Статті в журналах: "Salt lake ecology Australia"

1

MARSH, JESSICA R., PETER HUDSON, and VOLKER W. FRAMENAU. "A ghost in the salt: A new species of halotolerant tube-web spider in the genus Ariadna (Araneae: Segestriidae)." Zootaxa 4952, no. 3 (April 12, 2021): 580–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4952.3.10.

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A new species of halotolerant Ariadna Audouin, 1826 is described from Western Australia, based on morphological features of both the male and female, and elevating the total number of described species of Ariadna in Australia to 14. This is the first record of the tube-web spider family Segestriidae Simon, 1893 inhabiting salt lakes, where they construct burrows in to the lake surface. The species is likely to be of conservation importance, due to its specialised habitat requirements and the many threats posed to the salt lake ecosystem. We provide recommendation for Ariadna phantasma sp. nov. to be considered for inclusion in the IUCN Red List.

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2

Kingsford, R. T., and J. L. Porter. "Waterbirds on an adjacent freshwater lake and salt lake in arid Australia." Biological Conservation 69, no. 2 (1994): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(94)90063-9.

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3

Bayly, IAE. "Distinctive aspects of the zooplankton of large lakes in Australasia, Antarctica and South America." Marine and Freshwater Research 46, no. 8 (1995): 1109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9951109.

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Not only has the degree of species-level cosmopolitanism amongst zooplanktonic organisms been considerably overestimated, but differences between the different classical biogeographic regions (established from terrestrial studies) occur at supra-specific levels as high as family or even suborder. The Centropagidae, and particularly the genus Boeckella, are found in New Zealand, most of Australia, southern and high altitude regions of South America, and around the periphery of Antarctica. The biogeography and ecology of this family is discussed in detail. Most predaceous families of Cladocera are entirely absent from the Australian and Neotropical regions. The genus Daphniopsis occurs in salt lakes in Australia and South America and in freshwater lakes in Antarctica. In southern Australia numerous species of ostracod have colonized the limnetic region of salt lakes, and the largest of these prey on species of Calamoecia, Daphniopsis and small ostracods. Chaoboridae are absent from New Zealand as, too, are obligate planktivorous fish. The Chilean flamingo, Phoenicopterus chilensis, and Wilson's phalarope, Phalaropus tricolor, are significant predators on Boeckella poopoensis in salt lakes on the Andean Altiplano and elsewhere in South America.

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4

Saccò, Mattia, Nicole E. White, Matthew Campbell, Sebastian Allard, William F. Humphreys, Paul Pringle, Farid Sepanta, Alex Laini, and Morten E. Allentoft. "Metabarcoding under Brine: Microbial Ecology of Five Hypersaline Lakes at Rottnest Island (WA, Australia)." Water 13, no. 14 (July 9, 2021): 1899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13141899.

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Hypersaline ecosystems—aquatic environments where concentration of salt exceeds 35 g L−1—host microbial communities that are highly specialised to cope with these extreme conditions. However, our knowledge on the taxonomic diversity and functional metabolisms characterising microbial communities in the water columns of hypersaline ecosystems is still limited, and this may compromise the future preservation of these unique environments. DNA metabarcoding provides a reliable and affordable tool to investigate environmental dynamics of aquatic ecosystems, and its use in brine can be highly informative. Here, we make use of bacterial 16S metabarcoding techniques combined with hydrochemical analyses to investigate the microbial patterns (diversity and functions) from five hypersaline lakes located at Rottnest Island (WA). Our results indicate lake-driven microbial aquatic assemblages that are characterised by taxonomically and functionally moderately to extremely halophilic groups, with TDS (total dissolved solids) and alkalinity amongst the most influential parameters driving the community patterns. Overall, our findings suggest that DNA metabarcoding allows rapid but reliable ecological assessment of the hypersaline aquatic microbial communities at Rottnest Island. Further studies involving different hypersaline lakes across multiple seasons will help elucidate the full extent of the potential of this tool in brine.

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5

Ruebhart, David R., Ian E. Cock, and Glen R. Shaw. "Invasive character of the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana Kellogg 1906 (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) and its potential impact on Australian inland hypersaline waters." Marine and Freshwater Research 59, no. 7 (2008): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf07221.

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Brine shrimp (Artemia species) are a major faunal element in many hypersaline biotopes throughout the world and are used extensively in aquaculture, the aquarium trade, solar salt fields and in toxicity bioassays. Commercially available brine shrimp are generally Artemia franciscana cysts, primarily harvested from Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA. The invasive potential of this species raises concerns about its presence in Australia. We reviewed recent overseas reports of the occurrence of A. franciscana populations and confirm that the use of this species has extended its natural geographic range through both deliberate and inadvertent releases. In Australia, Artemia species have been previously identified as being a threat to ecosystem health and biodiversity; however, the specific recognition of A. franciscana was not made. In reviewing the biogeography of Artemia species in Australia, we provide a collation of the reported populations of A. franciscana. The biological attributes of this species contributing to its invasive success are also compiled. The implications of further releases and increases in the range of this species to Australian inland waters are discussed. We appeal for increased vigilance regarding the importation and use of this potentially highly invasive species and monitoring for its presence.

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6

Hudson, P., and M. Adams. "Allozyme Characterisation of the Salt Lake Spiders (Lycosa: Lycosidae: Araneae) of Southern Australia: Systematic and Population Genetic Implications." Australian Journal of Zoology 44, no. 5 (1996): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9960535.

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Allozyme electrophoresis was used to determine the genetic relationships amongst various populations of Lycosa alteripa, L. eyrei and L. salifodina, the three described species of wolf spider endemic to the normally dry salt lakes of southern Australia. A total of 185 individuals from 38 sites was analysed for allozyme variation at 31-35 loci. The results demonstrate the presence of two additional species of salt lake spider, one related to L. alteripa and the other related to L. eyrei. Limited population genetic analysis of the data indicates that population substructuring is common within most species, often to the finest level of geographic sampling. The data indicate that gene flow is limited in these species and reveal three instances of a similar macro-geographic pattern being displayed amongst subpopulations or taxa in central South Australia. Estimates of genetic divergence between the five taxa have also been used to provide a 'first-guess' estimate of the times of divergence for the major cladogenic events within this lineage.

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7

Kavazos, Christopher R. J., Megan J. Huggett, Ute Mueller, and Pierre Horwitz. "Biogenic processes or terrigenous inputs? Permanent water bodies of the Northern Ponds in the Lake MacLeod basin of Western Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 68, no. 7 (2017): 1366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf16233.

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The saline wetlands of the Northern Ponds, Lake MacLeod, contravene general classifications for salt lakes because, despite enduring high levels of evaporation, they contain permanently inundated ponds that are continually supplied with seawater by a seepage face from the Indian Ocean. The present study investigated the physical, sediment and chemical characteristics of these ponds, using sonar, flow-rate measurements, microscopy and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry to understand the role of biogenic and terrigenous inputs on the benthic habitats. The chemical composition of the water bodies did not differ significantly from the seawater feedstock, which facilitates biogenic sediment accumulation. The largest permanent water body differs from the other ponds in physical and chemical structure, in that, possibly because of its size, it is dominated by terrigenous inputs, which result in higher nutrient concentrations and non-biogenic sediments. The Northern Ponds represent a system where the hydrology permits the establishment of permanent wetlands in an arid environment. Because of the constant supply of seawater, the ponds have a blend of habitat characteristics from marine and other inland salt-lake environments. The present study showed that a ‘marine-like’ state can override more typical characteristics of inland water bodies where discharge rates are high and water-residence times are low.

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8

Moulton, T. P., M. A. Burford, and T. R. Sommer. "The ecology of Dunaliella species (Chlorophyta, Volvocales) in the coastal salt lake, Hutt Lagoon, Western Australia." SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010 23, no. 4 (December 1988): 1908–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03680770.1987.11899817.

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9

Schultheiss, Patrick, Sebastian Schwarz, Ken Cheng, and Rüdiger Wehner. "Foraging ecology of an Australian salt-pan desert ant (genus Melophorus)." Australian Journal of Zoology 60, no. 5 (2012): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo12096.

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Over the expanse of the salt lakes of the Lake Eyre basin lives a species of ant of the genus Melophorus (as yet unnamed), both on the edges of the salt-pan and on the salt-pan itself. Most of the foragers are small (~3.0–5.0 mm), but ~10% of the ants seen foraging are much larger (~7.0 mm) and may form a soldier caste. Foragers are thermophilic and show diurnal activity, displaying a single-peaked activity profile across the day, with activity time limited to 2–6 h at most each day (during the late-summer study period, 28 February to 28 March 2012). They forage largely for dead arthropods, but also occasionally bring home plant materials. Foraging success (not considering possible liquid food intake) is ~20%, resembling the success rate of their congener Melophorus bagoti, which inhabits cluttered environments. When displaced with food from a feeder, the ants head systematically and precisely in the feeder-to-nest direction, thus exhibiting path integration abilities involving celestial compass cues. The study of this species provides an interesting comparative perspective in contrasting desert ants of the same genus and thus genetic heritage inhabiting habitats differing in complexity of panoramic terrestrial cues as well as comparing ecologically similar species inhabiting the same type of habitat (in the present case, salt-pans) but differing in their phylogenetic relationships.

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10

Timms, BV. "Limnology of Lake Buchanan, a tropical saline lake, and associated pools, of North Queensland." Marine and Freshwater Research 38, no. 6 (1987): 877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9870877.

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During 1974-1984, Lake Buchanan and seven peripheral pools usually contained water for only a few months each year, commencing in late summer. They ranged in salinity from 1 to 202 g l-1, their waters were dominated by sodium chloride, but with Ca2+/Mg2+ ratios of c. 1, and were generally alkaline. The fauna of 53 species included three halobionts (e.g. Parartemia minuta, Diacypris compacts), 18 halophilics (e.g. Mytilocypris splendida, Trigonocypris globulosa, Microcyclops dengizicus) and many salt- tolerant freshwater forms, mainly insects. Overall, the fauna was distinctly Australian, but some prominent taxa found in southern salt lakes were absent and others were replaced by local endemics and tropical species. Past climatic cycles have probably influenced the composition of the fauna.

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11

Barrett, G. "Vegetation communities on the shores of a salt lake in semi-arid Western Australia." Journal of Arid Environments 67, no. 1 (October 2006): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.01.016.

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12

Finston, Terrie. "Morphology and molecules conflict to confound species boundaries in salt lake ostracodes of the genus Mytilocypris (Crustacea : Ostracoda)." Australian Journal of Zoology 48, no. 4 (2000): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo00046.

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The ostracode genus Mytilocypris comprises eight species, and has a widespread distribution in saline habitats of semi-arid Australia. Fifteen populations, representing all eight species in the genus, were analysed at 19 enzyme loci to identify markers to delineate species boundaries. Only five distinct genetic groups were found: M. mytiloides, M. ambiguosa, M. splendida, M. praenuncia, and M. henricae. Three presumptive species, M. mytiloides, M. tasmanica chapmani, and M. minuta have sympatric distributions in Western Australia. The three show similar internal morphology, lack any diagnostic features of colour, pattern or setation of the shell, but differ in the size and shape of the shell. They also show microhabitat divisions along a salinity gradient. There were no genetic markers to distinguish the three Western Australian species from one another, and they showed high genetic similarity to a population of M. mytiloides from near its type locality in South Australia. Furthermore, seven populations containing more than one species in the mytiloides complex failed to show evidence of reproductive isolation between species, when tested for genetic differentiation. In contrast, a multivariate analysis, used to quantify and evaluate patterns of variation within and among the three species in the mytiloides complex, revealed differences in size, shape and allometry among species, but also showed overlap of body shapes and sizes of individuals. Two explanations are plausible for the lack of congruence between morphological and allozyme data: the three may be closely related species with undetected genetic differentiation, or the three taxa may be conspecific, and shell size, shape and allometry may be plastic characters. The role of fluctuating environmental conditions on crustacean morphology and life history variation is discussed.

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13

Russell, F. S. "On a new species of medusa from an inland salt lake in South Australia." Journal of Zoology 162, no. 4 (August 20, 2009): 449–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1970.tb01278.x.

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14

Bower, Deborah S., Clare E. Death, and Arthur Georges. "Ecological and physiological impacts of salinisation on freshwater turtles of the lower Murray River." Wildlife Research 39, no. 8 (2012): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr11214.

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Context The increasing intensity and extent of anthropogenically mediated salinisation in freshwater systems has the potential to affect freshwater species through physiological and ecological processes. Determining responses to salinisation is critical to predicting impacts on fauna. Aims We aimed to quantify the response of wild-caught turtles from freshwater lakes that had become saline in the lower Murray River catchment. Methods Plasma electrolytes of all three species of freshwater turtle from South Australia were compared among two freshwater sites (Horseshoe Lagoon and Swan Reach), a brackish lake (Lake Bonney) and a saline lake (Lake Alexandrina). Key results Chelodina longicollis, C. expansa and Emydura macquarii from a brackish lake had higher concentrations of plasma sodium and chloride than those from freshwater habitats. However, osmolytes known to increase under severe osmotic stress (urea and uric acid) were not elevated in brackish sites. Turtles from the highly saline lake were colonised by an invasive marine worm which encased the carapace and inhibited limb movement. Conclusions Freshwater turtles in brackish backwaters had little response to salinity, whereas the C. longicollis in a saline lake had a significant physiological response caused by salt and further impacts from colonisation of marine worms. Implications Short periods of high salinity are unlikely to adversely affect freshwater turtles. However, secondary ecological processes, such as immobilisation from a marine worm may cause unexpected impacts on freshwater fauna.

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15

Boggs, D. A., G. S. Boggs, I. Eliot, and B. Knott. "Regional patterns of salt lake morphology in the lower Yarra Yarra drainage system of Western Australia." Journal of Arid Environments 64, no. 1 (January 2006): 97–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.04.010.

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16

Campbell, CE. "Seasonal zooplankton fauna of salt evaporation basins in South Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 45, no. 2 (1994): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9940199.

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Salt evaporation basins are important as disposal sites for saline drainage water and groundwater in heavily irrigated areas in Australia and California. Relatively little is known about the zooplankton species composition of such basins. In this study, three evaporation basins in South Australia (Stockyard Plains, Berri and Noora) were sampled seasonally for zooplankton in 1992. Salinities in the basins ranged from 5 to 30 g L-1. The zooplankton comprised species from inland saline lakes together with some halotolerant species from the River Murray. Notably, several species typical of saline lakes in the region were absent. The zooplankton fauna in all three basins was dominated by microcrustaceans.

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17

Boon, Paul I., Doug Frood, Alison Oates, Jim Reside, and Neville Rosengren. "Why has Phragmites australis persisted in the increasingly saline Gippsland Lakes? A test of three competing hypotheses." Marine and Freshwater Research 70, no. 4 (2019): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf18145.

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Common reed Phragmites australis is the dominant vascular plant species of the shorelines of the Gippsland Lakes, south-eastern Australia. Although substantial declines have been reported for over 50 years, with increasing salinity posited as the cause, P. australis still occurs around the Gippsland Lakes, including in environments with near-oceanic salinities. The occurrence of P. australis in highly saline environments cannot be explained in terms of either seasonal variations in surface water salinity or a freshwater subsidy provided by intrusions of non-saline groundwater into the root zone. An experimental growth trial with plants of different provenance showed that P. australis grew vigorously even at 8–16PSU (with maximum aboveground biomass at 2–4PSU). There was some evidence that specimens from saltier sites were more salt tolerant than those from fresher sites. The selection of salt-tolerant strains is the most likely explanation for the occurrence of P. australis in saline sites. However, anthropogenic salinisation is unlikely to be the only factor involved in the historical loss of reed beds, and lower and more stable water levels following the permanent opening of the Gippsland Lakes to the ocean in 1889 are probably also contributing factors.

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18

Tully, Benjamin J., Joanne B. Emerson, Karen Andrade, Jochen J. Brocks, Eric E. Allen, Jillian F. Banfield, and Karla B. Heidelberg. "De NovoSequences ofHaloquadratum walsbyifrom Lake Tyrrell, Australia, Reveal a Variable Genomic Landscape." Archaea 2015 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/875784.

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Hypersaline systems near salt saturation levels represent an extreme environment, in which organisms grow and survive near the limits of life. One of the abundant members of the microbial communities in hypersaline systems is the square archaeon,Haloquadratum walsbyi. Utilizing a short-read metagenome from Lake Tyrrell, a hypersaline ecosystem in Victoria, Australia, we performed a comparative genomic analysis ofH. walsbyito better understand the extent of variation between strains/subspecies. Results revealed that previously isolated strains/subspecies do not fully describe the complete repertoire of the genomic landscape present inH. walsbyi. Rearrangements, insertions, and deletions were observed for the Lake Tyrrell derivedHaloquadratumgenomes and were supported by environmentalde novosequences, including shifts in the dominant genomic landscape of the two most abundant strains. Analysis pertaining to halomucins indicated that homologs for this large protein are not a feature common for all species ofHaloquadratum. Further, we analyzed ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC-type transporters) for evidence of niche partitioning between different strains/subspecies. We were able to identify unique and variable transporter subunits from all five genomes analyzed and thede novoenvironmental sequences, suggesting that differences in nutrient and carbon source acquisition may play a role in maintaining distinct strains/subspecies.

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19

Doley, Alison. ""Koobabbie": ecological and economic Sustainability." Pacific Conservation Biology 9, no. 1 (2003): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc030042.

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"KOOBABBIE" is a 6 885 ha wheat and sheep farm in the Coorow District of the northern wheatbelt of Western Australia (see Fig. 1, Hobbs 2003). The land was taken up by my grandparents in 1906. As clearing for agriculture took place, original vegetation was preserved in timber belts, along waterways and on rocky rises, but these were not fenced. In 1966 my husband, John, and I took over management of the property and in 1970 commenced fencing the remnant vegetation to exclude livestock. In 1987 we purchased 1 864 ha of salt lake country and excluded livestock from the area. Our aim is to preserve a representative cross section of the original vegetation on our property.

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20

Radke, L. C., S. Juggins, S. A. Halse, P. De Deckker, and Terrie Finston. "Chemical diversity in south-eastern Australian saline lakes II: biotic implications." Marine and Freshwater Research 54, no. 7 (2003): 895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf03021.

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This study explores how differences in ionic composition of south-eastern Australian saline lake waters, caused by path differentiation according to the Eugster–Jones–Hardie models of solute evolution and halite recycling, influence species composition of ostracod faunas. Ostracod occurrences are reported as physiologically important ionic ratios set in a marine–meteoric framework, with chemical boundaries determined by mixing and evaporation models. The occurrence of halophilous ostracods coincides with changes in the ionic structure of lake waters. Chemical diversity is found to be biologically important, with most ostracods preferring a specific pathway of the Eugster–Jones–Hardie models. Path preference predominantly reflects the different tolerance ranges of species to a combination of Na+/H+, Na+/Ca2+ and alkalinity/Cl– activity ratios, which probably govern acid–base balance and Na+ and Ca2+ regulation. An alkalinity/Cl– activity ratio of ~–2.3 corresponds to the main division in the ostracod data and reflects the abrupt change in alkalinity/Cl– ratios that occurs when a seawater-like solute matrix is diluted with a large amount of meteoric water (95%). Most halobiont ostracods occur in waters enriched with Na–Cl as a result of halite recycling. Evidence is presented that the same geochemical processes are relevant to other aquatic organisms (e.g. zooplankton, diatoms, insects) found in salt lakes.

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21

Weston, Michael A., and Mark A. Elgar. "The Effect of a Major Rainfall Event on Hooded Plovers on a Salt-lake in Western Australia." Emu - Austral Ornithology 100, no. 1 (March 2000): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9850.

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22

Asem, Alireza, Amin Eimanifar, Weidong Li, Pei-Zheng Wang, Samantha A. Brooks, and Michael Wink. "Phylogeography and population genetic structure of an exotic invasive brine shrimp, Artemia Leach, 1819 (Crustacea : Anostraca), in Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 6 (2018): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo18077.

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Native American Artemia franciscana has become an introduced species in the Old World due to the rapid development of the aquaculture industry in Eurasia. The recent colonisation of A. franciscana in Mediterranean regions and Asia has been well documented, but Australia is a continent where the dispersal of this species is not well understood. In the present study, we sequenced the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and examined the phylogenetic relationships, haplotype network and population genetic structure of Artemia from four geographical localities in Australia and two American native localities. Our results confirmed the colonisation of Australia in all four localities by A. franciscana. First, we document the occurrence of Artemia in Mulgundawa and St Kilda localities in Australia. The Dampier population is a monomorphic population, but there is high genetic variation and a degree of demographic expansion observed in other introduced A. franciscana populations in Australia. This observation suggests an interaction between environmental conditions and adaptive potentials of A. franciscana. Our findings imply that populations from St Kilda and Port Hedland might have originated from a San Francisco Bay source, while the two other locations resulted from admixture between Great Salt Lake and San Francisco Bay sources, perhaps resulting from secondary introduction events.

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23

Hodgkin, Ernest P., and Patrick Hesp. "Estuaries to salt lakes: Holocene transformation of the estuarine ecosystems of south-western Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 49, no. 3 (1998): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf96109.

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When the estuaries of south-western Australia were first flooded by the Holocene marine transgression about 7000 years before present (BP), most were enclosed by limestone barrier dunes. Coastal sand drift built bars and flood-tide deltas in the narrow entrances, but until about 3500 years BP the estuaries remained tidal-dominated systems with a diverse marine–estuarine fauna. Now the bars/deltas so obstruct the small tides that estuary water is fresh in winter and marine to hypersaline in summer; the estuaries are river-flow-dominated systems and the ecosystems are characterised by a restricted euryhaline estuarine biota. Some estuaries are still permanently open, their bars/deltas never close, and some are seasonally open, their bars open with river flow in winter and close in summer. Other estuaries are normally closed, their bars remain closed for several years and break with episodic flood flow, or are permanently closed coastal salt lakes with bars that never or rarely break: they can become grossly hypersaline and may dry up altogether. An hypothesis to explain this Holocene transformation of the estuaries attributes it principally to sedimentary processes in an environment where river flow is highly seasonal, tides are microtidal, there was a fall in sea level, and there are differences in the volume and periodicity of flow and the degree of shelter to the entrances from the prevailing south-west winds and swell.

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24

Kokkinn, Michael. "Identification of two Australian salt-lake chironomid species from subfossil larval head capsules." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 54, no. 1-4 (May 1986): 317–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(86)90131-8.

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25

Krause, T., C. Tubbesing, K. Benzing, and H. F. Schöler. "Model reactions and natural occurrence of furans from hypersaline environments." Biogeosciences 11, no. 10 (May 28, 2014): 2871–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2871-2014.

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Abstract. Volatile organic compounds like furan and its derivatives are important for atmospheric properties and reactions. In this work the known abiotic formation of furan from catechol under Fenton-like conditions with Fe3+ sulfate was revised by the use of a bispidine Fe2+ complex as a model compound for iron with well-known characteristics. While total yields were comparable to those with the Fe3+ salt, the bispidine Fe2+ complex is a better catalyst as the turnover numbers of the active iron species were higher. Additionally, the role of iron and pH is discussed in relation to furan formation from model compounds and in natural sediment and water samples collected from the Dead Sea and several salt lakes in Western Australia. Various alkylated furans and even traces of halogenated furans (3-chlorofuran and 3-bromofuran) were found in some Australian samples. 3-chlorofuran was found in three sediments and four water samples, whereas 3-bromofuran was detected in three water samples. Further, the emission of furans is compared to the abundance of several possible precursors such as isoprene and aromatic hydrocarbons as well as to the related thiophenes. It is deduced that the emissions of volatile organic compounds such as furans contribute to the formation of ultra-fine particles in the vicinity of salt lakes and are important for the local climate.

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Cupper, Matthew L., Andrew N. Drinnan, and Ian Thomas. "Holocene palaeoenvironments of salt lakes in the Darling Anabranch region, south-western New South Wales, Australia." Journal of Biogeography 27, no. 5 (September 2000): 1079–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00486.x.

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27

Krause, T., C. Tubbesing, K. Benzing, and H. F. Schöler. "Model reactions and natural occurrence of furans from hypersaline environments." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 11 (November 5, 2013): 17439–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-17439-2013.

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Abstract. Volatile organic compounds like furan and its derivatives are important for atmospheric properties and reactions. In this paper the known abiotic formation of furan from catechol under Fenton-like conditions with Fe3+ sulphate was revised by the use of a bispidine Fe2+ complex as a~model compound for iron with well-known characteristics. While total yields were comparable to those with the Fe3+ salt, the turnover numbers of the active iron species increased. Additionally, the role of iron and pH will be discussed during furan formation from model compounds and in natural sediment and water samples collected from the Dead Sea and several salt lakes in Western Australia. Various alkylated furans and even traces of halogenated furans (3-chlorofuran and 3-bromofuran) were found in these samples. Furthermore, the emission of furans is compared to the abundance of several possible precursors such as isoprene and aromatic hydrocarbons as well as to the related thiophenes. It is assumed that the emissions of volatile organic compounds such as furans contribute to the formation of ultra fine particles in the vicinity of salt lakes and are therefore important for the local climate.

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28

Finston, Terrie L. "Effect of a temporally heterogeneous environment on size and shape of the giant ostracods Mytilocypris (Ostracoda : Cyprididae) from Australian salt lakes." Marine and Freshwater Research 55, no. 5 (2004): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf04009.

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The giant ostracods Mytilocypris occupy temporary saline habitats in Australia and experience physical and chemical heterogeneity in association with evaporation. Three sympatric species, namely M. mytiloides, M. tasmanica chapmani, and M. minuta, show high genetic similarity and morphological boundaries that overlap. The large elongate, intermediate, and small blunt shells of the three species are associated with lakes of low, intermediate, and high salinity, respectively. The present study investigated whether all three phenotypes were produced through time in single habitats experiencing seasonal changes in physical and chemical properties. Three lakes at one site (Coorow) were temporally heterogeneous, showing a nearly 10-fold increase in salinity in a single season, whereas four lakes at a second site (Rottnest Island) were more or less permanent and showed less environmental variation. Successive generations in the lakes from Coorow became smaller and blunter in association with environmental changes, showing the range of phenotypes displayed in the three presumptive taxa. There was less phenotypic response in individuals from Rottnest Island, reflecting the relative homogeneity of the lakes. Possible mechanisms underlying the observed changes include phenotypic plasticity, genotype replacement, and strong selection.

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29

Richburg, Julie A., William A. Patterson, and Frank Lowenstein. "Effects of road salt and Phragmites australis invasion on the vegetation of a Western Massachusetts calcareous lake-basin fen." Wetlands 21, no. 2 (June 2001): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2001)021[0247:eorsap]2.0.co;2.

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30

Kokkinn, MJ. "Is the rate of Embryonic development a predictor of overall development rate in Tanytarsus barbitarsis Freeman (Diptera: Chironomidae)?" Marine and Freshwater Research 41, no. 5 (1990): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9900575.

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Mathematical relationships describing the effect of water temperature on embryonic development and generation time for Tanytarsus barbitarsis, a nuisance chironomid from salt lakes near Port Augusta, South Australia, were compared. The aim of the comparison was to determine whether the relation- ship describing egg hatching could be extrapolated to determine the overall development rate of the species. Results indicated that the power function that closely described embryonic development, D(t) = 8712.32t-2.70, could not be fitted to the generation-time data. However, when an additional term, water salinity, was included, a highly significant relationship was derived: D(s,t)*=S4.0308t-4.471. This suggested that laboratory egg-hatching experiments could not account for the attenuating effect of environmental factors on overall development rates in the field.

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31

Long, A. Lexine, Karin M. Kettenring, Charles P. Hawkins, and Christopher M. U. Neale. "Distribution and Drivers of a Widespread, Invasive Wetland Grass, Phragmites australis, in Wetlands of the Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA." Wetlands 37, no. 1 (November 11, 2016): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13157-016-0838-4.

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32

Kokkinn, MJ, and WD Williams. "An experimental study of Phototactic responses of Tanytarsus barbitarsis Freeman (Diptera: Chironomidae." Marine and Freshwater Research 40, no. 6 (1989): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9890693.

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A series of salt lakes near Port Augusta, South Australia, supports large larval populations of Tanytarsus barbitarsis Freeman, a chironomid midge. When adults emerge they often fly to nearby artificial lights, and when large numbers do so a considerable nuisance to local residents is caused. In an investigation designed to provide control advice, those parts of the spectrum of particular attractivity to adults were identified in an experimental study of phototactic responses. Results indicated that the peak of attractivity lies in the near-ultraviolet part of the spectrum (370-400 nm). A second, weaker peak lies between 490 and 510 nm. Light intensity does not appear to be important. Certain sorts of commercially available lamps emit light with peaks in those parts of the spectrum attractive to T. barbitarsis and may be suitable for control purposes.

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33

Lei, Calvin, Sarah J. Yuckin, and Rebecca C. Rooney. "Rooting depth and below ground biomass in a freshwater coastal marsh invaded by European Reed (Phragmites australis) compared with remnant uninvaded sites at Long Point, Ontario." Canadian Field-Naturalist 133, no. 4 (May 8, 2020): 364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v133i4.2281.

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Invasive European Reed (Phragmites australis subsp. australis) outcompetes native vegetation, reducing floristic diversity and habitat value for wildlife. Research in coastal salt marshes has indicated that P. australis invasion may be facilitated by its relatively deep rooting depth, but in freshwater marshes the growth pattern of below ground tissues in relation to water depth is uncertain. To determine if P. australis is rooting more deeply than resident wetland plant species in a freshwater coastal marsh on Lake Erie, Ontario, we measured the vertical distribution of below ground biomass in P. australis invaded marsh sites and compared it to the below ground biomass distribution in nearby sites not yet invaded by P. australis. These invaded and uninvaded sites were paired by water depth, which is known to influence resource allocation and rooting depth. Below ground biomass in invaded sites was greater than in uninvaded sites (t28 = 3.528, P = 0.001), but rooting depth (i.e., the depth at which 90% of total below ground biomass is accounted for) was comparable (t28 = 0.992, P = 0.330). Using water depth and site type, general linear models could predict below ground biomass (F2,55 = 9.115, P < 0.001) but not rooting depth (F2,55 = 1.175, P = 0.316). Rooting depth is likely affected by other factors such as substrate type and the depth of the organic soil horizon.

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34

T. Kingsford, Richard, Rachael F. Thomas, and Alison L. Curtin. "Conservation of wetlands in the Paroo and Warrego River catchments in arid Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 7, no. 1 (2001): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc010021.

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Irrigation proposals to divert water from the Paroo and Warrego Rivers in arid Australia will affect their aquatic ecosystems. These two are the last of 26 major rivers in the Murray-Darling Basin without large dams and diversions. Knowledge of the extent of their biodiversity value is critical to assessing likely impacts. During the 1990 flood, 1.73 million ha of wetlands, or 12.5% of the land surface of the Paroo and Warrego River catchments, were flooded. Flooded wetland area in the respective catchments was 781 330 ha and 890 534 ha. Most of the wetland area (97%) was floodplain, with 37 freshwater lakes (>50 ha) occupying 2.5% of the wetland area and 177 salt lakes covering 0.8%. A high diversity and abundance of biota depend on these wetlands. Only 7% of the wetland area, all in the Paroo catchment, is in conservation reserves. New South Wales has a high proportion of the wetland area on the Paroo (60%) and a substantial proportion of the wetland area on the Warrego River (23%). Queensland, the upstream state, will influence the ecology of the entire catchment areas of both river systems through its proposed water management plan. Any resulting extraction practices will have detrimental ecological consequences within a decade. Conservation of wetlands is usually site-focused and reflects a paradigm of conservation based on reservation of parcels of land. However, wetlands are dependent on water that is seldom adequately protected. Intergovernment co-operation should protect the entire catchment of the Paroo River from major diversions and stop further development on the Warrego River. This would do more for the conservation of wetlands than the formal reservation of small parts of their catchments.

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35

Porter, Kate, Sen-Lin Tang, Chung-Pin Chen, Pei-Wen Chiang, Mei-Jhu Hong, and Mike Dyall-Smith. "PH1: An Archaeovirus ofHaloarcula hispanicaRelated to SH1 and HHIV-2." Archaea 2013 (2013): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/456318.

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Halovirus PH1 infectsHaloarcula hispanicaand was isolated from an Australian salt lake. The burst size in single-step growth conditions was 50–100 PFU/cell, but cell density did not decrease until well after the rise (4–6 hr p.i.), indicating that the virus could exit without cell lysis. Virions were round, 51 nm in diameter, displayed a layered capsid structure, and were sensitive to chloroform and lowered salt concentration. The genome is linear dsDNA, 28,064 bp in length, with 337 bp terminal repeats and terminal proteins, and could transfect haloarchaeal species belonging to five different genera. The genome is predicted to carry 49 ORFs, including those for structural proteins, several of which were identified by mass spectroscopy. The close similarity of PH1 to SH1 (74% nucleotide identity) allowed a detailed description and analysis of the differences (divergent regions) between the two genomes, including the detection of repeat-mediated deletions. The relationship of SH1-like and pleolipoviruses to previously described genomic loci of virus and plasmid-related elements (ViPREs) of haloarchaea revealed an extensive level of recombination between the known haloviruses. PH1 is a member of the same virus group as SH1 and HHIV-2, and we propose the namehalosphaerovirusto accommodate these viruses.

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36

Burns, D. G., H. M. Camakaris, P. H. Janssen, and M. L. Dyall-Smith. "Combined Use of Cultivation-Dependent and Cultivation-Independent Methods Indicates that Members of Most Haloarchaeal Groups in an Australian Crystallizer Pond Are Cultivable." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 9 (September 2004): 5258–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.9.5258-5265.2004.

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ABSTRACT Haloarchaea are the dominant microbial flora in hypersaline waters with near-saturating salt levels. The haloarchaeal diversity of an Australian saltern crystallizer pond was examined by use of a library of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes and by cultivation. High viable counts (106 CFU/ml) were obtained on solid media. Long incubation times (≥8 weeks) appeared to be more important than the medium composition for maximizing viable counts and diversity. Of 66 isolates examined, all belonged to the family Halobacteriaceae, including members related to species of the genera Haloferax, Halorubrum, and Natronomonas. In addition, isolates belonging to a novel group (the ADL group), previously detected only as 16S rRNA genes in an Antarctic hypersaline lake (Deep Lake), were cultivated for the first time. The 16S rRNA gene library identified the following five main groups: Halorubrum groups 1 and 2 (49%), the SHOW (square haloarchaea of Walsby) group (33%), the ADL group (16%), and the Natronomonas group (2%). There were two significant differences between the organisms detected in cultivation and 16S rRNA sequence results. Firstly, Haloferax spp. were frequently isolated on plates (15% of all isolates) but were not detected in the 16S rRNA sequences. Control experiments indicated that a bias against Haloferax sequences in the generation of the 16S rRNA gene library was unlikely, suggesting that Haloferax spp. readily form colonies, even though they were not a dominant group. Secondly, while the 16S rRNA gene library identified the SHOW group as a major component of the microbial community, no isolates of this group were obtained. This inability to culture members of the SHOW group remains an outstanding problem in studying the ecology of hypersaline environments.

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37

Eimanifar, Amin, Alireza Asem, Pei-Zheng Wang, Weidong Li, and Michael Wink. "Using ISSR Genomic Fingerprinting to Study the Genetic Differentiation of Artemia Leach, 1819 (Crustacea: Anostraca) from Iran and Neighbor Regions with the Focus on the Invasive American Artemia franciscana." Diversity 12, no. 4 (March 31, 2020): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12040132.

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Due to the rapid developments in the aquaculture industry, Artemia franciscana, originally an American species, has been introduced to Eurasia, Africa and Australia. In the present study, we used a partial sequence of the mitochondrial DNA Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I (mt-DNA COI) gene and genomic fingerprinting by Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSRs) to determine the genetic variability and population structure of Artemia populations (indigenous and introduced) from 14 different geographical locations in Western Asia. Based on the haplotype spanning network, Artemia urmiana has exhibited higher genetic variation than native parthenogenetic populations. Although A. urmiana represented a completely private haplotype distribution, no apparent genetic structure was recognized among the native parthenogenetic and invasive A. franciscana populations. Our ISSR findings have documented that despite that invasive populations have lower variation than the source population in Great Salt Lake (Utah, USA), they have significantly revealed higher genetic variability compared to the native populations in Western Asia. According to the ISSR results, the native populations were not fully differentiated by the PCoA analysis, but the exotic A. franciscana populations were geographically divided into four genetic groups. We believe that during the colonization, invasive populations have experienced substantial genetic divergences, under new ecological conditions in the non-indigenous regions.

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38

Davis, Jenny A., Megan McGuire, Stuart A. Halse, David Hamilton, Pierre Horwitz, Arthur J. McComb, Ray H. Froend, Michael Lyons, and Lien Sim. "What happens when you add salt: predicting impacts of secondary salinisation on shallow aquatic ecosystems by using an alternative-states model." Australian Journal of Botany 51, no. 6 (2003): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt02117.

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Alternative-states theory commonly applied, for aquatic systems, to shallow lakes that may be dominated alternately by macrophytes and phytoplankton, under clear-water and enriched conditions, respectively, has been used in this study as a basis to define different states that may occur with changes in wetland salinity. Many wetlands of the south-west of Western Australia are threatened by rapidly increasing levels of salinity as well as greater water depths and permanency of water regime. We identified contrasting aquatic vegetation states that were closely associated with different salinities. Salinisation results in the loss of freshwater species of submerged macrophytes and the dominance of a small number of more salt-tolerant species. With increasing salinity, these systems may undergo further change to microbial mat-dominated systems composed mostly of cyanobacteria and halophilic bacteria. The effect of other environmental influences in mediating switches of vegetation was also examined. Colour and turbidity may play important roles at low to intermediate salinities [concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS) <10 000 mg L–1]; however, coloured or turbid wetlands are rarely found at intermediate to high salinities (>10 000 mg L–1 TDS). The role of nutrients remains largely unquantified in saline systems. We propose that alternative-states theory provides the basis of a conceptual framework for predicting impacts on wetlands affected by secondary salinisation. The ability to recognise and predict a change in state with changes in salinity adds a further tool to decision-making processes. A change in state represents a fundamental change in ecosystem function and may be difficult to reverse. This information is also important for the development of restoration strategies. Further work is required to better understand the influence of temporal variation in salinity on vegetation states and probable hysteresis effects.

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39

Williams, WD. "Conductivity and salinity of Australian salt lakes." Marine and Freshwater Research 37, no. 2 (1986): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9860177.

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The relationship between conductivity (x) and salinity (S) was investigated in 109 samples from Australian salt lakes. Within the range of 5-100 mS cm-1, the relationship is described by the equation: S=0.4665x1.0878 (r2 = 0.98799) where salinity is measured in g l-1 and conductivity in mS cm-1 at 25� C. A table based on this relationship is given; it enables the rapid determination of salinity from conductivity.

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40

Williams, W. D., and M. W. Mellor. "Ecology of Coxiella (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Prosobranchia), a snail endemic to Australian salt lakes." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 84, no. 1-4 (May 1991): 339–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(91)90053-t.

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41

De Deckker, Patrick. "Biological and sedimentary facies of Australian salt lakes." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62, no. 1-4 (January 1988): 237–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(88)90056-9.

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42

Abensperg-Traun, Max, and C. R. Dickman. "Distributional Ecology of Red-Capped Plover, Charadrius Ruficapillus (Temminck, 1822), on Western Australian Salt Lakes." Journal of Biogeography 16, no. 2 (March 1989): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2845089.

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43

Clark, N. J., and Rodney B. Smith. "Observations of salt particles in the atmosphere in the vicinity of an inland salt lake: Lake Eyre, South Australia." Atmospheric Research 22, no. 2 (July 1988): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-8095(88)90001-4.

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44

Yihdego, Yohannes, John Webb, and Paul Leahy. "Modelling water and salt balances in a deep, groundwater-throughflow lake—Lake Purrumbete, southeastern Australia." Hydrological Sciences Journal 61, no. 1 (November 20, 2015): 186–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2014.975132.

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45

Blinn, Dean W. "The diatom flora of Lake Eyre South: a large episodically filled salt lake in South Australia." Hydrobiologia 210, no. 1-2 (March 1991): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00014326.

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46

Kingsford, R. T., and J. L. Porter. "Waterbirds of Lake Eyre, Australia." Biological Conservation 65, no. 2 (1993): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(93)90443-5.

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47

Dítě, Daniel, Pavol Eliáš Jr., Zuzana Dítě, Vladimír Píš, and Róbert Šuvada. "Vegetation classification and ecology of Pannonian salt lake bed." Phytocoenologia 47, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 329–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/phyto/2017/0137.

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48

Barrows, Timothy T., Kathryn E. Fitzsimmons, Stephanie C. Mills, Jacqui Tumney, Daryl Pappin, and Nicola Stern. "Late Pleistocene lake level history of Lake Mungo, Australia." Quaternary Science Reviews 238 (June 2020): 106338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106338.

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49

Pendleton, Maya C., Samuel Sedgwick, Karin M. Kettenring, and Trisha B. Atwood. "Ecosystem Functioning of Great Salt Lake Wetlands." Wetlands 40, no. 6 (July 17, 2020): 2163–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13157-020-01333-1.

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50

Kamilli, K. A., J. Ofner, B. Lendl, P. Schmitt-Kopplin, and A. Held. "New particle formation above a simulated salt lake in aerosol chamber experiments." Environmental Chemistry 12, no. 4 (2015): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en14225.

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Environmental context Deforestation in Western Australia beginning in the mid-19th century led to a considerable change of the land surface, and Western Australia is now suffering more often from droughts. Particle formation induced by salt lakes has been identified as a potential control factor for changed precipitation patterns. This study aims to determine key factors involved in the particle formation process by simulating a simplified salt lake in an aerosol chamber in the laboratory. Abstract In recent field experiments, particle formation has been observed above salt lakes in Western Australia and related to changes in regional precipitation patterns. This work investigates the particle formation potential above a simulated salt lake in aerosol chamber experiments under various conditions. The salt lake mixture comprised fixed concentrations of NaBr, NaCl and Na2SO4, and varying concentrations of FeSO4 and FeCl3. Further, an organic mixture of 1,8-cineol and limonene was added under dark and light conditions. Both the presence of organic compounds and of light were found to be essential for new particle formation in our experiments. There were clear indications for conversion of FeII to FeIII, which suggests a Fenton-like reaction mechanism in the system. Contrary to the idea that a Fenton-like reaction mechanism might intensify the oxidation of organic matter, thus facilitating secondary organic aerosol formation, the observed particle formation started later and with lower intensity under elevated FeII concentrations. The highest particle number concentrations were observed when excluding FeII from the experiments. Chemical analysis of the formed aerosol confirmed the important role of the Fenton-like reaction for particle formation in this study. Ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry and Raman spectroscopy provide analytical proof for the formation of organosulfates and halogenated organic compounds in the experiments presented. Even though halogens and organic precursors are abundant in these experimental simulations, halogen-induced organic aerosol formation exists but seems to play a minor overall role in particle formation.

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