Дисертації з теми "Saline effluents"

The study shows conclusively that brine composition and concentration is highly variable at these South African power utilities and processes such as RO, contact with ash and CO2 ingress can have an impact upon the overall brine quality. Aq.QA was found to be a more accurate tool for classifying waters according to dominant ions than Stiff diagrams but Stiff diagrams still have the superior advantage of being a mapping tool to easily identify samples of similar composition as well as quickly identify what has been added or what has been removed from a water stream. Chemical speciation could identify effluent streams where CO2 dissolution had taken place.

A membrane based treatment scheme was developed for the recovery of the print dyeing wastewaters (PDWs) and the acid dye bath wastewaters (ADBWs) of carpet manufacturing industry. The treatment schemes were developed by selecting the best pre-treatment and treatment processes among the alternatives of chemical precipitation (CP), microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF). The best process train for PDW was CP+NF, where organic matter, color, turbidity and total hardness were removed at >
95%. The alternative process train CP+UF also removed color and turbidity almost completely, however organic matter rejection was low, being 25% at highest. The quality of NF permeates were suitable for dyeing of light colors whereas UF permeates were suggested for washing of the printed carpets or dyeing of the dark colors. The best process train for ADBW was MF (1.0 mm)+NF, where organic matter rejection increased from 65% to 97% due to pH neutralization. Alternatively, sequential NF was required up to three stages in order to achieve similarly high rejections at the acidic pH of ADBW. Therefore, pH neutralization was realized to be a very important operational parameter affecting the treatment scheme. Although pH neutralization increased the flux declines by almost 5%, chemical cleaning was very effective to restore the original fluxes. Finally, ADBW was mixed with PDW, which already had a pH around neutral, so that the pH of ADBW would rise towards neutral without chemical consumption. The results suggested that these wastewaters could be treated together as long as they were mixed up to equal volumes at pH around neutral. Therefore, a final treatment scheme, which involved single NF for the mixture of PDW and ADBW, following their individual pre-treatment stages, was proposed as the most efficient process train.

L’industrie textile génère de grandes quantités d'eaux usées contenant jusqu'à 80 g/L de NaCl et de fortes concentrations de colorants synthétiques. Les colorants azoïques, qui sont des produits chimiques toxiques et persistants, sont les plus largement utilisés dans la fabrication des textiles. Lorsqu'ils sont déversés dans les plans d'eau, ces colorants peuvent poser une menace significative pour les écosystèmes aquatiques, pouvant également avoir des répercussions sur la santé humaine. Pour remédier à cette problématique, plusieurs méthodes physico-chimiques conventionnelles ont été mises en œuvre. Ces méthodes ne sont pas largement adoptées principalement en raison de leur coût élevé, de la pollution secondaire qu’ils génèrent et de leur forte consommation d'énergie. D'autres traitements biologiques anaérobies ont été également explorées. Ces méthodes prennent de longues périodes de décomposition avec une dégradation souvent incomplète. De plus, si les cellules des microorganismes sont exposées à une solution très concentrée en sel, le phénomène d’osmose peut entraîner une perte d'eau intracellulaire significative, conduisant à la déshydratation et éventuellement à la mort cellulaire.L’objectif principal de cette thèse est de coupler deux méthodes biologique et électrochimique au sein d'une seule unité appelée système bioélectrochimique (SBE) en vue de traiter des eaux usées textiles salines chargées en colorants azoïques récalcitrants, tout en générant de l'énergie sous forme d'électricité. Ce SBE se distingue par l'utilisation de bactéries électroactives halothermophiles provenant des environnements extrêmes tunisiens, lesquelles forment des bioanodes capables de tolérer le stress salin. Les paramètres impactant les performances du SBE ont été optimisés, notamment la source d'inoculum, la présence d’un co-substrat et sa concentration, le matériau de l'électrode ainsi que sa surface et le potentiel appliqué à l'électrode de travail. Ces optimisations ont été réalisées initialement à partir d’eaux usées synthétiques avant d'être validées avec des eaux usées industrielles réelles. Les bioanodes obtenues ont fait l'objet d'une analyse comparative à l'aide d'outils électrochimiques, microscopiques, analytiques et moléculaires. En complément, les milieux réactionnels ont également été examinés à l'aide d'outils analytiques et moléculaires.Avec des eaux usées synthétiques, une densité de courant maximale de 5,2 A/m2, un taux de décoloration de 100 % et un taux d’élimination de la DCO de 96 % ont été obtenus. Par ailleurs, avec les eaux usées réelles, la même densité de courant maximal 5,2 A/m2 a été observée simultanément avec un taux de décoloration de 93 % et un taux d’abattement de la DCO de 70 %. Ainsi, pour la première fois, l’espèce bactérienne Orenia metallireducens a été identifiée dans les différentes matrices du SBE alimenté avec des eaux usées synthétiques. Cette découverte suggère des perspectives prometteuses pour la dégradation des colorants azoïques
The textile industry generates large amounts of wastewater containing up to 80 g/L of NaCl and high concentrations of synthetic dyes. Azo dyes, which are toxic and persistent chemicals, are widely used in textile manufacturing. When discharged into water bodies, these dyes pose a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems and can also have implications for human health. To address this issue, several conventional physico-chemical methods have been implemented. However, these methods are not widely adopted primarily due to their high cost, the secondary pollution they generate, and their high energy consumption. Other anaerobic biological treatments have also been explored, but they often involve long decomposition periods with incomplete degradation. Additionally, exposure of microorganism cells to highly concentrated salt solutions can lead to significant water loss through osmosis, resulting in dehydration and potential cell death.The main objective of this thesis is to combine two methods, biological and electrochemical, within a single unit called a bioelectrochemical system (BES) to treat saline textile wastewater loaded with refractory azo dyes while generating energy in the form of electricity. This BES is distinguished by the use of halothermophilic electroactive bacteria from extreme Tunisian environments, which form bioanodes capable of tolerating saline stress. Parameters affecting the performance of the BES have been optimized, including the inoculum source, the presence of a co-substrate and its concentration, the electrode material and surface, and the applied potential to the working electrode. These optimizations were initially carried out using synthetic wastewater before being validated with real industrial wastewater. The obtained bioanodes were subject to comparative analysis using electrochemical, microscopic, analytical, and molecular tools. Additionally, reaction media were also examined using analytical and molecular tools.With synthetic wastewater, a maximum current density of 5.2 A/m2, a decolorization rate of 100 %, and a COD removal rate of 96 % were achieved. Moreover, with real wastewater, a maximum current density of 5.2 A/m2 was observed simultaneously with a decolorization rate of 93 % and a COD removal rate of 70 %. Thus, for the first time, the bacterial species Orenia metallireducens was identified in different matrices of the BES fueled with synthetic wastewater. This discovery suggests promising prospects for the degradation of azo dyes

Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET) testing has been identified as one of the tools in the management of complex effluents in aquatic ecosystems. In South Africa, toxicity testing has not been required for regulatory purposes. Recently, the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry has adopted WET testing as a tool to evaluate the suitability of hazardous effluent for discharge into receiving environments. This has necessitated suitable procedures to be established for use in the South African situation. With the implementation of the new National Water Act (No 36 of 1998), industries have to comply with set standards to protect the aquatic environment. However, the South African Water Quality Guidelines for Aquatic Ecosystems have been set using international toxicity data, and it is not known if they are comparable with South African conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the tolerances of selected indigenous riverine invertebrates to complex saline effluents. The study investigated the effects of kraft mill effluent to Tricorythus tinctus, a tricorythid mayfly from the Sabie River, Mpumalanga, and the effects of a textile effluent to baetid mayflies of the Buffalo River, Eastern Cape. Indigenous riverine invertebrates were chosen as test organisms, as there is no toxicity data in South Africa which could be used to evaluate the level of protection afforded by the South African Water Quality Guidelines for Aquatic Ecosystems. The use of indigenous riverine invertebrates added the challenge of variability of a wild population, and the use of a complex effluent as toxicant added the variability of effluent composition. In this study, WET testing was used to determine the dilution of whole effluents required for discharge. Hazard-based guidelines were developed for the disposal of kraft and textile effluents. The level of environmental hazard posed by different effluent concentrations was ranked, and was related to the River Health Class. This indicated effluent concentrations that may be allowed to enter the aquatic environment, e.g. 3% effluent concentration guideline for both general kraft effluent and general textile effluent for the protection of a Class A river. This approach could contribute to the use of an Environmental Risk Assessment, approach for the management of complex effluents. A number of acute 96 hour toxicity tests were conducted following an unreplicated regression design, using kraft and textile effluents as toxicants, mayfly nymphs as test organisms, and river water as diluent and control. Test organisms were sampled from unimpacted, flowing-water riffle areas, and were exposed in recirculating artificial streams (or channels) to a range of effluent concentrations. Mortality was selected as end-point and observed twice daily. The experimental results showed the variability and acute toxicity of both kraft and textile mill effluents. Baetids were more sensitive (mean LC50=16% effluent concentration) to General Textile Effluent (GTE), but less sensitive to Post Irrigation Textile Effluent (PITE). Textile effluent (PITE) held in a holding dam were therefore less variable and less toxic; suggesting that stabilization of the effluent could have contributed to reduced toxicity. Effluent composition, e.g. higher calcium levels, may also have contributed to lowering toxicity. T. tinctus was sensitive to kraft effluents, but showed less variable responses to Irrigation Kraft Effluent than General Kraft Effluent. Toxicity test data indicated that GKE, IKE and GTE should not enter the aquatic environment without treatment, as they can cause adverse effects to aquatic biota. Both kraft and textile effluents must therefore be treated before discharge. Different responses to different effluent batches were probably due to effluent variability. The use of indigenous organisms, and not a standard laboratory organism, could also have contributed to variability. A hazard-based approach could be useful, as it will provide a consistent basis for deciding on the acceptability of impacts, while allowing natural site-specific differences to be taken into account.

The discharge of untreated aquaculture effluent can pollute receiving water bodies. I tested the feasibility of using salt-tolerant plants (halophytes) with potential as forage and oilseed crops, as biofilters to treat saline aquaculture effluent. Plants were grown in draining lysimeters in greenhouses and irrigated with effluent salinized with NaCl. Irrigation water came from a recirculating tilapia culture system. I measured yield potential, water use and capacity for nitrogen and phosphorus uptake. In Experiment 1, Suaeda esteroa, Salicornia bigelovii and Atriplex barclayana (Chenopodiaceae) were grown in sand in 0.02 m³ lysimeters. Plants were irrigated with effluent of 0.5 ppt, 10 ppt and 35 ppt salinity, to meet evapotranspiration demand and to allow 30% of the applied water to leach past the plant root zone. Despite the high leaching fraction and short residence time of water in the pots, the plant-soil system removed 98% and 94% of the applied total and inorganic nitrogen, respectively, and 99% and 97% of the applied total and soluble reactive phosphorus respectively. For all species, salt inhibited (P ≤ 0.05) the growth rate, nutrient removal, and volume of water the plants could process. The salt marsh species S. esteroa and S. bigelovii performed better than the desert saltbush, A. barclayana, at 35 ppt. In Experiment 2, Suaeda esteroa, was grown in lysimeters containing approximately 0.8 m³ sandy loam soil and irrigated three times per week with 31 ppt NaCl effluent. I used five irrigation treatments, ranging in volume from 50 to 250% of the potential evaporation rate. Plant biomass and water consumption increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) with increasing irrigation volume. Nitrate concentrations in water draining from the lysimeters decreased during the experiment, and were significantly lower in the high-volume treatments than in the low-volume treatments. Phosphorus concentrations in the leachate water increased during the experiment as a function of increasing irrigation volume. Irrigating halophyte crops with aquaculture wastewater of seawater-salinity may be a viable strategy for disposal of effluent.

Saline deterioration in the South African public water system has been documented and disposal of brine wastes has been identified as part of the problem. The broad aim of this research programme was to undertake an initial technical study to evaluate the feasibility of integrating algal biotechnology into a disposal function for these wastes. A demonstration of utility in the form of products and waste treatment could produce a beneficiation of saline effluents and provide incentives necessary to deal with the disposal issue. The study attempted to demonstrate a synthesis between the two main thrusts in algal biotechnology that have produced large-scale practical applications - stable, predictable algal production in saline media and the cost effective High Rate Oxidation Ponding (HROP) process for incorporating algal production into a waste treatment function. Tannery organic saline effluents and the biotechnology of Dunaliella salina culture producing β- carotene were chosen as paradigms for the study. 1. The alga was shown to grow in certain tannery effluents producing enhanced biomass yields compared to defined inorganic medium cultivation. The potential for amino acid or protein supplementation of defmed culture media was noted. 2. A reduction in organic load simultaneous with the growth of D.salina was recorded in laboratory-scale simulations of the HROP process. Rates similar to the fresh water HROP equivalent were demonstrated. 3. These results suggested the uptake and storage of organic nitrogen by D.salina. The consequent inhibition of β-carotene accumulation by the organism presented a potentially insurmountable obstacle to the feasibility of β-carotene production in this medium. Uptake and release of organic compounds, previously demonstrated in phytoplankton and other micro-algae, was confirmed in this study for D.salina. The evidence acquired indicated the internalization of both glycine and bovine serum albumin. An ultrastructural study demonstrated mechanisms by which this process might occur. 4. The release of substantial quantities of glycerol was shown. A mechanism whereby D. salina may use this to regulate ammonia availability via control of its associated bacterial population was observed. Glycerol release was identified as presenting an application in treating refractory organic wastes, such as secondary sewage sludges, by elevating C:N ratios. This could demonstrate a significant utility for brine waste impoundments. 5. A multistage production process was proposed to deal with the problem of β-carotene inhibition by separation of the growth and metabolite accumulation functions into separate unit operations. It was shown in this study that the stress of nitrogen deficiency combined with high salinity provides for effectiveβ-carotene accumulation under the conditions of low illumination that pertain in dense cultures. Subjected to these conditions effluent-grown cells show delayed but unimpaired {j-carotene accumulation. 6. A role for the plant hormone abscisic acid in mediating the stress response was demonstrated in D.salina. Fluorescence induction studies suggested the presence of a signalling process forming part of a sensitivity control mechanism. Stress induction of β-carotene accumulation could occur through four clearly defined stages. Potential was identified for using this response as a physiological probe for monitoring and regulating the stress induction process. 7. The multistage processing concept requires effective algal cell separation technology. The use of cross-flow ultrafiltration and diafiltration with a polyethersulfone tubular membrane system was demonstrated as an effective process for the recovery and washing of D. salina. Cell concentrates were produced in a viable form. 8. Process designs incorporating the findings of the research programme are presented demonstrating how effluent and organic waste treatment functions may be combined with the production of D.salina and its products. Application of the multi-stage processing concept to β-carotene production in a defined medium process was identified as offering a potential four-fold yield enhancement. This could have a significant impact on a high cost, marginal algal biotechnology process. Aspects of novelty have been claimed in provisional patents applications. A provisional demonstration of the feasibility of D.salina production in tannery effluent indicates that algal biotechnology may provide a utility for, and hence the beneficiation of saline effluent wastes.

La recherche sur le traitement des eaux usées industrielles prend de plus en plus d’importance à cause de la complexité des effluents que les industries rejettent. Parmi ces effluents, 5% (v/v) ont une salinité variant entre 3 et 350 g/L en chlorure de sodium (NaCl), la salinité étant la quantité de sels minéraux dissous dans l'eau. Les réglementations environnementales sont de plus en plus strictes de sorte que les procédés de traitement utilisés pourraient devenir inappropriés. Les effluents salins en particulier sont souvent incapables de satisfaire les réglementations de rejet des eaux usées, à cause de leur difficulté de traitement dûe au mélange complexe de matière organique et de sel. Le bon fonctionnement des procédés biologiques conventionnels est souvent négativement affecté par la présence de ce dernier. C’est donc vers les procédés physico-chimiques que les industries se sont tournées pour traiter les effluents salins. Mais ceux-ci étant très coûteux en termes d’opération et de maintenance, la recherche s’est concentrée sur la faisabilité du traitement d’effluents salins par procédés biologiques, plus économiques. Les nouvelles recherches sur des bactéries résistantes au sel (halophiles et halotolérantes) appliquées aux traitements biologiques, bien que peu nombreuses encore, sur la sélection bactérienne et la bioaugmentation ouvrent de nouvelles possibilités quant au traitement biologique de la matière organique présente dans les effluents salins. Cette étude a donc pour objectif principal de valider la biofiltration aérobie pour le traitement du méthanol à l’état liquide en milieu salin. Pour cela, on a réalisé le suivi de divers paramètres opératoires (concentration du méthanol à l’entrée du réacteur, charge organique, teneurs en sel). Le développement de cette technologie serait une innovation dans le traitement des effluents industriels, puisque l’application de la biofiltration au traitement de ce type d’effluent n’a jamais été étudiée. La biofiltration présente des avantages économiques comparativement aux technologies utilisées jusqu’à présent. Cette étude a permis d’obtenir une efficacité d’élimination du méthanol satisfaisante (de l’ordre de 54%) pour un effluent contenant des concentrations élevées en sel (30 g/L) sous forme de NaCl, et en méthanol 5 (g/L) pour un débit d’alimentation liquide de 5 L/j.

La production industrielle des silicones génère des effluents aqueux contenant des siloxanes et polysiloxanes, chargés en sels à divers stades de la filière. Dans une perspective de développement durable et pour tenir compte des préoccupations grandissantes autour de l'impact environnemental des rejets industriels, des procédés d'épuration sont recherchés. L'objectif de cette étude est d'évaluer les performances de deux procédés, nanofiltration et oxydation biologique, pour le traitement des effluents aqueux polysiloxaniques. Des expériences de nanofiltration frontale ont été réalisées. Les essais préliminaires avec des solutions synthétiques, mélange d'eau et des siloxanes, ont montré une rétention quasi-totale des siloxanes dans tous les cas testés. Des expériences ont ensuite été menées avec des effluents représentatifs des effluents usines de différentes compositions pour évaluer la robustesse du procédé. Nous avons montré que la nanofiltration réduit efficacement la charge organique globale de l'effluent et réduit significativement la concentration en siloxane. La dilution provoque une diminution de l'abattement du COT et de la rétention des siloxanes mais la qualité du perméat est améliorée. L'augmentation de la salinité réduit la qualité du filtrat. Des essais de micro et ultrafiltration des mêmes effluents ont montré que seule la NF permet d'atteindre un niveau de rétention important des siloxanes. Des essais de nanofiltration tangentielle ont ensuite été réalisés afin de préparer une étude plus complète nécessaire en vue d'une éventuelle l'industrialisation du procédé. La biodégradabilité des siloxanes a été explorée par la méthode Oxitop. Aucune activité biologique provoquée par les siloxanes n'a été enregistrée lors de tests Oxitop réalisés avec des boues activées de stations d'épuration, mais aucun effets toxique ou inhibiteur n'ont été observés non plus. Un bioréacteur à membrane pilote a été alimenté pendant 5 mois au laboratoire avec une solution contenant des siloxanes pour tenter d'acclimater les boues activées aux siloxanes. Les tests Oxitop effectués avec des boues issues du pilote n'ont pas mis en évidence d'acclimatation des micro-organismes aux siloxanes
Industrial production of silicones generates liquid streams containing siloxanes with high salinity. In a perspective of sustainable development and to consider the growing concern about the environmental impact of industrial residues, we are looking for treatment processes to remove siloxanes in wastewater. This study aims to evaluate the performance of two processes for the treatment of effluents containing siloxanes: nanofiltration and biological oxidation, Frontal nanofiltration experiments were carried out. Firstly, experiments with synthetic solutions (mix of water and siloxanes) have shown almost total siloxane retention in all conditions investigated. Then, experiments were performed with effluents of different compositions representative of industrial ones in order to evaluate the process robustness. It was concluded that nanofiltration is efficient to reduce the total organic content of the effluent and significantly reduces siloxanes concentration. Dilution of the effluent causes a decrease in TOC reduction and siloxanes retention, but the permeate quality is improved. Increasing salinity reduces the filtrate quality. Micro and ultrafiltration of identical effluents confirmed that only NF can reach a high level of siloxane retention. Tangential nanofiltration experiences were performed in order to prepare a more complete study which is necessary to anticipate industrialization of the process. Siloxanes biodegradability was explored by Oxitop method. No biological activity induced by siloxanes was recorded in Oxitop tests with activated sludge from wastewater treatment plant, but no toxic or inhibitory effects were observed. A pilot membrane bioreactor was fed in the laboratory for 6 months with a solution containing siloxanes to try to acclimate activated sludge to siloxane. Oxitop tests performed with sludge taken from the pilot did not show acclimation of microorganisms to siloxanes

The problems of waste disposal in the tanning industry are unique in that the effluents are highly saline, have a high organic loading and contain heavy metals. Methods are available for the safe treatment and disposal of the latter two components, but the saline component requires the expensive outlay of evaporation ponds. This study has identified a possible use for the saline effluents, turning a problematic waste product into a potentially valuable by-product. A range of tannery effluents were identified and tested for their suitability for the mass cultivation of Dunaliella salina (bardawil strain). The bardawil strain was preferred over a local isolate because of its higher production of β-carotene. Ponded tannery effluents and combined processes effluent proved unsuitable for realistic propagation of the alga. Anaerobic digestion of combined processes effluent did not improve its suitability significantly. Anaerobic digestion of hide-soak effluent may remove persistent antimicrobial agents which influence algal growth, but its contribution to enhancing algal growth is equivocal. Undigested hide-soak effluent lacking in persistent antimicrobial agents was found to be an ideal culture medium, as no additional nutrients needed to be added. Significantly higher biomass was obtained in this effluent compared to chemically defined media. Induction of β-carotene was achieved in nitrogen-deficient defined media after culture in tannery effluent. This suggests that a two-stage system using hide-soak effluent for cell propagation and nitrogen deficient media for β-carotene induction, could be possible for the mass cultivation of D. salina for β-carotene production.

Liquid waste discharged from industrial outfalls is categorized into two major classes based on their density. One type is the effluent that has a higher density than that of the ambient water body. In this case, the discharged effluent has a tendency to sink as a negatively buoyant jet. The second type is the effluent that has a lower density than that of the ambient water body and is hence defined as a (positively) buoyant jet that causes the effluent to rise. Negatively/Positively buoyant jets are found in various civil and environmental engineering projects: discharges of desalination plants, discharges of cooling water from nuclear power plants turbines, mixing chambers, etc. This thesis investigated the mixing and dispersion characteristics of such jets numerically. In this thesis, mixing behavior of these jets is studied using a finite volume model (OpenFOAM). Various turbulence models have been applied in the numerical model to assess the accuracy of turbulence models in predicting the effluent discharges in submerged outfalls. Four Linear Eddy Viscosity Models (LEVMs) are used in the positively buoyant wall jet model for discharging of heated waste including: standard k-ε, RNG k-ε, realizable k-ε and SST k-ω turbulence models. It was found that RNG k-ε, and realizable k-ε turbulence models performed better among the four models chosen. Then, in the next step, numerical simulations of 30˚ and 45˚ inclined dense turbulent jets in stationary ambient water have been conducted. These two angles are examined in this study due to lower terminal rise height for 30˚ and 45˚, which is very important for discharges of effluent in shallow waters compared to higher angles. Five Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) turbulence models are applied to evaluate the accuracy of CFD predictions. These models include two LEVMs: RNG k-ε, and realizable k-ε; one Nonlinear Eddy Viscosity Model (NLEVM): Nonlinear k-ε; and two Reynolds Stress Models (RSMs): LRR and Launder-Gibson. It has been observed that the LRR turbulence model as well as the realizable k-ε model predict the flow more accurately among the various turbulence models studied herein.

The Manganese Metal Company (MMC) situated in Nelspruit, Eastern Transvaal, South Africa produces a manganiferous saline effluent from a manganese ore leaching process. The high NH₄ content of the waste has been identified as a possible nitrogen fertilizer source. Irrigation of the MMC waste over nearby kikuyu ( Pennisetum clandestinum) pastures could thus potentially solve a waste disposal problem as well as provide fertilization of the pastures, although the high manganese content of the waste poses a risk of manganese toxicity or pollution. The kikuyu pastures are presently used as a land disposal system for a saline waste from a pulp bleaching process. Due to process changes, the dominant salt type in the waste is anticipated to change from KaCl to Na₂SO₄. Pot experiments with kikuyu were undertaken to investigate NaCl versus Na₂SO₄ salinity effects, Mn toxicity threshold levels and MMC waste versus a standard nitrogen fertilizer (NH₄NO₃) yield response. The results demonstrated that kikuyu grass is both salinity and Mn tolerant. Kikuyu salinity tolerance, using electrical conductivity as a salinity index, was significantly greater in NaCl than Na₂SO₄ salinity. This difference was attributed to the formation of SO₄ neutral ion pairs in Na₂SO₄ treatments which decreased cation uptake, increased osmotic stress relative to electrical conductivity and led to a possible SO₄-induced Ca deficiency. Cl adsorption in manganous sulphate and Na₂SO₄ treated soils was speculatively attributed to the formation of an undocumented ettringite-like mineral. Kikuyu exhibited both a fertilization effect and a Mn toxicity effect with manganous sulphate applications. An increase in yield occurred between Mn applications of 800 and 1600 mg/kg soil. This effect was attributed to increased nutrient availability as a result of nitrogen mineralisation and soil desorption processes. Mn applications of 3200 and 8000 mg/kg resulted in severe Mn toxicity symptoms and reductions in yield. Fertilization of kikuyu with NH₄NO₃ and MMC waste produced similar yield responses. Manganese toxicity did not manifest itself in MMC waste treated kikuyu, even at nitrogen loadings of 800 kgN/ha. Manganese attenuation in the soil by MnCO₃ precipitation, oxidation of Mn²⁺ and Mn adsorption are expected to prevent excess Mn²⁺ accumulation which would pose a Mn toxicity and water pollution risk. The disposal of untreated MMC waste as a nitrogen fertilizer substitute for kikuyu pastures is thus in principle a feasible operation in terms of maintaining pasture sustainability and preventing pollution of water resources.

A escassez natural de água doce no mundo tem sido agravada pela poluição dos cursos de água. Os sistemas de tratamento de esgotos geram resíduos, dentre eles, o efluente de esgoto tratado, que quando lançado em rios, tem causado impacto ambiental. O uso do efluente de esgoto tem sido considerado uma prática importante para minimizar os impactos negativos aos corpos d’água, sendo que o uso agrícola tem ganhado popularidade em muitos países. Além de se constituir em fonte de água para culturas agrícolas e florestais, o efluente possui elementos essenciais para a nutrição de plantas. No entanto, apesar dos benefícios concretos com o aproveitamento do efluente de esgoto tratado na agricultura, a presença de alguns constituintes como, por exemplo, o Na, pode trazer sérias restrições ao seu uso. O aumento do teor de Na no solo provocado pela irrigação com efluente pode causar toxidez para algumas culturas e modificar propriedades do solo. O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar os possíveis efeitos da irrigação com efluente em algumas propriedades químicas e físicas de um ARGISSOLO VERMELHO Distrófico cultivado com capim-Tifton 85 no município de Lins/SP. Para atingir o objetivo citado foram realizados estudos que visaram: (i) monitorar a qualidade do efluente, da água de irrigação e da solução do solo quanto à alcalinidade, condutividade elétrica (CE), pH, razão de adsorção de sódio (RAS) e quanto às concentrações de Na, Ca, K, Mg e Al; (ii) monitorar o pH do solo, a acidez potencial (H+Al), os teores dos cátions Na, K, Ca, Mg e Al trocáveis no solo; (iii) verificar a possível ocorrência de dispersão de argilas do solo devido à adição de Na via efluente de esgoto tratado e (iv) determinar a produção de massa seca do capim-Tifton 85 irrigado com água e com efluente. A irrigação com água e efluente foi realizada durante de seis meses por um sistema de irrigação por aspersão convencional, sendo que os volumes adicionados foram determinados com base na manutenção da umidade do solo para desenvolvimento do capim que teve crescimento diferenciado entre os tratamentos. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos completos casualizados em parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Tanto o efluente quanto a água apresentaram altos valores de RAS, porém, os menores valores foram observados para o efluente. A acidificação do solo e da solução ocorreu após irrigação com água e efluente. O Al trocável aumentou devido a redução do pH. Tanto a água quanto o efluente ocasionaram aumento do teor de Na no solo, devido à elevada concentração desse elemento na água e no efluente. A dispersão de argilas ocorreu em toda a área e o aumento com o tempo foi mais pronunciado em superfície o que está de acordo com o maior aumento do percentual de sódio trocável (PST) e da RAS da solução do solo. O efluente foi eficiente em suprir o capim-Tifton com água, não resultando em prejuízo de acúmulo de massa seca em relação ao tratamento de irrigação com água.
The natural scarcity of freshwater in the world has been aggravated by the pollution of the watercourses. The systems of treatment of sewage generate residues, such as treated sewage effluent, that when launched into rivers, has caused environmental impact. The use of the sewage effluent has been considered an important practice to minimize the negative impacts on the water supplies, and its use in agriculture has gained popularity in many countries. Besides being a water source for agricultural and forest cultures, the effluent contains essential elements for plant nutrition. However, despite the benefits of the use of treated sewage effluent in agriculture, the presence of some constituent such as Na brings restriction to its use. The level of Na in the soil may increase by means of the irrigation with effluent, and it may cause toxicity to some cultures and modify soil properties. The present study had the objective to verify the possible effects of the irrigation with effluent on some chemical and physical properties of a Typic Hapludults cultivated with Tifton 85 grass in the city of Lins/SP. The studies carried out aimed at: (i) monitoring the quality of the effluent, the irrigation water and the soil solution in relation to the alkalinity, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and in relation to the concentrations of Na, Ca, K, Mg and Al; (ii) monitoring the pH of the soil, the potential acidity (H+Al), the levels of Na, Ca, K, Mg cations and exchangeable Al in the soil; (iii) verifying the possible occurrence of clay dispersion in the soil due to addition of Na through treated sewage effluent and (iv) determining the production of dry mass of Tifton 85 grass. The irrigation with water and effluent was carried out for six months by the use of a sprinkler irrigation system, being that the added volumes had been determined on the basis of the maintenance of the humidity of the soil for the development of grass that had growth differentiated between the treatments. The experimental design was a split plot scheme of randomized blocks subdivided in time, with five treatments (A, E1, E2, E3 and E4) and four replications. Both effluent and water presented high values of SAR, however, lower values were observed for the effluent. The acidification of the soil and the solution occurred after the irrigation with water and effluent. The exchangeable Al increased due to the reduction of pH. Both water and effluent increased the level of Na in the soil, due to the high concentration of this element in the water and in the effluent. The dispersion of clay occurred in all the area, and the increase in time was higher in the surface in accordance with the highest increase of exangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and SAR of the soil solution. The effluent was efficient in supplying Tifton grass with water, not resulting in dry mass accumulation losses in relation to the treatment of irrigation with water.

L'objectif de cette étude est d'évaluer dans quelle mesure l'intégration de l'électrodialyse en amont du traitement biologique peut améliorer la gestion des effluents salins. En s'appuyant sur une analyse des phénomènes mis en jeu en électrodialyse, nous avons dans un premier temps, proposé des relations entre des grandeurs caractéristiques du transfert, les conditions opératoires et la composition de l'effluent à traiter. Par ailleurs, nous avons mis en évidence l'influence de l'hydratation des espèces minérales sur le coefficient de transfert de la matière organique. On démontre ainsi le caractère générique de ces effets de solvatation, qui semblent communs à des systèmes mettant en oeuvre des espèces, des membranes et des forces agissantes de nature différente. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons étudié l'influence de la composition ionique sur l'activité biologique, caractérisée par le taux de croissance des micro-organismes. Les résultats ont montré l'existence d'une concentration limite au delà de laquelle le taux de croissance diminue. Cette concentration, dont la valeur dépend de la nature des sels, correspond dans tous les cas considérés à une unique valeur en terme de pression osmotique. Il s'agit donc pour l'électrodialyse d'atteindre un taux de déminéralisation correspondant à cette valeur, afin de garantir une dégradation biologique optimale. Dans une dernière partie, la méthodologie ainsi proposée à partir d'effluents synthétiques, a été validée avec un effluent industriel. Mots clés : effluents salins, électrodialyse, dégradation biologique, transfert de matière, physicochimie

L’objectif de cette étude est d’évaluer dans quelle mesure l’intégration de l’électrodialyse en amont du traitement biologique peut améliorer la gestion des effluents salins. En s’appuyant sur une analyse des phénomènes mis en jeu en électrodialyse, nous avons dans un premier temps, proposé des relations entre des grandeurs caractéristiques du transfert, les conditions opératoires et la composition de l’effluent à traiter. Par ailleurs, nous avons mis en évidence l’influence de l’hydratation des espèces minérales sur le coefficient de transfert de la matière organique. On démontre ainsi le caractère générique de ces effets de solvatation, qui semblent communs à des systèmes mettant en œuvre des espèces, des membranes et des forces agissantes de nature différente. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons étudié l’influence de la composition ionique sur l’activité biologique, caractérisée par le taux de croissance des micro-organismes. Les résultats ont montré l’existence d’une concentration limite au delà de laquelle le taux de croissance diminue. Cette concentration, dont la valeur dépend de la nature des sels, correspond dans tous les cas considérés à une unique valeur en terme de pression osmotique. Il s’agit donc pour l’électrodialyse d’atteindre un taux de déminéralisation correspondant à cette valeur, afin de garantir une dégradation biologique optimale. Dans une dernière partie, la méthodologie ainsi proposée à partir d’effluents synthétiques, a été validée avec un effluent industriel
The aim of the study is to evaluate to what extend the treatment of salted liquid waste can be improved by the integration of electrodialysis upstream the biological step. Firstly, a theoretical approach of the different phenomena involved in electrodialysis was used to provide relationships between the characterise parameters of the mass transfer, the operating parameters and the composition of the fluid to be treated. More over, the influence of the mineral ions hydration on the transfer coefficient of the organic matter was emphasized. In this manner, the general character of the solvatation effect, observed with different species, membranes and driving force, was demonstrated. Secondly, we have studied the influence of the ionic composition on the biological activity, characterized by the micro-organisms growth rate. Results have showed the existence of a limit concentration value, above which the specific growth rate decreased. This concentration, which depends on the salt nature, corresponds to an osmotic pressure only value. The demineralisation factor to be reach by the electrodialysis step corresponds to this osmotic value in order to have an optimum biodegradation. Finally, the methodology pointed out with synthetic model waste was validated with an industrial waste

Les procédés d’oxydation chimique sont utilisés pour traiter des effluents contenant des composés organiques non biodégradables. Or, la présence de sels diminue l’efficacité de ce traitement. Dans ce travail, nous étudions un procédé couplé, comprenant une étape de déminéralisation par électrodialyse associée à une étape de photo oxydation (photo-Fenton). Une eau synthétique, contenant du NaCl et du phénol, est utilisée comme modèle. Chaque opération est étudiée en couplant des outils expérimentaux et théoriques. Concernant l’électrodialyse, l’influence des variables opératoires, comme la composition initiale de l’eau à traiter et la densité de courant, sur le taux de déminéralisation et le rendement en phénol, est évaluée. Différents types d’expériences sont réalisées pour dissocier les contributions des divers phénomènes au transfert d’eau, de sel et de phénol. Dans des conditions standard, outre la diffusion, une contribution additionnelle au transfert de phénol, directement proportionnelle au transfert d’eau et donc à la migration des sels, est mise en évidence. Un modèle phénoménologique est proposé pour relier les flux aux forces agissantes et les paramètres caractéristiques sont déterminés en ajustant les résultats expérimentaux avec ceux du modèle. Le procédé d’oxydation photo chimique (Fenton) est ensuite étudié suivant une approche similaire. La sensibilité du procédé, caractérisé par une vitesse de dégradation, aux variables d’entrée est évaluée. En particulier, on montre une influence de la présence de sels. Eu égard à la complexité du système réactionnel, un modèle de type réseau de neurones est choisi pour modéliser la relation entre l’efficacité de l’oxydation aux conditions opératoires. Dans un dernier temps, un modèle hybride est proposé en intégrant les modèles développés pour les étapes d’électrodialyse et d’oxydation. Ce modèle est testé en discutant différentes configurations vis-à-vis de considérations énergétiques. Il sera utilisé pour étudier les configurations les plus adaptées vis-à-vis d’autres critères, comme la qualité de l’eau traitée par exemple
Chemical oxidation processes can be used to treat industrial wastewater containing non-biodegradable organic compounds. However, the presence of dissolved salts may inhibit or retard the treatment process. In this work, a coupled process is studied including a desalination step by electrodialysis (ED) associated with an advanced oxidation process (photo-Fenton) with a synthetic wastewater containing NaCl and phenol. The experimental study concerning ED was carried out using a pilot plant. The influence of process variables, like the initial water composition and the electrical current intensity, on the demineralization factor was investigated. Experiments were also performed without electrical current application, in order to determine the unfavorable phenol transfer through the membranes due to diffusion. The phenol and salt concentration variations in the ED compartments were measured over time, using dedicated procedures and an experimental design to determine the global characteristic parameters. A phenomenological approach was used to relate the phenol, salt and water fluxes with the driving force (concentration and electric potential gradients). Under normal ED conditions, two contributions were pointed out for the phenol transport, i.e. Diffusion and convection, this latter coming from the water flux due to electroosmosis related to the migration of salts. The fitting of the parameters of the transport equations resulted in good agreement with the experimental results over the range of conditions investigated. Photo- enton oxidation process was studied in a laboratory batch reactor. As expected, the results confirm the negative effect of the salt concentration on the phenol removal efficiency by oxidation. This effect was not found to be linear concerning salt concentration and degradation rate. Due to the complexity of these reaction systems, a model based on artificial neural networks has been developed to fit the experimental data. This model describes the evolution of the pollutant concentration i.e. phenol, by means of a reaction rate, during irradiation time under various operating conditions

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
This study aimed to analyze the effect of a saline solution on growth and chemical composition of Atriplex nummularia, shrubby plant, absorbing salts used in the diet of animals and the management of water and saline soils. These plant seedlings were planted and grown in a reserved area at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte. The plantation was divided into two blocks, in which one of them was irrigated with saline solution with a concentration of 2840 mgL-1 of NaCl and the second group was irrigated with drinking water. After six months, the plants were collected, harvested and divided into three parts: leaf, thin and thick stem. Monthly, dimension measurements were carried out for cataloging the growth of Atriplex. Ion Chromatography (IC) and Optical Emission Spectroscopy Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP-OES) were used to analyze the chemical composition of the partition plant parts. The results of these analyses revealed that an absorption process of anions and cations by Atriplex nummularia plant during its growth was achieved, in particular by a higher concentration of sodium and chloride ions. Scanning electron microscopy images showed and confirmed the presence of small crystals on the leaf surface. Electrical conductivity and pH measurements of the aerial parts of the plant were carried out and these results showed that the leaf is the plant part where there is a largest concentration of ions. In addition, measurements of specific surface were obtained from irrigated plants with saline solution, achieving higher surface area, in all cases. Plant dimensions obtained monthly showed that the plants irrigated with water grew 5% more than those plants irrigated with saline solution. Based on results obtained, Atriplex plant showed a higher potential to survive and adapt to environments (aquatic or geological) with high levels of salinity and this property can be used as a tool for removing salts/metals from industrial contaminated soils and effluents.
O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar o efeito da aplica??o de uma solu??o salina no crescimento e na composi??o qu?mica da Atriplex nummularia, planta arbustiva, absorvedora de sais utilizada na dieta de animais e no manejo de ?guas e solos salinos. Mudas desta erva foram plantadas e cultivadas no Horto da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. A planta??o foi dividida em dois blocos, no qual um deles foi irrigado com solu??o salina com concentra??o de 2840 mgL-1 de cloreto e o outro irrigado com ?gua pot?vel. Ap?s seis meses do plantio as plantas foram colhidas e dividas em tr?s partes: folha, caule fino e caule grosso. O crescimento da Atriplex foi avaliado atrav?s de medidas mensais. Para a caracteriza??o qu?mica fez-se necess?rio o uso de t?cnicas anal?ticas como: Cromatografia de ?ons (IC) e Espectroscopia de Emiss?o ?ptica por Plasma Indutivamente Acoplado (ICP-OES). Os resultados dessas an?lises destacaram a diversidade de ?nions e c?tions absorvidos pela planta durante seu processo evolutivo, apresentando em especial uma maior concentra??o dos ?ons s?dio e cloreto. A Microscopia Eletr?nica de Varredura identificou a presen?a de pequenos cristais na superf?cie da folha. An?lises de condutividade el?trica das partes a?reas da planta foram realizadas juntamente com medidas do potencial hidrogeni?nico e essas mostraram que na folha encontram-se as maiores concentra??o de ?ons. Medidas da ?rea superficial espec?fica das plantas irrigadas com solu??o salina apresentaram maior ?rea superficial. As medidas mensais realizadas durante todo o cultivo mostraram que as plantas irrigadas com ?gua pot?vel se desenvolveram 5% a mais do que as plantas cultivadas com solu??o salina. Com base em todos os resultados obtidos durante o estudo foi conclu?do que a Atriplex ? uma planta que apresenta potencialidade em sobreviver e adaptar-se a ambientes salinos, podendo ser utilizada como uma fonte absorvedora de sais dos solos contaminados por efluentes resultantes de processos industriais nos quais tem a ?gua salina como produto final de seus processos.

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The liquid effluent from medical radiology centers is polluting and toxic and it can result in damage to humans and to the environment when it is discarded in the sanitary sewer system without prior treatment. This study aimed to chemically analyze OBD5, OCD, silver and total sulphate and also, through bioassays, to determine the toxic potential of the waste generated during the revealing of medical radiographs. The residual sample of this waste, for this research, was collected in one of the hospitals belonging to the state of Goiás, located in its capital, Goiânia. The parameters OBD5, OCD, silver and total sulphate were analyzed in the sample with natural pH (9.9) and after its correction with HCl (1:1) to 8.5. The bioassays were performed only with the sample after pH correction and they consisted of analysis of root growth and germination seeds of Allium cepa L., and also ecotoxicological evaluation using Artemia salina. In the experiments, to evaluate the Root Growth Rate and Seed Germination Rate of Allium cepa L., revealing residual concentrations of 0; 0.5; 1; 2 and 4% (v/v) were used. In the ecotoxicological assays with Artemia salina, used to obtain the DL50, concentrations of 0; 0.25; 0.5; 1; 1.5; 2; 2.5 and 3% (v/v) were used. The results of OBD5, OCD and total sulphate (pH 9.9) were well above the permitted limits imposed by Saneago. The sample with pH 8.5 was reported to be OBD5 15% and OCD 25% higher than those found in the sample without pH correction. Yet, the concentration of total sulphate, with pH correction to 8.5 has adapted to standards of Saneago. In both analyzes with pH 9.9 and 8.5 the total silver parameter did not exceed the quality standards of Saneago for the ones to be released in the sewer system. It was found that the revealing residue causes cytotoxic effect on Allium cepa L., inhibits root growth and changes its quality. The DL50 (24h) found from the Survival Artemia salina test rate is 0.86% (v/v). The results show that improvements are essential in the management of waste from health facilities as well as the adoption of urgent actions that promote the reduction of radiological effluent generation, such as the replacement of the conventional image production for digital.
O efluente líquido de centros de radiologia médica é poluente e tóxico, podendo resultar em prejuízos ao homem e meio ambiente se descartado na rede coletora de esgotos sanitários sem o prévio tratamento. O presente trabalho objetivou a análise química DBO5, DQO, prata e sulfato total e, ainda, por meio de bioensaios a determinação do potencial tóxico do resíduo revelador gerado durante a revelação de radiografias médicas. A amostra de resíduo revelador para execução da pesquisa foi coletada em uma das unidades hospitalares pertencentes ao estado de Goiás localizada em sua capital, Goiânia. Os parâmetros DBO5, DQO, prata e sulfato total foram analisados na amostra com pH natural (9,9) e após sua correção com HCl (1:1) para 8,5. Os bioensaios foram realizados apenas com a amostra após correção do pH e consistiram de análise de crescimento radicular e geminação de sementes de Allium cepa L., bem como de avaliação ecotoxicológica utilizando Artemia salina. Nos experimentos para avaliação da Taxa de Crescimento Radicular e Taxa de Germinação de Sementes Allium cepa L. foram utilizadas as concentrações de resíduo revelador 0; 0,5; 1; 2 e 4% (v/v). Nos ensaios ecotoxicológicos com Artemia salina para obtenção da DL50 utilizou-se concentrações 0; 0,25; 0,5; 1; 1,5; 2; 2,5 e 3% (v/v). Os resultados de DBO5, DQO e sulfato total (pH 9,9) mostraram-se bem acima dos limites permissíveis pela Saneago. A amostra com o pH 8,5 apresentou valores de DBO5 15% e de DQO 25% superiores àqueles encontrados na amostra sem correção do pH. Já a concentração de sulfato total, com a correção do pH para 8,5, adequou-se às normas da Saneago. Em ambas as análises com pH 9,9 e 8,5 o parâmetro prata total não ultrapassou os padrões de qualidade da Saneago para lançamento na rede coletora de esgotos. Foi verificado que o resíduo revelador provoca efeito citotóxico em Allium cepa L., inibe o crescimento das raízes e altera sua qualidade. A DL50 (24h) encontrada a partir do ensaio Taxa de Sobrevivência Artemia salina é de 0,86% (v/v). Os resultados obtidos mostram que são imprescindíveis melhorias no gerenciamento de resíduos de estabelecimentos de saúde e a adoção urgente de ações que promovam a redução da geração de efluentes radiológicos, como a substituição da técnica convencional de produção de imagem pela digital.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
A escassez de água potável está sempre em foco por ser um pré-requisito para a vida. Nas grandes cidades é evidente como uma preocupação que determina a vida de bilhões de cidadãos, sendo um recurso que movimenta a economia e a saúde pública. É fundamental nas indústrias movimentando a economia, e muitas vezes ao sair delas, como efluente, não é submetida aos tratamentos necessários antes de ser devolvida aos cursos hídricos, dos quais primeiramente foi retirada. Este trabalho visa aprimorar os métodos de remoção de corante Acid Red 114 e Acid Blue 40 do efluente de indústrias têxteis com o uso do processo de coagulação e floculação. Uma vez que os efluentes não tratados geram problemas ecológicos, com um grande impacto ambiental, seu tratamento é fundamental para evitar a contaminação de nossos mananciais. O método escolhido de tratamento foi o de coagulação/floculação por ser amplamente empregado em ETE (Estações de Tratamento de Efluentes) e possuir uma boa eficiência e baixo custo. Com o uso da espectrofotometria e testes de toxicidade foi avaliada a eficiência deste tratamento. Nos testes de toxicidade com S. cerevisiae na mistura dos corantes, Acid Blue 40 com Acid Red 114, mostraram que as leveduras são resistentes as concentrações as quais foram expostas. Nos testes de toxicidade com Artemia salina na mistura dos corantes, Acid Blue 40 com Acid Red 114, mostraram uma mortalidade de 23,33% na concentração de 0,100 g L-1 . Esta sensibilidade maior dos organismos expostos a combinação dos corantes é notada quando comparada com os organismos expostos aos corantes isolados. As sementes expostas a combinações dos corantes mostraram uma mortalidade similar as sementes expostas aos corantes isolados.
The shortage of drinking water is always in focus to be a prerequisite for life. In large cities it is evident as a concern that determines the lives of billions of people, and a feature that moves the economy and public health. It is essential in industries moving the economy, and many of them times out as effluent is not subjected to the necessary treatments before being returned to watercourses, which was first removed. This research aims to improve the stain removal methods Acid Red 114 and Acid Blue 40 from the effluent from textiles with the use of coagulation and flocculation process. Since untreated effluents generate ecological problems, with a large environmental impact, its treatment is essential to prevent contamination of our water sources. The chosen method of treatment was the coagulation / flocculation to be widely used in wastewater treatment plants (wastewater treatment plants) and have a good efficiency and low cost. With the use of spectrophotometry and toxicity tests evaluated the efficacy of this treatment. toxicity tests with S. cerevisiae in the mixture of dyes, Acid Blue 40 with Acid Red 114, showed that yeast concentrations which were exposed are tough. In toxicity tests with Artemia salina in the mixture of dyes, Acid Blue 40 with Acid Red 114, showed a mortality of 23.33% at a concentration of 0.100 g L-1. This increased sensitivity of the organisms exposed to the combination of dyes is noted when compared with organisms exposed to the isolated dye. Seeds exposed to combinations of dyes showed similar mortality seeds exposed to the isolated dye.
CNPq: 159040/2014-0

During the last decades, short rotation forestry (SRF) plantations have become attractive for Italian farmers due both to their capacity to produce large quantities of woody biomass for energy purposes and to the considerable amount of public incentives allowed. The present study quantifies in a chronosequence 52 plantations in the Italian region of Friuli Venezia Giulia in order to acquire extensive knowledge of the productivity potential of SRF plantations in Northern Italy, their mortality rate, shoot sprouting capacity after coppicing and above-ground biomass production. Two newly selected clones of hybrid poplar, Pegaso and Sirio, specific for biomass production were employed under intensive biennial coppice management, planted at 3,0 m x 0,5 m. Experimental plots were measured during the winter 2007/2008. Average yields during the first cutting cycle are of 5 Mg ha-1 year-1 of dry matter, and at the end of the second cutting cycle average yields are of 9 Mg ha-1 year-1 for both clones. Constraining factors were found in all plantation soils. Yields of SRF plantation are lower than the values reported in literature for experimental plots, but are similar to the results of SRF in marginal areas. In 38,5% of experimental plantations, yields are insufficient for economic purposes. In order to improve yield, SRF plantations need high input management like fertilization and irrigation. An alternative to chemical fertilization is disposing of animal farm effluents. A test on swine effluent disposal effects on SRF of poplar, willow and black locust was carried out in order to evaluate yields capacity under different effluent management. Black locust’s and willow’s yields increase after one treatment. Poplar does not show any yield differences under different effluent management, probably because of a nutrient excess. Swine effluent disposal could prove useful in increasing biomass yield, but should be calibrated on a species’ phytoextraction potential to avoid pollution.
Nel corso dell’ultimo decennio la SRF da biomassa ha iniziato a diffondersi in Italia grazie alla presenza di cospicui finanziamenti. Al fine di evidenziare le reali potenzialità produttive e le problematiche della SRF realizzata in pieno campo in impianti produttivi non sperimentali è stata condotta un’analisi sincronica in 52 aree di saggio in impianti di SRF realizzati in pieno campo in Friuli Venezia Giulia. Sono stati analizzati il tasso di mortalità, l’emissione di getti dalla ceppaia a seguito della ceduazione, le principali caratteristiche dendrometriche e qualitative dei getti di due cloni di pioppo selezionati per la produzione di biomassa, Sirio e Pegaso, al fine di determinarne la produzione di biomassa e la sua relazione con le caratteristiche pedologiche. Al termine del primo ciclo colturale è stata registrata un produzione media di sostanza secca di 5 Mg ha-1 anno-1, e di 9 Mg ha-1 anno-1 al termine del secondo ciclo colturale, valori che risultano in linea con quelli evidenziati per piantagioni condotte con modelli colturali caratterizzati da bassi input o su terreni caratterizzati da limitata fertilità stazionale, mentre rese sensibilmente maggiori sono riportate per impianti soggetti a fertilizzazione ed irrigazione. È stata quindi condotta una seconda sperimentazione in un impianto di SRF in provincia di Cuneo composto da tre specie, pioppo, robinia e salice, testando tre differenti tipologie di spandimento di refluo zootecnico, apportando elevati quantitativi di nutrienti. Le rese in termini di biomassa sono risultate essere elevate, ma il pioppo non ha risposto ai trattamenti con un incremento significativo delle rese, probabilmente a causa di un eccesso di nutrienti. Il salice e la robinia hanno presentato un aumento della produzione di biomassa nei trattamenti con i reflui rispetto le prove non trattate, a dimostrazione che apporti di nutrienti possano influenzare positivamente la resa della SRF, senza ulteriori aggravi di costi.

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A pesquisa teve como objetivo a avaliação dos parâmetros de tratabilidade, designados assim, como as variáveis, fatores, configurações hidráulicas e de operação, que por hipótese, potencialmente oferecessem influência no processo de melhoria da qualidade da água residuária (concentrado salino) decorrente da dessalinização por ultrafiltração e osmose reversa, através da aplicação de Sistemas Alagados Construídos, cultivados com capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum.). Os estudos foram conduzidos em escala de bancada, dentro de uma estufa agrícola semi-climatizada. Foram confeccionadas doze unidades experimentais, e estabelecidos quatro configurações de tratamento com três repetições cada, operadas e monitoradas durante cinco meses, variando em função da operação do sistema, se de fluxo contínuo ou de regime estático, e também no tempo de detenção hidráulica de três ou quatro dias. Amostras de água foram coletadas na entrada e na saída de cada unidade, e foram analisados em laboratório para a caracterização físico-química e monitoramento dos parâmetros: pH, alcalinidade, oxigênio dissolvido, turbidez, salinidade, dureza, cálcio, cloretos, sulfatos, condutividade elétrica, sólidos dissolvidos totais e demanda química de oxigênio. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste de Tukey, em nível de 95% de confiança, utilizando-se o programa estatístico SISVAR. Os sistemas que foram submetidos ao regime estático, com tempo de detenção hidráulica de quatro dias, nas três primeiras semanas de operação, mostraram ser mais eficientes na remoção média de salinidade (53,1%), dureza (69,2%), cálcio (66,7%), cloreto (44,5%), condutividade elétrica (40,7%) e sólidos dissolvidos totais (86,7%). A planta conseguiu absorver 0,25% do íon sódio pelas suas raízes para a sua nutrição, segundo resultados de ensaio de microscopia eletrônica.
The aim of this research was to evaluate the treatability parameters, which were defined as variables, factors, hydraulic and operating configurations, which, by hypothesis, could potentially influence the process of improving the quality of wastewater (brine) resulting from desalination by ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis, through the application of Constructed Flooded Systems, cultivated with elephantgrass (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum.). The studies were conducted on bench scale, within a semi-heated agricultural greenhouse. Twelve experimental units were established, and four treatment configurations were established with three replicates each, operated and monitored for five months, varying according to the operation of the system, whether continuous or static, and also in the hydraulic holding time of three or four days. Samples of water were collected at the entrance and exit of each unit, and were analyzed in the laboratory for the physico-chemical characterization and monitoring of parameters: pH, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, salinity, hardness, calcium, chlorides, sulfates, conductivity total dissolved solids and chemical oxygen demand. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey's test, at a 95% confidence level, using the statistical program SISVAR. The systems that were submitted to the static regime, with hydraulic detention time of four days, during the first three weeks of operation, showed to be more efficient in the average removal of salinity (53.1%), hardness (69.2%), calcium (66.7%), chloride (44.5%), electrical conductivity (40.7%) and total dissolved solids (86.7%). The plant was able to absorb 0.25% of the sodium ion by its roots for its nutrition, according to results of the electron microscopy.

Dissertação de mestrado, Engenharia Biológica, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2016
Microalgae are a promising source of biofuels and other valuable chemicals. The reduced economic feasibility of microalgal cultures is due to low cell density and slow growth rate of these cultures. Thus, it is necessary to develop sustainable processes that will be able to increase the productivity, maximize the production yield and reduce production costs. To achieve this goals, it is necessary to improve the understanding of the behavior of microalgal cultures. A robust method was developed for the growth of Thraustochytrids in saline waste medium using glycerol as carbon source. The first study case was the heterotrophic cultivation of Schizochytrium limacinum in order to achieve the highest growth and DHA content possible using alternative raw materials. In the second study case, the temperature profiles of Japanochytrium sp. were analyzed to identify the optimal temperature for growth and PUFAs production. The first case study, Schizochytrium limacinum was grown in saline waste medium using glycerol as carbon source. After 216 hours of fermentation the values obtained were the following: biomass concentration of 40.4 g.L-1, DHA content of 48.5% and a DHA productivity of 424 mg.L-1.d-1. The results obtained proved that Schizochytrium limacinum. is able to grow and produce high levels of DHA using saline waste medium and glycerol as carbon source. Besides, it was made the economic balance of the used media for biomass and DHA production. In standard medium to produce 1 kg of biomass and 1 kg of DHA will cost 105 € and 1.235 €, respectively. While in saline waste medium to produce 1 kg of biomass and 1 kg of DHA will cost 17.16 € and 180.7 €, respectively. The second case study, Japanochytrium sp. was cultivated at different temperatures of 15, 20, 25 and 30 ˚ C. The highest value of biomass, 22 g.L-1, was obtained at 25 ˚C whereas the lowest value of biomass, 11 g.L-1, was obtained at 15 ˚C. For 20 ˚C and 30 ˚C the biomass concentration was 19 g.L-1 and 16 g.L-1, respectively. These results are in agreement with the literature, where the optimal temperature to the growth of thraustochytrids range between 22-28 ˚C. Glycerol is the major byproduct of the biodiesel industry and since it is expensive to purify, biodiesel producers must seek alternative methods for its disposal. Hence using glycerol as a carbon source for fermentation is an alternative use for this product.
Com o decorrer do tempo as microalgas têm vindo a tornar-se uma fonte promissora no ramo dos biocombustíveis e industrias relacionadas. A baixa viabilidade económica no cultivo de microalgas deve-se a uma fraca densidade celular e baixa taxa de crescimento. Deste modo, é necessário desenvolver processos sustentáveis capazes de aumentar a produtividade, maximizar o rendimento e reduzir os custos de produção. Para atingir estes objetivos é necessário aprofundar conhecimentos para a compreensão do comportamento em culturas de microalgas. Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido um meio de cultura para o crescimento de Thraustochytrids em meio salino, proveniente do efluente de uma fábrica de lacticínios e usando glicerol como fonte de carbono. O primeiro caso de estudo foi o cultivo heterótrófico de Schyzochytrium limacinum de modo a atingir uma elevada taxa de crescimento desta microalga bem como o conteúdo de ácido docosahexaenoico (ADH) associado usando matérias-primas alternativas. O segundo caso de estudo teve como objectivo identificar os perfis de temperatura da microalga Japanochytrium sp. de modo a identificar a temperatura ideal para o seu crescimento e para a produção de ácidos gordos polinsaturados. A microalga Schizochytrium limacinum foi cultivada em meio salino usando glicerol como fonte de carbono. Após 216 horas de fermentação obtiveram-se os seguintes resultados: concentração de biomassa de 40,4 g.L-1, conteúdo em ADH de 48,5% e a produtividade de ADH atingiu 424 mg.L-1.d-1. Os resultados obtidos provaram que a microalga em questão tem uma boa capacidade de crescimento aliado a uma produção elevada de ADH. Foi feito um balanço económico entre o meio salino standard e o meio salino do efluente para a produção de biomassa e ADH. Em meio standard para produzir 1 Kg de biomassa e 1 Kg de ADH custa 105 € e 1.235€, respectivamente. No segundo caso de estudo, o Japanochytrium sp. foi cultivado a diferentes temperaturas: 15, 20, 25 e 30 ˚C. O valor mais elevado de biomassa, 22 g.L-1, foi obtido a 25 ˚C e o valor mais baixo de biomassa, 11 g.L-1 foi obtido a 15 ˚C. Para 20 ˚C e 30 ˚C a concentração de biomassa obtida foi, 19 g.L-1 e 16g.L-1, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo estão de acordo com a literatura, onde a temperatura ótima de crescimento para o crescimento de thraustochytrids varia entre 22-28 ˚C. O glicerol é o principal subproduto na indústria do biodiesel e uma vez que os custos de purificação para uso na indústria farmacêutica e alimentar são demasiado elevados, os produtores devem procurar métodos alternativos para a sua utilização. Provou-se que utilizando o glicerol como fonte de carbono para fermentações é uma alternativa bastante atrativa para o uso deste produto.

Global warming is becoming more concerned by the public. The escalating atmospheric CO₂ level has introduced the intensification of greenhouse effect which brought enormous impact to the environment and climate. Among different methods for CO₂ mitigation, biological treatment on CO₂ emission using microalgae is regarded to be more economical and beneficial. On the other hand, countries around the world are projected to face water scarcity in the coming decades. Therefore alternatives to the finite fresh water resources for consumption have to be explored. Seawater has been introduced for toilet flushing in Hong Kong since 1950s. The flushing water is mixed with the consumed fresh water in the sewage treatment process to give a sewage effluent with high salinity, which still contains nutrients to support the growth of algal cells. Using sewage effluent as an algal culture medium not only can have a lower operation cost while saving fresh water for food crops, but also the effluent can be purified before discharging. Besides Hong Kong, there is an increase in numbers of cities incorporating seawater in toilet flushing systems as an economical and sustainable solution to fresh water scarcity.
Taking sustainable development into consideration, the use of algal cell for the fixation of CO₂ in saline sewage effluent is proposed, which should be an effective mitigation for CO₂ emissions, removal of nutrient in sewage effluent as well as production of useful products such as biofuel feedstock. In order to find out a suitable algal species for CO₂ the bioremediation, commercially available algal strains were compared against the locally isolated species on the growth and CO₂ removal efficiency in saline sewage effluent. Chlorogonium capillatum, the algal strain isolated from a local fish pond, was found to be the best candidate for CO₂ sequestration and nutrient removal in the non-sterile saline sewage effluent since it could grow much better in the presence of other microorganisms, comparing with the majority of other algal species could not grow under this situation.
The effect of CO₂ enhancement on algal photosynthetic rate and growth was studied in terms of the change in cell number, biomass and lipid production, and the fatty acid profile. The optimisation of CO₂ mitigation was achieved by deploying the response surface methodology (RSM) approach with a model describing the change in CO₂ consumption rate being developed. In the minimal run resolution V (MR5) screening test, it was found that salinity, pH, CO₂ and PO₄³⁻-P levels were influential to CO₂ removal by C. capillatum in non-sterile sewage effluent. Further optimisation of the CO₂ consumption rate was performed using the Box-Behnken design. The results of study showed that C. capillatum was able to deliver its maximum CO₂ consumption rate at 58.96 mg L⁻¹ d⁻¹ at the optimal condition, which was very close to the ordinary condition in the average sewage. In addition, the lipid content of C. capillatum could reach 24.26±2.67% with fatty acid profile conforming to typical biodiesel composition, delivering a high potential for biofuel feedstock production. Together with a high nutrient removal rate, C. capillatum could be used to produce a promising waste-recycling oriented simultaneous treatment system.
Since the CO₂ consumption rate was not dependent to light intensity, the spectral effects on the light-enhanced algal growth and carbon sequestration were investigated to find the best culture condition and how the carbon sequestration process was being influenced. Five LED light spectra were chosen for the analysis and it was found that growth parameters and cell compositions were influenced by the colour of the light very differently. The results indicated that under the irradiation of white LED light, C. capillatum had the highest CO₂ consumption rate and lipid content. Red LED light induced the highest amount of cellular protein as well as the chlorophyll a content. However, the performance of the light dependent reaction of the red LED light culture did not show apparent improvement. Regarding the CO₂ fixation enzyme, the spectral effect on RuBisCO content was marginal and there was no obvious relationship between the light induced CO₂ consumption and solely the light induced RuBisCO content change. Chemical analysis on the algal biomass indicated the C. capillatum culture would be a suitable microbial system to mitigate CO₂ emission, remove nutrients from saline sewage effluent and produce biomass suitable for biofuel production.
This study delivers a bioremediation system which is capable of simultaneous CO₂ mitigation, nutrient removal and biofuel feedstock production with a newly isolated algal species in a waste recycling manner. The findings of this study are not limited to the application locally in Hong Kong, but hopefully all these can also be useful in similar works in other places to help with the sustainable development.
全球暖化正越來越受到公眾關注，大氣中不斷上升的二氧化碳水平已經加劇了溫室效應，並對環境和氣候帶來了巨大的影響。在不同的二氧化碳緩減方法中，利用生物方法以微藻處理二氧化碳排放被認為是更具效率和回報價值。另一方面，世界各地已經預計會在未來幾十年面臨水荒，因此是有必須要為有限的淡水資源尋找代替品。自五十年代起，香港便引入了海水作沖廁用途。沖廁用水會在污水處理過程中混合經使用過的淡水而產生高鹽度的污水，而污水當中仍含有營養物質，以支持藻類細胞生長。使用污水作為藻類培養介質不但可以降低營運成本，並有助於節省淡水用以耕種糧食作物，而且可以在污水排出前進行純化。除香港以外，一些引入海水用於沖廁系統的城市數目正在增加。
考慮到可持續發展，我們提出利用微藻細胞在帶鹽污水中進行二氧化碳固定。這應該是一個有效的緩解二氧化碳排放，清除污水中養份，以及產生有價值產品的綜合方案。為了找出一種合適的微藻進行生物整治，我們比較了市面上買到的品種和於本地環境分離出來的藻種於帶鹽污水中生長和去除二氧化碳的表現。經過實驗後我們確定一種從魚塘中分離出來的綠梭藻(Chlorogonium capillatum)是能夠在未經消毒的帶鹽污水中進行碳封存和去除養份的最佳選擇，因為綠梭藻能夠在其他微生物存在下仍可以良好地生長，反觀其他大多數的藻種就不能在這情況生長。
我們從細胞數、生物量、脂質和脂肪酸譜的變化方面研究了二氧化碳量增強對微藻光合速率和生長的影響。我們利用了反應曲面法(Response Surface Methodology)對微藻的二氧化碳緩減進行最佳化，並將二氧化碳緩減率的變化製成模型。在條件篩選實驗，我們找出鹽度、酸鹼、二氧化碳和磷質水平是會影響二氧化碳緩減率。在隨後的二氧化碳緩減率的最佳化後，綠梭藻的最大二氧化碳緩減率為58.69微克每公升每天。研究發現綠梭藻能夠於接近平常環境條件下達成最高效的二氧化碳緩減。除此之外，綠梭藻的脂質含量可達24.26±2.67百份比。加上脂肪酸分佈符合典型的生物柴油成份和具有高度養份去除率，綠梭藻可以用來創造以廢物回收作主導的多功能的生物修復系統。
由於二氧化碳緩減率並不依賴於光的強度，我們進行了光譜對微藻生長和碳封存的影響的研究，以找出最佳的培養條件和了解碳吸收的過程如何被影響。我們分析了五種發光二極管光譜，發現燈光顏色對微藻的生長參數和細胞組合物有明顯的影響。結果顯示，在白色燈的照射下，綠梭藻有最高的二氧化碳緩減率和脂質含量。紅色燈引發了最高的細胞蛋白質，以及葉綠素a含量。然而，紅光並沒有明顯提升光依賴反應。關於固定二氧化碳的酶，光譜對羧化/加氧酶的數量變化效果細微。另外，羧化/加氧酶跟二氧化碳緩減率之間沒有明顯關係。從微藻生物質中的化學分析，我們認為綠梭藻是一個合適的微生物系統以達成二氧化碳的排放緩減，去除帶鹽污水中的養份和生產適用於生物燃料製造的生物質。
這項研究提供了一個生物修復系統，它能夠以廢品回收方式同時減少二氧化碳排放、去除營養和生產製作生物燃料的原料。這項研究的結果並不只限於香港使用，我們希望這些東西也可以應在其地方類似的工程上，為可持續發展出力。
Lee, Kwan Yin.
Thesis Ph.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2015.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 115-134).
Abstracts also in Chinese.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on 05, January, 2017).
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.