Щоб переглянути інші типи публікацій з цієї теми, перейдіть за посиланням: Salmonella broughton.
Статті в журналах з теми "Salmonella broughton"
Оформте джерело за APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard та іншими стилями
Ознайомтеся з топ-44 статей у журналах для дослідження на тему "Salmonella broughton".
Біля кожної праці в переліку літератури доступна кнопка «Додати до бібліографії». Скористайтеся нею – і ми автоматично оформимо бібліографічне посилання на обрану працю в потрібному вам стилі цитування: APA, MLA, «Гарвард», «Чикаго», «Ванкувер» тощо.
Також ви можете завантажити повний текст наукової публікації у форматі «.pdf» та прочитати онлайн анотацію до роботи, якщо відповідні параметри наявні в метаданих.
Переглядайте статті в журналах для різних дисциплін та оформлюйте правильно вашу бібліографію.
1
Afroz, Farzana, Md Mostafizer Rahman, Md Fakhruzzaman, and Mezabh Uddin. "Lethal Effects of Salmonella Toxin Isolated from Layer Chickens." Microbes and Health 1, no. 1 (February 9, 2013): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/mh.v1i1.13708.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study was conducted to determine lethal effects of Salmonella toxin isolated from layer chickens. The chickens were collected from Paragon Poultry Farm, Rangpur and Ahana Poultry Farm, Dinajpur and brought to the Microbiology Laboratory at the Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, to isolate and identify Salmonella spp., and subsequent toxin separation from the isolated organisms for the detection of lethal effects of the toxin. The lethality of isolated toxin was evaluated in day-old-chick. The toxicity in case of oral administration was 50%, whereas the rate was 80% when chicks were administered through intra-peritoneal route. The chick mortality rate was 65%. For toxin extraction, Salmonellae were isolated and identified from layer chickens. Out of 196 organ samples, 51 were found to be positive for Salmonella spp., of which 33 and 18 were of Paragon Poultry Farm and Ahana Poultry Farm, respectively. Total 60 chickens (27 pullets and 33 layers) were screened. The percentages of positive samples (liver, spleen, lung, heart) from these farms were 29.82 and 20.73%, respectively and the average prevalence of Salmonellae was 26.02%. In case of Paragon Poultry Farm, the prevalence of salmonellosis in pullet was 23.08% and in layer, it was 35.48%, whereas in case of Ahana Poultry Farm, the prevalence was 16.67 and 23.91%, respectively.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/mh.v1i1.13708 Microbes and Health Vol.1(1) June 2012 pp.19-22
2
Afriyani, Afriyani, Darmawi Darmawi, Fakhrurrazi Fakhrurrazi, Zakiah Heryawati Manaf, Mahdi Abrar, and Winaruddin Winaruddin. "ISOLASI BAKTERI Salmonella sp. PADA FESES ANAK AYAM BROILER DI PASAR ULEE KARENG BANDA ACEH (Isolation of Salmonella sp. in Feces of Broiler Chicks at Ulee Kareng Market Banda Aceh)." Jurnal Medika Veterinaria 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21157/j.med.vet..v10i1.4047.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The research aimed to isolate Salmonella sp.in feces of broiler chicks. Fifteen feces samples of broiler chick were obtained from Ulee Kareng Market in Banda Aceh. Chick cloaca was swabbed using a sterile cotton swab, put into the microtube, and brought to the Microbiology Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Syiah Kuala University. The samples were incubated in selenite cystine broth (SCB) medium, cultured in salmonella shigella agar (SSA) and separated colonies were inoculated in nutrien agar (NA) at 37° C for 24 hours. Bacteria stained with Gram staining then tested biochemically. The result showed that Salmonella sp. were identified in 9 out of 15 feces chicks samples. It ca be concluded that broiler chick in Ulee Kareng Market Banda Aceh contaminated with bacteria Salmonella sp.
3
HOGUE, ALLAN T., DAVID W. DREESEN, STANLEY S. GREEN, ROBERT D. RAGLAND, WILLIAM O. JAMES, EDWARD A. BERGERON, L. VICTOR COOK, MARK D. PRATT, and DAVID R. MARTIN. "Bacteria on Beef Briskets and Ground Beef: Correlation with Slaughter Volume and Antemortem Condemnation." Journal of Food Protection 56, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): 110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-56.2.110.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Aerobic plate counts of 3,455 brisket and 1,370 ground beef samples were examined for association with slaughter volume in 547 U.S. beef slaughter establishments. In general, high-volume beef slaughter establishments control total aerobic bacteria counts on briskets and ground beef more effectively than small volume establishments. The lower Aerobic plate counts at high slaughter volumes may have resulted from uniformity of cattle slaughtered, specialization of labor, measures taken to prevent contamination, and effective decontamination of carcasses in high-volume slaughter establishments. In this study the prevalence of Salmonella contamination was found to be more closely associated with the health of animals brought to slaughter than with certain conditions in the slaughter establishments. The prevalence of contamination of brisket and ground beef samples with Salmonella was highest in calf slaughter establishments. Salmonella contamination on brisket samples increased as antemortem condemnation increased in establishments that slaughter calves. No association was found between Salmonella contamination and slaughter volume.
4
Galès, P., and B. Baleux. "Influence of the Drainage Basin input on a Pathogenic Bacteria (Salmonella) Contamination of a Mediterranean Lagoon (The Thau Lagoon - France) and the Survival of This Bacteria in Brackish Water." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 12 (June 1, 1992): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0342.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Research has been carried out over a 10 month period with the aim of identifying potential sources of Salmonella contamination in a Mediterranean lagoon (the Thau Lagoon). Two types of source have been sampled, permanent ones which are checked monthly, and incidental ones. The highest occurrence of Salmonella is linked to episodic events brought on by rainfall. After summer low water levels, the rising of river water brings back into circulation water from pools previously formed by waste water from sewage treatment plants and sediments, thus creating a significant source of bacteria. The sewer system can also supply the Thau Lagoon with varying quantities of Salmonella when the system breaks down, and also when it is overloaded by an excess of rainwater following a storm. Monthly checks reveal that discharges of Salmonella occurred occasionally in permanent inputs, whereas the outflow from the Mèze pond provides a quasi-permanent, but negligible, source of contamination. The major risk of shellfish breeding contamination is thus associated with rainfall, and the occasional overflow of raw wastewater.The survival of Salmonella in the lagoon waters varies in function with the seasons, and the risk is greatest at those times of the year when autopurification can be affected.
5
Adhikari, Sunil, Suraj Rijal, and Ashish Shrestha. "Salmonella gastroenteritis outbreak in a family: a case report." Journal of Patan Academy of Health Sciences 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpahs.v6i2.27230.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Five members of a family were brought to emergency with complaints of high grade fever, pain abdomen, diarrhoea and vomiting. The symptoms started after five hours of food, the vegetable curry by this family. Four of them were in hypovolemic shock and two had significant pus cells in stool examination. All of them were discharged by seven days. Stool culture of three of these patients showed salmonella.
6
Jepsen, Svend-Erik, Michael Krause, and Henrik Grüttner. "Reduction of fecal streptococcus and salmonella by selected treatment methods for sludge and organic waste." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 11 (December 1, 1997): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0412.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The increasing utilization of waste water sludge and source-separated organic household waste in agriculture has brought the quality aspects into focus, among others the hygienic aspects. In this study, the reducting effect on Fecal Streptococcus (FS) and Salmonella of different methods for stabilization and methods for further treatment of sludge and organic waste has been investigated. The most common methods for stabilization, i.e. aerobic and anaerobic stabilization, only reduce the indicator organisms by approximately 1 logarithmic decade. Methods for further treatment of sludge and organic waste have shown reductions of microorganisms allowing for unrestricted utilization in agriculture, meeting the product control: FS below 100/g and no Salmonella detected. The effect of storage of sludge at summer and winter temperature respectively has been investigated. At temperatures (around 20°C) significant reductions of Salmonella were found, while the die out at low temperatures (below 10°C) was limited. FS was not reduced systematically during storage, and therefore, FS is not usable as indicator organism for the hygienic properties of sludge during storage.
7
Yalçın, Yasemin, Pelin Koçak Kızanlık, Cemil Şahiner, and Ergün Ömer Göksoy. "Evaluation of the effect of cooling on the microbiological quality of lamb carcasses." Food and Health 7, no. 3 (2021): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3153/fh21019.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study aimed to determine the effects of cooling on microbiological quality of lamb carcasses. Total Aerobic Bacteria Count (TABC), Enterobactericeae counts and the presence of Salmonella spp. were investigated in accordance with the Turkish Food Codex Regulation on Microbiological Criteria and European Union Commission Regulation 2073/2005. Sampling was carried out on aseptic conditions from the surface of 25 randomly selected lambs brought to slaughterhouse. The results showed that the mean TABC were 2.24±0.087 log cfu/cm2 before cooling and 2.41±0.061 log cfu/cm2 after cooling (P>0.05). The mean Enterobactericeae count was 0.21±0.11 log cfu/cm2 before cooling and 0.69±0.13 log cfu/cm2 after cooling (P<0.01). Furthermore, Salmonella spp. were determined on 3 carcasses before cooling and one another carcass after cooling. The influence of cooling on categorisation according to the legislations presented that it could potentially improve the numbers of acceptable carcasses for TABC and Salmonella spp. Nevertheless, the results exhibited that the hygiene and cooling stage of the slaughter line must be re-evaluated in terms of HACCP requirements and that corrective measures/actions must be taken.
8
FAJARDO, T. A., R. C. ANANTHESWARAN, V. M. PURI, and S. J. KNABEL. "Penetration of Salmonella enteritidis into Eggs Subjected to Rapid Cooling." Journal of Food Protection 58, no. 5 (May 1, 1995): 473–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-58.5.473.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Eggs were cooled to 0°C using two different cooling rates, natural convection, and forced convection at an air speed of 30.5 m/min. Upon rapid cooling using forced convection and when brought back to room temperature, eggs were more prone to penetration by Salmonella enteritidis (strain PS8NSR). Eggs cooled using forced convection had 100% penetration by PS8NSR; eggs cooled using natural convection had 91.3% penetration; and uncooled eggs had 48% penetration. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that shells of both cooled and uncooled eggs had microscopic cracks; however, cracks were more numerous and larger in shells of cooled eggs.
9
Vercelli, Andrea, Enrico Lo Cicero, and Luca Pazzini. "Salmonella typhimurium Endocarditis and Myocarditis in a Cat." Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine 2019 (December 9, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7390530.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An 8-month-old neutered male outdoor cat was brought to our surgical center for a sudden onset of diarrhea, pyrexia, and lethargy. Physical examination revealed a loud left parasternal systolic murmur with no thrill. An echocardiogram showed a large hyperechoic vegetation (about 9 mm thick) on the aortic valve leaflets. The results of Doppler ultrasound examination were compatible with severe aortic stenosis. A singular urine culture test performed by cystocentesis samples enabled the isolation of more than 105 CFU/ml in a pure culture of Salmonella typhimurium. Enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes and moderate dilatation of small bowel loops were found on abdominal ultrasound examination. The patient was treated with marbofloxacin (2 mg/kg IM every 24 hours), cefazoline (20 mg/kg SC every 12 hours), metronidazole (10 mg/Kg IV every 12 hours), clopidogrel (18.75 mg PO every 24 hours), atenolol (0.5 mg/kg OS every 12 hours), and fluid therapy (ringer acetate 2.5 ml/kg/h), but after three days in hospital the patient died from presumed septic shock. A urine culture revealed that Salmonella typhimurium was sensitive to third generation cephalosporins but not to fluoroquinolones. Necropsy, histologic examinations, culture of the aortic valve, and PCR analysis of the aortic valve leaflets were eventually performed and Salmonella typhimurium endocarditis with myocardial phlegmon was confirmed. Endocarditis is a rare disease in cats and poorly described in the veterinary literature. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of Salmonella typhimurium endocarditis and myocarditis in a cat.
10
Khanal, S., M. Kandel, and M. P. Shah. "Antibiogram Pattern of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus spp. Isolates from Broiler Chicken." Nepalese Veterinary Journal 36 (December 1, 2019): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nvj.v36i0.27763.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study was conducted on clinical cases of broiler chicken brought at National Avian Disease Investigation Laboratory (NADIL) and Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Agriculture and Forestry University during the period of December, 2018 to April, 2019. The study was aimed to find the antibiogram pattern of Escherichia coli, Salmonella species and Staphylococcus species. A total of 50 ill broiler liver samples were collected and inoculated in Nutrient Agar, XLD agar Mac-Conkey agar, EMB Agar and Mannitol Salt Agar and incubated for 24 hours at 370C. During microbiological examination, prevalence of E.coli was 36 %, Salmonella species was 2% and Staphylococcus species was 8% where as mixed infection was 40%. Antibiogram profile for E. coli isolates were sensitive to Amikacin (88.89%) followed by Colistin (66.67%), Ciprofloxacin (50%), Levofloxacin (42.10%) and Gentamycin (27.78%) while Ceftriaxone (11.11%) and Tetracycline (11.11%) was recorded as least sensitive, for Salmonella species isolates were highly sensitive to Amikacin (100%) and other remaining antibiotics; Ceftriaxone , Gentamicin, Levofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Colistin and Tetracycline were observed to be resistant and for Staphylococcus spp. isolates were sensitive to Amikacin (75%) followed by Gentamicin (25%) , Levofloxacin (25%), and Ciprofloxacin (25%) while Tetracycline and Colistin were resistant. In the conclusion, it is strongly recommended to decrease the unethical use of antibiotics to minimize the development of resistance strain of microbes in the future.
11
WYATT, GARY M., HEATHER A. LEE, SARAH DIONYSIOU, MICHAEL R. A. MORGAN, D. J. STOKELY, A. H. AL-HAJJI, J. RICHARDS, A. J. SILLIS, and P. H. JONES. "Comparison of a Microtitration Plate ELISA with a Standard Cultural Procedure for the Detection of Salmonella spp. in Chicken." Journal of Food Protection 59, no. 3 (March 1, 1996): 238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-59.3.238.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A rapid antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detecting a wide range of Salmonella serotypes and employing only one culture stage was used to analyze the giblets and body cavity rinsings from frozen chickens. The results from the ELISA were compared with those obtained using a standard cultural procedure in current use in two laboratories, Norwich (N) and Ipswich (I), of the Public Health Laboratory Service (PHLS) in the UK. ELISAs were carried out on the same samples at each of two PHLS laboratories and at the Institute of Food Research with good agreement (94% and 90%). When compared with the cultural method there was 80% and 70% agreement with the ELISA with the PHLS(N) and PHLS(l) samples. The ELISA appeared to have a false-positive rate of 17% (samples from PHLS(N)) but on reculture of the “negative” samples this rate fell to 7%. The false-negative rate for the ELISA was 26% (samples from PHLS(N)) which appeared to be due to insufficient growth of the Salmonella spp. in the single cultural step employed in the ELISA rather than lack of recognition by the antibodies. The problem of false negatives with the cultural method is also discussed. These results are comparable to previously published studies relating immunoassays and the conventional procedure for Salmonella detection when analyzing similar samples. Suggestions are made as to how further increases in ELISA efficiency might be brought about.
12
Iino, T., Tomoko Oguchi, and T. Kuroiwa. "Polymorphism in a Flagellar-shape Mutant of Salmonella typhimurium." Microbiology 81, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00221287-81-1-37.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A flagellar-shape mutant, designated ‘polymorphous’, was isolated from a normal flagella strain of Salmonella typhimurium. The mutant produces normal flagella in phase 1 and polymorphous flagella in phase 2. The polymorphous flagella are either straight or possess one of the four distinct wave-forms, namely M, S, N or C, when observed with an electron microscope after negative staining with phosphotungstic acid or uranyl acetate. Conversions between the four wave-forms were found to be brought about mainly by a change in the degree of twisting of longitudinal strands around the axis of a flagella filament, without marked change in the relative lengths of the outermost and innermost strands. The major fraction of the polymorphous mutant flagella showed the N-form under any conditions of specimen preparation. The remaining four forms appeared as minor fractions in various proportions. Specimens fixed with formalin showed less pronounced polymorphism than unfixed ones. Negative staining with uranyl acetate was more effective than with phosphotungstic acid for observing polymorphism. Even though more than one form appeared among the polymorphous flagella, each individual flagellum comprised a single form except for a rare coexistence of S and N. The same form of flagella tended to coexist in a bacterium in a heteromorphously flagellated cell population. It was concluded that the conformation and arrangement of the flagellin molecules responsible for wave-form result from strong mutual interactions between the neighbouring molecules along the flagellar filaments and also, to a lesser extent, between the neighbouring filaments in a flagellar bundle, as well as being influenced by the physico-chemical environment.
13
Das, BC, S. Das, BK Nath, MA Parvez, and S. Hossain. "Post Mortem Examination of Barn owl in Bangladesh - A first case report." International Journal of Natural Sciences 4, no. 2 (July 31, 2016): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijns.v4i2.28602.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The present study was the first postmortem examination of a barn owl in Bangladesh. A female Barn owl weighing 450grams was brought to the Teaching Veterinary Hospital (TVH) at Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU) by the forest department, Chittagong. The history of traumatic injury on left wing by an electric fan one day back was recorded. Clinical and radiographic examination revealed an open overriding proximal left metacarpal fracture and was decided for pinning to correct the fracture. Retrograde intramedullary pinning was performed and immobilized the wing by bandage. At postoperative day one, owl was found death and PM was performed to find out the actual clues. Gross postmortem examination revealed chalky whitish layer formed over the heart and liver which indicates pericarditis and perihepatitis. Hemorrhage in the left thigh muscle was also observed. Biochemical examination revealed salmonella organism in the samples of liver and heart. Histopathological examination found tissue changes in the suspected organs. In conclusion, it is revealed that the probable causes of death were inanition, pain shock, unfavorable environment and with salmonella infection.International Journal of Natural Sciences (2014), 4(2) 34-37
14
Ono, Shusuke, Martin D. Goldberg, Tjelvar Olsson, Diego Esposito, Jay C. D. Hinton, and John E. Ladbury. "H-NS is a part of a thermally controlled mechanism for bacterial gene regulation." Biochemical Journal 391, no. 2 (October 10, 2005): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20050453.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Temperature is a primary environmental stress to which micro-organisms must be able to adapt and respond rapidly. Whereas some bacteria are restricted to specific niches and have limited abilities to survive changes in their environment, others, such as members of the Enterobacteriaceae, can withstand wide fluctuations in temperature. In addition to regulating cellular physiology, pathogenic bacteria use temperature as a cue for activating virulence gene expression. This work confirms that the nucleoid-associated protein H-NS (histone-like nucleoid structuring protein) is an essential component in thermoregulation of Salmonella. On increasing the temperature from 25 to 37 °C, more than 200 genes from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium showed H-NS-dependent up-regulation. The thermal activation of gene expression is extremely rapid and change in temperature affects the DNA-binding properties of H-NS. The reduction in gene repression brought about by the increase in temperature is concomitant with a conformational change in the protein, resulting in the decrease in size of high-order oligomers and the appearance of increasing concentrations of discrete dimers of H-NS. The present study addresses one of the key complex mechanisms by which H-NS regulates gene expression.
15
deLivron, Megan A., and Victoria L. Robinson. "Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium BipA Exhibits Two Distinct Ribosome Binding Modes." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 17 (July 11, 2008): 5944–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00763-08.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT BipA is a highly conserved prokaryotic GTPase that functions to influence numerous cellular processes in bacteria. In Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, BipA has been implicated in controlling bacterial motility, modulating attachment and effacement processes, and upregulating the expression of virulence genes and is also responsible for avoidance of host defense mechanisms. In addition, BipA is thought to be involved in bacterial stress responses, such as those associated with virulence, temperature, and symbiosis. Thus, BipA is necessary for securing bacterial survival and successful invasion of the host. Steady-state kinetic analysis and pelleting assays were used to assess the GTPase and ribosome-binding properties of S. enterica BipA. Under normal bacterial growth, BipA associates with the ribosome in the GTP-bound state. However, using sucrose density gradients, we demonstrate that the association of BipA and the ribosome is altered under stress conditions in bacteria similar to those experienced during virulence. The data show that this differential binding is brought about by the presence of ppGpp, an alarmone that signals the onset of stress-related events in bacteria.
16
Bappah, Adamu Maryam, Muthasir Qossim, Zakari Nusayba Dambam, Adamu Shehu Usman, and Uba Awalu. "Antibacterial Activity of Alkaloid, Flavonoids and Lipids from Crude Extracts of Azadirachta indica on Some Selected Medically Important Bacteria." Journal of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54987/jobimb.v10i2.752.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Most tropical climates are home to the green perennial tree Azadirachta indica, which belongs to the Meliaceae family of Mahogany, and has long been known to have therapeutic effects. Secondary metabolites in plants cause biological activity in both humans and animals, which explains why they are used as herbs. For the investigation of the lipid, alkaloids, and flavonoids present in the A. indica extracts, thin-layer chromatography was carried out using several solvent systems. The thin layer chromatography-separated active components were tested for antibacterial efficacy against three multi-drug resistance pathogens namely: Salmonella typhi, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. Alkaloids showed the highest antibacterial activity on Salmonella spp. (15 mm) and 12 mm Staphylococcus aureus isolates while lipids showed the least activity on the tested isolates. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were calculated. The outcomes of the MIC and MBC revealed that the inhibitory concentrations of different plant extracts for certain bacteria varied. Values of MIC for Salmonella typhi were found in the range of 25 to 50 mg/mL, MBC 100 to 200 mg/mL and for Staphylococcus aureus MIC values ranged between 50 and 200 mg/mL, MBC 100 to 400 mg/mL and for Pseudomonas aeruginosa MIC values were found in the range of 100 to 200 mg/mL and MIC values ranged between 200 and 400 mg/mL using a different part of the plant extracted using three different solvents. The finding suggests that crude extract of A. indica might work well for the treatment of illnesses brought on by these microbes and that the activity of the crude extract is more than that of an individual component.
17
HALEY, B. J., M. ALLARD, E. BROWN, E. HOVINGH, J. S. KARNS, and J. S. van KESSEL. "Molecular detection of the index case of a subclinical Salmonella Kentucky epidemic on a dairy farm." Epidemiology and Infection 143, no. 4 (May 22, 2014): 682–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268814001289.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SUMMARYSalmonella enterica commonly colonizes the intestinal tract of cattle and is a leading cause of foodborne illness. A previously described investigation into the prevalence of S. enterica on a dairy farm revealed an 8-year-long asymptomatic S. enterica epidemic caused by serotypes Cerro and Kentucky in the lactating herd. To investigate the source of the S. Kentucky strains, the genomes of two S. Kentucky isolates were sequenced; one collected prior to the epidemic (2004) and one collected during the epidemic (2010). Comparative genomic analysis demonstrated significant polymorphisms between the two strains. PCR primers targeting unique and strain-specific regions were developed, and screening of the archived isolates identified the index case of the asymptomatic S. Kentucky epidemic as a heifer that was raised off-site and transported onto the study farm in 2005. Analysis of isolates collected from all heifers brought onto the farm demonstrated frequent re-introduction of clones of the epidemic strain suggesting transmission of pathogens between farms might occur repeatedly.
18
Cooke, E. M. "Food-borne pathogens: limiting the spread." BSAP Occasional Publication 17 (January 1993): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00001257.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThere are several sources of information on food-borne illness in the United Kingdom. These include laboratory and clinical reports and the results of special studies and surveys.The data are collected, analysed and published, amongst other places, in the Communicable Disease Report and the Public Health Laboratory Service/State Veterinary Service (PHLS/SVS) Salmonella Update. In the latter, animal and human data are brought together. Reported cases of food poisoning represent a small proportion of the total load of disease but are valuable as an indication of trends. The data produced from these sources in relation to salmonellosis, listeriosis, campylobacter and E. coli 0157 infection are described, as are some data about the costs of human salmonellosis. Possible approaches to the reduction of these economically important human diseases are described against a background of the existing advisory and legal structures.
19
Goh, K. T., S. H. Teo, L. Tay, and E. H. A. Monteiro. "Epidemiology and control of an outbreak of typhoid in a psychiatric institution." Epidemiology and Infection 108, no. 2 (April 1992): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800049700.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SUMMARYAn outbreak of typhoid caused by Salmonella typhi of the same Vi-phage type (D1) and of the same antibiogram was reported in a large psychiatric institution in Singapore. A total of 95 (4·8%) of the 1965 inmates were infected, 47 with symptoms and 48 asymptomatic. Transmission was through close person-to-person contact and not through contaminated food or water. The source of infection could not be established. The outbreak was brought under control by maintaining a high standard of environmental sanitation, active search for fever and diarrhoeal cases, identification of asymptomatic cases by rectal swabbing, and isolation of those found to be infected. Mass immunization with two doses of heat-phenol inactivated typhoid vaccine was also carried out concurrently. The vaccine was found to have an efficacy of 65·8% in preventing clinical illness.
20
Akter, Sharmin, Abdullah Al Momen Sabuj, Zobayda Farzana Haque, Md Tanvir Rahman, Md Abdul Kafi, and Sukumar Saha. "Detection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their resistance genes from houseflies." February-2020 13, no. 2 (2020): 266–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.266-274.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background and Aim: Houseflies (Musca domestica) are synanthropic insects which serve as biological or mechanical vectors for spreading multidrug-resistant bacteria responsible for many infectious diseases. This study aimed to detect antibiotic-resistant bacteria from houseflies, and to examine their resistance genes. Materials and Methods: A total of 140 houseflies were captured using sterile nylon net from seven places of Mymensingh city, Bangladesh. Immediately after collection, flies were transferred to a sterile zipper bag and brought to microbiology laboratory within 1 h. Three bacterial species were isolated from houseflies, based on cultural and molecular tests. After that, the isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing against commonly used antibiotics, by the disk diffusion method. Finally, the detection of antibiotic resistance genes tetA, tetB, mcr-3, mecA, and mecC was performed by a polymerase chain reaction. Results: The most common isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (78.6%), Salmonella spp., (66.4%), and Escherichia coli (51.4%). These species of bacteria were recovered from 78.3% of isolates from the Mymensingh Medical College Hospital areas. Most of the isolates of the three bacterial species were resistant to erythromycin, tetracycline, penicillin and amoxicillin and were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and azithromycin. Five antibiotic resistance genes of three bacteria were detected: tetA, tetB, mcr-3, and mecA were found in 37%, 20%, 20%, and 14% isolates, respectively, and no isolates were positive for mecC gene. Conclusion: S. aureus, Salmonella spp., and E. coli with genetically-mediated multiple antibiotic resistance are carried in houseflies in the Mymensingh region. Flies may, therefore, represent an important means of transmission of these antibiotic-resistant bacteria, with consequent risks to human and animal health.
21
Ushakumari, Uma Nath, and Ravi Ramanujan. "Isolation of astaxanthin from marine yeast and study of its pharmacological activity." International Current Pharmaceutical Journal 2, no. 3 (February 2, 2013): 67–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v2i3.13584.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of the present study was to isolate and study about the antibacterial activity of astaxanthin from marine yeast. Astaxanthin a carotenoid present in marine yeast and crustaceans posses a wide range of pharmacological activity. Yeast strain was isolated from the marine sediments collected from Cochin, Kerala during the month of August 2012. The samples were collected in sterile plastic covers and brought to the laboratory without exposing to the external environment further. The marine sediment samples were directly inoculated in yeast malt. After effective screening the strains containing astaxanthin was refrigerated for further use. The strains were purified by TLC using petroleum hexane: acetone (3:1). A spectrophotometric assay was carried out by measuring absorbance at 200-500nm. The antibacterial activity was studied on several organisms like Bacillus Subtilis, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeroginosa. The extracts showed excellent antibacterial activity than the standard chloramphenicol. Among this, Pseudomonas aeroginasa showed maximum inhibition.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v2i3.13584 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, February 2013, 2(3): 67-69
22
Aldsworth, Timothy G., Rachel L. Sharman, Christine E. R. Dodd, and Gordon S. A. B. Stewart. "A Competitive Microflora Increases the Resistance of Salmonella typhimurium to Inimical Processes: Evidence for a Suicide Response." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 4 (April 1, 1998): 1323–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.4.1323-1327.1998.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT The presence of a viable competitive microflora at cell densities of 108 CFU ml−1 protects an underlying population of 105 CFU of Salmonella typhimuriumml−1 against freeze injury. The mechanism of enhanced resistance was initially postulated to be via an RpoS-mediated adaptive response. By using an spvRA::luxCDABEreporter we have shown that although the onset of RpoS-mediated gene expression was brought forward by the addition of a competitive microflora, the time taken for induction was measured in hours. Since the protective effect of a competitive microflora is essentially instantaneous, the stationary-phase adaptive response is excluded as the physiological mechanism. The only instantaneous effect of the competitive microflora was a reduction in the percent saturation of oxygen from 100% to less than 10%. For both mild heat treatment (55°C) and freeze injury this change in oxygen tension affordsSalmonella a substantive (2 orders of magnitude) enhancement in survival. By reducing the levels of dissolved oxygen through active respiration, a competitive microflora reduces oxidative damage to exponential-phase cells irrespective of the inimical treatment. These results have led us to propose a suicide hypothesis for the destruction of rapidly growing cells by inimical processes. In essence, the suicide hypothesis proposes that a mild inimical process leads to the growth arrest of exponential-phase cells and to the decoupling of anabolic and catabolic metabolism. The result of this is a free radical burst which is lethal to unadapted cells.
23
Boutet, Emilie, Samia Djerroud, and Jonathan Perreault. "Small RNAs beyond Model Organisms: Have We Only Scratched the Surface?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 8 (April 18, 2022): 4448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23084448.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Small RNAs (sRNAs) are essential regulators in the adaptation of bacteria to environmental changes and act by binding targeted mRNAs through base complementarity. Approximately 550 distinct families of sRNAs have been identified since their initial characterization in the 1980s, accelerated by the emergence of RNA-sequencing. Small RNAs are found in a wide range of bacterial phyla, but they are more prominent in highly researched model organisms compared to the rest of the sequenced bacteria. Indeed, Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica contain the highest number of sRNAs, with 98 and 118, respectively, with Enterobacteriaceae encoding 145 distinct sRNAs, while other bacteria families have only seven sRNAs on average. Although the past years brought major advances in research on sRNAs, we have perhaps only scratched the surface, even more so considering RNA annotations trail behind gene annotations. A distinctive trend can be observed for genes, whereby their number increases with genome size, but this is not observable for RNAs, although they would be expected to follow the same trend. In this perspective, we aimed at establishing a more accurate representation of the occurrence of sRNAs in bacteria, emphasizing the potential for novel sRNA discoveries.
24
Freedman, Stephen, Jianling Xie, Alberto Nettel-Aguirre, Bonita Lee, Linda Chui, Xiao-Li Pang, Ran Zhuo, et al. "Relationship Between Enteropathogen and Acute Gastroenteritis Disease Severity: A Prospective Cohort Study." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 4, suppl_1 (2017): S364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofx163.886.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Background Little is known about the association between specific enteropathogens and disease severity in outpatient children with acute gastroenteritis. Recent advances in diagnostics enabling the rapid and simultaneous detection of common enteropathogens have become readily available. While such knowledge can be used to optimize therapy it also has the potential to predict disease severity. Such knowledge can aid clinical decision making, can clarify guidance and expectations provided to families, and can guide public health policy. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study of children with acute gastroenteritis who were brought for emergency department care. The primary outcome measure was the 20-point Modified Vesikari Scale (MVS) score calculated from symptom onset until day14 of follow-up (total MVS score). Stool and/or rectal swab specimens were collected and analyzed for 18 unique pathogens by molecular diagnostic assays (in-house 5 virus panel, Luminex xTAG Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel) and/or bacterial culture. An enteropathogen was deemed to be present if a candidate pathogen was identified in the rectal swab or stool specimens by any testing method. Binary logistic regression was performed to assess the association between pathogens (including all pathogens as present or not) and disease severity with the dependent variable being the total MVS score categorized as severe (11–20 points) vs.. non-severe (0–10 points). Results The mean total MVS score (SD) was 12.8 (3.2) and 73.0% (807/1102) of participants experienced severe disease. A pathogen was identified in 72.8% (802/1102) of study participants. Rotavirus, norovirus GII and adenovirus were identified in 26.6% (293/1102), 23.0% (253/1102) and 16.0% (176/1102) of participants respectively. After adjusting for other pathogens significant predictors of severe disease were: rotavirus (OR=8.0; 95% CI: 4.8, 13.2), Salmonella (OR=5.4; 95% CI: 1.2, 24.4), adenovirus (OR=2.1; 95% CI: 1.3, 3.3), and norovirus GII (OR=1.8; 95% CI: 1.3, 2.6). Clostridium difficile (OR=1.6; 95% CI: 0.96, 2.6) and Aeromonas (OR=0.97; 95% CI: 0.2, 4.7) were not significantly associated with severe disease. Conclusion In children with acute gastroenteritis, the enteropathogens associated with severe disease included rotavirus, Salmonella, adenovirus and norovirus GII. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
25
Berney, Michael, Frederik Hammes, Franziska Bosshard, Hans-Ulrich Weilenmann, and Thomas Egli. "Assessment and Interpretation of Bacterial Viability by Using the LIVE/DEAD BacLight Kit in Combination with Flow Cytometry." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 10 (March 23, 2007): 3283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02750-06.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT The commercially available LIVE/DEAD BacLight kit is enjoying increased popularity among researchers in various fields of microbiology. Its use in combination with flow cytometry brought up new questions about how to interpret LIVE/DEAD staining results. Intermediate states, normally difficult to detect with epifluorescence microscopy, are a common phenomenon when the assay is used in flow cytometry and still lack rationale. It is shown here that the application of propidium iodide in combination with a green fluorescent total nucleic acid stain on UVA-irradiated cells of Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Shigella flexneri, and a community of freshwater bacteria resulted in a clear and distinctive flow cytometric staining pattern. In the gram-negative bacterium E. coli as well as in the two enteric pathogens, the pattern can be related to the presence of intermediate cellular states characterized by the degree of damage afflicted specifically on the bacterial outer membrane. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that EDTA-treated nonirradiated cells exhibit the same staining properties. On the contrary, this pattern was not observed in gram-positive Enterococcus faecalis, which lacks an outer membrane. Our observations add a new aspect to the LIVE/DEAD stain, which so far was believed to be dependent only on cytoplasmic membrane permeability.
26
P, Muthukumaran, Karthikeyan R, and Nirmal Kumar R. "A Review of Microbial Contamination in Processed and Street Foods." International Journal of Agricultural and Life Sciences 7, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 338–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22573/spg.ijals.021.s122000104.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As a basic physiology need threat to sufficient food, production is threat to human survival food security was a main issue that has gained global concern. This paper looks at the food borne contamination by assessing the availability of food and accessibility of the available food from a food as a microbiologist’s perspective, there are several microorganisms similarly viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans, and parasites for which foods serve as vehicles of transmission. Among these agents, several bacteria are most commonly implicated in foodborne outbreak episodes. Foodborne diseases in human beings are caused either by straight contact with infested food animals/animal products (zoonotic) or humans, such as a food handler, or by direct absorption of polluted foods. There are three important terms with regard to foodborne diseases foodborne infections, foodborne toxicoinfections and foodborne intoxications. Foodborne infection is the condition caused by the incorporation of viable cells of a pathogen. For example, Salmonella Enteritidis and Escherichia coli infections are brought about by the ingestion of food contaminated with living cells of these pathogens. Finally, foodborne toxicoinfection is that in which the ingestion of viable pathogenic cells causes the toxins productions inside the human body, leading to infection episodes. For example, Vibrio cholerae produces cholera toxin inside the body after being ingested by the host. The morphology, Gram’s reaction, biochemical properties, and associated foods with important foodborne bacteria.
27
Muziburrahman, Muziburrahman, Dominicus Husada, and Budi Utomo. "IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIA CAUSING DIARRHEA IN UNDER-FIVES CHILDREN USING CULTURE METHODS IN BIMA, INDONESIA." Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi 10, no. 1 (January 30, 2022): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jbe.v10i12022.95-102.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background: Diarrhea is still a world health issue which is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, with a mortality rate of close to more than 1.30 million deaths globally in 2015. The prevalence period of diarrhea in Indonesia for under-five children in 2018 is 12.30%. The West Nusa Tenggara province is third of the ranks based on doctor’s diagnosis (13.45%) and clinical symptoms (15.12%). Purpose: This study aims to identify the bacterial infection that causes diarrhea among under-five children in Bima District, West Nusa Tenggara Province. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted on under-five children brought to Bolo and Wawo’s Public Health Center with diarrhea and diagnosed with acute gastroenteritis. Results: The samples involved in this study were 102 samples and the results obtained were 1 to 2 types of bacteria in 1 sample. The order of bacteria from the most is E. Coli (29.53%), Klebsiella, sp (25,50%), Shigella, sp (18,79%), Staphylococcus aureus (16,78%), Salmonella Thypii (8,73%), Proteus, sp (0,67%), male (61.76%) had more diarrhea than female (38.24%), with an age range of 1-3 years (53.92%), 0-1 years (37.26%), and 3 until <5 years (8.82%). Conclusion: In this research, it was proven that E. coli bacteria are the leading cause of diarrhea in under-five children.
28
Carol McWilliam Leitch, E., Sylvia H. Duncan, Karen N. Stanley, and Colin S. Stewart. "Dietary effects on the microbiological safety of food." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 60, no. 2 (May 2001): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns200078.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The high mortality rate associated with human infections caused byEscherichia colistrains of the serotype O157:H7 has brought to public attention the importance of ruminants as reservoirs of food-borne pathogens. In addition to established examples such as salmonella, campylobacter and listeria, recent evidence is emerging of the role of food in the transmission ofHelicobacter pyloriandMycobacterium paratuberculosis. Food-borne pathogens harboured by ruminants are spread through shedding in the faeces and subsequent faecal contamination of raw food. Ruminant shedding appears to be affected by diet and, of particular concern, may be increased during fasting regimens imposed during transport to the slaughterhouse. The survival of food-borne pathogens in the ruminant gut is affected by many factors including microbe–microbe interactions, interactions involving plant metabolites and the presence of inhibitory end-product metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids. The potential importance of digesta flow and bacterial detachment in shedding of food-borne pathogens is discussed. Experimental procedures with dangerous pathogens have constraints, particularly in animal experimentation. This situation may be overcome by the use of rumen-simulating fermentors. One such system which, like the natural rumen, has a different turnover rate for solid and liquid digesta, was found to maintain rumen-like variables over an 11 d period. This system may prove useful for the study of dietary effects on food-borne pathogens.
29
David, Dorely, Andrés Felipe Alzate, Benjamín Rojano, Ledys S. Copete-Pertuz, and Ricardo Echeverry. "Extraction and characterization of phenolic compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity from avocado seed (Persea americana mill)." Bionatura 7, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/2022.07.04.51.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The increase in the demand for Hass avocado has brought a rise in the generation of inedible waste such as peel and seed, by-products that are rich in bioactive substances. In the present study, aqueous, ethanolic, and supercritical fluid extracts were obtained from fresh seed and dry seed, which were analyzed to determine the antioxidant capacity measured through 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH); 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) methods as well as the content of phenolic compounds. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of strains of food interest, such as Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica Typhimurium and Escherichia coli was evaluated. The ethanolic extract of fresh seed presented the highest antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. The aqueous extract of fresh seed registered a significant antioxidant capacity but an absence of antimicrobial activity. In contrast, the ethanolic extract of dry seed showed a representative antimicrobial activity on both S. enterica Typhimurium and L. monocytogenes, but low antioxidant activity. E. coli exhibited resistance against all the assessed extracts. The results from this work highlight the opportunity to consider the Hass avocado seed extracts as a novel alternative to replace or reduce the use of synthetic antioxidant and antimicrobial additives in food. Keywords: Waste by-product; Aqueous extract; Ethanolic extract; Supercritical extraction; Polyphenols; Free radical.
30
Erasmus Aisoni, Japhet, Muhammad Yusha’u, and Olukayode Olugbenga Orole. "Antimicrobial and antidiabetic potentials of processed finger millet (Eleusine coracana)." International Journal of Biological Research 6, no. 1 (June 5, 2018): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijbr.v6i1.10726.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Finger millet is a food crop with energy value, phytochemical constituents, and minerals, hence its use as whole flour for traditional food preparation among traditional people. The study was designed to determine the glycaemic index and blood glucose level in albino rats, and the antimicrobial potential of processed finger millets. Finger millets were processed by fermentation and roasting, and methanolic extracts obtained used to test antimicrobial activity. Albino rats (18) divided into three groups were fed fermented, roasted, and unprocessed millet (control), and glycaemic index and blood glucose level determined. Another 25 rat were treated into 5 groups of diabetic rats without treatment, diabetic rats treated daily with Metformin, diabetic rats fed 20% millet, diabetic rats fed 40% millet, and untreated group (control). At 100% concentration, roasted and fermented millet obtained inhibition of 15mm and 14mm against Salmonella typhi, while the control drug 25mg/ml streptomycin had 17mm inhibition. While values obtained for the glycemic indexes were close though significantly different from each other (roasted - 36.83±1.23; fermented - 38.73±1.87), roasted millet brought about the highest reduction in blood glucose level 90.9 and 65.1mg/dl at 60 and 120min respectively compared with fermented millet with 125.1 and 100.2mg/dl respectively at the same time. Animals administered finger millet in Groups 3 and 4-showed regeneration of the islet cells. The millet had the capacity to bring about healing of necrotic cells while also restoring and maintaining glucose levels in blood of subjects.
31
Veena G, Devipriya S, Arun Mohanan, Vineeth P K, and Ramesh N V. "In Vitro Evaluation For Antibacterial Activity Of Dadimashtaka Choorna, An Ayurvedic Polyherbal Powder Formulation, Against Selective Bacterial Strains." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 3 (August 14, 2020): 4982–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2818.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dadimashtaka choorna is one of the classical ayurvedic polyherbal powder formulation explained in the context of Atisara chikitsa (treatment of gastrointestinal conditions such as diarrhoea), in the text of Astangahridaya. The formulation is mainly indicated for digestive disorders. Even though many researches have brought out the anti-bacterial activity of each component of the formulation, no studies were done to identify the activity of the compound formulation on any specific bacterial strains. Therefore, an attempt was made to accurately understand the action of the preparation against certain selected strains of bacterias. The formulation was prepared according to the classical method of preparation for choorna kalpana. As per the standard norms mentioned in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, the concentrated extract of the medicament was prepared. The study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-bacterial activity of concentrated extract of Dadimashtaka choorna against selected microorganisms namely, Salmonella typhi (gram -ve), Escherichia coli (gram -ve), and Bacillus species (gram +ve), using agar well diffusion method and also to compare with the standard drug, ciprofloxacin. It was found that the concentrated extract of Dadimashtaka choorna has significant anti-bacterial activity against the bacterial strain, Bacillus (gram +ve). The study confirmed the anti-bacterial potential of the formulation Dadimashtaka choorna against Bacillus species(gram+ve), which supports the fact that the compound formulation is a promising remedy to curb the gastrointestinal disorders caused by the gram +ve bacterial strains.
32
Struchkov, N. A., and M. V. Andreeva. "VETERINARY AND SANITARY EXAMINATION OF ROE DEER AND WILD REINDEER MEAT IN THE REPUBLIC OF SAKHA (YAKUTIA)." Scientific Life 15, no. 6 (June 30, 2020): 856–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/1991-9476-2020-15-6-856-863.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The meat of wild animals is of great importance for the economy of the northern regions of Russia and occupies an important place in the diet of the local inhabitants. The hunting sector of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) provides the population with a significant amount of products from wild meat. In the region, it is allowed to use the meat of wild ungulates for food purposes (elk, reindeer, roe deer, red deer, etc.). This article discusses the issue of veterinary and sanitary examination of roe and wild reindeer meat in a comparative aspect. The study considered real organoleptic (properties of muscles in the section, texture, smell, transparency and aroma of broth), physicochemical (concentration of hydrogen ions (pH), presence of peroxidase, reaction with copper sulfate) and microbiological indicators (presence of Listeria monocytogenes, Coliform bacteria, QMAFAnM pathogenic microorganisms, including salmonella) of roe deer and wild deer meat, which were compared with the target indicators given in GOST. The material for the study was roe deer meat – 3 samples (Amginsky, Tattinsky, Churapchinsky districts), and wild reindeer brought from the Anabar national (Dolgan-Evenk) region of the Sakha Republic – 3 samples. As a result of the study, it was found that the studied samples of roe and wild deer meat meet all the requirements of regulatory documents, and that the samples under study are suitable for human consumption. It was concluded that both types of meat (roe and wild reindeer) are environmentally friendly products and may be used as an important additional source of meat for the population of the Sakha Republic.
33
AKINS, E. DEANN, MARK A. HARRISON, and WILLIAM HURST. "Washing Practices on the Microflora on Georgia-Grown Cantaloupes." Journal of Food Protection 71, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-71.1.46.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In recent years, several foodborne illness outbreaks have been associated with the consumption of cantaloupe. Cantaloupes can be contaminated with pathogens anywhere from the field to the packing line. In the United States, cantaloupes are handled and packed differently in each state. Georgia-grown cantaloupes are brought to sheds, washed, and packed, whereas California-grown cantaloupes are field packed. In this study, the microbiological status of cantaloupes produced by four Georgia growers that use various washing and packing practices was assessed to determine the influence of these different practices. The facilities were visited four times during the harvest season. Aerobic bacteria, Escherichia coli, and coliforms on these Georgia-grown cantaloupes were enumerated in transport trailers, after washing, and after packing. Samples also were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7. In sheds 1 and 4, a chlorinated dump tank was used to wash melons. In sheds 2 and 3, heated water with chlorine was used in the dump tanks. Although there was a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the populations of the aerobic bacteria and E. coli between the transport trailer and the dump tank for sheds 1 and 4, the reduction was less than 0.5 log CFU/cm2. The temperatures of the water in the dump tanks at sheds 2 and 3 were not high enough to effectively reduce the microbial populations evaluated. Populations on the melons increased slightly (<0.5 log CFU/cm2) after the melons were removed from the dump tank, suggesting possible contamination after washing.
34
Song, Jun Ho, Md Raihanul Hoque, Md Mortuza Hossain, and Inho Kim. "PSVI-11 Flavonoid Supplementation to Low Protein Diets Recovers Growth Performance in Broilers." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_2 (April 12, 2022): 163–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac064.279.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Recently, phytogenic feed additives containing flavonoids, essential oils and phenols are getting more attention as they have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and digestibility aiding abilities. Flavonoids have proved their abilities in reducing environmental stress along with activating immune responses. These positive impacts can be used to bring an improved growth performance in broilers, so we aimed to evaluate the effect of flavonoid supplementation to a low protein diet on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, excreta bacterial count and excreta gas emission in broilers. In total 800 one-day-old Ross 308 broilers (average body weight of 42.90±1.43 g) were divided randomly into 1 of 4 dietary treatments. Each treatment had 10 replicate pens with 20 chickens. Treatment diets were HCP (High protein diet), basal diet; LCP (Low protein diet), basal diet – 2.5% protein; TRT1, LCP + 0.025 flavonoid; TRT2, LCP + 0.050% flavonoid. Experimental diets were provided to broilers from d 8 to 35. HCP, LCP supplemented with flavonoid showed greater (P < 0.05) body weight gain (BWG) than the low protein diet (LCP) without flavonoid supplementation during d 8 to 21, and in the overall experiment. However, feed conversion ratio (FCR) of HCP group was reduced (P < 0.05) than the LCP group during d 8 to 21 and in overall period. Increasing level of flavonoid supplementations brought a linear increase in BWG during d 8 to 21 (P = 0.0141), and overall period (P = 0.0153). Increasing doses of flavonoid showed a tendency of gradual increase (P = 0.0702) in dry matter (DM) digestibility in broilers. Lactobacillus, E. coli and Salmonella counts in excreta samples of experimental groups showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). Flavonoid supplementation (0.050%) in low protein diet reduced (P < 0.05) drip loss in breast muscle than the low protein diet with 0% flavonoid supplementation. In short, flavonoid supplementation to a low protein diet recovered the body weight gain through better digestion broilers
35
Pedrosa, Mariana C., Jonata M. Ueda, Sandrina Heleno, Bruno Melgar, Marija Ivanov, Marina Soković, Marcio Carocho, Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira, and Lillian Barros. "Antimicrobial Activity of Aqueous Plant Extracts as Potential Natural Additives." Proceedings 70, no. 1 (November 9, 2020): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods_2020-07595.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The 21st century has brought along many changes in how consumers look at food and perceive their diets. There is an increasing awareness towards what goes into manufacturing these foods, with an important concern being drawn towards food additives. While it is known that additives are needed to preserve or change attributes of food, it is also widely understood that consumers prefer natural additives to artificial ones, and thus, the industry is looking for alternatives from plant sources. The extraction of five different plants (oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), salvia (Salvia officinalis L.), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.), and basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)) was optimized for three extraction types, namely decoction, infusion, and cold hydroethanolic (80:20) ultrasound-assisted extraction. This optimization was carried out through a screening analysis to find the most important factors, using Design Expert, pending the analysis of phenolic compounds through HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS. The optimized variables used were temperature, time of extraction, and potency (ultrasound). The extraction with the highest phenolic content for each plant was then selected and screened for its antibacterial and antifungal activity, relying on the microdilution method against foodborne pathogens. The bacterial strains used were Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Enterobacter cloacae, while the fungal strains were Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium funiculosum, Trichoderma viride, and Penicillium verrucosum var. cyclopium. Two synthetic and widely used preservatives, namely sodium benzoate (E211) and potassium metabisulfite (E224), were also screened against these contaminants to confirm the sensitivity of the microorganisms to these known artificial preservatives. Overall, the plant extracts showed a high inhibition of fungi, with all extracts showing lower minimum inhibition concentrations than both the synthetic preservatives, except for P. viridae, where E224 showed the same inhibition capacity. Regarding the antibacterial activity, the bacteria most sensitive to the extracts was B. cereus, for which all the extracts showed the same activity as E224. Lemon balm was the stronger extract, showing the same inhibition as E221 against B. cereus and E. cloacae. Overall, this work proves that plant extracts obtained though “green” and low-cost technologies can be alternatives to artificial food additives, due to showing the same, or, in some cases, better antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, a mixture of these extracts can result in synergistic effects and improve the antimicrobial activities. The next step of this work, which is ongoing, will focus on the determination of the efficacy of these extracts and their incorporation in muffins.
36
Lañada, Eugene, Harvie Portugaliza, Analyn Blanza, Mercy Cheryll Espejo, and Ma Delia Pagente. "Conventional biotyping revealed Mycoplasma and antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolates during disease outbreak in broiler farms and hatcheries in Leyte, Philippines." Annals of Tropical Research, March 23, 2022, 74–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.32945/atr4416.2022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A respiratory disease outbreak investigation was carried out from October to December 2015 in three broiler farms and two hatcheries in Leyte. Three- to seven-day-old chicks from farms were initially brought to CVM diagnostic laboratory for necropsy and microbial analyses. Subsequent visits to hatcheries and farms were made for random swabbing and sampling of physical facilities, equipment, vehicle, unhatched eggs, 18-day old eggs, eggshells, and day-old chicks. Chick necropsy, embryo examination, and bacteriological method for Mycoplasma, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Aspergillus were performed. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing was conducted for Salmonella and E. coli isolates. The main clinical sign observed in chicks was dyspnea. Necropsy revealed consistent bilateral fibrinous airsacculitis and perihepatitis with few cases of pericarditis, wherein sampled organs consistently showed the presence of E. coli. Out of 83 samples collected, 19 (22.89%) Salmonella, 40 (48.19%) E. coli, and no Aspergillus were isolated. Most E. coli were isolated from chick embryos and necropsied chickens, while Salmonella isolates were mostly from the environment. Mycoplasma was isolated from 63.64% (7/11) of sampled lungs, air sacs, and liver from unhatched embryos (100%), 18-day old embryos (50%), and day-old chicks (33.33%). The majority of Salmonella and E. coli isolates showed multidrug resistance against amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMPS), and tetracycline. Few isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin. Our results should raise awareness on the occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli and Salmonella, and coinfection with Mycoplasma among broilers in Leyte. Therefore, proper selection and usage of antibiotics should be advocated in all poultry farms.
37
& Ibrahim, Abdulridha. "ACTIVITY OF BACTERIAL ANTIBIOTICS AGAINST SOME PATHOGENIC BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM CALVES DIARRHOEA IN BAGHDAD (part I)." IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 49, no. 5 (October 20, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v49i5.45.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study was aimed to isolate, identify and characterize the bacterial pathogens causing calf diarrhea in Baghdad province and study it's susceptibility toward different antibiotics. The study was conducted on 105 faecal samples collected directly from the rectum of diarrhoeic calves and brought to the laboratory for bacteriological examination. Isolation and identification of the microorganisms were confirmed on the basis of their, staining, cultural, morphology and biochemical tests. Furthermore, antibacterial test was study for different clinical isolates of pathogenic bacteria toward varying concentration of antibiotics by disc diffusion technique. samples were examined for the isolation of bacteria of which 45 (42.85%) samples were positive for E. coli, 22 (20.95%) samples were positive for Salmonella spp, 16 (15.23%) samples were positive for Staphylococcus, 12 (10.5%) samples were positive for Mixed infection, 10 (9.52%) samples were negative for bacteria. The susceptibility study revealed that most of the E. coli, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus spp. were resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin, erythromycin, gentamicin, tetracycline, streptomycin and trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole with varying percentages, and susceptible to ciprofloxacin and azithromycin. The findings of the present study indicate that the clinical isolates of pathogenic bacteria resistance to a number of bacterial antibiotics.
38
Purwijantiningsih, Ekawati, and Exsyupransia Mursyanti. "Mutu Bakteriologis Pindang Tongkol (Euthynnus affinis) yang Berasal dari Beberapa Pasar di Yogyakarta." Biota : Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Hayati, November 3, 2019, 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24002/biota.v11i1.2821.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Food poisoning cases need to be examinated intensively. There have been five poisoning cases reported between 2003-2004 in Sleman area. Three of them were caused by contaminated tuna fish. The objective of this research was to determine bacteriological quality of salted tuna fish from several markets in Yogyakarta. Salted tuna fish sample were collected from five markets, namely Beringharjo, Condongcatur, Demangan, Kranggan and Sentul. In each market, four vendors were selected. Bacteriological test were done including total microbe cells utilizing PCA medium, Coliform test utilizing VRBA medium. Identification and isolation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus use pre-enrichment selective medium of Alkaline Petone Water and selective Chromogenic medium agar for Vibrio. Salmonella test utilizing Chromogenic agar continued by utilizing TSI and LIA medium. The result showed that bacteriological quality of salted tuna fish from markets in Yogyakarta did not fulfill the requirements based on SNI 01-2717-1992. It was shown that total microbial count were high, i.e. 2.4 x 105 – 5.27 x 107 CFU/ g. Coliform count ranged from < 2.5 x 101 - > 6.5 x 106 CFU/g. From 20 samples that were brought to analyzed, 60% was positively presumed contaminated by V. parahaemolyticus and 50% was positively presumed contaminated by Salmonella.
39
Ndukwu, C. L. C., N. P. Akani, S. A. Wemedo, and T. Sampson. "Bacteriological Evaluation of Non-Regulated Herbal Remedies Sold in Port Harcourt, Nigeria." South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology, September 7, 2021, 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2021/v10i330232.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An essential mandate of food and drug regulatory agencies is to ensure that products offered for public consumption are free from such level of microbial contamination as to endanger the health of consumers. A number of herbal remedies offered to the public were found not to be regulated as evidenced by the absence of regulation numbers on the labels. Thus, this study sought to determine the level of bacterial contamination of packaged, labeled, non-regulated herbal remedies sold in Port Harcourt. Seventy two samples of twelve different locally produced, liquid, packaged, labeled, orally administered, non-regulated herbal remedies were purchased randomly from retail outlets within Port Harcourt metropolis. They were assessed for total heterotrophic bacterial counts (THBC) and total coliform counts (TCC). One hundred and sixty four bacterial strains obtained were characterized and identified by standard techniques employing Gram staining and biochemical methods. The mean THBC was 3.77±0.77 Log10cfu/ml ranging from 3.20±0.99 to 4.37±0.91Log10cfu/ml. The mean TCC was 3.17±1.02 Log10cfu/ml; with the range between 2.32±1.81 and 3.98±0.47 Log10cfu/ml. All 164 bacterial isolates belong to eleven genera, and 22 species namely Staphylococcus aureus (59;36.0%), Enterobacter cloacae (13; 7.9%), Enterobacter pyrinus (10; 6.1%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (10; 6.1%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10; 6.1%), Bacillus subtilis, (8; 4.9%) Enterobacter aerogenes (7;4.3%), Serratia rubidaea (7;4.3%), Proteus (Cosenza) myxofaciens (6;3.7%), Staphylococcus epidimidis (6;3.7%) Serratia marcescens (4;2.4%) Bacillus cereus (3;1.8%), Citrobacter rodentium (3;1.8%), Enterobacter hormaechei, (3;1.8%) Klebsiella oxytoca, (3;1.8%) Proteus mirabilis (3;1.8%). Hafnia alvei (2;1.2%), Salmonella pullorum (2;1.2%), Streptococcus pyogenes (2;1.2%) Enterobacter cancerogenus (1; 0.6%) Salmonella enterica (1; 0.6%), Salmonella typhi (1; 0.6%). Given that these products were processed, packaged, labeled and offered for sale to the public without regulatory numbers, it is suggested that regulatory agencies should ensure that all such products are brought within the ambits of the regulatory laws.
40
Jiang, Qi, Bi-xia Ke, De-shu Wu, Dong Wang, Liang-xing Fang, Ruan-yang Sun, Min-ge Wang, Jing-er Lei, Zheng Shao, and Xiao-ping Liao. "Epidemiology of blaCTX-M-Positive Salmonella Typhimurium From Diarrhoeal Outpatients in Guangdong, China, 2010–2017." Frontiers in Microbiology 13 (June 17, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.865254.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Salmonella enterica can lead to intestinal diarrhea, and the emergence and spread of cephalosporin-resistant Salmonella have brought great challenges to clinical treatment. Therefore, this study investigated the prevalence and transmission of blaCTX-M genes among S. Typhimurium from diarrhoeal outpatients in Guangdong, China, from 2010 to 2017. A total of 221 blaCTX-M-positive isolates were recovered from 1,263 S. Typhimurium isolates from the facal samples of diarrhoea patients in 45 general hospitals from 11 cities. The most popular CTX-M gene was blaCTX-M-55 (39.6%, 72/182) in the CTX-M-1 group, followed by blaCTX-M-14 (22.5%, 41/182) and blaCTX-M-65 (19.2%, 35/182) in the CTX-M-9 group. The isolates that carried blaCTX-M-9G had significantly higher resistance rates to multiple antibacterials compared with blaCTX-M-1G (p < 0.01). Meanwhile, PFGE analysis not only showed the clonal transmission of blaCTX-M-55/14/65-positve isolates of diarrhoeal outpatients’ origins from different hospitals in Guangdong province, but also the characteristic of blaCTX-M-55/14/65-positve isolates’ bacterial persistence. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis indicated that these S. Typhimurium isolates possessed ST34 and ST19. Furthermore, genomic Beast phylogenomic analysis provided the evidence of a close relationship of blaCTX-M-positive S. Typhimurium isolates between the outpatients and pork. Most blaCTX-M-55/14/65 genes were transmitted by non-typeable or IncI1/IncFII/IncHI2 plasmids with the size of ranging from ~80 to ~280 kb. Moreover, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis further revealed that blaCTX-M-55/14/65 coexisted with other 25 types of ARGs, of which 11 ARGs were highly prevalent with the detection rates >50%, and it first reported the emergence of blaTEM-141 in S. Typhimurium. This study underscores the importance of surveillance for blaCTX-M-positive microbes in diarrhea patients.
41
Hoque, Md Raihanul, and In Ho Kim. "Effect of quercetin supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, excreta bacterial count, noxious gas emission and meat quality of broilers when fed different protein diets." Canadian Journal of Animal Science, January 26, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2021-0122.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of flavonoid supplementation to a low protein diet on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, excreta bacterial count and excreta gas emission of broilers. In total 800 one-day-old, Ross 308 broilers (BW; 42.90±1.43 g) were randomly sorted into one of the four dietary treatments (10 pens/treatment; 20 birds/pen). Treatment diets were HCP (High protein diet), basal diet; LCP (Low protein diet), basal diet – 2.5% protein; TRT1, LCP + 0.025% quercetin; TRT2, LCP + 0.050% quercetin. Experimental diets were provided to broilers from days 8 to 35. HCP, TRT1, TRT2 showed higher body weight gain (BWG) than the LCP group during days 8 to 21, and in the overall experiment. However, feed conversion ratio (FCR) of HCP group was improved than the LCP group during days 8 to 21 and in overall period. Increasing level of quercetin supplementations brought a linear increase in BWG. Lactobacillus, E. coli and Salmonella counts in excreta samples of experimental groups showed no significant difference. Flavonoid supplementation (0.050%) reduced drip loss in breast muscle than the LCP group and showed a linear reduction. Through improved digestion, quercetin addition to a low-protein diet reversed the body weight gain.
42
Alleweldt, Frank, Şenda Kara, Kris Best, Frank M. Aarestrup, Martin Beer, Theo M. Bestebroer, Josefina Campos, et al. "Economic evaluation of whole genome sequencing for pathogen identification and surveillance – results of case studies in Europe and the Americas 2016 to 2019." Eurosurveillance 26, no. 9 (March 4, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es.2021.26.9.1900606.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is increasingly used for pathogen identification and surveillance. Aim We evaluated costs and benefits of routine WGS through case studies at eight reference laboratories in Europe and the Americas which conduct pathogen surveillance for avian influenza (two laboratories), human influenza (one laboratory) and food-borne pathogens (five laboratories). Methods The evaluation focused on the institutional perspective, i.e. the ‘investment case’ for implementing WGS compared with conventional methods, based on costs and benefits during a defined reference period, mostly covering at least part of 2017. A break-even analysis estimated the number of cases of illness (for the example of Salmonella surveillance) that would need to be avoided through WGS in order to ‘break even’ on costs. Results On a per-sample basis, WGS was between 1.2 and 4.3 times more expensive than routine conventional methods. However, WGS brought major benefits for pathogen identification and surveillance, substantially changing laboratory workflows, analytical processes and outbreaks detection and control. Between 0.2% and 1.1% (on average 0.7%) of reported salmonellosis cases would need to be prevented to break even with respect to the additional costs of WGS. Conclusions Even at cost levels documented here, WGS provides a level of additional information that more than balances the additional costs if used effectively. The substantial cost differences for WGS between reference laboratories were due to economies of scale, degree of automation, sequencing technology used and institutional discounts for equipment and consumables, as well as the extent to which sequencers are used at full capacity.
43
Alshaikh, Attia Abdrabalnabi, Saeed Mohammad Alshehri, Ibrahim Abdu Alsubaihi, Mohammad Ahmed Boeisa, Bassam Khalid Kiki, Ahmed Ali Asiri, Ahmed Maddi Asiri, et al. "Causes, clinical assessment and management of paediatric bloody diarrhoea." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, October 25, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20222654.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Despite being easily preventable and treatable, diarrhoea continues to be a serious public health problem in impoverished and emerging countries. It is a typical sign of gastrointestinal issues brought on by numerous pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Particularly in developing nations it is of great concern as it is associated with considerable mortality and morbidity in children. Despite the decline in mortality rate, it is still the second leading cause of mortality among children under five years of age. Bloody diarrhoea is characterized by intestinal inflammation, particularly of the colon, stomach pain, and severe diarrhoea with blood or mucus in the faeces. It is also referred as dysentery. Among the bacteria and parasites that cause dysentery include Entamoeba histolytica, Shigella, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Schistosoma mansoni, and Campylobacter. The most common cause of this disease is Shigella. The purpose of this research is to review the available information about causes, clinical assessment and management of paediatric bloody diarrhoea. Stool culture is a standard diagnostic measure. Digestive issues and nutritional inadequacies are more frequent in children with bloody diarrhoea. Bloody diarrhoea often lasts longer and is more problematic than watery diarrhoea. It has a high percentage of case fatalities and adversely impacts a child's growth. Rehydration therapy shall be started immediately to prevent dehydration associated complications and fatalities. Treatment with fluoroquinolones as first-line medications, beta-lactams and cephalosporins as second-line medications is recommended. Further clinical research is however needed to define the clinical efficacy of available treatment and management strategies.
44
Perveen, Shahida. "Spread of water-borne Diseases in Pakistan." Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences, September 30, 2022, 02. http://dx.doi.org/10.54393/pjhs.v3i04.298.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Water pollution can have an impact on us directly if we drink or bathe in a polluted stream, such as when we use municipal water, or indirectly if we consume vegetables that have been irrigated with contaminated water, fish, or other animals that live in or eat animals that have been raised in contaminated water. Drinking water contaminated with germs and chemicals is the primary cause of diarrhea. Contaminated water transmits infectious illnesses. Temperature, climate, topography, drainage, stream velocity, seepage properties of soil, safe drinking water supply, and adequate water disposal are all environmental factors that influence the prevention of water-borne diseases.
Most common waterborne illness in Pakistan are cholera, dracunculiasis, typhoid and paratyphoid fever, hepatitis A& E, diarrhea, ulcers, dysentery, jaundice, amoebiasis and malaria.
Around 2 - 2.5 million people die from diarrhea every year, and over 2.5 billion people lack access to modern sanitation systems (Fenwick, A. 2006). About 40% of deaths in Pakistan have been attributed to illnesses spread by polluted water (Akbar et al 2013). Access to safe water is a fundamental human right and a necessary prerequisite for health and development. Water-related illnesses brought on by inadequate access to clean water and poor sanitation and hygiene. Water that is contaminated and unclean is un-hygienic for living things, especially for human health. If not addressed quickly, it causes a number of grave health issues that can finally result in death.
In Pakistan there is a need to improve the availability of clean water and sanitary facilities for both urban and rural populations, even in the most distant places. The ground water contaminated by various chemical components of industrial waste including arsenic, manganese, chlorine, and iron is very damaging. Surface drinking water is often polluted with E. coli, Enterobacter, Salmonella, and Clostridium, but lack of hygiene awareness is also a big factor in why people's health is suffering.
In order to offer cleaner drinking water, the Pakistani government urgently needs to organize new waste water treatment facilities and restore old ones. Although reverse osmosis membranes are still in use today, it would be wiser to prepare for carbon nanotubes to take their place because they are less expensive and more effective. Additionally, there are three strategies to reduce the spread of waterborne infections in Pakistan and other developing nations: by increasing the amount and quality of drinking water; through better sewage disposal; and by providing access to affordable and suitable sanitation facilities