Статті в журналах: "Salt detachment"

1

Kendell, Kristopher L. "Variations in salt expulsion style within the Sable Canopy Complex, central Scotian margin 1This article is one of a series of papers published in this CJES Special Issue on the theme of Mesozoic–Cenozoic geology of the Scotian Basin." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 49, no. 12 (December 2012): 1504–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e2012-069.

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There are two allochthonous salt canopies within the central Scotian margin, one on the shelf and another in deeper waters on the Scotian slope. The Sable Shelf Canopy trends southwest–northeast and covers an area approximately 650 km2. Salt thickness within this canopy is generally <1000 m. Reloading of the salt has welded out the margins of the canopy, significantly reducing its extent. Salt tectonics related to this canopy produced many of the exploration targets drilled on the shelf. The Sable Slope Canopy is 50 km basinward on the Scotian slope. This canopy is significantly larger, covering 12 700 km2, and the allochthonous salt is as thick as 3500 m. Although the two canopies are separated by a significant distance, a common detachment surface connects them in multiple locations. Extensional systems detach in the Sable Shelf Canopy, displace strata downdip, and expel salt into the Sable Slope Canopy. The outer shelf and slope region separating these two canopies is dominated by detachment systems. One term, the Sable Canopy Complex, was developed to describe both salt canopies and the zone of detachment that separates them. Interpretation of two-dimensional and three-dimensional seismic data throughout the Sable Canopy Complex has resulted in a detailed allochthonous salt map and all related components including welded systems, salt stocks, faults, sutures, and minibasins. Four distinct expulsion styles are observed to contribute volumes of salt to the canopies: salt-based detachments, counterregional systems, hybrids, and salt stocks. Potential explanations for the variations in expulsion style range from varying volumes of sediment input to paleogeographic positions on the margin to salt sheet length.

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2

Sherkati, Shahram, Matteo Molinaro, Dominique Frizon de Lamotte, and Jean Letouzey. "Detachment folding in the Central and Eastern Zagros fold-belt (Iran): salt mobility, multiple detachments and late basement control." Journal of Structural Geology 27, no. 9 (September 2005): 1680–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2005.05.010.

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3

Rowan, Mark G., Josep Anton Muñoz, Eduard Roca, Oriol Ferrer, Pablo Santolaria, Pablo Granado, and Marco Snidero. "Linked detachment folds, thrust faults, and salt diapirs: Observations and analog models." Journal of Structural Geology 155 (February 2022): 104509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2022.104509.

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4

Jackson, Martin P. A., and Michael R. Hudec. "Stratigraphic record of translation down ramps in a passive-margin salt detachment." Journal of Structural Geology 27, no. 5 (May 2005): 889–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2005.01.010.

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5

Lundin, Erik R. "Thin-skinned extensional tectonics on a salt detachment, northern Kwanza Basin, Angola." Marine and Petroleum Geology 9, no. 4 (August 1992): 405–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(92)90051-f.

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6

Wilson, Paul, Joseph C. White, and Brian V. Roulston. "Structural geology of the Penobsquis salt structure: late Bashkirian inversion tectonics in the Moncton Basin, New Brunswick, eastern Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 43, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 405–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e05-116.

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This study uses new information acquired from field mapping, mineral exploration boreholes, and seismic reflection profiles to constrain the structural geology, deformation mechanisms, and timing of the Penobsquis salt structure. This information is used to place the development of the salt structure into the context of the tectonic evolution of the Moncton Basin. The Penobsquis salt structure is an elongate salt wall separated from underlying rocks by a mylonitic detachment horizon. It may be divided into two segments: a southwestern asymmetric, southeast-verging structure and a northeastern strongly asymmetric to overturned, southeast-verging structure associated with the Penobsquis fault. An initial low-amplitude salt anticline formed during deposition of the Mabou Group (Serpukhovian time). The salt anticline was modified into a high-amplitude salt wall after deposition of Cumberland Group sediments (early Bashkirian or later). The sense of asymmetry of the Penobsquis salt structure, the presence of thrust faults within the structure, the spatial association of the structure with a major reverse fault in the salt cover, and the temporal association of salt movement and compressional tectonic events suggest that the salt structure developed in response to tectonic contraction during inversion of the Moncton Basin.

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7

Astromovich, Julia, Mark R. Baker, Diane I. Doser, and William Houston. "Application of gravity and magnetic techniques to model the geometry of the northern margin of the Onion Creek salt diapir, Paradox Basin, Utah." Mountain Geologist 59, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31582/rmag.mg.59.1.5.

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The Onion Creek salt diapir lies within the Paradox Basin of southeast Utah where it forms part of a group of salt structures that separate the Paradox Basin into smaller sub-basins. A series of anomalous, tight folds occur on the northern side of the Onion Creek diapir within the Permian Cutler Group. These folds are thought to be associated with a shallow detachment horizon with three possible origins: 1) a weak shale layer within the Cutler Group; 2) a salt namakier; or 3) a salt shoulder. We collected and analyzed gravity and magnetics data across a portion of the concealed Onion Creek salt body. Since the salt is less dense and less magnetic than the Cutler Group siliciclastics, these geophysical data aid in defining the extent of subsurface salt. Our gravity data show a free-air anomaly low over the diapir with a gradual increase in values as more of the Cutler Group covers the subsurface salt. Magnetic data display a similar trend, but also suggest more complicated 3-D structure exists beneath the study area. Forward and inverse modeling indicated a salt shoulder model best fit the geophysical data. These results suggest gravity and magnetic methods are a low-cost method to evaluate plausible subsurface salt structure for oil and gas exploration studies.

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8

Kent, W. Norman. "Structures of the Kirkuk Embayment, northern Iraq: Foreland structures or Zagros Fold Belt structures?" GeoArabia 15, no. 4 (October 1, 2010): 147–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia1504147.

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ABSTRACT Several anticlines in northern Iraq and Syria have been studied through the construction of balanced and restored cross sections. Based upon structural analysis, each of the studied anticlines is a fault-propagation fold that developed due to Zagros-related, recent inversion of much older normal faults. Studies on the Iranian part of the Zagros Fold Belt have suggested that the regional variation in the character of the fold belt is related to weak detachment surfaces in the stratigraphic section, primarily the decollement developed near the top of the Hormuz Salt where the salt is present. No evidence for Hormuz Salt has been found within the Kirkuk Embayment, and although detachment surfaces contribute the area’s structural character, the prominent folds seem to originate mainly from basement involved faults. Two distinct inversion structural trends exist: E-W system and a NW system of inverted grabens. In Syria, several of the faults associated with the EW-trending system cut the basement on seismic data and have stratigraphic relationships indicating that their displacement originated in the Neoproterozoic. In Iraq, the thicker sedimentary section did not allow the deep parts of the fault systems to be imaged on the available seismic. While the NW fault system of inverted normal faults could be linked to the Zagros Orogen by a decollement surface in the sedimentary section, regional relationships and potential-field data suggest that this trend also is basement involved and has a Neoproterozoic origin.

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9

Barliya, Tilda, Ron Ofri, Shai Sandalon, Dov Weinberger, and Tami Livnat. "Changes in Retinal Function and Cellular Remodeling Following Experimental Retinal Detachment in a Rabbit Model." Journal of Ophthalmology 2017 (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4046597.

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Purpose.To explore functional electroretinographic (ERG) changes and associated cellular remodeling following experimental retinal detachment in a rabbit model.Methods.Retinal detachment was created in ten rabbits by injecting 0.1 ml balanced salt solution under the retina. Fundus imaging was performed 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days postoperatively. ERGs were recorded pre- and 7 and 21 days postoperatively. Eyes were harvested on day 21 and evaluated immunohistochemically (IHC) for remodeling of second- and third-order neurons.Results.Retinal reattachment occurred within two weeks following surgery. No attenuation was observed in the photopic or scotopic a- and b-waves. A secondary wavefront on the descending slope of the scotopic b-wave was the only ERG result that was attenuated in detached retinas. IHC demonstrated anatomical changes in both ON and OFF bipolar cells. Bassoon staining was observed in the remodeled dendrites. Amacrine and horizontal cells did not alter, but Muller cells were clearly reactive with marked extension.Conclusion.Retinal detachment and reattachment were associated with functional and anatomical changes. Exploring the significance of the secondary scotopic wavefront and its association with the remodeling of 2nd- and 3rd-order neurons will shade more light on functional changes and recovery of the retina.

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10

Ramos, Adrià, Berta Lopez-Mir, Elisabeth P. Wilson, Pablo Granado, and Josep Anton Muñoz. "3D reconstruction of syn-tectonic strata in a salt-related orogen: learnings from the Llert syncline (South-central Pyrenees)." Geologica Acta 18 (December 11, 2020): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1344/geologicaacta2020.18.20.

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The Llert syncline is located in the South-central Pyrenees, between the eastern termination of the EW-trending Cotiella Basin and the north-western limb of the NS-trending Turbón-Serrado fold system. The Cotiella Basin is an inverted upper Coniacian-lower Santonian salt-floored post-rift extensional basin developed along the northern Iberian rift system. The Turbón-Serrado fold system consists of upper Santonian – Maastrichtian contractional salt-cored anticlines developed along an inverted transfer zone of the Pyrenean rift system. Based on field research, this paper presents a 3D reconstruction of the Llert syncline in order to further constrain the transition between these oblique salt-related structures. Our results suggest that the evolution of the Llert syncline was mainly controlled by tectonic shortening related to the tectonic inversion of the Cotiella Basin synchronously to the growth of the Turbón-Serrado detachment anticline, and by the pre-compressional structural framework of the Pyrenean rift system. Our contribution provides new insight into the geometric and kinematic relationships of structures developed during the inversion of passive margins involving salt.

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11

Stewart, Simon A. "Detachment-controlled triangle zones in extension and inversion tectonics." Interpretation 2, no. 4 (November 1, 2014): SM29—SM38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2014-0026.1.

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“Triangle zone” geometry is well established in thrust tectonics, where the leading edge of a frontal thrust branches backward onto a hinterland-directed roof thrust, and the triangle zone thus formed defines the thrust system’s leading edge. Similar geometries occur in extension and inversion settings, where a triangle zone can form between a deep-seated master fault and a roof fault or backthrust located in a hanging-wall detachment. In basement-controlled extension, triangle zone development can occur when the shear strength of the master fault plane in the zone above a hanging-wall detachment cutoff exceeds that of a new or reactivated antithetic fault detaching on the hanging-wall dip slope. This structural style is characterized by pronounced hanging-wall synclines linked to detached extensional faults higher up the hanging-wall dip slopes. The same principles apply during early phases of inversion tectonics. The part of the master fault that is above the hanging-wall detachment cutoff may constitute a buttress that causes displacement to backthrust along any available detachment into accommodation structures such as emergent ramps. This structural style is characterized by compressional structures within the graben while there is minor or even no sign of inversion on the graben margin faults. These geometries could be accounted for by other processes, for example, localized deep-seated fault-controlled structures within graben, or salt redistribution. However, fieldwork and analog models demonstrate the admissibility of triangle zone kinematics across a range of tectonic settings in the presence of detachment layers that are thin relative to the overall stratigraphy — typically tens to hundreds of meters in thickness. These models can guide seismic interpretation of unusual fold structures in extensional and inverted graben. Seismic interpretation examples were evaluated from the North Sea and Saudi Arabia.

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12

Vera, Federico, Jorge L. Gutiérrez, and Pablo D. Ribeiro. "Aerial and detritus production of the cordgrass Spartina densiflora in a southwestern Atlantic salt marsh." Botany 87, no. 5 (May 2009): 482–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b09-017.

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We used a nondestructive method to estimate aerial and detritus productivity of the cordgrass Spartina densiflora Brongn. and evaluated the relative contribution of newly emerged and preexisting tillers to net aerial biomass and detritus production, the relative contribution of tiller detachment and leaf shedding to detritus production, and the incidence of crab ( Neohelice ( Chasmagnathus ) granulata (Dana, 1851)), herbivory in relation to tiller age and its implications for tiller survival. Estimates of aerial and detritus productivity varied between 706.72 (SD = 153.38) and 786.15 (SD = 162.75) g·m–2·year–1 and between 1054.23 (SD = 224.49) and 1223.17 (SD = 246.84) g·m–2·year–1, respectively. These estimates of aerial production are far below the higher productivity estimates known for species of the genus Spartina but within the range of values obtained with nondestructive methods (i.e., 300–1500 g·m–2·year–1). Detachment of standing-dead tillers and leaf shedding contributed virtually in equal quantities to detritus production (i.e., 52% and 48% of the total detritus biomass, respectively). On the other hand, net aerial biomass production was highly dependent on tiller recruitment, with 67% of total biomass production contributed by the growth of tillers that emerged during the course of the study. However, crabs seem to graze on tillers irrespective of their age. Such nonselective crab grazing on tillers of different age together with the long tiller survival after crab grazing (often more than a year) suggests that crabs do not ostensibly affect S. densiflora production.

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13

Dooley, Tim P., Michael R. Hudec, Dan Carruthers, Martin P. A. Jackson, and G. Luo. "The effects of base-salt relief on salt flow and suprasalt deformation patterns — Part 1: Flow across simple steps in the base of salt." Interpretation 5, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): SD1—SD23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2016-0087.1.

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Passive margins underlain by a salt detachment are typically interpreted as kinematically linked zones of updip extension and downdip contraction separated by a zone of translation above a smoothly dipping base of salt. However, salt flow is affected by the base-of-salt geometry across which it flows, and early-stage gravity gliding induced by basin tilt may be complicated by the presence of salt-thickness changes caused by the pre-existing base-salt relief. We investigate these effects using physical models. Dip-parallel steps generate strike-slip fault zones separating domains of differential downslope translation and structural styles, provided the overburden is thin enough. If the overburden is thicker, it resists breakup, but a change in the structural trend occurs across the step. Steps with mild obliquity to the dip direction produce transtensional and transpressional faults in the cover separating structural domains. Deformation complexity in the overburden increases where base-salt steps strike at a high angle to salt flow, and it is especially dependent on the ratio between the thick ([Formula: see text]) and thin ([Formula: see text]) salt across the step at the base of salt. Where the salt-thickness ratio ([Formula: see text]) is high, basal drag generates major flux mismatches, resulting in a contractional thickening of the salt and associated overburden shortening in thin salt above a base-salt high block. Shortening is transient and superseded by extension as the salt thickening allows the flow velocity to increase. When transitioning off a base-salt high block into a low block, the greater flux within the thick salt results in a monocline with extensional and contractional hinges. Structures are further deformed as they translate through these hinge zones. Our physical models demonstrate that extensional diapirs and compressional fold belts can be initiated anywhere on a slope as the salt accelerates and decelerates across base-salt relief. A fold belt from the Campos Basin, offshore Brazil, is used to illustrate these processes.

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14

Sergienko, A. N., V. V. Dashina, A. V. Malyshev, O. I. Lysenko, and S. V. Yanchenko. "CHANGE IN THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF CHILDREN AFTER SURGICAL TREATMENT OF RETINAL DETACHMENT." Kuban Scientific Medical Bulletin 25, no. 6 (December 21, 2018): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.25207/1608-6228-2018-25-6-149-153.

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Aim.The study was designed for the evaluation of the quality of life of children with retinal detachment during vitrectomy.Materials and methods. 23 children with retinal detachment aged from 10 to 17 years were treated. Surgical treatment consisted of a three-port vitrectomy and a laser endocoagulation of the retina. 3 groups were formed with the help of a random sampling. During the surgical treatment of group I (n=8), only balanced non-oxidant solutions of salts (Balsed Salt Solution − BSS) were used. Tablets of antioxidant preparations were not assigned. Saline solutions with antioxidants (BSS plus) were used to carry out surgery for group II (n=8). Group III (n=7) was additionally taking antioxidant preparations peros for 3 months in the postoperative period . The quality of life was studied using the abridged Russian version of the VFQ-25 questionnaire. 10 children of the same age with no indications of surgical treatment of retinal detachment were selected for the control group. Statistical analysis of the obtained data was carried out using a set of programs for applied statistical analysis Analyst Soft, Bio Stat 2007.Results.A week after the surgical treatment, no increase in visometric data was observed. Six months later, a significant increase in visual acuity was revealed. The highest visometric data were observed in group II due to the minimal progression of lens opacities. Group I patients had the lowest values of this index.Conclusion.The positive effect of the surgical treatment of retinal detachment positively influenced the patients’ quality of life in the early and late postoperative period.

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15

Hansen, Torsten Hundebøl, Ole Rønø Clausen, and Katrine Juul Andresen. "Thick- and thin-skinned basin inversion in the Danish Central Graben, North Sea – the role of deep evaporites and basement kinematics." Solid Earth 12, no. 8 (August 4, 2021): 1719–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1719-2021.

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Abstract. Using borehole-constrained 3D reflection seismic data, we analyse the importance of sub-salt, salt, and supra-salt deformation in controlling the geometries and the kinematics of inverted structures in the Danish Central Graben. The Danish Central Graben is part of the failed Late Jurassic North Sea rift. Later tectonic shortening caused mild basin inversion during the Late Cretaceous and Paleogene. Where mobile Zechstein evaporites are present, they have played a significant role in the structural evolution of the Danish Central Graben since the Triassic. Within the study area, Jurassic rifting generated two major W- to SW-dipping basement faults (the Coffee Soil Fault and the Gorm–Tyra Fault) with several kilometres of normal offset and associated block rotation. The Coffee Soil Fault system delineates the eastern boundary of the rift basins, and within its hanging wall a broad zone is characterized by late Mesozoic to early Paleogene shortening and relative uplift. Buttressed growth folds in the immediate hanging wall of the Coffee Soil Fault indicate thick-skinned inversion, i.e. coupled deformation between the basement and cover units. The western boundary of the inverted zone follows the westward pinch-out of the Zechstein salt. Here, thin-skinned folds and faults sole out into Zechstein units dipping into the half-graben. The most pronounced inversion structures occur directly above and in prolongation of salt anticlines and rollers that localized shortening in the cover above. With no physical links to underlying basement faults (if present), we balance thin-skinned shortening to the sub-salt basement via a triangle zone concept. This implies that thin Zechstein units on the dipping half-graben floor formed thrust detachments during inversion while basement shortening was mainly accommodated by reactivation of the major rift faults further east. Disseminated deformation (i.e. “ductile” at seismic scales) accounts for thin-skinned shortening of the cover units where such a detachment did not develop. The observed structural styles are discussed in relation to those found in other inverted basins in the North Sea Basin and to those produced from physical model experiments. Our results indicate that Zechstein units imposed a strong control on structural styles and kinematics not only during rift-related extension but also during basin inversion in large parts of the Danish Central Graben. Reactivated thin-skinned faults soling out into thin Triassic evaporite units within the carapace above Zechstein salt structures illustrate that even thin evaporite units may contribute to defining structures during tectonic extension and shortening. We thus provide an updated and dedicated case study of post-rift basin inversion, which takes into account the mechanical heterogeneity of sub-salt basement, salt, and supra-salt cover, including multiple evaporite units of which the Zechstein is the most important.

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16

Blume, Theresa, Noam Weisbrod, and John S. Selker. "On the critical salt concentrations for particle detachment in homogeneous sand and heterogeneous Hanford sediments." Geoderma 124, no. 1-2 (January 2005): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.04.007.

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17

Girod, Marion, Rodolphe Antoine, Jérôme Lemoine, Philippe Dugourd, and Laurence Charles. "End-group characterization of poly(styrene sulfonate sodium salt) by activated electron photo-detachment dissociation." Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 25, no. 21 (October 3, 2011): 3259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.5228.

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18

Chen, Yicheng, Vaishali Shah, Abdallah M. Jeroudi, Kevin J. Blinder, and Gaurav K. Shah. "Surgical Detachment of the Anterior Hyaloid Membrane From the Posterior Lens Capsule." Journal of VitreoRetinal Diseases 1, no. 3 (April 17, 2017): 214–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2474126417698873.

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Purpose: To describe 2 techniques facilitating the potentially challenging removal of the anterior hyaloid during phakic pars plana vitrectomy. Methods: Observational surgical series describing the 2 techniques. The hydrodissection technique applies an injection of balanced salt solution into the anterior chamber to displace the anterior hyaloid posteriorly for facile removal. The bubble technique is a novel method that utilizes air bubbles to visualize the anterior vitreous, allowing closer placement of the vitrectomy cutter to facilitate anterior hyaloid removal. Results: Both techniques were successful for the safe, efficient removal of the anterior vitreous. Conclusion: Removal of the anterior vitreous in a phakic patient is a difficult maneuver which may lead to potential damage to the lens. The hydrodissection and bubble techniques may be used to efficiently and safely remove the anterior vitreous.

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19

Morley, C. K., S. Jitmahantakul, C. von Hagke, J. Warren, and F. Linares. "Development of an intra-carbonate detachment during thrusting: The variable influence of pressure solution on deformation style, Khao Khwang Fold and Thrust Belt, Thailand." Geosphere 17, no. 2 (January 21, 2021): 602–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02267.1.

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Abstract Classic detachment zones in fold and thrust belts are generally defined by a weak lithology (typically salt or shale), often accompanied by high over-pressures. This study describes an atypical detachment that occurs entirely within a relatively strong Permian carbonate lithology, deformed during the Triassic Indosinian orogeny in Thailand under late diagenetic-anchimetamorphic conditions. The key differences between stratigraphic members that led to development of a detachment zone are bedding spacing and clay content. The lower, older, unit is the Khao Yai Member (KYM), which is a dark-gray to black, well-bedded, clay-rich limestone. The upper unit, the Na Phra Lan Member (NPM), comprises more massive, medium- to light-gray, commonly recrystallized limestones and marble. The KYM displays much tighter to even isoclinal, shorter-wavelength folds than the NPM. Pressure solution played a dominant role throughout the structural development—first forming early diagenetic bedding; later tectonic pressure solution preferentially followed this bedding instead of forming axial planar cleavage. The detachment zone between the two members is transitional over tens of meters. Moving up-section, tight to isoclinal folds with steeply inclined axial surfaces are replaced by folds with low-angle axial planes, thrusts, and thrust wedging, bed-parallel shearing, and by pressure solution along bedding-parallel seams (that reduce fold amplitude). In outcrops 100–300 m long, reduction of line-length shortening on folds from >50% to <10% shortening upwards indicates that deformation in the NPM is being accommodated differently from the KYM, probably predominantly by shortening on longer wavelength and/or spacing folds and thrusts, given the low amount of strain observed within the NPM, which excludes widespread layer-parallel thickening.

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20

Adamuszek, Marta, Dan M. Tămaş, Jessica Barabasch, and Janos L. Urai. "Rheological stratification in impure rock salt during long-term creep: morphology, microstructure, and numerical models of multilayer folds in the Ocnele Mari salt mine, Romania." Solid Earth 12, no. 9 (September 9, 2021): 2041–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2041-2021.

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Abstract. At laboratory timescales, rock salt samples with different composition and microstructure show variance in steady-state creep rates, but it is not known if and how this variance is manifested at low strain rates and corresponding deviatoric stresses. Here, we aim to quantify this from the analysis of multilayer folds that developed in rock salt over geological timescale in the Ocnele Mari salt mine in Romania. The formation is composed of over 90 % of halite, while distinct multiscale layering is caused by variation in the fraction of impurities. Regional tectonics and mine-scale fold structure are consistent with deformation in a shear zone after strong shearing in a regional detachment, forming over 10 m scale chevron folds of a tectonically sheared sedimentary layering, with smaller folds developing on different scales in the hinges. Fold patterns at various scales clearly indicate that during folding, the sequence was mechanically stratified. The dark layers contain more impurities and are characterised by a more regular layer thickness compared to the bright layers and are thus inferred to have higher viscosities. Optical microscopy of gamma-decorated samples shows a strong shape-preferred orientation of halite grains parallel to the foliation, which is reoriented parallel to the axial plane of the folds studied. Microstructures indicate dislocation creep, together with extensive fluid-assisted recrystallisation and strong evidence for solution–precipitation creep. This provides support for linear (Newtonian) viscous rheology as a dominating deformation mechanism during the folding. Deviatoric stress during folding was lower than during shearing in the detachment at around 1 MPa. We investigate fold development on various scales in a representative multilayer package using finite-element numerical models, constrain the relative layer thicknesses in a selected outcrop, and design a numerical model. We explore the effect of different Newtonian viscosity ratios between the layers on the evolving folds on different scales. By comparing the field data and numerical results, we estimate that the effective viscosity ratio between the layers was larger than 10 and up to 20. Additionally, we demonstrate that the considerable variation of the layer thicknesses is not a crucial factor to develop folds on different scales. Instead, unequal distribution of the thin layers, which organise themselves into effectively single layers with variable thickness, can control deformation on various scales. Our results show that impurities can significantly change the viscosity of rock salt deforming at low deviatoric stress and introduce anisotropic viscosity, even in relatively pure layered rock.

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21

Mazumder, Abhijit, Pawan Govil, Shalini Sharma, Rasik Ravindra, Neloy Khare, and Subodh Kumar Chaturvedi. "A testimony of detachment of an inland lake from marine influence during the mid-Holocene in the Vestfold Hills region, East Antarctica." Limnological Review 13, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/limre-2013-0023.

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Abstract A 47 cm long sediment core collected from an inland lake of the Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica has been examined to reconstruct the palaeolacustrine environmental changes. The core shows dates at two core intervals of 18-19 cm and 28-29 cm as 5050±98 yrs BP and 5560±96 yrs BP, respectively. The core exhibits a good amount of diatom population throughout the length. Prior to 5560±96 yrs BP, the core shows high abundance of diatom population (>10×107 g-1) along with sufficient salt crystal, which indicates the connection of this lake with the marine environment. From 5560±96 yrs BP to 5050±98 yrs BP the total number diatoms decreased substantially along with the decrease in salt crystal, which indicates the withdrawal of the marine influence from the lake during that period. From 5050±98 yrs BP to Recent, the low number of diatoms and the rare occurrence of salt crystal suggest that the lake remained mostly detached from the sea during the last 5000 yrs.

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22

de Jager, J. "Inverted basins in the Netherlands, similarities and differences." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw 82, no. 4 (December 2003): 339–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016774600020175.

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AbstractAll Dutch rift basins that formed during Jurassic and Early Cretaceous extension have been inverted during the Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary. Several inversion pulses occurred more or less simultaneously in all basins. Analysis of vitrinite reflectance data, in combination with fission track and fluid inclusion data show that the magnitude of uplift and erosion generally did not exceed 2 km. Inversion was strongest in the Broad Fourteens, Central Netherlands and West Netherlands basins. The direction of maximum compressive stress was generally not at right angles to the pre-existing fault trends, and resulted in transpressional movements. Within the NW-SE striking basins, dextral strike-slip movements can often be interpreted, which is consistent with a general N-S to NNW-SSE direction of maximum compression related to Alpine structural events. Where no Zechstein salt is present, trends of flower structures formed through reverse reactivation of pre-existing faults. Where the Zechstein salt is thick, re-activated faults could not breach the salt, and a broad uplift of the post-salt succession resulted, while faulting below the salt caused acceleration of halokinesis. In areas where the Zechstein salt was thin, and where the offsets of reverse faults exceeded the thickness of the salt, impressive thrusts with the Zechstein salt as detachment horizon developed. The later Tertiary inversion pulses did not affect all basins, and caused broad basin uplift in the West and Central Netherlands basins while individual faults were no longer reactivated. It appears that due to crustal thickening during the first inversion pulses the crust could become stabilised such that further compression could only be accommodated by broad basin uplift.

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23

Martínez-Martínez, Javier, Anna Arizzi, and David Benavente. "The Role of Calcite Dissolution and Halite Thermal Expansion as Secondary Salt Weathering Mechanisms of Calcite-Bearing Rocks in Marine Environments." Minerals 11, no. 8 (August 23, 2021): 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11080911.

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This research focuses on the analysis of the influence of two secondary salt weathering processes on the durability of rocks exposed to marine environments: chemical dissolution of rock forming minerals and differential thermal expansion between halite and the hosting rock. These processes are scarcely treated in research compared to salt crystallisation. The methodology followed in this paper includes both in situ rock weathering monitoring and laboratory simulations. Four different calcite-bearing rocks (a marble, a microcrystalline limestone and two different calcarenites) were exposed during a year to a marine semiarid environment. Exposed samples show grain detachment, crystal edge corrosion, halite efflorescences and microfissuring. Crystal edge corrosion was also observed after the laboratory simulation during a brine immersion test. Calcite chemical dissolution causes a negligible porosity increase in all the studied rocks, but a significant modification of their pore size distribution. Laboratory simulations also demonstrate the deterioration of salt-saturated rocks during thermal cycles in climatic cabinet. Sharp differences between the linear thermal expansion of both a pure halite crystal and the different studied rocks justify the registered weight loss during the thermal cycles. The feedback between the chemical dissolution and differential thermal expansion, and the salt crystallisation of halite, contribute actively to the rock decay in marine environments.

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24

Burrel, Laura, and Antonio Teixell. "Contractional salt tectonics and role of pre-existing diapiric structures in the Southern Pyrenean foreland fold–thrust belt (Montsec and Serres Marginals)." Journal of the Geological Society 178, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): jgs2020–085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jgs2020-085.

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Triassic Keuper evaporites have long been recognized as the main detachment level for thrusting in the Pyrenean fold–thrust belts. The deformed Late Cretaceous–Eocene foreland basin of the Southern Pyrenees has structures and stratal geometries that can be interpreted as related to salt tectonics (e.g. unconformities, rapid thickness variations, long-lived growth fans and overturned flaps), although they have been overprinted by shortening and thrusting. Based on field observations and published maps, we build new structural cross-sections reinterpreting two classic transects of the Southern Pyrenees (Noguera Ribagorçana and Noguera Pallaresa river transects). The sequential restoration of the sections explores the variations in structural style, addressing the role of halokinesis in the tectonic and sedimentary development. In the Serres Marginals area, we propose that salt pillows and diapirs started developing locally during the Mesozoic pre-orogenic episode, evolving into a system of salt ridges and intervening synclines filled with early synorogenic sediments. Rapid amplification of folds recorded by widespread latest Cretaceous–Paleocene growth strata is taken as marking the onset of contractional folding in the area. During Pyrenean compression, folding mechanisms transitioned from dominantly halokinetic to a combination of buckling and differential sedimentary loading. Squeezing of salt diapirs and thrust welding occurred as salt ridges were unroofed. We provide new field observations that lead to a reinterpretation of the regional structural development and contribute to the debate about the role of salt tectonics in the Pyrenees.Supplementary material: Table S1, giving the thickness of the main stratigraphic units, is available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5287737

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25

Saab, Marc, Simon Javidi, Ali Dirani, and Ghassan Cordahi. "Displacement of Retained Subretinal Perfluorocarbon Liquid Through Therapeutic Retinal Detachment Induced by Balanced Salt Solution Injection." International Medical Case Reports Journal Volume 13 (May 2020): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/imcrj.s244166.

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26

Imai, Yoichi, Eun Jeong Park, Dan Peer, António Peixoto, Guiying Cheng, Ulrich H. von Andrian, Christopher V. Carman та Motomu Shimaoka. "Genetic perturbation of the putative cytoplasmic membrane-proximal salt bridge aberrantly activates α4 integrins". Blood 112, № 13 (15 грудня 2008): 5007–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2008-03-144543.

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Abstract α4 integrins play a pivotal role in leukocyte migration and tissue-specific homing. The ability of integrins to bind ligand is dynamically regulated by activation-dependent conformational changes triggered in the cytoplasmic domain. An NMR solution structure defined a putative membrane-proximal salt bridge between the αIIbβ3 integrin cytoplasmic tails, which restrains integrins in their low-affinity state. However, the physiological importance of this salt bridge in α4 integrin regulation remains to be elucidated. To address this question, we disrupted the salt bridge in murine germ line by mutating the conserved cytoplasmic arginine RGFFKR in α4 integrins. In lymphocytes from knock-in mice (α4-R/AGFFKR), α4β1 and α4β7 integrins exhibited constitutively up-regulated ligand binding. However, transmigration of these cells across VCAM-1 and MAdCAM-1 substrates, or across endothelial monolayers, was reduced. Perturbed detachment of the tail appeared to cause the reduced cell migration of α4-R/AGFFKR lymphocytes. In vivo, α4-R/AGFFKR cells exhibited increased firm adhesion to Peyer patch venules but reduced homing to the gut. Our results demonstrate that the membrane-proximal salt bridge plays a critical role in supporting proper α4 integrin adhesive dynamics. Loss of this interaction destabilizes the nonadhesive conformation, and thereby perturbs the properly balanced cycles of adhesion and deadhesion required for efficient cell migration.

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27

Ferrer, Oriol, Oscar Gratacós, Eduard Roca, and Josep Anton Muñoz. "Modeling the interaction between presalt seamounts and gravitational failure in salt-bearing passive margins: The Messinian case in the northwestern Mediterranean Basin." Interpretation 5, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): SD99—SD117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2016-0096.1.

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The northwest Mediterranean Basin includes a thick Messinian salt sequence composed of three evaporitic units. From these, the intermediate unit, which is dominantly composed of halite, acted as a gravitational detachment favoring the downslope failure of the overlying sediments in a thin-skinned deformation regime. As a result, the structure of the margin is characterized by an upper extensional domain with basinward-dipping listric normal faults and a lower contractional domain that accommodates upslope extension by folding, salt inflation, or diapir squeezing. Lower to middle Miocene volcanic seamounts (presalt reliefs) located at the upper extensional domain locally disrupted the evaporitic units and produced salt flow perturbations. They acted as passive buttresses during the gravitational failure modifying the structural zonation of the margin. Using an experimental approach (sandbox models), we analyze the role played by seamounts during the kinematic evolution of passive margins and how they alter salt flow and suprasalt deformation during gravitational gliding. The experiments found that the seamounts locally interrupt the structural zonation of the margin because they hindered downdip salt flow during early deformation. Seamounts initially compartmentalize the margin architecture, resulting in the development of two gravitational subsystems with two extensional/contractional pairs that are subsequently reconnected when the accumulation of salt analog upslope of the relief is enough to overthrust it. From this point onward, the cover is passively translated downslope as a regional system. The changes in the viscous layer flow velocity related to the dip differences between the flanks and edges of the seamount determine the kinematic evolution of this system. Our experiments also provide geometric constraints to consider during interpretation of these structures, which are commonly poorly imaged in seismic data.

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28

Salvanos, Panagiotis, Helgi D. Björnsson, Valeria Vitelli, Ragnheiður Bragadόttir, Morten C. Moe, and Tor P. Utheim. "Autofluorescence Imaging in the Long-Term Follow-Up of Scleral Buckling Surgery for Retinal Detachment." Journal of Ophthalmology 2022 (February 27, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2119439.

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Purpose. To analyse fundus autofluorescence (AF) changes in retinal reattachment following primary scleral buckling (SB) surgery for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). Methods. Prospective noninterventional chart review study. AF images were reviewed for peripheral and central changes and compared to clinical and OCT findings. Results. A total of 73 eyes from 69 patients were included, four presenting with bilateral RRD. Mean age was 55 ± 12 years, male/female ratio 40/29, fovea-on/-off RRD 43/30, and mean follow-up time 376 ± 270 days, with a mean of 5 ± 3 postoperative visits. Preoperatively, RRD was seen as a hypofluorescent area with a hyperfluorescent leading edge. Immediately postoperatively, three types of cryopexy could be differentiated, gradually transforming to scleral hyperfluorescence. Buckle tightening produced alternating hyper-/hypofluorescent streaks, and demarcation lines showed a persistent rugged hyperfluorescent signal. Choroidal detachment led to transient hypofluorescence, whereas vortex vein compression induced persistent hypofluorescence. Peripheral retinal folds were hyperfluorescent and the drainage site was hypofluorescent. AF was highly sensitive in detecting even small amounts of hyperfluorescent persistent subretinal fluid (SRF) that showed a slow resolution during follow-up. A granular “salt-and-pepper-” like pattern in the central macula was seen in 80% of eyes with fovea-off RRD and alternating streaks in 10%. Findings from OCT imaging correlated well with AF regarding SRF, macular oedema, retinal pigment epithelial detachment, and presence of a subretinal scar, but only moderately in epiretinal membrane formation and choroidal folds. Conclusions. AF is a useful, noninvasive, adjuvant tool in the long-term follow-up after SB surgery.

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Carola, Eloi, Oriol Ferrer, Oskar Vidal-Royo, and Josep Anton Muñoz. "Interpretation of salt-cored frontal structures in the Southern Pyrenees guided by analog modeling, surface and subsurface data." Interpretation 5, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): SD39—SD54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2016-0093.1.

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Southern Pyrenean frontal thrusts are usually blind or partially covered by syn- and post-tectonic sediments of the Ebro Foreland hampering their interpretation. We have investigated the geometry and evolution of the Súria Anticline, a frontal structure of the Southern Pyrenees, which is characterized by the presence of multiple buried and blind thrusts displaying a complex triangle zone and several fishtail structures at depth. To characterize the geometry and structural evolution, a combination of surface geology, subsurface data interpretation, and analog modeling have been integrated into a unique 3D geologic model. The surface geology of this area depicts a rather simple structure, characterized by a north-directed backthrust and a gentle anticline, both striking west–southwest/east–northeast. In contrast, geophysical data indicate that the subsurface structure is more complex, exhibiting several northward- and southward-directed thrusts and folds detaching on the Pyrenean foreland Eocene evaporites. Integration of surface (geologic maps and dip measurements) and subsurface data (seismic and wells) allowed us to reconstruct the 3D structure of this area. To produce a more robust kinematic model, we used an experimental approach to investigate the evolution of frontal structures in folds and thrust belts on evaporitic detachments. Different viscous layer configurations were tested in a series of sandbox models comparing them with the evolution of the Súria Anticline. Taking into account the deformation and that seismic quality is in general poor, the experimental results allow us to better characterize the structures developed in this area. Our structural evolution is characterized by an early stage of salt inflation and fold nucleation. With increasing shortening, the structure evolved to a detachment anticline eventually developing a northward-directed thrust that broke through the northern anticline limb. The present-day geometry developed in a later stage of fold reactivation, when a new regional fold formed, and tightened the preexisting structure.

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30

Fernando, Harindra J. S. "Buoyancy transfer across a diffusive interface." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 209 (December 1989): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112089003010.

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An experimental investigation of various aspects of buoyancy transfer across a diffusive density interface that separates stably stratified, turbulently convecting layers of relatively fresh cold water overlying hot salty water is described. It is argued that the interfacial layer should possess a double boundary-layer structure, in which the thicknesses of the salt and heat interfacial layers are determined by a balance between the opposing effects of diffusion and entrainment. Based on this argument, a simple theory, that predicts the interfacial-layer thickness, the diffusive heat and salt fluxes across the density interface, and the time variation of the temperature and salt concentrations in the convecting layers, is proposed for the case in which the convection is driven by a constant heat flux supplied to the lower layer. During a certain time interval, the theory and experiment agree well, but thereafter distinct differences can be seen. Measurements suggest that these differences may be due to the distortion of the density interface at low interfacial stabilities by turbulent eddies, which leads to a change in the buoyancy transfer mechanism. When the Richardson number falls below a critical value Riv, the interface was found to migrate slowly upwards and the mechanism of entrainment was the detachment of thin sheets of fluid by eddies scouring the interface.

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31

Vendeville, Bruno C., Tang Pengcheng, Fabien Graveleau, Huang Shaoying, and Xin Wang. "How the presence of a salt décollement in the sedimentary cover influences the behavior of subsalt thrusts in fold-and-thrust belts." Bulletin de la Société géologique de France 188, no. 6 (2017): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2017202.

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We conducted a series of analogue experiments on shortening of a brittle cover (dry sand) above a deep, thin, frictional detachment (glass microbeads). In some experiments, the cover was homogeneous, entirely brittle. In others, there was a thin viscous silicone layer (representing salt) embedded at mid height into the cover, and initially located in the foreland of the fold-and-thrust belt. Our goal was to determine whether or not the presence of such a décollement in the cover could have an impact on the mechanics and kinematics of the underlying subsalt thrusts. Results confirm that, once the front of the foldbelt reached the hinterland salt pinch out, the kinematics of the deeper belt changed drastically: its front stopped propagating forward, and most of the subsequent shortening was accommodated by a larger-than-normal slip along the foremost and youngest deep thrust, while, above the salt décollement, the deformation front propagated very fast, creating a very low surface slope. We hypothesize that it is the gentle sub-critical surface slope associated with rocksalt’s low viscosity that prevents the build-up of an overall surface slope steep enough to allow the underlying, deep foldbelt to continue propagating forward. Finally, one experiment in which only one half of the width of the model comprised an interbedded viscous décollement has shown that the kinematics of the deep thrust was affected even in the adjacent salt-free domain.

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32

Kaewpukpa, R., Sumaeth Chavadej, and J. F. Scamehorn. "Oily Soil Detergency under Microemulsion Conditions: Effects of Oil Loading and Surfactant Adsorption." Advanced Materials Research 55-57 (August 2008): 929–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.55-57.929.

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Detergency process of oily soil removal from fabrics is of interest and the mechanisms of oily soil removal are very complicated involving several factors: interfacial tension, oil loading and surfactant adsorption. In this study, the effects of oil loading and the surfactant adsorption on the detergency performance of oily soil removal were investigated. Mixed surfactant systems of branched alcohol propoxylate sulfate sodium salt (Alfoterra 145-3PO), an extended anionic surfactant, and secondary alcohol ethoxylate (Tergitol 15-S-5), a nonionic surfactant, were used to form microemulsions with motor oil. The CMC and CµC values of the mixed surfactants were 0.015 and 0.04 % total active mixed surfactants concentration, respectively. A polyester/cotton blend [65/35] was selected to use as a testing fabric in detergency experiments. The results showed that the oil loading and fabric weight did not affect the efficiency of oil removal. Furthermore, with the selected formulation (0.1 wt.% Alfoterra 145-3PO and 5 wt.% Tergitol 15-S-5), the oil detachment time was investigated at different temperatures (30-50°C) and different total surfactant concentrations (0.04-0.5 %). The results showed that increasing temperature and surfactant concentration were found to decrease the oil detachment time, leading to increasing oil removal.

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33

Ito, Hiroki, Takuo Hirose, Shigemitsu Sato, Akari Endo, Ikuko Oba Yabana, Kazuhiro Takahashi, and Takefumi Mori. "PS-BPB10-6: THE RELATION BETWEEN PERICYTE DETACHMENT AND INTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS IN DAHL SALT-SENSITIVE HYPERTENSIVE (DAHLS) RATS." Journal of Hypertension 41, Suppl 1 (January 2023): e290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0000915700.29756.22.

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34

Bearden, Bennett L., and Robert M. Mink. "Seismic expression of structural style in Norphlet formation, offshore Alabama." GEOPHYSICS 54, no. 10 (October 1989): 1230–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442582.

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During the past several years, the Jurassic Norphlet formation in offshore Alabama has been the focus of active exploration and development operations. Since the 1979 discovery of deep gas [greater than 6096 m (20 000 ft)] in Norphlet sandstones which contain estimated reserves of several trillion cubic feet, six Norphlet fields have been established in Alabama state waters and an additional six fields have been established in Federal Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) waters in offshore Alabama. We describe, using seismic data, the structural style associated with the Norphlet formation in offshore Alabama. More than 563 line‐kilometers (350 line‐miles) of multifold common‐depth‐point (CDP) seismic reflection data in Mobile Bay and offshore Alabama have been analyzed, interpreted, and mapped. The Lower Mobile Bay‐Mary Ann natural gas field provides an excellent seismic case study for the structural style in the deep Norphlet play. The field may be used as a geophysical exploration model for other Jurassic structures in offshore Alabama and the central and eastern Gulf of Mexico. Interpretation of the seismic data and maps indicates that Norphlet structures in offshore Alabama are predominantly east‐west trending, low‐relief, broad, elongate anticlines. The Lower Mobile Bay fault trend associated with the anticlines consists of pull‐apart, listric, normal faults characteristic of salt‐detachment structures. Many of these faults exhibit small‐scale growth. Salt thickness ostensibly increases from Mobile Bay to offshore Alabama and is exemplified by the development of a sequence of various structures typically associated with basinward increase of salt. Offshore Alabama structures may be classified as early horizontal phase or pillow‐stage features. Strata above the Haynesville seismic marker appear to be relatively flat, indicating early salt movement in the area. Small downbends associated with salt withdrawal exhibit thickening in the Haynesville‐Smack‐over section and are further complicated by normal faulting. The preponderance of the data suggests that the structures containing the large gas accumulations in the Norphlet formation in offshore Alabama are the result of salt tectonism.

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35

Martins, R., S. Fialho, M. Lima, D. Tavares, J. Mirão, S. Valadas, and A. E. Candeias. "Biodegradation assessment of a 16th century fresco from Southern Portugal." Microscopy and Microanalysis 15, S3 (July 2009): 65–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760999078x.

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AbstractThis work reports the study of the frescoes from the Casa de Fresco dos Sanches Baena in Vila Viçosa (Southeast Portugal) to allow their material characterisation, to identify the different microorganism populations and to assess their role in the deterioration of these paintings. The Casa de Fresco dos Sanches Baena is a small semi-underground building constructed in a Palace garden over a well and used as a cool refreshing place by the owners. The frescoes that cover the ceilings (composed of 4 panels) present rich mythological scenes and have other decorative elements, which make them an unusual example of this art form. Unfortunately, due to partial abandonment the paintings are in an advanced state of degradation exhibiting partial detachment of paint layers and mortars, salt efflorescences and abundant biological colonisations (Fig.1).

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36

Hay, Amanda J., and Jun Zhu. "Host Intestinal Signal-Promoted Biofilm Dispersal Induces Vibrio cholerae Colonization." Infection and Immunity 83, no. 1 (November 3, 2014): 317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.02617-14.

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Vibrio choleraecauses human infection through ingestion of contaminated food and water, leading to the devastating diarrheal disease cholera.V. choleraeforms matrix-encased aggregates, known as biofilms, in the native aquatic environment. While the formation ofV. choleraebiofilms has been well studied, little is known about the dispersal from biofilms, particularly upon entry into the host. In this study, we found that the exposure of mature biofilms to physiologic levels of the bile salt taurocholate, a host signal for the virulence gene induction ofV. cholerae, induces an increase in the number of detached cells with a concomitant decrease in biofilm mass. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs of biofilms exposed to taurocholate revealed an altered, perhaps degraded, appearance of the biofilm matrix. The inhibition of protein synthesis did not alter rates of detachment, suggesting thatV. choleraeundergoes a passive dispersal. Cell-free media from taurocholate-exposed biofilms contains a larger amount of free polysaccharide, suggesting an abiotic degradation of biofilm matrix by taurocholate. Furthermore, we found thatV. choleraeis only able to induce virulence in response to taurocholate after exit from the biofilm. Thus, we propose a model in whichV. choleraeingested as a biofilm has coopted the host-derived bile salt signal to detach from the biofilm and go on to activate virulence.

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37

Ings, Steven J., and John W. Shimeld. "A new conceptual model for the structural evolution of a regional salt detachment on the northeast Scotian margin, offshore eastern Canada." AAPG Bulletin 90, no. 9 (September 2006): 1407–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/04050605159.

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38

Gilyazova, A. A., A. N. Samoylov, and R. Kh Khafiz’yanova. "Laser photocoagulation for patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy." Kazan medical journal 96, no. 4 (August 15, 2015): 514–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17750/kmj2015-514.

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Aim. To assess the efficacy of laser photocoagulation treatment for patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Methods. The study included 17 eyes of 15 patients with relapse of central serous chorioretinopathy of different etiology, including 9 men. Patient’s age ranged from 34 to 55 years. Mean disease duration ranged from 3 months to 8 years. All study subjects underwent a standard ophthalmic examination including best-corrected visual acuity testing, intraocular pressure measurement, bioophthalmoscopy, color vision testing, visual field testing, optical coherence tomography, fluorescent angiography of the retina before and after the treatment. Fluorescein sodium salt (100 mg/ml, ampules of 5 ml, «Novartis Pharma» was used as a contrast. Before the treatment, neuroepithelial layer detachment height was 385.09±14.1 µm, the best-corrected visual acuity ranged from 0.41 to 0.82. The study group did not include the patients with secondary choroidal neovascularization. Diode laser with wave length of 532 nm («Carl Zeiss») was used for laser photocoagulation. The laser photocoagulation procedure was done using the following parameters: exposure time 0.05-0.1 sec, the spot diameter 100-200 µm, and the impulse energy of 100-200 mJ. Results. Significant improvement of visual acuity, disappearance of relative central scotoma proven by instrumental methods was seen in all patients. Best-corrected visual acuity was 0.91, decrease of neuroepithelial layer detachment height with adherence of all layers of the retina was reduced to 171.12±11.5 µm on the 3-5 day after laser photocoagulation. Patients were followed up from 1 to 6 months, with treatment results staying stable. Conclusion. Laser photocoagulation of a retina in treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy allows to achieve encouraging morphologic and functional results.

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39

He, Meinan, and Mei Cai. "(Digital Presentation) Lifsi Based Electrolyte Corrosion Study on Al Current Collector and Its Effect on Cu Side." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 3 (October 9, 2022): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-023190mtgabs.

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High energy density Li-ion battery with ultra-stable electrolyte is essential to facilitate the massive application of electric vehicles. Despite being used ubiquitously in Li-ion batteries, lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) is not stable both chemical and electrochemically, rendering the battery using LiPF6 based electrolyte. While lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) based electrolyte possesses both higher conductivity and better compatibility with the electrode materials compared to the traditional LiPF6 electrolyte, the high cost and the inability to suppress aluminum corrosion hinder its application in Li-ion batteries. In this work, we developed a bi-salt electrolyte by blending LiPF6 and LiFSI, as well as introducing Lithium difluoroborate (LiDFOB) as the anti-corrosion additive to mitigate the Al corrosion. Although the newly formulated electrolyte shows promising result at coin cell level, the big format pouch cell using the new electrolyte failed after prolonged cycling due to the detachment of the Cu tab. Based on the NMR results, we revealed that Al corrosion was accelerated by the change in the electrolyte formulation during cycling, and the situation was further escalated by the high state of charge (SOC). Most importantly, the Al3+ ions dissolved from the cathode side migrated to the anode side and formed alloy with Li and Cu, triggering the detachment of Cu tab, which was confirmed by SEM, ICP-MS and HRXRD. Owing to the higher current density and temperature on the tab region, it has significantly higher chance to be torn apart. In sum, it is imperative to precisely control both the SOC and the amount of LiFSI added to minimize the corrosion problem.

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40

Verdel, Charles, Nathan Niemi, and Ben A. van der Pluijm. "Thermochronology of the Salt Spring fault: Constraints on the evolution of the South Virgin–White Hills detachment system, Nevada and Arizona, USA." Geosphere 7, no. 3 (June 2011): 774–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges00616.1.

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41

Chen, Jing, and Mark C. Wagner. "Altered membrane-cytoskeleton linkage and membrane blebbing in energy-depleted renal proximal tubular cells." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 280, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): F619—F627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.2001.280.4.f619.

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The effects of energy depletion on two membrane-cytoskeletal linker proteins (ezrin and myosin-1β) and membrane bleb formation were studied in isolated rabbit proximal tubule cells. Measurements of cytoskeletal-membrane interactions by using the laser optic trap method revealed a stronger association of control tubule membrane with the apical cytoskeleton compared with the basal cytoskeleton. Energy depletion weakened the apical membrane-cytoskeleton interactions to a greater degree. Biochemical studies demonstrated that energy depletion altered both ezrin and myosin-1β. The salt-insensitive ezrin fraction dissociated from the cytoskeleton; myosin-1β redistributed from the peripheral cytoskeleton to a perinuclear/nuclear complex. These changes in ezrin and myosin-1β and the weakening of the membrane-cytoskeleton interactions correlated with the release of brush-border membrane blebs observed by differential interference contrast microscopy. Permeability of membrane blebs was also evaluated during energy depletion and indicated an increased permeabilization of basal blebs to 3-kDa dextrans. These results support the hypothesis that alterations in membrane-cytoskeleton linkers facilitate the formation and detachment of blebs by weakening membrane-cytoskeleton interactions.

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42

Hayashi, Hisayoshi, Katalin Szászi, Natasha Coady-Osberg, Wendy Furuya, Anthony P. Bretscher, John Orlowski, and Sergio Grinstein. "Inhibition and Redistribution of NHE3, the Apical Na+/H+ Exchanger, by Clostridium difficile Toxin B." Journal of General Physiology 123, no. 5 (April 1, 2004): 491–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.200308979.

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NHE3, the apical isoform of the Na+/H+ exchanger, is central to the absorption of salt and water across the intestinal epithelium. We report that treatment of epithelial cells with toxin B of Clostridium difficile, a diarrheal pathogen, causes a pronounced inhibition of NHE3 activity, with little effect on the basolateral NHE1 isoform. Depression of NHE3 activity is accompanied by the translocation of apical exchangers to a subapical endomembrane compartment. Treatment of cells with toxin B increased the fraction of exchangers that were solubilized by nonionic detergents and induced dephosphorylation and extensive redistribution of ezrin. The Rho-kinase inhibitor, Y-27632, also altered the distribution and activity of NHE3. We suggest that inactivation of Rho-family GTPases by clostridial toxin B alters the interaction between NHE3 and the microvillar cytoskeleton, possibly by impairing the ability of ezrin to bridge the exchangers to filamentous actin. Detachment of NHE3 from the actin skeleton would facilitate its internalization, resulting in net disappearance from the apical surface. The consequent inhibition of transport is likely to contribute to the diarrheal effects of C. difficile.

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43

Kislitsyna, N. M., A. V. Shatskikh, S. M. Dibirova, D. M. Sultanova, M. P. Veselkova, S. V. Kolesnik, and S. V. Novikov. "Macro-Microscopic Study of Posterior Vitreous Detachment Variants in an Ex Vivo Experiment." Fyodorov journal of ophthalmic surgery, no. 4 (December 29, 2020): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.25276/0235-4160-2020-4-50-55.

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Purpose. The key to understanding the development of any vitreoretinal pathology is a presence of a clear conception to possible variants of changes in the anatomical and topographic relationships of the posterior cortical layers of the vitreous body and the retinal internal limiting membrane (ILM) in a formation of posterior vitreous detachment (PVD). An original method of macro-microscopic examinations of anatomical objects proposed by professor V.P. Vorobyov, which includes investigations of morphological objects whose dimensions lie in the boundary area between macroscopic parameters studied by anatomists and microstructures studied by histologists, discover a new boundary area for the study of anatomical structures. However, it has not been practically used in ophthalmology until now. The study of a process for changes in the vitreoretinal interface during the PVD occurrence is difficult due to a complexity of simulation, a possibility of visualization, and an absence of approved protocols for macro-microscopic research. Purpose. To study variants of anatomical and topographical changes in the vitreoretinal interface during the formation of induced PVD in ex vivo experiments using the method of macro-microscopic examination. Material and methods. The study was performed in 24 eyeballs of cadaver donors. To assess changes in the vitreoretinal interface in the process of PVD induction, an original method of dissection was used, that allows to isolate layer-by-layer the cortical layers of the vitreous body and the retinal ILM, with a possibility of further evaluation of changes in the vitreoretinal interface by the macro-microscopic examination. Salt barium sulfate suspension Video-contrast was used with the purpose to contrast vitreous fibers. Macroscopic investigation was carried out using the Topcon OMS-800 operating microscope with an indication from x8 to x21 magnification, microscopic changes were evaluated by the light microscopy method with x50, x100, x200, x400 x630 magnification using the Leica DM LB2 microscope with the subsequent photo registration. Results. During the macro-microscopic study, three variants of possible changes in the vitreoretinal interface during the development of induced PVD were revealed, which were interpreted as the normal (true) PVD and abnormal PVD, which occurred both with the formation (the variant A) of vitreoschisis zones (exfoliation of the cortical layers of the vitreous body) and with the zones of retinal ILM exfoliation (the variant B). Conclusion. The proposed method of macro-microscopic investigation of the vitreoretinal interface allows to dissect isolated sequentially layer-by-layer the cortical layers of the vitreous body and the retinal ILM with subsequent fixation on a special substrate according to the original method and the possibility to carry out a histological section and its evaluation by the light microscopy method. The application of the developed method allows to accurately assess changes in the vitreoretinal interface on any isolated site of the vitreoretinal surface. The presented work demonstrates possibilities for the application of the method to detect variants of changes in the vitreoretinal interface within the formation of induced PVD. Keywords: posterior vitreous detachment, internal limiting membrane, dissection of the vitreous body, vitreoretinal interface.

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44

Thiyam, P., E. R. A. Lima, O. I. Malyi, D. F. Parsons, S. Y. Buhmann, C. Persson, and M. Boström. "Effects of van der Waals forces and salt ions on the growth of water films on ice and the detachment of CO 2 bubbles." EPL (Europhysics Letters) 113, no. 4 (February 1, 2016): 43002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/113/43002.

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45

Jammes, Suzon, Gianreto Manatschal, and Luc Lavier. "Interaction between prerift salt and detachment faulting in hyperextended rift systems: The example of the Parentis and Mauléon basins (Bay of Biscay and western Pyrenees)." AAPG Bulletin 94, no. 7 (July 2010): 957–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/12090909116.

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46

Khalili, Marzieh, and Yildirim Dilek. "The 9 April 2013 Kaki earthquake (Mw 6.3) in SW Iran occurred along a blind backthrust in the Fars geological province of the Zagros Fold and Thrust Belt." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 501, no. 1 (2021): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp501-2021-20.

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AbstractThe Zagros Fold and Thrust Belt (ZFTB) in southern Iran is a seismically active tectonic zone, where SW-vergent thrust faults and NW–SE- and NE–SW-oriented strike-slip fault systems accommodate crustal shortening, resulting from the active Arabia–Eurasia collision. The majority of earthquakes in Iran occur within the ZFTB, posing a major hazard for society. The 9 April 2013 Kaki Earthquake (Mw 6.3) in the southern part of the ZFTB took place along a fault that was previously unknown regarding its surface expression, geometry and kinematics. We have used surface–subsurface distributions and focal mechanism solutions of the Kaki Earthquake aftershocks to characterize the fault system responsible for the quake. Our results indicate that it was a NE-vergent thrust fault with a minor dextral component that slipped c. 7–17 km at depth, causing the Kaki Earthquake. There were no surface ruptures, although some surface fissures developed in fluvial terraces during the main shock. We interpret this fault as a blind backthrust, which probably represents a reactivated Mesozoic basement fault emanating from the Zagros detachment surface. An upper shallow décollement zone within the Miocene Gachsaran Salt facilitated its upward propagation on the back-limb of an overturned syncline.

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47

Mariotti, Cesare, Michele Nicolai, Simone Donati, and Michele Reibaldi. "Negative staining of the vitreous with the use of vital dyes." European Journal of Ophthalmology 28, no. 1 (April 13, 2017): 117–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/ejo.5000968.

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Purpose: The vitreous cortex, epiretinal membrane (ERM), and inner limiting membrane (ILM) are transparent tissues and are thus difficult to visualize. Staining these structures can increase the efficiency of a nontraumatic removal. Methods: The surgeon performs a partial core vitrectomy and induces a posterior vitreous detachment. The vital dye is then injected into the retrohyaloid space in balanced salt solution (BSS). The dyes used are TWIN (Alchimia srl, Padova, Italy), MembraneBlue-Dual (DORC International, Zuidland, the Netherlands), and Doubledyne (Alfa Intes, Casoria, Italy). The surgeon can complete the vitrectomy and gradually aspirate the dye with the probe. Once the vitrectomy is complete, the surgeon can perform the peeling of the ERM without the need to reinject the vital dye over the macula. Results: The presence of the dye over the macula facilitates visualization of the vitreous cortex by blocking the red reflex and increasing the contrast power of the coaxial light probe during the vitrectomy. This allows a negative coloration of the vitreous because the dye acts by increasing the visibility of the surrounding BSS and not the vitreous itself. Conclusions: We describe a new chromovitrectomy technique using the same dye to increase the visualization of the vitreous, posterior hyaloid, ERM, and ILM.

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48

ZHELTONOZHSKAYA, Т. B., N. М. PERMYAKOVA, A. S. FOMENKO, L. R. KUNITSKAYA, V. V. KLEPKO, L. М. GRISHCHENKO, and D. О. KLYMCHUK. "FORMATION OF NICKEL NANOPARTICLES IN SOLUTIONS OF A HYDROPHILIC GRAFT COPOLYMER." Polymer journal 43, no. 2 (June 9, 2021): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/polymerj.43.02.079.

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A graft copolymer of poly(vinyl alcohol) and polyacrylamide (PVA-g-PAAm) with interacting main and grafted chains was synthesized by radical matrix polymerization of PAAm from the PVA backbone in an aqueous medium. Its basic molecular parameters including the number and length (molecular weight) of grafts were determined using elemental analysis, DTGA and viscometry. The copolymer macromolecules formed special monomolecular micelles of elipsoidal shape and length ~18-64 nm in aqueous solutions due to the formation of intramolecular polycomplexes between the main and grafted chains. This copolymer was used as a hydrophilic matrix for the in situ synthesis of nickel nanoparticles (NiNPs) in aqueous solutions.On the basis of UV-Vis spectroscopy, an original and simple method for monitoring the kinetics of the formation and yield of metal nanoparticles in systems in which a surface plasmon resonance band does not appear has been proposed and implemented. Using this approach, the kinetics of borohydride reduction of Ni-salt to NiNPs in pure water and PVA-g-PAAm solutions was studied depending on the concentrations of Ni-salt and copolymer matrices. An increase in the initial rate of accumulation and yield of NiNPs with an increase in the concentration of Ni-salt and a decrease in both parameters in copolymer solutions in comparison with pure water was established. At the same time, the accumulation rate and NiNP yield in a complex way was depended on the matrix concentration that was determined by the ratio of such factors as a decrease in the diffusion rate of NaBH4 molecules in copolymer solutions and the accumulation of Ni2+-ions in matrix particles due to complexation with active chemical groups at the first stage of reduction process. The morphology and main structural elements of the NiNPs/PVA-g-PAAm composition were revealed using TEM. It was shown that the in situ synthesis of NiNPs in copolymer matrices was accompanied by the “detachment” of PAAm grafts from the main PVA chains and led to the appearance of two new structures, such as “hairy coils” and “hairy rods”, containing small spherical NiNPs (d~0,5–12,0 nm) in isolated and chain states, respectively. The appearance of the latter structures was explained by the formation of coordination complexes of Ni2+-ions with active groups of both PVA and PAAm chains at the first stage of the reduction reaction.

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49

Cooper, David J. W., Michael P. Searle, and Mohammed Y. Ali. "Structural evolution of Jabal Qumayrah: A salt-intruded culmination in the northern Oman Mountains." GeoArabia 17, no. 2 (April 1, 2012): 121–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia1702121.

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ABSTRACT The Jabal Qumayrah area of the northern Oman Mountains records the evolution and subsequent destruction of a Mesozoic passive continental margin in the Oman segment of the Neo-Tethys Ocean, followed by the re-establishment of a passive margin, punctuated by phases of Tertiary compression. Almost uniquely along the Oman Mountains, it also contains intrusions of salt. Detachment of oceanic sediments and volcanics during the early phases of NE-directed subduction beneath the nascent Semail Ophiolite created an in-sequence stack of imbricated thrust units comprising distal trench units (Haybi Complex), and deep-ocean and continental rise sediments derived from the Mesozoic Oman margin (the Hawasina Complex). These were emplaced onto the depressed margin beneath and ahead of the ophiolite during its obduction in the Cenomanian– Coniacian. The Mesozoic continental slope sediments of the Sumeini Group had already been largely over-ridden by the more distal thrust sheets when the Hawasina sole thrust propagated into those sediments. This detached a Sumeini Group thrust sheet, which was transported westward for at least 7 km, carrying with it the overlying Hawasina thrust stack. Structurally lower parts of the Hawasina thrust stack (Hamrat Duru Group) also extended ahead of the Sumeini Group thrust sheet, but they were not restacked with it, indicating motion continued along this part of the Hawasina sole thrust. Further footwall collapse detached at least one more imbricate within the Sumeini Group and the combined thrust stack was then folded along a N-S axis, possibly above a frontal ramp. This was associated with complex out-of-sequence forward and back-thrusting at the lower structural levels. A right-lateral scissors fault developed at right angles to the direction of nappe transport, associated with normal faulting down-to-south. Late-stage culmination within the nappe pile created an asymmetrical west-facing dome, around which the structurally overlying Hawasina thrust sheets are folded. Passive margin sedimentation was re-established in the Campanian–Maastrichtian following subsidence of the locally emergent nappe pile and was dominated by carbonate sedimentation with little clastic input from the ophiolite or Hawasina sediments. Stable sedimentation persisted until Oligocene–Miocene compression, synchronous with the Zagros compressional event in Iran, resulted in west-facing folding along the western side of the northern Oman Mountains and their subsequent uplift. The Jabal Qumayrah massif preserves a salt intrusion composed of gypsum and anhydrite, the top of which is now exposed in the centre of the culmination. The origin of the salt remains unclear and investigations continue. Possible sources include the extension of the major regional salt basins found in the foreland, in particular those at the Ediacaran/Cambrian boundary (Ara Group), beneath the Hawasina Nappes and Semail Ophiolite. Alternatively, evaporitic basins may have developed locally along the edge of the proto Neo-Tethyan margin during the earliest rifting phase, beneath what became the continental slope deposits, although there is little evidence for these elsewhere in the autochthonous shelf succession.

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50

Chen, Ke, and Ruoying He. "Numerical Investigation of the Middle Atlantic Bight Shelfbreak Frontal Circulation Using a High-Resolution Ocean Hindcast Model." Journal of Physical Oceanography 40, no. 5 (May 1, 2010): 949–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jpo4262.1.

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Abstract A nested high-resolution ocean model is used to hindcast the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB) shelfbreak circulation from December 2003 to June 2008. The model is driven by tidal harmonics, realistic atmospheric forcing, and dynamically consistent initial and open boundary conditions obtained from a large-scale circulation model. Simulated shelfbreak sea levels and tracer fields compare favorably with satellite observations and available in situ hydrographic climatology, demonstrating the utility of this nested ocean model for resolving the MAB shelfbreak circulation. The resulting time and space continuous hindcast solutions between January 2004 and December 2007 are used to describe the mean structures and temporal variations of the shelfbreak front and jet, the bottom boundary layer detachment, and the migration of the shelfbreak front. It is found that the shelfbreak jet and boundary convergence reach their maximum intensities in the spring, at which time the foot of the front also migrates to its farthest offshore position. Vorticity analyses reveal that the magnitude ratio of the mean relative vorticity between the seaward and the shoreward portions of the shelfbreak front is about 2:1. The shelfbreak ageostrophic circulation is largely controlled by the viscosity in the boundary layers and by the nonlinear advection in the flow interior. Simulated three-dimensional velocity and tracer fields are used to estimate the transport and heat and salt fluxes across the 200-m isobath. Within the model domain, the total cross-shelf water transport, the total eddy heat flux, and the total eddy salt flux are 0.035 ± 0.26 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1), 1.0 × 103 ± 4 × 104 W m−2, and 6.7 × 10−5 ± 7.0 × 10−4 kg m−2 s−1. The empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis on the 4-yr shelfbreak circulation hindcast solutions identifies two dominant modes. The first EOF mode accounts for 61% variance, confirming that the shelfbreak jet is a persistent year-round circulation feature. The second mode accounts for 13% variance, representing the baroclinic eddy passages across the shelf break.

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