performance time of these interventions and activities, timed by field observers, corresponded to 192 hours, 56 minutes and 40 seconds. The distribution of the performance time proportion of nursing interventions showed that the main interventions performed were: POST-ANESTHESIA care (16.9%), DOCUMENTATION (14.3%), INFECTION control (5.9%). The most representative domains were: Domain 6 - Health System (37%), Domain 2 - Physiological Complex (36%), Domain 4 - Security (16%), Domain 1 - Basic Physiologic (10%) and Domain 5 - Family (1%). The team\'s time is divided into: 67% of nursing interventions; 9% of associated activities 11% of personal activities, 11% waiting time and 2% for activities in the OR. The nurses productivity was 92%, whereas the productive time of technical/auxiliary staff corresponded to 86%. The mean time of interventions and activities corresponded to two minutes and thirteen seconds. The literature does not provide data that allows the comparison of the mean time of nursing interventions and activities found in this study. Conclusion: This study identified the mean times of interventions and activities performed by the nursing staff in the PARR, contributing to determine the workload and, consequently, to overcome the difficulties related to the activities of professionals in this area.

Este estudo tem como objetivo geral conhecer a avaliação, feita pelos enfermeiros das unidades pós-operatórias, a respeito da continuidade da assistência de enfermagem ao paciente cirúrgico. Como objetivos específicos, o seu propósito é identificar não só as dificuldades apresentadas pelos enfermeiros na obtenção dos dados clínicos referentes ao período de recuperação pós-anestésica como também indicar a melhor estratégia para obter os dados clínicos necessários para a continuidade da assistência de enfermagem ao paciente cirúrgico, após receber alta da sala de recuperação pós-anestésica, além de levantar os dados clínicos, referentes ao período de recuperação pós-anestésica, considerados necessários para o planejamento da assistência de enfermagem no período pós-operatório. A amostra foi constituída por enfermeiros, de duas instituições hospitalares identificadas por I e II, localizadas no interior do Estado de São Paulo, que assistem pacientes provenientes da recuperação pós-anestésica. Procedeu-se à coleta de dados, no período de julho a agosto de 2005, utilizando-se um formulário, a fim de contemplar o objetivo deste estudo. Os resultados mostraram que, no Hospital I, as dificuldades mais freqüentes, que interferem na obtenção dos dados clínicos do paciente referente ao período de recuperação pós-anestésica, foram, com 22 (84,62%) relatos cada: ausência do instrumento no prontuário e ausência da passagem de plantão por telefone, seguidas da ausência de informações necessárias no instrumento 19 (73,08%); preenchimento incompleto do instrumento 12 (46,15%) e passagem incompleta de plantão por telefone 2 (7,69%). No Hospital II destacaram-se: preenchimento incompleto do instrumento 25 (75,76%), seguidas da ausência de informações necessárias no instrumento 19 (57,58%). E com 18 (54,55%) relatos cada: ausência do instrumento no prontuário; ausência da passagem de plantão por telefone e passagem incompleta de plantão por telefone 2 (7,69%). No Hospital II destacaram-se: preenchimento incompleto do instrumento 25 (75,76%), seguidas da ausência de informações necessárias no instrumento 19 (57,58%). E com 18 (54,55%) relatos cada: ausência do instrumento no prontuário; ausência da passagem de plantão por telefone e passagem incompleta de plantão por telefone. No Hospital I, a melhor estratégia para se obter informações do paciente com alta da recuperação pós-anestésica foi um instrumento de registro associado à passagem de plantão por telefone 17 (65,38%), enquanto que no Hospital II a maioria, 20 enfermeiros (60,61%), agregou os diversos meios de se obter informações. Dentre os dados clínicos considerados necessários, pelos enfermeiros que não consultavam esse instrumento, no Hospital I, destacaram-se as características dos curativos e drenos, nível de consciência, controle das sondas, sinais vitais e acesso venoso. No Hospital II destacaram-se sinais vitais e características dos drenos, seguidos de curativos, saturação de oxigênio e exame físico. Quanto aos enfermeiros que o consultaram, 8 (30,77%) do Hospital I e 21 (63,64%) do Hospital II, foram de opinião que os dados clínicos presentes neste instrumento eram extremamente importantes, com exceção dos parâmetros referentes à temperatura e pulso que, no Hospital I, apresentaram diferenças de opinião quanto ao nível de importância (extremamente importante e muito importante). Sendo assim, observa-se que, nos dois hospitais estudados, o instrumento de registro, meio concreto de comunicação, auxilia no planejamento, promove a continuidade, é um indicador de qualidade e um meio de documentar o cuidado com o paciente.
This study has the main objective to know the valuation, done by nurses in the post-operator units, to continue giving nursing assistance to the chirurgical patient. As specific objectives it has the purpose to identify not only the difficulties presented by the nurses to obtain the clinical data referring to the post-anesthetic period but also to indicate the best strategy to get the clinical data necessary to continue the nursing assistance to the chirurgical patient after receiving discharge of the post-anesthetic recovery room, besides uplifting clinical data, referring to the post-anesthetic recovery period, considered necessary to plan the nursing assistance in the post-operator period. The sample was constituted by nurses in two hospitals identified by I and II, located in the State of São Paulo inland, Brazil which assist patients deriving from post-anesthetic recovery. During July to August 2005, the data collection was conducted, using a formulary in order to contemplate the objective of this study. The results showed that, at the Hospital I, the most frequent difficulties, that interfere in the acquisition of the patient\'s clinical data referred to the post-anesthetic period were, with 22 (85, 62%) reports each: absence of the instrument in the formulary and also absence of the duty passage by telephone, followed by the absence of information necessary in the instrument 19 (73,08%); incomplete fulfilling of the instrument 12 (46,15%) and incomplete duty passage by telephone 2 (7,69%). It was distinguished at the Hospital II: incomplete fulfilling of the instrument 25 (75,76%), followed by absence of information necessary in the instrument 19 (57,58%). And with 18 (54,55%) reports each: absence of the instrument in the formulary; absence in the duty passage by telephone and incomplete duty passage by telephone. At the Hospital I, the best strategy to obtain patient\'s information with discharge from the post-anesthetic recovery was an instrument of register associated to the duty passage by telephone 17 (65, 38%), while at the Hospital II the majority, 20 nurses (60,61%), added diverse ways to obtain information. Among the clinical data considered necessary by the nurses who did not consult this instrument, at the Hospital I, the characteristics of the bandaging and drains; level of consciousness; control of probes; vital signals and vein access were distinguished. At the Hospital II: vital signals and characteristics of the drains, followed by bandaging; saturation of oxygen and physical exam. As to the nurses who have consulted it, 8 (30,77%) at the Hospital I and 21 (63,64%) at the Hospital II, they had the opinion that the clinical data presented in this instrument were extremely important, with exception of the parameters referred to temperature and pulse that, at the Hospital I, presented differences of opinion as to the level of importance (extremely important and very important). So, it was observed that in the two hospitals the instrument of register, a concrete way of communication, helps the planning, promotes the continuity, it is a quality indicator and a way to prove the care with the patient.

Industrial waste heat has been around for hundreds of years and has long been assumed to be only a by-product of industrial activities. The purpose of the study was to contribute knowledge about the potential of waste heat energy as a resource from an economic and environmental perspective and to identify what important problems can be found in decision-making regarding the implementation of waste heat recovery systems. The study was conducted in the form of a case study with the engineering company Epiroc Drilling Tools AB in Fagersta as a study object. The waste heat survey showed that optimal recovery potential existed in the heat treatment furnaces' flares in the form of flue gases. The total waste heat energy available to be recycled in all 24 industrial furnaces of the workshop was estimated at between 1.63 to 1.92 GWh per year. The engineering company had a district heating demand of about 2.3 GWh in 2018. Investment in the waste heat recovery system would mean that the company can cover up to 83% of the plant's district heating needs. The engineering company aimed to, over a three-year period, among other things, reduce its total energy use by 20% and a recovery of the available waste heat energy could contribute 4.2 to 5.0% of the company's energy efficiency projects. A recovery of the waste heat was estimated to result in capital savings between SEK 900,000 to SEK 1,100,000 excluding VAT annually. The basic investment cost of the recycling system was estimated SEK 3,500,000 with an operating cost of SEK 220,000. The payback time was estimated to be about 4 years for the engineering company to fully repay the investment cost of the recycling system. Primary and secondary data collection resulted in answering what problems and obstacles could arise in decision making regarding investment and implementation of waste heat recovery systems.
Industriell spillvärme har funnits sedan flera hundra år tillbaka och har länge bara antagits vara en biprodukt från industriella aktiviteter. Syftet med studien var att bidra med kunskap om spillvärmeenergins potential som resurs ur ett ekonomiskt och miljömässigt perspektiv samt identifiera vilken betydelsefull problematik som kan finnas vid beslutsfattande om implementering av spillvärmeåtervinningssystem. Studien genomfördes i form av en fallstudie med verkstadsföretaget Epiroc Drilling Tools AB i Fagersta som studieobjekt. Spillvärmekartläggningen visade att optimal återvinningspotential fanns vid värmebehandlingsugnarnas avfacklingar i form av rökgaser. Den totala spillvärmeenergin som fanns tillgänglig att återvinna i verkstadens alla 24 industriella ugnar, uppskattades till mellan 1,63 till 1,92 GWh per år. Verkstadsföretaget hade 2018 ett fjärrvärmebehov på ca 2,3 GWh. Investering i spillvärmeåtervinningssystemet skulle innebära att företaget kan täcka upp till 83% anläggningens fjärrvärmebehov. Verkstadsföretaget hade som mål att under en treårsperiod, bland annat sänka sin totala energianvändning med 20% och en återvinning av den tillgängliga spillvärmeenergin skulle kunna bidra med 4,2 till 5,0% av företagets energieffektiveringsprojekt. En återvinning av spillvärmen uppskattades resultera i kapitala besparingar mellan 900 000 till 1 100 000 SEK exklusive moms årligen. Grundinvesteringskostnaden för återvinningssystemet uppskattades till 3 500 000 SEK med en driftkostnad på 220 000 SEK. Payback-tiden uppskattades till ca 4 år för verkstadsföretaget att helt återbetala investeringskostnaden för återvinningssystemet. Primär- och sekundärdatainsamling resulterade i att besvara vilken problematik och vilka hinder som kunde uppstå vid beslutsfattande gällande investering och implementering av spillvärmeåtervinningssystem.

La insuficiència paratiroidal degut a la lesió intraoperatòria de les glàndules paratiroides és la principal complicació de la tiroïdectomia total. Es caracteritza per la fallada en la producció de parathormona (PTH), amb el conseqüent desequilibri metabòlic de calci – vitamina D – fosfat, el qual causa una sèrie de manifestacions clíniques en varis òrgans diana i disminueix considerablement la qualitat de vida de qui ho pateix. Entre els múltiples factors involucrats en la insuficiència paratiroidal postoperatòria, el gènere femení s’ha descrit en repetides ocasions com un factor de risc per a la hipocalcèmia posterior a tiroïdectomia total. No obstant, hi ha escassetat d’estudis que determinin la influència de l’edat de les dones i del seu estat menstrual sobre la recuperació de la funció paratiroidal. La insuficiència paratiroidal és un procés dinàmic amb una duració variable, podent presentar-se des de poques hores fins a convertir-se en una condició permanent. Se sap poc sobre la recuperació de la funció paratiroidal a llarg termini. En aquesta tesis ens vam proposar determinar la influència del gènere sobre l’hipoparatiroïdisme posterior a tiroïdectomia total i analitzar els factors involucrats en la fallada paratiroidal en les dones. En segon lloc, vam investigar el temps de recuperació de la funció paratiroidal en pacients amb hipoparatiroïdisme perllongat (present al mes de la cirurgia) i les variables que afecten dita recuperació. Per al primer objectiu vam seguir durant 18 anys una cohort de pacients que s’havien sotmès a tiroïdectomia total degut a una patologia benigna i vam recollir dades sobre prevalença de cadascun dels síndromes d’insuficiència paratiroidal. Es van comparar les dades epidemiològiques entre gèneres, així com dins del subgrup de dones d’acord amb el seu estat menstrual (menors o majors de 45 anys). Els resultats d’aquest estudi van mostrar que la prevalença de hipocalcèmia postoperatòria en les dones va ser deu punts més alta que en homes i que l’hipoparatiroïdisme permanent va ser 5.55 vegades més comú en dones que en homes. Les dones <45 anys van presentar major proporció dels tres síndromes hipoparatiroidals tot i tenir valors de PGRIS similars. Baix nombre PGRIS i edat jove van ser les úniques variables independents que van predir hipocalcèmia postoperatòria entre les dones. Per al segon objectiu vam seguir durant 15 anys una cohort de 854 pacients sotmesos a tiroïdectomia total degut a patologia benigna o maligna i vam descriure que la prevalença d’hipoparatiroïdisme perllongat va ser de 16.6% i només un 4.3% de pacients mai van recuperar la seva funció paratiroidal òptima. A destacar, dels pacients que sí van recuperar la funció paratiroidal, un terç ho va fer passats els 6 mesos de la cirurgia. Els pacients que es van recuperar passat l’any de la cirurgia (11.3%) tenien les quatre glàndules paratiroides in situ i concentracions de calci sèric > 9 mg/dL. Les variables PGRIS i calcèmia > 9 mg/dL (> 2.25 mmol/L) al mes postoperatori van ser crucials per a la recuperació de la funció paratiroidal. El present treball és rellevant per a la comunitat científica perquè mostra que la recuperació de la funció paratiroidal posterior a tiroïdectomia total pot succeir en un període igual o superior a l’any postoperatori, especialment si les quatre glàndules van ser preservades. En conseqüència, el període de seguiment d’aquests pacients hauria de ser major del recomanat per les actuals guies de maneig clínic dels pacients amb hipoparatiroïdisme postoperatori. A més, aquest treball analitza la influència de l’estat menstrual de les dones en el curs natural de l’aparició d’insuficiència paratiroidal postoperatòria i és el primer en suggerir un factor hormonal influenciant la funció paratiroidal posterior a tiroïdectomia.
La insuficiencia paratiroidea debido a la lesión intraoperatoria de las glándulas paratiroides es la principal complicación de la tiroidectomía total. Se caracteriza por el fallo en la producción de parathormona (PTH), con el consecuente desequilibrio metabólico de calcio – vitamina D – fosfato, lo cual causa una serie de manifestaciones clínicas en varios órganos diana y disminuye considerablemente la calidad de vida de quien lo sufre. Entre los múltiples factores involucrados en la insuficiencia paratiroidea postoperatoria, el género femenino se ha descrito en repetidas ocasiones como un factor de riesgo para la hipocalcemia tras tiroidectomía total. No obstante, hay escasez de estudios que determinen la influencia de la edad de las mujeres y de su estado menstrual sobre la recuperación de la función paratiroidea. La insuficiencia paratiroidea es un proceso dinámico con una duración variable, pudiendo presentarse desde pocas horas hasta convertirse en una condición permanente. Se sabe poco sobre la recuperación de la función paratiroidea a largo plazo. En esta tesis nos propusimos determinar la influencia del género sobre el hipoparatiroidismo tras tiroidectomía total y analizar los factores involucrados en el fallo paratiroideo en las mujeres. En segundo lugar, investigamos el tiempo de recuperación de la función paratiroidea en pacientes con hipoparatiroidismo prolongado (presente tras un mes de la tiroidectomía total) y las variables que afectan dicha recuperación. Para el primer objetivo seguimos durante 18 años una cohorte de pacientes que se habían sometido a tiroidectomía total debido a una patología benigna y recogimos los datos sobre prevalencia de cada uno de los síndromes de insuficiencia paratiroidea. Se realizó una comparación de datos epidemiológicos entre géneros, así como dentro del subgrupo de mujeres de acuerdo con su estado menstrual (menores o mayores de 45 años). Los resultados de este estudio mostraron que la prevalencia de hipocalcemia postoperatoria en mujeres fue diez puntos más alta que en hombres y que el hipoparatiroidismo permanente fue 5.55 veces más común en mujeres que en hombres. Las mujeres <45 años presentaron mayor proporción de los tres síndromes hipoparatiroideos a pesar de tener valores PGRIS similares. Bajo número PGRIS y edad joven fueron las únicas variables independientes que predijeron hipocalcemia postoperatoria entre las mujeres. Para el segundo objetivo seguimos durante 15 años a una cohorte de 854 pacientes sometidos a tiroidectomía total debido a patología benigna o maligna y describimos que la prevalencia de hipoparatiroidismo prolongado fue de 16.6% y solamente un 4.2% de pacientes nunca recuperaron su función paratiroidea óptima. A destacar, de los pacientes que sí recuperaron la función paratiroidea, un tercio lo hizo tras 6 meses de la cirugía. Los pacientes que se recuperaron pasado el año de seguimiento (11.3%) tenían las cuatro glándulas paratiroides in situ y concentraciones de calcio sérico al mes > 9 mg/dL. Las variables PGRIS y calcemia > 9 mg/dL (> 2.25 mmol/L) al mes postoperatorio fueron cruciales para la recuperación de la función paratiroidea. El presente trabajo es relevante para la comunidad científica porque muestra que la recuperación de la función paratiroidea tras tiroidectomía total puede suceder en un período igual o superior al año postoperatorio, especialmente si las cuatro glándulas fueron preservadas in situ. En consecuencia, el período de seguimiento de estos pacientes debería ser mayor de lo recomendado por las actuales guías de manejo clínico de pacientes con hipoparatiroidismo postquirúrgico. Además, este trabajo analiza la influencia del estado menstrual de las mujeres en el curso natural de la aparición de insuficiencia paratiroidea postoperatoria y es el primero en sugerir un factor hormonal influenciando la función paratiroidea posterior a tiroidectomía.
Parathyroid insufficiency due to intraoperative injury of parathyroid glands is the main complication after total thyroidectomy. It is characterized by a decrease of parathormone (PTH) leading to hypocalcemia and vitamin D – phosphate disequilibrium that causes several clinical manifestations in a variety of target organs, decreasing considerably the patient’s quality of life. Among the several factors involved in postoperative parathyroid failure, female gender has been repeatedly reported as a risk factor for hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy. There is, however, a scarcity of studies assessing the influence of women’s age and menstrual status on parathyroid function recovery. Parathyroid insufficiency can last from only some hours or becoming a permanent hypoparathyroidism. Little is known about the recovery of the parathyroid function in the long-term basis. In this thesis we aimed to assess the influence of gender on post-thyroidectomy hypoparathyroidism and analyze factors involved in parathyroid failure in female patients. Secondly, we aimed to investigate the time to recover the parathyroid function in patients diagnosed with protracted hypoparathyroidism (one month after total thyroidectomy) and the variables affecting such recovery. For the first aim, a cohort of patients who underwent total thyroidectomy for benign disease was followed for 18 years and the prevalence of each parathyroid failure syndrome was collected; an epidemiologic comparison was made between genders, as well as for a subdivision of female groups according to their menstrual status (<45 years-old or older). Results from this study found that the prevalence of postoperative hypocalcemia was ten points higher in women than in the men, and permanent hypoparathyroidism was 5.55-fold more common in women than in men. Women aged <45 years presented higher rates of all three syndromes despite similar number of parathyroid glands remaining in situ (not autografted nor inadvertently resected) (PGRIS). Young age and low PGRIS were the only independent variables predicting postoperative hypocalcemia in female patients. For the second aim, a cohort of 854 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy for either benign or malignant pathology was assess after a following up for 15 years. The prevalence of protracted hypoparathyroidism was 16.6%, and only 4.2% patients never recovered their optimal parathyroid function. Interestingly, from the patients who recovered their parathyroid function, one-third did so beyond 6 months after surgery. Patients who recovered after one year of follow-up (11.3%) had the four parathyroid glands preserved in situ and serum calcium concentration at one month >9 mg/dL. PGRIS and a serum calcium concentration >9 mg/dL (>2.25 mmol/L) at one postoperative month were crucial for the recovery of the parathyroid function. This work is relevant to the scientific community because it shows that recovery of parathyroid function after total thyroidectomy can be expected up until one year or beyond, especially if the four glands are preserved. Thus, the period of follow-up of these patients may be longer than the one recommended by the current clinical management guidelines. Additionally, this work analyzes the female menstrual stage, and it is the first one suggesting a hormonal factor influencing post-thyroidectomy parathyroid function.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Cirurgia i Ciències Morfològiques

El risc de desenvolupar una Síndrome de Sobreentrenament és un dels factors a tenir més en compte en la preparació esportiva. En aquest sentit, una correcta recuperació és determinant per a garantir una adaptació funcional de l'esportista als entrenaments i a les competicions. L'avaluació contínua de la recuperació des d'una perspectiva psicofisiològica pot aportar informació sobre l'estat real de l'esportista, però es requereixen eines i metodologies que permetin monitoritzar la recuperació d'una forma ràpida, a temps real i no invasiva en l'entorn natural de l'esportista. En aquest context, els dos objectius principals d'aquesta tesi doctoral són: 1) Analitzar la utilitat de les tècniques de seismocardiografia (SCG) i fotopletismografia (PPG) per a l'anàlisi de la HRV; i 2) Proposar la monitorització psicofisiològica del procés d’estrès i recuperació com a eina d'Avaluació Ecològica Momentània (EMA) en situacions esportives, a partir de l’anàlisi combinada de la HRV i d’indicadors cognitius i conductuals. En aquesta Tesi Doctoral s'han realitzat sis estudis, tres corresponents a la part d'innovació en la metodologia d'anàlisi de la HRV, i tres més en la part d'aplicació de l'anàlisi de la HRV en context esportiu. Dins de la primera part de la tesi, es proposen les tècniques de SCG i PPG com a vàlides per a l'estimació dels intervals R-R i la posterior anàlisi de la HRV. En el cas de l'ús de la SCG, els resultats mostren que són necessàries unes condicions de registre estrictes en posició supina, de repòs total i que cal personalitzar la col·locació del dispositiu sobre l'estèrnum de la persona per millorar la qualitat del senyal. El senyal de SCG dels dispositius iPhone es mostra com a tècnica eficaç per la monitorització a distància de l'esportista prescindint de cap accessori addicional. En el cas de la PPG facial, els resultats mostren que la posició supina és més optima que la d'assegut. Tot i que les condicions de registre són massa estrictes com per utilitzar-se en un context esportiu natural pot resultat eficaç en contextos hospitalaris per al seguiment de pacients en un entorn controlat. Dins de la segona part de la tesi, es proposa l'anàlisi HRV per a la determinació de perfils específics en funció de la modalitat esportiva. Aquesta metodologia podria ajudar a determinar la predisposició de l’esportista cap a una determinada modalitat esportiva o a valorar l'adaptació de l'esportista en comparació a la resta de companys que segueixen el mateix pla d'entrenament. L'anàlisi combinada de la HRV amb l'estat d'ànim de forma puntual és útil per detectar estats de Vigor o Fatiga, però insuficient per a detectar perfils de Tensió, Depressió o Hostilitat. També es proposa l'ús de l'EMA com a metodologia útil per a la detecció de perfils psicofisiològics de recuperació, suggerint la necessitat d'analitzar i d'interpretar els paràmetres de HRV de forma individual enlloc d'utilitzar barems poblacionals. En el cas de la respiració, els resultats indiquen que el protocol utilitzat en la recollida de dades (respiració espontània o pautada) influeix directament en els valors dels paràmetres de domini freqüencial, provocant biaixos en la interpretació de l'estat d'estrès-recuperació avaluat a partir de qüestionaris. En aquest sentit, els resultats mostren que la respiració espontània aporta informació més rellevant sobre l'estat d'estrès de l'esportista. A partir dels resultats obtinguts en aquesta tesi doctoral, es proposa l’ús dels smartphones per analitzar la HRV, l’estat d’ànim i aspectes conductuals referents a la recuperació o als estils de vida, segons un model d’EMA i d’una forma no-invasiva, gràcies a la tecnologia integrada en els sensors propis. El sistema resultant, aplicat al camp esportiu, permet una monitorització psicofisiològica del procés d’estrès-recuperació.
The risk of developing overtraining syndrome is a factor to be taken into account in preparing sport. In this sense, proper recovery is crucial to ensure a functional adaptation of the athlete in training and competitions. Continuous assessment of recovery from a psychophysiological perspective can provide information about the actual state of the athlete, but require tools and methodologies that allow to monitor the recovery with fast, in real-time and non-invasive in the natural environment of the athlete. In this context, the two main objectives of this thesis are: 1) Analyse the usefulness of seismocardiography (SCG) and photoplethysmography (PPG) for the analysis of HRV; and 2) Propose the psychophysiological monitoring of the stress and recovery process as a tool of Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) in sport situations, from the combined analysis of HRV and cognitive and behavioural indicators. In this Doctoral Thesis has been performed six studies, three related with innovation methodology for analysis of HRV, and three more related with the application of the analysis of HRV in the sport context. In the first part of the thesis, we propose techniques SCG and PPG as a valid to estimate of RR intervals and subsequent analysis of HRV. In the case of the use of the SCG, the results show that is necessary a stringent conditions of record in supine position, total rest and the importance to customize the placement of the device on the sternum of the person to improve the quality signal. SCG signal of iPhone is an effective technique for remote monitoring of the athlete without additional accessory. In the case of facial PPG, the results show that the supine position is more optimal than the sitting position. Although the registration conditions are too strict as for use in a sport context can be effective in natural contexts of hospital for monitoring patients in a controlled environment. In the second part of the thesis proposes HRV analysis for the determination of specific profiles depending on the sport. This methodology could help to determine the predisposition of the athlete to a sport modality or to evaluate the adaptation of the athlete compared to other colleagues who follow the same training plan. The combined analysis of HRV with the mood in a timely evaluation is useful for detecting states of Vigour or Fatigue, but not enough to detect profiles of Tension, Depression or Hostility. Also proposed the use of EMA as a useful methodology for detecting psychophysiological profiles of recovery, suggesting the need to analyse and interpret the HRV parameters individually instead of using scales population. In the case of breathing, the results indicate that the protocol used in the data collection (spontaneous or paced breathing) directly influences the values of the parameters of frequency domain, causing bias in the interpretation of the state of stress-recovery assessed with questionnaires. In this sense, the results show that spontaneous breathing provides relevant information about the state of stress of the athlete. From the results obtained in this thesis, we propose the use of smartphones to analyse HRV, mood and behavioural aspects relating to the recovery or lifestyles, according to a model of EMA and to a non-invasive technology thanks to the integrated sensors themselves. The resulting system, applied to the sports field, allows monitoring of psychophysiological stress-recovery process.

Introdução: O cuidado com o paciente na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica com qualidade é uma preocupação dos profissionais envolvidos no pós-operatório imediato. Para garantir um cuidado de qualidade, devem ser desenvolvidas ferramentas que auxiliem na avaliação e possibilitem melhorias na assistência, além de satisfazerem o paciente com o cuidado prestado. Objetivo: Desenvolver instrumentos para avaliar a qualidade de serviços de saúde no período pós-operatório imediato; elaborar indicadores para avaliar as práticas assistenciais em unidade ou sala de recuperação pós-anestésica relacionadas ao monitoramento e à prevenção da dor e hipotermia; e proceder à validação de conteúdo dos indicadores. Métodos: Estudo quantitativo, longitudinal, de validação de indicadores com uso do método Delphi. Inicialmente, selecionaram-se as práticas a serem mensuradas relacionadas à dor e à hipotermia. Foi realizada a fundamentação teórica, sendo construídos os indicadores, e elaborados os Manuais Operacionais para a validação de cada indicador. Um grupo composto por seis juízes foi selecionado para o processo de avalição e validação dos indicadores, que, por sua vez, foram elaborados de acordo com o referencial de Donabedian, constituindo indicadores de estrutura, processo ou resultado. Resultados: Após duas rodadas de avaliação e validação, todos os indicadores foram validados com o mínimo de 83,3% de consenso estabelecido estatisticamente como significativo entre os juízes. Foram propostos e validados dez indicadores, sendo um indicador de avaliação da estrutura relacionado à dor e à hipotermia (Porcentual de Profissionais Enfermeiros Exclusivos e Qualificados na Sala de Recuperação Pós-Anestésica), quatro indicadores de processo (Número de Prescrições de Analgesia ao Paciente ao Chegar na Sala de Recuperação Pós-Anestésica; Número de Administrações de Analgésicos Iniciadas na Sala de Recuperação Pós-Anestésica Após Queixa de Dor; Porcentual de Registro da Avaliação da Dor do Paciente ao Chegar na Sala de Recuperação Pós-Anestésica; Número de Prontuários com Registro das Intervenções de Enfermagem Após o Relato de Dor na Sala de Recuperação Pós-Anestésica) e um indicador de resultado de avaliação da dor (Número de Pacientes sem Dor/ou com Dor Mínima no Momento da Alta da Sala de Recuperação Pós-Anestésica); dois indicadores de avaliação da estrutura relacionados à hipotermia (Número de Equipamentos para Avaliação da Hipotermia na Sala de Recuperação Pós-Anestésica; Número de Equipamentos para Tratamento da Hipotermia na Sala de Recuperação Pós-Anestésica), um indicador de processo (Número de Pacientes com Registro da Intervenção Realizada em Caso de Hipotermia na Sala de Recuperação Pós-Anestésica) e, finalmente, um indicador de resultado relacionado à avaliação da hipotermia (Número de Pacientes Hipotérmicos no Momento da Alta da Sala de Recuperação Pós-Anestésica). Conclusão: Os componentes dos Manuais Operacionais dos indicadores e seus atributos foram julgados, e as sugestões dos juízes, incorporadas, sendo que todos os indicadores atingiram o nível de consenso entre os seis juízes. A elaboração de indicadores específicos na Sala de Recuperação Pós-Anestésica é um desafio, porém, como foi aqui demonstrado, é possível trabalhar com tal ferramenta também nesse setor.
Background: The care with quality for the patient in the post-anesthetic recovery room is a concern of professionals involved in the immediate postoperative period. To ensure a care with quality, tools should be developed to assist in the evaluation and enable improvements in the assistance, as well as to satisfy the patient with the care provided. Objective: To develop tools to evaluate the quality of health services in the immediate postoperative period; to develop indicators to evaluate the care practices related to monitoring and prevention of pain and hypothermia in the post-anesthetic care unit/room; and to validate the content of the indicators. Methods: This is a quantitative, longitudinal study for the validation of indicators, using the Delphi method. Initially, we selected the practices related to pain and hypothermia to be measured. With a theoretical background, the indicators were built, and the Operational Manuals were developed the for the validation of each indicator. A group composed of six judges was selected for the evaluation and validation process. These indicators were drawn up according to Donabedian\'s theory, and they were classified as structure, process or outcome indicators. Results: After two rounds of evaluation and validation, all indicators were validated with a minimum of 83.3% consensus, which was statistically established as significant among judges. Ten indicators were proposed and validated; one indicator was for assessing the structure and it was related to pain and hypothermia (Percent of Exclusive and Qualified Nurses on the Post-Anesthetic Care Unit), four indicators were process indicators (Number of Analgesia Prescriptions for the Patient that Gets in the Post-Anesthesia Recovery Room; Number of Analgesics Administrations Started in the Post-Anesthesia Recovery Room After Complaining of Pain; Pain Assessment Registration Percentage of the Patient that Gets in the Post-Anesthesia Recovery Room; Number of Medical Charts with Registration of Nursing Interventions After the Pain Reporting in the Post-Anesthesia Recovery Room), one indicator was classified as an outcome indicator (Number of Patients Without Pain/or Minimum Pain When Discharged of the Post-Anesthesia Recovery Room); two indicators of structure evaluation were related to hypothermia (Number of Equipment for Hypothermia Evaluation of the Post-Anesthesia Recovery Room; Number of Equipment for Treatment of Hypothermia in the Post-Anesthesia Recovery Room), one indicator was labeled as a process indicator (Number of Patients with Intervention Registration Carried Out in Case of Hypothermia in the Post-Anesthetic Recovery Room) and, finally, a result indicator was related to the evaluation of hypothermia (Number of Patients with Hypothermia When Discharged of the Post-Anesthesia Recovery Room). Conclusion: The Operational Manuals components for the indicators and their attributes were judged, and the judges suggestions were incorporated. All the indicators have reached the level of consensus among the six judges. The development of specific indicators in the post-anesthesia recovery room is a challenge, however, as we have demonstrated, it is possible to work with this tool also in this sector.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito dos exercícios meio-agachamento, salto e complexo (agachamento + saltos), seguido por intervalos de 5 min, 10 min ou auto-selecionado sobre o desempenho no salto vertical com contramovimento (CMJ - countermovement jump) e frequency speed of kick test (FSKT). Para isso, 11 atletas de taekwondo, faixas-preta foram submetidos a nove protocolos experimentais e um controle realizados aleatoriamente. Cada sessão experimental foi composta pelo aquecimento, uma atividade condicionante (meio-agachamento: três séries de uma repetição a 95% de 1RM; pliometria: três séries de 10 saltos sobre barreira de 40 cm; ou exercicio complexo: meio-agachamento com três séries de duas repetições a 95% de 1RM seguido por quatro saltos sobre barreira de 40 cm), e um intervalo (5 min, 10 min ou intervalo auto-selecionado) antes da realização do CMJ e FSKT. Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa sobre o número de golpes aplicados (F9,90 = 2,90; P = 0,005, h2 = 0,225 [pequeno]). O exercício complexo com intervalo de 10 min (23 ± 5 repetições) foi superior a condição controle (19 ± 3 repetições), meio-agachamento com intervalo auto-selecionado (18 ± 2 repetições, P = 0,015) e saltos com intervalo de 5 min (18 ± 3 repetições, P < 0,001). Nossos resultados indicam que atletas de taekwondo podem aumentar o número de golpes aplicados em teste específico após a realização do exercício complexo. Outro objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito do volume e intensidade sobre o desempenho no CMJ e FSKT. Para isso, nove atletas de taekwondo, faixaspreta foram submetidos a quatro sessões experimentais e uma sessão controle realizadas aleatoriamente. Cada sessão experimental foi composta pelo aquecimento, uma atividade condicionante no exercício meio-agachamento (sessões experimentais: uma série de três repetições a 50% ou 90% de 1RM ou três séries de três repetições a 50% ou 90% de 1RM), seguido por intervalo de 10 min antes da realização do CMJ e cinco séries do FSKT. O desempenho do FSKT caiu ao longo das séries (F3,21;128,36 = 25,344; P < 0,001, h2 = 0,388 [muito grande]). Não houve efeito do volume e intensidade sobre as variáveis investigadas. Nossos resultados indicam que os atletas de taekwondo não foram afetados pelo uso de diferentes volumes e intensidades em atividade de potência específica e não específica visando a manifestação da potencialização pós-ativação
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of half-squat, jump and complex exercise (half-squat + jump), followed by intervals of 5-min, 10-min or selfselected rest interval on performance of countermovement jump (CMJ) and the frequency speed of kick test (FSKT). Eleven black-belt taekwondo athletes were randomly submitted to nine experimental section and one control were randomly. Each experimental section was composed by warm-up, conditioning activity (halfsquat: three sets of one repetition at 95% of 1-RM; plyometric: three sets of 10 jumps above 40-cm barrier; or complex exercise: half-squat with three sets of two repetitions at 95% of 1-RM followed for four jumps above 40-cm barrier), and a rest interval (5-min, 10-min or self-selected rest interval) before performing CMJ and FSKT. There was statistically significant difference regarding the number of kicks applied (F9,90 = 2.90; P = 0.005, h2 = 0.225 [small]). The complex exercise with 10- min of rest interval (23 ± 5 repetitions) was higher that the control (19 ± 3 repetitions), as well as the half-squat with self-selected rest interval (18 ± 2 repetitions, P = 0.015) and the plyometric with 5-min rest interval (18 ± 3 repetitions, P < 0.001). Our results indicate that taekwondo athletes can increase the number of kicks applied in a specific test after perfoming the complex exercise. An other purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of volume and intensity of CMJ and FSKT. Nine blackbelt taekwondo athletes were randomly submitted to four experimental section and one control. Each experimental section was composed by warm-up, one conditioning activity on half-squat exercise (experimental section: one set of three repetitions at 50% or 90% 1-RM or three sets of three repetitions at 50% or 90% of 1-RM), followed by 10-min of interval before performance of CMJ and five sets of FSKT. The FSKT performance declined along of sets (F3,21;128,36 = 25.344; P < 0.001, h2 = 0.388 [very large]). It was not found difference regarding exercise volume and intensity on the investigated variables. Our results indicate that taekwondo athletes were not affected by different volume and intensities of specific and non-specific power activities on post-activation potentiation

Anställdas återhämtning är en viktig aspekt av individens och organisationens välmående. Traditionellt arbete, distansarbete och en kombination av de båda är arbetssätt som kan tänkas föra med sig vissa fördelar och/eller begränsningar i relation till återhämtning som i sin tur kan komma att påverka hur HR bör arbeta med detta. Studiens syfte är därför att jämföra anställdas upplevda återhämtning från arbete mellan traditionellt arbete och distansarbete samt förklara hur HR kan arbeta för att främja återhämtning inom de olika arbetssätten. Kvalitativa data samlades in genom en enkätundersäkning och en dokumentundersökning som sedan analyserades genom tematisk analys. Resultatet visar att anställda använder sig av olika strategier för återhämtning beroende på arbetssätt och det ses även individuella skillnader i anställdas upplevda återhämtning. HR bör för att främja återhämtning ata olika roller och säkerställa att anställdas individuella behov tas hänsyn till vid arbetet med återhämtning.
Employee's recovery is a vital aspect of individual and organizational well-being. Traditional work, remote work and a combination of both are ways of workning that may bring certain benefits and/or limitations in relation to recovery which in turn may affect how HR should approach this. The aim of the study is therefore to compare employees' perceived recovery from work between traditional work and remote work and also explain how HR can work in order to promote recovery within the different ways of working. Qualitative data ere collected through a survey as well as a documentation review and was later analyzed by using a thematic analysis. The result shows that employees use different strategies for recovery depending on the way of work and individual differences can also be seen in employee's recovery. HR should, in order to promote recovery, adopt different roles and ensure that indivdidual needs are taken into consideration when working with recovery.

Orientador: Ione Correa
Resumo: Introdução: O bloco cirúrgico ou bloco operatório é classificado como um setor crítico e complexo, com a capacidade de atender as necessidades da prática cirúrgica. Estratégias ambientais são componente essencial para prevenir infecções associadas aos cuidados de saúde. Objetivo: Analisar as evidências científicas sobre a desinfecção de superfícies ambientais em bloco cirúrgico, com uma proposta de construção de um procedimento operacional padrão. Método: Revisão integrativa da literatura com artigos em português, inglês, espanhol nas bases de dados LILACS (via portal Bireme), BDENF, MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, Web of Science. Os critérios de inclusão foram artigos publicados em periódicos e disponíveis na íntegra, inglês, português ou espanhol que abordassem a temática e sem limitação temporal. Resultados e Discussão: Foram analisados três artigos, dois (66%) foram encontrados na base de dados Medline e um (34%) na Lilacs. Em relação a formação profissional dos autores, dois (66%) eram médicos e um artigo (34%) foi produzido por um enfermeiro. Quanto ao ano de publicação houve uma correlata aproximação de anos. Em relação ao local de estudo, periódico e seu respectivo Qualis, as publicações foram distribuídas em: um (34%) periódico nacional publicado em Uberlândia – MG e dois (66%) periódicos nacionais pulicados em Miami e Texas – USA respectivamente; os três artigos foram publicados em periódicos de grande impacto, sendo o artigo nacional (34%) publicado pela Revista L... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Introduction: The surgical block or operative block is classified as a critical and complex sector, with the capacity to meet the needs of the surgical practice. Environmental strategies are an essential component in preventing infections associated with health care. Objective: To analyze the scientific evidence on the disinfection of environmental surfaces in a surgical block, with a proposal to construct a standard operating procedure. Method: Integrative literature review with articles in Portuguese, English and Spanish in the LILACS (via Bireme portal), BDENF, MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, Web of Science. The inclusion criteria were articles published in periodicals and available in full, English, Portuguese or Spanish that approached the theme and without temporal limitation. Results and Discussion: Three articles were analyzed, two (66%) were found in the Medline database and one (34%) in Lilacs. Regarding the professional training of the authors, two (66%) were doctors and one article (34%) was produced by a nurse. As for the year of publication there was a correlata approximation of years. The publications were distributed in: one (34%) national periodical published in Uberlândia - MG and two (66%) national journals published in Miami and Texas - USA respectively; (34%) published by the Revista Latino Americana de Enfermagem (Revista Latino Americana de Enfermagem) with the stratum indicative of Qualis A1, and the international papers (66%) were published by Infect... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

Els programes de recuperació multimodal o en la seva definició anglesa Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS), inclouen múltiples elements perioperatoris dissenyats per aconseguir una recuperació rápida després de la cirurgia, reduir la morbiditat perioperatòria i aconseguir una estada hospitalària més curta. No obstant això, la evidència sobre la seva eficàcia quan s'aplica a pacients amb càncer ginecològic avançat es escassa. En aquest assaig clínic aleatoritzat prospectiu i intervencionista, les dones sotmeses a una cirurgia laparotòmica per sospita de càncer d'ovari avançat (estadis FIGO IIb-IV) des de juny de 2014 fins a març de 2018 en un hospital de referència en oncologia ginecològica a Barcelona (Espanya ) van ser tractades seguint un protocol ERAS específic o maneig convencional (MC). L'Objectiu primari va ser la reducció de l'estada hospitalaria, i els objectius secundaris van ser la incidència i el tipus de complicacions intraoperatòries i postoperatòries, la taxa de reingrés i la mortalitat dins el període de seguiment de 30 dies. Es va realitzar una anàlisi de costos comparant les dues estratègies. Es van reclutar un total de 110 pacients, de les quals es van incloure en l'anàlisi final 99, 50 pacients en grup ERAS, i 49 a MC. Tots dos grups van ser comparables pel que fa a les característiques basals i la complexitat de la cirurgia citoreductora, amb una puntuació general de complexitat quirúrgica d'Aletti o Surgery Complexity Score (SCS) de 7,4. El compliment general de l'protocol ERES va ser de l'93%. En comparació amb el grup MC, els pacients en el grup ERAS van tenir una reducció en la estada hospitalaria mitjana de dos dies (7 vs. 9 dies; p = 0,0099) i una taxa disminuïda de reingrés (6% vs 20%, p = 0,0334). No es van detectar diferències significatives addicionals pel que fa a la incidència de complicacions intraoperatòries o postoperatòries, complicacions greus (Dindo grau IIIB-IV), Complication comprehensive index (CCI), necessitat de reintervenció durant l'estada hospitalària o mortalitat. L'anàlisi de cost per pacient va revelar una reducció de 849 ? per pacient inclòs en el protocol ERAS en comparació amb el protocol MC.
Los programas de recuperación multimodal o en su definición inglesa Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS), incluyen múltiples elementos perioperatorios diseñados para lograr una recuperación temprana después de la cirugía, reducir la morbilidad perioperatoria y conseguir una estancia hospitalaria más corta. Sin embargo, los datos sólidos sobre su eficacia cuando se aplica a pacientes con cáncer ginecológico avanzado son escasos. En este ensayo clínico aleatorizado prospectivo e intervencionista, las mujeres sometidas a una cirugía laparotómica por sospecha de cáncer de ovario avanzado (estadios FIGO IIb-IV) desde junio de 2014 hasta marzo de 2018 en un hospital de referencia en oncología ginecológica en Barcelona (España) fueron tratadas siguiendo un protocolo ERAS específico o manejo convencional (MC). El Objetivo primario fue la reducción de la LOS, y los objetivos secundarios fueron la incidencia y el tipo de complicaciones intraoperatorias y postoperatorias, la tasa de reingreso y la mortalidad dentro del período de seguimiento de 30 días. Se realizó un análisis de costes comparando ambas estrategias. Se reclutaron un total de 110 pacientes, de las cuales se incluyeron en el análisis final 99, 50 pacientes en grupo ERAS, y 49 en MC. Ambos grupos fueron comparables con respecto a las características basales y la complejidad de la cirugía citorreductora, con una puntuación general de complejidad quirúrgica de Aletti o Surgery Complexity Score (SCS) de 7,4. El cumplimiento general del protocolo ERAS fue del 93%. En comparación con el grupo MC, los pacientes en el grupo ERAS tuvieron una reducción en la LOS mediana de dos días (7 vs. 9 días; p = 0.0099) y una tasa disminuida de reingreso (6% vs. 20%, p = 0.0334). No se detectaron diferencias significativas adicionales con respecto a la incidencia de complicaciones intraoperatorias o postoperatorias, complicaciones graves (DINDO grado IIIB-IV), Complication comprehensive index (CCI), necesidad de reintervención durante la estancia hospitalaria o mortalidad. El análisis de costo por paciente reveló una reducción de 849? por paciente incluido en el protocolo ERAS en comparación con el protocolo MC.
Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programs include multiple perioperative elements designed to achieve early recovery after surgery, reduce perioperative morbidity and a shorter length of stay (LOS). However solid data regarding its efficacy when applied to Advanced Gynecological cancer patients is sparse. Methods In this prospective, interventional randomized clinical trial, women undergoing lapartomic surgery for suspected advanced ovarian cancer (FIGO stages IIb–IV) from June 2014 to March 2018 at a reference hospital in gynecologic oncology in Barcelona (Spain) were treated following either an ERAS protocol or conventional management (MC). The primary outcome was reduction in LOS, and secondary outcomes were incidence and type of intra and postoperative complications, rate of readmission and mortality within the 30-day follow-up period. A cost analysis was performed comparing both strategies Results The ERAS group comprised 50 patients, and the MC group, 49 patients. Both groups were comparable with respect to baseline characteristics and complexity of the cytoreductive surgery, with an overall medium/high Aletti surgical complexity score (SCS) of 7.4. Overall compliance to the ERAS protocol was 93%. As compared to the MC group, patients in the ERAS group had a decreased median of LOS of two days (7 vs. 9 days; p = 0.0099) and a decreased rate of readmission (6% vs. 20%, p = 0.0334). No further significant differences were detected with respect to incidence of intraoperative or postoperative complications, severe (grade IIIB–IV) complications, Complication comprehensive index (CCI), reoperation during primary stay, or mortality. The cost per patient analysis revealed a reduction of 849 ? per patient included in ERAs protocol compared with MC protocol.

ABSTRACT   The aim of this study is to examine which factors people with mental illness describe as contributing to their recovery process. The aim is also to examine the importance of club houses. The study is based on ten qualitative interviews from people with experience of mental illness and the empirical data was analyzed using a qualitative content analysis. The main results highlight four different facilitating factors; social network, equality, meeting other people with mental illness and individual resources and strategies. The social network was described as a prerequisite to the recovery process, but the study also shows that meeting peers with similar experiences played a key role. Being treated as an equal by professionals they came in contact with during their recovery process contributed to their own sense of self and facilitated the feeling of participation. The results also emphasize the importance of one’s own resources and strategies. By realizing what part they had played in their own recovery process it brought on a feeling of pride and achievement. The result from this study aim to provide a deeper understanding of the contributing factors in the recovery process which may have importance for social services to people with mental instabilities.

Забруднення біосфери полютантами являє собою глобальну небезпеку, яка збільшується з кожним роком. Зростання антропогенних факторів та техногенного забруднення призводить до поширення та накопичення токсикантів в екосистемі. Хімічні елементи різними шляхами і в різних дозах потрапляють в організм людини, завдаючи йому і шкоду, і користь. Їх міграція в екосистемах відбувається за участю організмів, повітря, води, колоїдних розчинів і внаслідок техногенних процесів. З екотоксикологічної точки зору іони важких металів не зникають з біологічного колообігу, їх токсичність не зменшується, а навпаки, зі збільшенням концентрації, зростає. Патофізіологічна дія ксенобіотиків залежить від: концентрації, шляху взаємодії та хімічного виду (комбінації), терміну експозиції в організмі та здатності до біоакумуляції. Важкі метали вважаються найбільш небезпечними з точки зору екології, токсикології та гігієни, завдяки їх здатності до акумулювання в організмі, спричинюючи тим самим порушення метаболічних і фізіологічних процесів на тканинному та клітинному рівнях. Однією з важливих ендокринологічних проблем сьогодення, як в Україні, так і в інших країнах світу є захворювання, які пов’язані з морфологічними змінами у прищитоподібних залозах та порушенням кальцієвого гомеостазу. Захворювання, які пов’язані з морфологічними розладами та дисфункцією цих залоз, за поширеністю посідають третє місце після цукрового діабету та тиреоїдної патології. Вивчення та розуміння причин розвитку морфологічних розладів та дисфункції прищитоподібних залоз є складним процесом. Тому дисертаційна робота спрямована на встановлення особливості морфологічних перебудов та механізмів регулювання їх у прищитоподібних залозах за умов впливу несприятливих факторів, а саме комбінації солей важких металів. Окремо досліджено відновлювальні можливості залоз при відміні полютантів. Для детального вивчення та аналізу механізму дії важких металів було сформовано дизайн біологічного дослідження, який включав у себе використання 48 безпородних статевозрілих щурів – самців. Тварини були розподілені на 3 групи з метою вивчення комбінованого впливу полютантів та у період відновлення після їх відміни: 1 - контрольна група; 2 - щури, які отримували суміш солей важких металів з питною водою, що притаманна забрудненням деяких регіонів України, а насамперед Сумської області. Піддослідні тварини постійно отримували питний розчин, який містив: цинк (ZnSO4×7H2O) – 5 мг/л, мідь (CuSO4×5H2O) – 1 мг/л, залізо (FeSO4) – 10 мг/л, марганець (MnSO4×5H2O) – 0,1 мг/л, свинець (Pb(NO3)2) – 0,1 мг/л, хром (K2Cr2O7) – 0,1 мг/л; 3 група – період відновлення, ці щури отримували звичайну питну воду після відміни важких металів. З метою вивчення морфологічних особливостей будови прищитоподібних залоз та функціональної їх активності піддослідні тварини виводились з експерименту на 30- ту, 90- ту, 120-ту та 180-ту доби. За допомогою сукупності методів дослідження: гістологічних, морфометричних, імуногістохімічних, біохімічних, імуноферментних та статистичного аналізу цифрових показників було досягнуто вирішення поставлено мети. Також взаємозв’язок між досліджуваними показниками оцінювали згідно з критерієм кореляції Пірсона (r). Результати вважали статистично достовірними, коли ступінь ймовірності був більше 95 % (р <0,05). Морфометрія отриманих препаратів проводилася після фотографування з використанням мікроскопу «Carl Zeis Primo Star» (Німеччина) (бінокуляр × 10, об’єктиви × 10, × 40) та цифровою камерою «Zeiss Axio Cam ERс 5s» (Німеччина), а також програмним пакетом виходу системи зображення та обчислення «ZEN 2 (blue edition)» (Німеччина). У літературних джерелах існують наукові роботи, де описані патологічні стани прищитоподібних залоз, які пов'язані з впливом деяких мікроелементів та різних речовин, але відсутні відомості про комплексну дію комбінації солей важких металів (міді, цинку, заліза, хрому, марганцю та свинцю) на досліджувані залози. Упродовж виконання дослідження нами було отримано дані стосовно зміни лінійних показників площі залоз, клітин та ядер паратироцитів, розміру стромального компоненту та щільності розподілення клітин при надлишковому споживанні комбінації солей важких металів. У процесі підвищеного надходження комбінації солей важких металів до організму щурів упродовж 1 та 3 місяців експерименту прояв токсичної дії полютантів відмічався на різних рівнях морфологічної організації прищитоподібних залоз. У паренхімі спостерігалась дискомплексація та дезорганізація епітеліальних трабекул. У паратироцитах відбувався розвиток гідропічної дистрофії у двох напрямках: набряк та утворення внутрішньоцитоплазматичних вакуолей. При застосуванні додаткових методів забарвлення гістологічних препаратів органа (за Ван- Гізоном та за Малорі) виявлялися реактивні перебудови у стромальному компоненті, що характеризувалися розростанням сполучної тканини. Також більш виразні морфологічні зміни відмічались у мікроциркуляторному руслі залоз, а саме розширення просвіту дрібних судин, явища застою. Морфометрично виявлено термін залежного коливання показників: розмір стромальних компонентів, площі залоз, паратироцитів та ядер клітин. Площа залоз збільшувалась за рахунок розростання стромальних компонентів упродовж усього експерименту. Пік зростання припадав на 90 добу інтоксикації. Площа паратироцитів зростала за рахунок дистрофічних змін та набряку у період інтоксикації. Найбільш виразні зміни відмічався на 30 добу дослідження. Ядерно-цитоплазматичний індекс у клітинах упродовж усього терміну спостереження демонстрував зростання та становив більше одиниці. Уперше вивчено та описано характер компенсаторно-пристосувальних процесів та відновлення залоз при відміні полютантів, де спостерігалось незначне зменшення інтенсивності структурних модифікацій та відбувалась зміна клітинного складу паренхіми органа. Токсична дія важких металів на організм щурів спричиняла дисфункцію прищитоподібних залоз, а саме пригнічення секреції паратгормону та його регуляторів. Коливання біохімічних та імуноферментних показників, у сироватці крові тварин упродовж всього терміну дослідження вказували на порушення гомеостазу кальцію в організмі, а саме, відмічалося зростання відсотку позаклітинного кальцію, лужної фосфатази та кальцитоніну. На 90 добу експерименту спостерігався максимальний показник рівня кальцитоніну у сироватці крові щурів, що може свідчити про важкість морфофункціональних змін у ендокринних залозах і не тільки. Отримані результати підтверджено достовірною статистичною відмінністю показників та наявністю кореляційних закономірностей між ними. Отже, надлишкове надходження важких металів призводить до морфологічних змін у залозах, де спостерігалось прямопропорційне збільшення площі прищитоподібних залоз та площі клітин, при одночасному зменшенні щільності паратироцитів у залозах. Також відмічалось прямопропорційне збільшення площі залоз за рахунок розростання стромальних компонентів. Спостерігалась пряма кореляційна залежність активності паратгормону з його модуляторами (кальцієм, магнієм та кальцитоніном). У зв’язку зі зменшенням щільності клітин у залозах відмічалась прямопропорційна залежність з активністю паратгормону. При виконанні роботи застосовано комплекс імуногістохімічних досліджень, який дозволив уточнити та доповнити відомості про патогенний вплив комбінації солей важких металів та їх зв’язок із морфологічними особливостями прищитоподібних залоз. Виявлено, що упродовж всього терміну експерименту проліферативна активність була слабо-позитивною та спостерігалась переважно в головних клітинах. Експресія білків теплового шоку протягом надлишкового надходження солей важких металів та у період відновлення була на достатньому рівні, не відбувалось їх зниження, а подекуди навіть спостерігалась тенденція до посиленого синтезу в клітинах. Це вказувало на ознаки адаптації, часткової компенсації дії полютантів на організм піддослідних тварин та активації відновлювальних процесів. Коливання кількості клітин з позитивною реакцію до білка Кі - 67 свідчило про ознаки розвитку компенсаторно-пристосувальних процесів та відновлення прищитоподібних залоз. А також застосування імуногістохімічного дослідження експресії до білка Chromogranin A дозволило вивчити секреторну активність паратироцитів та встановити, що паренхіма залоз представлена клітинами з різною функціональною активністю. За результатами комплексного біологічного дослідження виявлено морфофункціональні особливості прищитоподібних залоз, як у нормі так і під час надходження полютантів до організму. Визначені результати лінійних морфометричних показників залоз та аналіз показників активності секреції паратгормону та його модуляторів, а також механізмів регулювання кальцієвого гомеостазу за умов комбінованого впливу солей важких металів та у період відновлення вказують на залежність цих показників до тривалості експериментального дослідження. Встановлені морфометричні дані про будову прищитоподібних залоз можуть слугувати основою для моделювання досліджень стосовно впливу різних екзогенних та ендогенних чинників. Результати дисертаційного дослідження уточнюють та поглиблюють теоретичне розуміння адаптаційних процесів у прищитоподібних залозах за умов впливу на організм несприятливих факторів (солі важких металів), а також виступають основою для використання цих даних у науково-практичній діяльності та навчальному процесі при підготовці фахівців з біології, медицини та ветеринарії.
Pollutant pollution of the biosphere is a global threat that is growing every year. The growth of anthropogenic factors and man-made pollution leads to the spread and accumulation of toxicants in the ecosystem. Chemical elements in different ways and in different doses enter the human body, causing him harm and benefit. Their migration in ecosystems is going on with the participation of organisms, air, water, colloidal solutions and due to man-made processes. From the ecotoxicological point of view, heavy metal ions do not disappear from the biological cycle, their toxicity does not decrease, but vice versa, with increasing concentration, increases. The pathophysiological effect of xenobiotics depends on: concentration, route of interaction and chemical type (combination), term of exposure in the body and ability to bioaccumulation. Heavy metals are considered the most dangerous in terms of ecology, toxicology and hygiene, due to their ability to accumulate in the body, disrupting metabolic and physiological processes at the tissue and cellular levels. One of the important endocrinological problems of today, both in Ukraine and in other countries of the world, is diseases that are associated with morphological changes in the thyroid gland and violation of calcium homeostasis. Diseases associated with morphological disorders and glandular dysfunction are the third most common diseases after diabetes and thyroid disease. Studying and understanding the causes of these morphological disorders and gland dysfunction is a complex process. Therefore, the dissertation is aimed at studying the features of morphological changes and mechanisms of their regulation in the thyroid glands under the influence of adverse factors, namely the combination of salts of heavy metals. The regenerative capabilities of the glands in the abolition of pollutants have been studied separately. For a detailed study and analysis of the mechanism of action of heavy metals, a biological research design was formed, which included the use of 48 outbred adult male rats. Animals were divided into 3 groups in order to study the combined effects of pollutants and in the recovery period after their abolition: 1- control group; 2- rats, which received a mixture of heavy metal salts with drinking water, which is inherent in the pollution of some regions of Ukraine, especially Sumy region. Experimental animals constantly received a drinking solution containing zinc (ZnSO4 × 7H2O) - 5 mg/l, copper (CuSO4 × 5H2O) - 1 mg/l, iron (FeSO4) - 10 mg/l, manganese (MnSO4 × 5H2O) - 0.1 mg/l, lead (Pb (NO3) 2) - 0.1 mg/l, chromium (K2Cr2O7) - 0.1 mg/l. Group 3 - the recovery period, these rats received normal drinking water after canceling heavy metals. In order to study the morphological features of the structure of the thyroid glands and their functional activity, the experimental animals were removed from the experiment on the 30th, 90th, 120th and 180th day. With the help of a set of research methods: histological, morphometric, immunohistochemical, biochemical, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and statistical analysis of digital indicators, the solution of the aim was achieved. The relationship between the studied indicators was also evaluated according to the Pearson correlation criterion (r). The results were considered statistically significant when the probability was greater than 95% (p <0.05). Measurement of the given drugs was performed after photographing using a microscope "Carl Zeiss Primo Star" (Germany) (binoculars × 10, lenses × 10, × 40) and a digital camera "Zeiss AxioCam ERc 5s" (Germany), as well as a software package of image and calculation systems "ZEN 2 (blue edition)" (Germany). There are scientific papers in the literature where are described the pathological conditions of the thyroid gland, which are associated with the influence of certain trace elements and various substances, but there is no information about the complex effect of a combination of heavy metal salts (copper, zinc, iron, chromium, manganese and lead) bets. During the study, we received data on changes in the linear parameters of the area of glands, cells and nuclei of parathyrocytes, the size of the stromal component and the density of cell distribution with excessive consumption of a combination of salts of heavy metals. In the process of increasing incoming combination of heavy metal salts in the body of rats during 1 and 3 months of the experiment, the display of toxic effects of pollutants was observed at different levels of morphological organization of the thyroid glands. Decomplexation and disorganization of epithelial trabeculae were observed in the parenchyma. In parathyrocytes there was a development of hydropic dystrophy in two directions: edema and swelling. During using additional methods of staining of histological preparations of the organ (according to Van Gizon and according to Mallory), appeared reactivated rearrangements in the stromal component, which were characterized by the growth of connective tissue. Also, more pronounced morphological changes were observed in the microcirculatory tract of the glands, namely the expansion of the lumen of small vessels, the phenomenon of stagnation. Morphometrically revealed the term of the dependent fluctuation of indicators: the size of the stromal components, the area of glands, parathyroid cells and cell nuclei. The area of the glands increased due to the growth of stromal components throughout the experiment. The peak of growth occurs on the 90th day of intoxication. The area of parathyrocytes increased due to dystrophic changes and edema during intoxication, the peak occurs on the 30th day of the study. The nuclear-cytoplasmic index in the cells showed an increase of more than one unit during the whole observation period. For the first time the character of compensatory-adaptive processes and restoration of glands at cancellation of pollutants was studied and described, where a slight decrease in the intensity of structural modifications was observed and a change in cell composition in the parenchyma of the organ took place. Toxic effects of heavy metals on the body of rats caused dysfunction of the thyroid gland, namely the suppression of the secretion of parathyroid hormone and its regulators. Fluctuations in biochemical and enzyme-linked immunosorbent data in the serum of animals throughout the study indicated a violation of calcium homeostasis in the body, namely, there was an increase in % of extracellular calcium, alkaline phosphatase and calcitonin. On the 90th day of the experiment, the maximum level of calcitonin in the serum of rats was observed, which may indicate the severity of morphofunctional changes in the endocrine glands and beyond. Taken results are confirmed by a significant statistical difference of indicators and the presence of correlation patterns between them. Thus, excessive intake of heavy metals leads to morphological changes in the glands, where there was a direct proportional increase in the area of the thyroid gland and the area of cells, while reducing the density of parathyrocytes in the glands. There was also a directly proportional increase in the area of the glands due to the growth of stromal components. There was a direct correlation between the activity of parathyroid hormone and its modulators (calcium, magnesium and calcium). Due to the decrease in cell density in the glands, there was a direct proportional relationship with the activity of parathyroid hormone. A set of immunohistochemical studies was used to clarify and supplement the information on the pathogenic effect of the combination of heavy metal salts and their relationship with the morphological features of the thyroid gland. It was found that throughout the experiment, proliferative activity was weakly positive, observed mainly in stem cells. The expression of heat shock proteins during the excess intake of heavy metal salts and during the recovery period was at a sufficient level, there was no decrease, and in some cases, there was even a tendency to increased synthesis in cells. This indicated signs of adaptation, partial compensation of pollutants on the body of experimental animals and activation of recovery processes. Fluctuations in the number of cells with a positive reaction to the Ki-67 protein indicated signs of the development of compensatory-adaptive processes and the restoration of the thyroid gland. As well as the application of immunohistochemical study of expression to the protein Chromogranin A allowed to study the secretory activity of parathyrocytes and to establish that the parenchyma is represented by cells with different functional activity. According to the results of a comprehensive biological study was revealed morphological features of the parathyroid glands, both normally and during the entry of pollutants into the body. The results of linear morphometric parameters of glands and analysis of parameters of parathyroid hormone secretion and its modulators, as well as mechanisms of regulation of calcium homeostasis under combined exposure to heavy metal salts and in the recovery period indicate the dependence of these indicators on the duration of experimental studies. Established morphometric data on the structure of the thyroid gland can serve as a basis for modeling studies on the influence of various exogenous and endogenous factors. The results of the dissertation research clarify and deepen the theoretical understanding of adaptation processes in the pancreas under the bad influence (heavy metal salts), and also serve as a basis for the use of these data in scientific and practical activities and educational process in training specialists of biology, medicine and veterinary medicine.

In dieser Arbeit wurden Angebotskurven für 22 bedeutende Ölförderländer ermittelt und anschließend zu globalen Angebotskurven aggregiert. Gemäß den ermittelten Angebotskurven sind nahezu alle gegenwärtig in der Förderphase befindlichen Ölprojekte in den Untersuchungsländern auch beim aktuellen Ölpreis von 35 bis 40 US-$ je Barrel unter Berücksichtigung der kurzfristigen Grenzkosten rentabel. Sollte der Ölpreis jedoch in den kommenden Jahren auf diesem Niveau verharren, wird es bis zum Jahr 2024 zu einem Angebotsengpass auf dem globalen Ölmarkt kommen, da zur Deckung der zukünftigen Nachfrage die Erschließung kostenintensiver, unkonventioneller Lagerstätten und von Lagerstätten in tiefen und sehr tiefen Gewässern notwendig ist. Damit es bis zum Jahr 2024 nicht zu einem solchen Angebotsengpass kommt, ist gemäß des ermittelten langfristigen Marktgleichgewichts ein Ölpreis von mindestens 80 (2014er) US-$ je Barrel notwendig.

Questa tesi riguarda il problema della schedulazione degli interventi nel blocco operatorio di un presidio ospedaliero, noto anche come Operating Theatre Planning & Scheduling. Il blocco operatorio è la struttura che eroga servizi a più alto impatto sui costi di un presidio ospedaliero ed è legato ad attività ad alto rischio. E' quindi fondamentale gestire in modo ottimale questa risorsa. In questa tesi, si considera come caso studio l'applicazione reale di un presidio ospedaliero dell'Emilia Romagna con un orizzonte temporale di una settimana, ovvero la cosiddetta programmazione operativa. L'obiettivo è quello di ottenere un utilizzo efficiente del blocco operatorio, garantendo al contempo la priorità agli interventi più urgenti. Data la complessità del problema, vengono proposti algoritmi euristici che permettano di ottenere buone soluzioni in tempi di calcolo ridotti. Studi precedenti hanno infatti evidenziato la difficoltà di trovare soluzioni ottime al problema, mediante l'utilizzo di solver commerciali per modelli di Programmazione Lineare Intera, senza introdurre ipotesi semplificative. Sono stati elaborati tre algoritmi euristici costruttivi di tipo multi-start che permettono di generare soluzioni ammissibili con diverse caratteristiche. Gli algoritmi si differenziano principalmente per le modalità con cui collocano gli interventi nel tempo disponibile delle risorse (induction room, operating room, recovery room), cercando di migliorarne l’utilizzazione e dando priorità ai pazienti più urgenti. Gli algoritmi sono stati implementati utilizzando il linguaggio JAVA e sono stati testati su istanze realistiche fornite dal presidio ospedaliero. I risultati hanno evidenziato un alto grado di utilizzazione delle sale operatorie, un fattore molto rilevante per una ottimale gestione del blocco operatorio. E' stata, infine, svolta un'analisi di sensitività alla variabilità delle durate.

Šiame magistro darbe, pasitelkiant analizės, lyginamąjį, loginį, sisteminį ir ekonominį tyrimo metodus, išsamiai analizuojama nuostolių, kilusių dėl akcijų pirkimo–pardavimo sutartyse numatytų patvirtinimų ir garantijų pažeidimo, nustatymo ir išieškojimo problematika. Darbe tiek teoriniu, tiek praktiniu aspektu pateikiamos pagrindinės problemos ir siūlomi jų sprendimo variantai, kurie palengvintų nuostolių apskaičiavimą ir užtikrintų teisingą jų atlyginimą paaiškėjus, jog pardavėjo patvirtinimai ir garantijos, perleidžiant verslą akcijų pirkimo–pardavimo būdu, buvo klaidingi. Siekiant užsibrėžtų tikslų pirmoje darbo dalyje nagrinėjami verslo perleidimo akcijų pirkimo–pardavimo būdu ypatumai, aiškinamasi, kokį akcijų kiekį perleidus bus laikoma, kad įvyko viso verslo perleidimas, taip pat lyginamos sandorių rūšys verslą perleidžiant akcijų ir turto pardavimo būdais. Atsižvelgiant į tai, kad patvirtinimai ir garantijos jau tapo neatsiejama akcijų pirkimo–pardavimo sutarties nuostatų dalimi, o verslo įsigijimų praktikoje ginčai dažniausiai kyla dėl šių sutarties nuostatų pažeidimo, antroje darbo dalyje gilinamasi į jų teisinę prigimtį, esmę, tikslus bei vietą Lietuvos sutarčių teisės sistemoje. Pagrindinė darbo dalis skirta nagrinėjamos temos kontekste identifikuoti nuostolių nustatymo ir išieškojimo problemas, analizuoti pagrindinius nuostolių apskaičiavimo būdus ir įmonės vertinimo problematiką, įvertinti pardavėjo pareigos atskleisti informaciją ir pirkėjo pareigos patikrinti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
This master thesis, through the use of analytical, comparative, logical, systemic and economic methods forms a thorough analysis of problems concerning estimation and recovery of losses caused by the breaches of representations and warranties provided for in share sale–purchase agreements. This paper in both – theoretical and practical standpoints presents the core of the pending problems while suggesting the eventual rules, which if addressed, could ease the estimation of losses and safeguard the fair-minded compensation in the situations when seller’s representations and warranties provided for in share sale–purchase agreements were false. In order to achieve the selected goals of this master thesis, the first part of the paper analyses peculiarities of business transfer through the purchase of shares. It also examines what amount of transferred shares can be considered as a transfer of full business as well as compares the nature of business transactions through the sale of shares and assets. Due to the fact that representations and warranties have become an integral part of share sale–purchase agreements and disputes in business acquisitions are most often caused by the breach of above clauses, the second part of the paper examines their legal nature, substance, goals and place in the Lithuanian law of contracts. The main part of the paper aims to identify problems in estimation and recovery of damages, analyze main methods of the calculation of damages and issues in... [to full text]

Hydrochloric acid leaching of saprolite nickel ores has been proposed as an effective means of recovering nickel and cobalt. However, the leach produces a concentrated brine of magnesium chloride which must be hydrolyzed to recover the HCl lixiviant. The processing of carnallite similarly produces a concentrated MgCl2 brine; converting this brine into HCl and MgO provides an attractive way of adding value while effectively disposing of this waste product. Direct pyrohydrolysis of magnesium chloride brines by the reaction, MgCl2,a + H2Oa  MgOs + 2HClg is energy-intensive as large volumes of water must be evaporated. The energy cost is high, and the HCl stream produced is limited to approximately 20 wt% HCl. This thesis explores alternative methods of obtaining HCl from aqueous magnesium chloride solutions. Two methods are considered: the hydrolysis, under autogenous pressure, of concentrated MgCl2 molten salt hydrates; and the precipitation of magnesium hydroxychloride compounds such as 2MgO·MgCl2·6H2O and 3MgO·MgCl2·11H2O, which are subsequently decomposed at high temperature. Considerable experimental difficulties were encountered in studying pressure hydrolysis of molten salt hydrates, despite extensive equipment modifications. Ultimately, the work moved on to precipitation and decomposition of hydroxychlorides. This was found to bear promise, and conceptual flowsheets based on these reactions are presented. A phase stability diagram giving the areas of predominance of the different hydroxychloride phases is presented, and fundamental thermochemical data are derived. The results of a kinetic study on magnesium hydroxychloride thermal decomposition are also presented.
Thesis (Ph.D, Mining Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2011-03-11 10:14:53.455

Hydrogen is known as a clean energy carrier which has the potential to play a major role in addressing the climate change and global warming, and thermochemical water splitting via the copper-chlorine cycle is a promising method of hydrogen production. In this research, thermal management of the copper-chlorine cycle for hydrogen production is investigated by performing analytical and experimental analyses of selected heat recovery options. First, the heat requirement of the copper-chlorine cycle is estimated. The pinch analysis is used to determine the maximum recoverable heat within the cycle, and where in the cycle the recovered heat can be used efficiently. It is shown that a major part of the potential heat recovery can be achieved by cooling and solidifying molten copper(I) chloride exiting one step in the cycle: the oxygen reactor. Heat transfer from molten CuCl can be carried out through direct contact or indirect contact methods. Predictive analytical models are developed to analyze a direct contact heat recovery process (i.e. a spray column) and an indirect contact heat recovery process (i.e. a double-pipe heat exchanger). Characteristics of a spray column, in which recovered heat from molten CuCl is used to produce superheated steam, are presented. Decreasing the droplet size may increase the heat transfer rate from the droplet, and hence decreases the required height of the heat exchanger. For a droplet of 1 mm, the height of the heat exchanger is predicted to be about 7 m. The effect of hydrogen production on the heat exchanger diameter was also shown. For a hydrogen production rate of 1000 kg/day, the diameter of the heat exchanger is about 3 m for a droplet size of 1 mm and 2.2 m for a droplet size of 2 mm. The results for axial growth of the solid layer and variations of the coolant temperature and wall temperature of a double-pipe heat exchanger are also presented. It is shown that reducing the inner tube diameter will increase the heat exchanger length and increase the outlet temperature of air significantly. It is shown that the air temperature increases to 190oC in a heat exchanger with a length of 15 cm and inner tube radius of 10 cm. The length of a heat exchanger with the inner tube radius of 12 cm is predicted to be about 53 cm. The outlet temperature of air is about 380oC in this case. The length of a heat exchanger with an inner tube diameter of 24 cm is predicted to be about 53 cm and 91 cm for coolant flow rates of 3 g/s and 4 g/s, respectively. Increasing the mass flow rate of air will increase the total heat flux from the molten salt by increasing the length of the heat exchanger. Experimental studies are performed to validate the proposed methods and to further investigate their feasibility. The hazards involving copper(I) chloride are also investigated, as well as corresponding hazard reduction options. Using the reactant Cu2OCl2 in the oxygen production step to absorb CuCl vapor is the most preferable option compared to the alternatives, which include absorbing CuCl vapor with water or CuCl2 and building additional structures inside the oxygen production reactor.
UOIT

博士
國立臺灣大學
農藝學研究所
103
Abstract Climate changes and environmental stresses become severe over the past few decades. In particular, different abiotic stresses reduce the yield and quality of crop, leading to the threaten of global food security. With the deciphering of rice genome and advancement of functional genomics technology, researchers were able to gradually reveal the mechanism of abiotic stress tolerance mechanisms in rice and to identify essential genes for breeding to improve stress tolerance. In this thesis, we used TNG67 (japonica) and TCN1 (indica) rice cultivars with contrastive tolerance to cold and salt stresses as studying materials. A custom designed oligonucleotide array, Rice OneArray® v1 microarray platform (Phalanx Biotech Group Inc.) was used for transcriptomic analysis of shoot and root tissues of these two cultivars under cold or salt treatment and subsequent recovery. The results showed that TNG67 which is tolerant to cold and salt stresses can enhance TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle and PCD (programmed cell death) pathways under cold stress while it shifts to fermentation pathway for energy production and enhances the efficiency of Calvin cycle under salt stress and recovery, respectively. In addition, activation of SOS pathway may partially contribute to salt tolerance of TNG67. Increase of genes expressions related to phytohormone biosynthesis and response of ABA, PA, JA, and auxin can help TNG67 in cold stress tolerance. Besides, maintaining the balance and crosstalk of different hormones through the induction of gene expressions related to ABA, ET, PA, auxin, JA and the decrease of gene expressions associated with GA and CK responses may also be quite important for salt tolerance of TNG67. The crosstalk of ET with CK and JA in rice may play a role in the restoration of cold and salt stress. Also, we investigated the possible transcription factors (TFs) which may be the candidate genes that control cold or salt stress tolerance in rice. The induction or repression of TFs under stresses includes NACs and WRKYs, and MYB and AP2/ERF. NACs and WRKYs were the major TFs that may participate in cold tolerance, and MYB and AP2/ERF may involve in salt stress tolerance. Taken together aforementioned results, the cold- and salt-tolerance exhibit distinct regulatory mechanisms in TNG67 vs. TCN1. Interestingly, comparing the DEGs in shoots or roots of both rice cultivars under stresses, the venn diagram analysis showed that TNG67 and TCN1 shared less differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between cold and salt treatment. Although cold and salt stress can cause similar phenotypes and physiological damages, the molecular basis of cellular regulation mechanism can be quite different. Understanding the difference of cold and salt tolerance mechanisms in details is important in the future for us to breed rice precisely to cope with various abiotic stresses.

Brackish waters are now considered valuable alternative water resources. Reverse osmosis (RO) membranes are the most promising candidate for drinking water production through desalination. Low recovery (the fraction of influent water that becomes product water) prevents widespread application of RO inland because of the high cost of waste disposal. The recovery of a brackish RO system is limited by sparingly soluble salts that become supersaturated and precipitate on the membrane surface. Precipitation is controlled through pH adjustment and antiscalant addition; however, at high salt supersaturation, antiscalant control is overcome and precipitation occurs. To further increase RO recovery and avoid precipitation, a three-stage process treated the waste stream (concentrate) of a brackish water RO system through antiscalant degradation, salt precipitation, and solid/liquid separation. Ozone (O3) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were used to degrade antiscalants, pH elevation and base (NaOH/NaHCO3) addition were used to precipitate sparingly soluble salts, and microfiltration (0.1 μm) was used to separate precipitated solids from the water. Optimal parameters (pH, ozone dose, H2O2/O3 ratio, antiscalant type and concentration, water composition) for antiscalant oxidation were determined. The influence of antiscalant type and concentration and pH was investigated for the precipitation and filtration stages. Results were obtained for particle size distribution, extent of precipitation, particle morphology, and particle composition. The effect of ozonation on precipitation and filtration was evaluated, with a comparison to two-stage treatment consisting of precipitation and filtration. Antiscalant oxidation is controlled by bivalent cation coordination, while pH and ozone dose significantly affect the extent of oxidation. The addition of antiscalant prior to precipitation caused changes to particle size and morphology, and results varied with water composition and antiscalant type and concentration. Ozonation, even for small times such as one minute, prior to precipitation and filtration increased calcium precipitation and decomposed the antiscalant enough to remove the effect of the antiscalant on particle characteristics. During ozonation, antiscalants were not completely oxidized, but the partial oxidation products did not seem to affect precipitation. Ozonation also reduced the fouling of microfiltration membranes used for solid/liquid separation. Results indicated concentrate treatment can significantly increase the overall recovery of an RO system.
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碩士
國立臺北科技大學
化學工程所
93
Etchants are high consumption and high pollution of the printed circuit board industry; therefore this research uses the etchant for the acid copper chloride amount the high copper content in the printed circuit board industry, using the neutralization for acids and bases to prepare of the copper salt by the acid wasted etching liquid. This way is in order to reach the waste recovery and sustainable development. Experiment uses the neutralization for acids and bases can preparation of the copper hydroxide and copper oxide. Generally, the control factors of the synthetic experiments included the different pH values, reaction temperature or to calcined temperature of copper salt products, to prepare the different crystalline grain shape and particle size the copper hydroxide and the copper oxide powder; then the experiment is simulation waste acid solution under various kinds the proportion of Cu2+and Cl-, then add the 5N NaOH solution and fixed pH value. Find out preparation to copper hydroxide optimum operate condition. Showed that when the molar ration Cu(II)：Cl(I) =1：5, used small amount of NaOH solution , and products not sticky, cause the reaction to be complete. The part of copper oxide divides into the calcined and hydrothermal decomposition, by analyse under various kinds of instruments, can finding that in 350℃and 5 hours later, can obtained the pure copper oxide. The hydrothermal decomposition used the 56mL 5N NaOH solution add to the molar ration Cu(II)：Cl(I) =1：5. Using different reaction temperature and reaction time, to observe products structures, shapes, components by analyse under various kinds of instruments. Finding that products reaction complete showed to 160℃ and 1 hours stirring. The part of five pieces of water of crystallization of copper sulfate use equivalent Cu(OH)2 and CuO, add 5N H2SO4 solution. when mixing time exceed 1.5 hours, there will be emerge of tiny particles; crystal to follow precipitate for a long time, then crystal size gradually increase. But to not having relative influence with the result of content of copper that is filtered out, there is certain influence to the yield. To compare air-dry with dry by heat then absorbent water, we can find the dry by heat then absorbent water theory value to approach.