Дисертації з теми "Safety expertise"

Highway Authorities in the United Kingdom have jurisdiction to control, maintain and improve the local highway network, and the Road Traffic Act 1988 places a duty on such authorities to take preventative measures to reduce road casualties. As such, engineers working for the Highway Authority are on the ‘front-line,’ and are required to deal directly with lay concerns relating to road safety. This study investigates the nature and characteristics of how local road safety issues are raised and how engineers respond to such issues in a local authority setting. A grounded theory methodology was applied in the collection and analysis of this data, and in the generation of subsequent emergent themes. Datasets were established containing textual data from correspondence between the lay public and the authority, and from local press reporting. This was augmented by 47 semi-structured interviews with engineers. The analysis demonstrates that road safety issues and their construction, form a distinct genre. There are certain characteristic structural elements and argumentative approaches, which are oft repeated, in lay formulations of road safety. Road safety issues are played out in a contested field, although engineers may have, in theory, the ‘expertise’ that grants them authority to assess, diagnose and implement mitigation measures; in practice they have little autonomy or control. Regulatory restrictions, political interference, resource impoverishment and a volatile public, severely limit engineers’ independence and discretion. In dealing with the exigencies and pressures of day-to-day front-line public service, engineers deploy certain strategies for ‘managing’ the public. These pragmatic strategies are examined in order to establish how engineers can best effect practical action, in the face of competing and often conflicting demands. In examining the rhetorical organisation of lay argumentative strategies, a ‘popular epidemiology’ of road safety is recreated. This term, borrowed from Brown (1992), encapsulates a folk philosophy with respect to accident causation and the measures that are considered necessary or appropriate to ameliorate/eliminate identified issues. It is suggested that in vivo formulations of road safety issues, such as the ‘accident waiting to happen’ are founded on vague premises, and constitute a category mistake. Projections from phenomenally troubling, yet largely unsubstantiable events, to those with profound material consequences, are neither necessary nor certain. In making decisions on substantial capital investments, engineers, by necessity, are required to assess competing sites on a more epistemically secure metric, namely the police road casualty record.

Обґрунтовано доцільність використання методу проектів при проведенні практичних занять з дисципліни "Експертиза з охорони праці".
Expediency of use of a method of projects during the practical training on the subject "Expertise of labor protection" was substantiated.

International organisations such as the World Health Organisation highlight the road crash problem in less motorised (or developing, or low income) countries like those in Southeast Asia and recommend the adoption of Western road safety measures. However, there are many differences between highly motorised and less motorised countries which raise questions about how successfully Western road safety knowledge and expertise can be transferred.----- A review of the statistical information on road crashes shows a great deal of uncertainty about both the scale and likely trajectory of road fatalities globally, in less motorised countries and in Asia. It is generally agreed, however, that Asia accounts for around half of all road fatalities, and analysis of the limited available data shows both that Southeast Asia is not an atypical region of Asia in road safety terms, and that Thailand and Vietnam are not atypical of Southeast Asian countries.----- A literature review of recommended practice approaches to road safety transfer in Asia shows that there are many economic, institutional, social and cultural factors which potentially influence the success of transfer. The review also shows that there is no coherent, comprehensive approach which either conceptualises these factors and their relationship to transfer outcomes, or uses an analysis of these factors to plan or modify transfer. To address this gap, this thesis develops a 'road safety space' model as a tool for conceptualisation and analysis, based on a biological metaphor which views the transfer of road safety measures from one context to another as analogous to the transfer of a species into a new ecological space. The road safety space model explicitly considers economic, institutional, social and cultural factors (from specific to broad) which influence the particular road safety issue which a particular road safety transfer effort seeks to address. A central contention of this thesis is that the road safety space model is both a feasible and useful tool to improve the process of road safety transfer to less motorised countries. Road safety space analysis is seen to have a role in a broader process of selection of road safety measures for transfer, along with knowledge of how the measures are considered to operate.----- The research reported in this thesis is comprised of three studies. Study 1 reviewed evaluations of road safety transfer to Thailand and Vietnam. Studies 2 and 3 were case studies of road safety transfer to Thailand and Vietnam respectively.----- Study 1 was an analysis of existing evaluations of road safety transfer to Thailand and Vietnam. The aims were to analyse the evaluations for their consideration of contextual factors, as described in the road safety space model, and to discuss whether the road safety space model assisted in understanding the reasons for success or failure of transfer. However, very few such evaluations exist, and those that were found generally lacked information on whether contextual factors were considered. This indicated the need for a more detailed, in-depth qualitative investigation of particular cases of road safety transfer, in order to investigate the feasibility and utility of the road safety space model.----- Two case studies (Study 2 and Study 3) were conducted to test whether the road safety space approach was both feasible and useful as a means of improving road safety transfer efforts. Study 2 was a case study of the development and implementation in Thailand of a road safety education program for school children, which involved the transfer of Western research and techniques. The transfer agents (i.e. those who effected the road safety transfer) were Australian consultants working for the Australian Road Research Board (ARRB). The transfer was funded by the World Bank and managed by the Thai Ministry of Education (MOE). Study 3 was a case study of the development and implementation of a motorcycle helmet wearing program in Vietnam, which involved the transfer of Western knowledge, techniques and technology. The transfer agents were staff of Asia Injury (AI), a non-government organisation (NGO), and the program was funded initially by a charitable fund, with the intention of becoming self-funding through operation of a helmet factory.----- The case studies employed background research into existing information on economic, institutional, social and cultural factors relevant to the road safety issues (road use behaviour of school children in Thailand and motorcycle helmet purchase and wearing in Vietnam), and collected data through interviews with key informants, analysis of secondary sources and observations. This information was used to derive the road safety space for each road safety issue, to identify the road safety space recognised and addressed by the transfer agents (ARRB and AI), and to determine which factors they missed, or were aware of but took no action on. The focus of this analysis was on the processes used in transfer, not on the road safety outcomes of transfer, although these provided information on the processes as well. Available evaluation information was used to draw links between the omissions and the success of the transfer processes. It was noted that information on how the transferred measures operate should come from a road safety space analysis in the originating country, although this raised questions about selection of country and time (when the measure was first introduced, or in its maturity).----- The feasibility and utility of the road safety space model were discussed. It was clear that the model provided information on the cases which was missed by the transfer agents. The questions examined next were whether this information could have been obtained from an exercise conducted before the transfer had commenced, whether the required effort and cost justified the potential benefits, and whether the information on the road safety space could have been useful for the transfer agents. Comparisons between the road safety spaces for the two cases showed some areas of commonality, e.g. perceptions of police corruption, but also many differences. It was considered likely that some broad factors could be generic, and the possibility was mooted that less motorised countries share issues with police enforcement. This requires further research, however, and at this stage it is better to treat each road safety space as a unique combination of contextual factors influencing the road safety issue of interest.----- It is concluded that the road safety space model is feasible if used in such a way as to minimise the research involved, and useful, although the degree of utility needs to be further explored in a prospective study. The limitation introduced by restricting informants to those who could speak English are discussed. An approach using road safety space analysis is recommended, emphasising analysis of the country to which the road safety measure is being transferred, supplemented by analysis of the originating country road safety space. Gaps in knowledge are identified for further research and development, in particular the theoretical and practical understanding of road use behaviours and their modification in less motorised countries in Southeast Asia. Elaboration of the model is also recommended, to take into account the influence of the type of measure transferred, the role of the transfer agent, the area of road safety (education, engineering or enforcement), and the time dimension (the time which might be needed for a transfer to show its effects).----- The findings of this research are likely to be applicable to road safety transfer in other less motorised regions of the world, however prospective testing is needed. They may also be relevant to issues of transfer for areas other than road safety, in particular public health and traffic engineering, where similar economic, institutional, social and cultural issues come together.

International organisations such as the World Health Organisation highlight the road crash problem in less motorised (or developing, or low income) countries like those in Southeast Asia and recommend the adoption of Western road safety measures. However, there are many differences between highly motorised and less motorised countries which raise questions about how successfully Western road safety knowledge and expertise can be transferred.----- A review of the statistical information on road crashes shows a great deal of uncertainty about both the scale and likely trajectory of road fatalities globally, in less motorised countries and in Asia. It is generally agreed, however, that Asia accounts for around half of all road fatalities, and analysis of the limited available data shows both that Southeast Asia is not an atypical region of Asia in road safety terms, and that Thailand and Vietnam are not atypical of Southeast Asian countries.----- A literature review of recommended practice approaches to road safety transfer in Asia shows that there are many economic, institutional, social and cultural factors which potentially influence the success of transfer. The review also shows that there is no coherent, comprehensive approach which either conceptualises these factors and their relationship to transfer outcomes, or uses an analysis of these factors to plan or modify transfer. To address this gap, this thesis develops a 'road safety space' model as a tool for conceptualisation and analysis, based on a biological metaphor which views the transfer of road safety measures from one context to another as analogous to the transfer of a species into a new ecological space. The road safety space model explicitly considers economic, institutional, social and cultural factors (from specific to broad) which influence the particular road safety issue which a particular road safety transfer effort seeks to address. A central contention of this thesis is that the road safety space model is both a feasible and useful tool to improve the process of road safety transfer to less motorised countries. Road safety space analysis is seen to have a role in a broader process of selection of road safety measures for transfer, along with knowledge of how the measures are considered to operate.----- The research reported in this thesis is comprised of three studies. Study 1 reviewed evaluations of road safety transfer to Thailand and Vietnam. Studies 2 and 3 were case studies of road safety transfer to Thailand and Vietnam respectively.----- Study 1 was an analysis of existing evaluations of road safety transfer to Thailand and Vietnam. The aims were to analyse the evaluations for their consideration of contextual factors, as described in the road safety space model, and to discuss whether the road safety space model assisted in understanding the reasons for success or failure of transfer. However, very few such evaluations exist, and those that were found generally lacked information on whether contextual factors were considered. This indicated the need for a more detailed, in-depth qualitative investigation of particular cases of road safety transfer, in order to investigate the feasibility and utility of the road safety space model.----- Two case studies (Study 2 and Study 3) were conducted to test whether the road safety space approach was both feasible and useful as a means of improving road safety transfer efforts. Study 2 was a case study of the development and implementation in Thailand of a road safety education program for school children, which involved the transfer of Western research and techniques. The transfer agents (i.e. those who effected the road safety transfer) were Australian consultants working for the Australian Road Research Board (ARRB). The transfer was funded by the World Bank and managed by the Thai Ministry of Education (MOE). Study 3 was a case study of the development and implementation of a motorcycle helmet wearing program in Vietnam, which involved the transfer of Western knowledge, techniques and technology. The transfer agents were staff of Asia Injury (AI), a non-government organisation (NGO), and the program was funded initially by a charitable fund, with the intention of becoming self-funding through operation of a helmet factory.----- The case studies employed background research into existing information on economic, institutional, social and cultural factors relevant to the road safety issues (road use behaviour of school children in Thailand and motorcycle helmet purchase and wearing in Vietnam), and collected data through interviews with key informants, analysis of secondary sources and observations. This information was used to derive the road safety space for each road safety issue, to identify the road safety space recognised and addressed by the transfer agents (ARRB and AI), and to determine which factors they missed, or were aware of but took no action on. The focus of this analysis was on the processes used in transfer, not on the road safety outcomes of transfer, although these provided information on the processes as well. Available evaluation information was used to draw links between the omissions and the success of the transfer processes. It was noted that information on how the transferred measures operate should come from a road safety space analysis in the originating country, although this raised questions about selection of country and time (when the measure was first introduced, or in its maturity).----- The feasibility and utility of the road safety space model were discussed. It was clear that the model provided information on the cases which was missed by the transfer agents. The questions examined next were whether this information could have been obtained from an exercise conducted before the transfer had commenced, whether the required effort and cost justified the potential benefits, and whether the information on the road safety space could have been useful for the transfer agents. Comparisons between the road safety spaces for the two cases showed some areas of commonality, e.g. perceptions of police corruption, but also many differences. It was considered likely that some broad factors could be generic, and the possibility was mooted that less motorised countries share issues with police enforcement. This requires further research, however, and at this stage it is better to treat each road safety space as a unique combination of contextual factors influencing the road safety issue of interest.----- It is concluded that the road safety space model is feasible if used in such a way as to minimise the research involved, and useful, although the degree of utility needs to be further explored in a prospective study. The limitation introduced by restricting informants to those who could speak English are discussed. An approach using road safety space analysis is recommended, emphasising analysis of the country to which the road safety measure is being transferred, supplemented by analysis of the originating country road safety space. Gaps in knowledge are identified for further research and development, in particular the theoretical and practical understanding of road use behaviours and their modification in less motorised countries in Southeast Asia. Elaboration of the model is also recommended, to take into account the influence of the type of measure transferred, the role of the transfer agent, the area of road safety (education, engineering or enforcement), and the time dimension (the time which might be needed for a transfer to show its effects).----- The findings of this research are likely to be applicable to road safety transfer in other less motorised regions of the world, however prospective testing is needed. They may also be relevant to issues of transfer for areas other than road safety, in particular public health and traffic engineering, where similar economic, institutional, social and cultural issues come together.

The Offshore Installation Manager (OIM) performs one of the most complex and critical roles within the UK offshore oil and gas industry. The OIM is responsible for the safety and well-being of all persons onboard and within 500m of the installation whilst operating within an isolated and hostile physical environment within the UK Continental Shelf . The persistence of major incidents in the industry highlights the importance of OIM competence in controlling emergencies, consequently the research aims to contribute to new knowledge by identifying the potential barriers that can prevent the effective competence assessment of an OIM in this situation. The research utilised Engeström's Expanded Activity Theory to establish the holistic socio-cultural environment within which the OIM operates during emergency response to establish the key documents relevant to the role and associated competence assessment. The documents were then analysed using a critical hermeneutic approach based on the work of Phillips and Brown (1993) to determine the potential barriers to effective competence assessment of the OIM in controlling emergencies. The research is interdisciplinary and aims to develop new knowledge within the domains of safety engineering and law. The output from the research will assist industry Duty Holders improve the competence assessment of their appointed OIMs and allow safety engineers to consider the probable competence of an OIM at a given point in time. The research has identified 8 potential barriers to the effective competence assessment of OIMs in controlling emergencies. These are associated with the multiple definitions of competence that exist; the predominance of competence assessment by observation; the lack of definitive competence requirements for trainers and assessors; the complexity in UK legislation and the interaction between UK Government departments; concerns associated with goal setting legislation when applied to competence assessment and the lack of statutory competence requirements for OIMs in controlling emergencies; the lack of ownership of OIM competence and competence assessment; and the lack of regulation and independent audit of the competence assessment process of OIMs in controlling emergencies.

Entre 1946 et 2016, ce sont plus de vingt cas de recours à des experts par les instances de représentation du personnel qui ont été créés, dont huit sur les trois dernières années. La possibilité sans cesse étendue de recourir à l’assistance d’experts pourrait laisser penser que le régime du recours à l’expertise est efficient. La facilité avec laquelle la loi associe désormais l’expert à chaque nouvelle mesure prise en faveur du dialogue social masque cependant mal l’incapacité croissante du législateur à préserver la fonction initiale de l’expertise : une fonction informative. Signe des dysfonctionnements qui grèvent le régime actuel du recours à l’expertise, le sujet est hautement polémique et fait l’objet d’un contentieux florissant. L’étude du périmètre ainsi que des modalités du recours à des experts exhorte à la construction d’un régime plus cohérent, de nature à assurer l’effet utile de l’expertise tout en préservant la compétence et la parole des représentants du personnel
Between 1946 and 2016, this is more than twenty new cases in which the employee representatives were granted the right to resort to the services of experts, and only eight in the last three years. The ever-expanded possibility to be assisted by external experts might suggest that the expertise statutory regime is efficient. The ease with which the law associates experts to each new measures taken in favor of the social dialogue cannot hide the persistent difficulties encountered by the legislator to preserve the original function of expertise : an informative function. The controversial nature of the right to resort to the services of experts and the increasing amount of litigation in this area are manifestations of its failures. A study of the scope and the conditions under which the experts might be appointed urges to the construction of a more coherent system, that would ensure the effectiveness of the right to resort to experts while maintaining the employee representatives’ competence and voices

The thesis describes the problems of a complex system for analysis of road accidents, specifically the methodology for solving the collision between vehicle and motorcycle. There are statistics described motorcycle accidents, motorcycle safety features, the basic types of collision positions between vehicles and motorcycles, design methodology for solving with traffic accidents between vehicles and motorcycles. The work is performed a set of different measurements used to supplement and refine the input data for the analysis of road accidents involving motorcycles. The work contains data obtained from measurements.

La thèse étudie les modalités d’approvisionnement de la ville de Venise en produits de la mer (poissons, crustacés et coquillages) au XVIIIe siècle. Il s'agit de comprendre un système qui concerne à la fois des acteurs, des pratiques, des espaces et des modes de gouvernement. L’analyse prend comme point de départ les espèces, puis leur exploitation, faisant du poisson une ressource alimentaire pour la ville. À Venise, l’ensemble des habitants, des patriciens aux membres du popolo les plus fragiles, consomme du poisson sous toutes ces formes. Cette consommation quotidienne a entraîné chez les acteurs impliqués dans ce système, pêcheurs, marchands et gouvernants, d’intenses réflexions autour de la propriété, de la gestion, de l’exploitation et de la protection des espèces. L’étude se situe ainsi à la croisée de plusieurs champs historiques (histoire environnementale, histoire sociale et histoire des institutions) et emprunte certaines de ses approches à l’histoire économique et à l’histoire urbaine. L’enjeu est donc de comprendre comment se crée et se négocie un système de gestion et d’exploitation d’une ressource, impliquant des savoirs politiques, des savoirs techniques et des usages particuliers élaborés dans des milieux lagunaires et maritimes. Cette interaction est en pleine évolution au XVIIIe siècle, à une période où les mécanismes marchands et économiques sont soumis à des évolutions de conception profondes. Les ressources de la mer n’échappent pas à ces questionnements et la materia del pesce, expression utilisée par les magistrats vénitiens, devient un espace de négociation entre les acteurs du système et les gouvernants dans la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle
This study analyses how the city of Venice managed to supply its fish markets in the 18th century, an organization system that involved actors, practices, spaces, and government strategies. The analyze focuses initially on the fish, which means to start by specifying the specimens that were captured to assess the production rhythms. All the mentioned aspects defined the exploitation system of this product, which became a crucial food resource for the city. In Venice, everybody ate seafood in their everyday life, from nobles to popolani. Such a remarkable place of the fish as basic food resulted in intensive reflections by the government and by the actors involved in the markets (merchants, fishermen, or fishmongers). They were particularly concerned about the management, the exploitation, and also the protection of these resources. Therefore, this study is related to historiography in several manners: Environmental history, Social history, and the History of the institutions; and it uses some approaches from Urban history and Economical history as well.The aim of this research is to determine how a management system of a capital resource for the city could be created and negotiated, a complex plan that involved political knowledge, technical skills, and particular uses of the exploitation of the lagoon. This interaction between politics and technique evolved during the 18th century, a period in which the economic life changed deeply. The materia del pesce, an expression used by the Venetian government, became a subject of negotiation between the authorities and the fish market actors

Le principe du “Voir et Eviter” est un principe essentiel pour la sécurité de l'espace aérienet nécessaire pour l'insertion des drones dans la Circulation Aérienne Générale (CAG). Lessolutions actuelles ne permettent pas toujours d'appliquer le principe du "Voir et Eviter" etn'assurent pas, par leurs actions d'évitements, une cohabitation sans risques des drones et desavions pilotés dans la CAG. Ces mêmes solutions ne permettent pas, avec un seul capteurpassif, la détermination, à tout moment, du temps restant avant collision. Ce temps estessentiel pour qualifier la dangerosité de la situation de collision et adapter, en conséquencede cette dangerosité, le comportement d'évitement. Aussi, pouvoir faire appliquer à unemachine le principe du "Voir et Eviter" tout en permettant une cohabitation sans risquesimplique un paradigme de conception basé sur la modélisation de l'être humain expert del'espace aérien, le pilote. Un tel paradigme s'applique d'ailleurs à toute problématiquenécessitant une cohabitation homme machine sans risque.Aussi, l'objectif de cette thèse est la modélisation des comportements d'un pilote expert ensituation de collision en vol. Cette modélisation permet de poser les premières basestechnologiques pour l'élaboration d'un nouveau système “Voir et Eviter” répondant auproblème d'intégration des machines dans la CAG.La modélisation proposée, résultat d'une démarche intégrative, s'appuie sur unedescription des processus cognitifs et des processus de traitement de l'information ainsi quesur l'organisation des unités ou systèmes qui encapsulent ces traitements. L'ensemble des cessystèmes et processus permet la résolution de problèmes et amène au comportementobservable qui est la solution du ou des problèmes posés par ou au travers de l'environnement.Cela a permis, notamment, la construction d'un modèle générique du processus cognitif etsensoriel d'identification par catégorisation et/ou classification d'objets. Cette modélisations'appuie mathématiquement sur les théories de régression non linéaire et sur l'utilisation desméthodes numériques pour la résolution de problèmes d'optimisation.Le nouveau système "Voir et Eviter" issu de cette modélisation, construit à partir d'unsimple capteur optique passif, émule, par des algorithmes simples, les processus de détection,de reconnaissance et de sélection d'une action amenant au comportement d'évitement dans unesituation de collision face à face avec un mobile protagoniste. Grâce au modèle générique decatégorisation et/ou de classification, le principal résultat technologique de cette thèse, qui estaussi la principale qualité de ce nouveau système "Voir et Eviter" proposé, est sa capacité àdéterminer, à tout moment, le temps restant avant la collision, avec un seul capteur passif. Deplus, par sa conception (bio et psycho mimétique), ce nouveau système pourrait bien poser lespremières bases d'une démarche de certification type Equivalent Level Of Safety (ELOS).Celle-ci permettrait alors une validation sécuritaire d'un système "Voir et Eviter" parcomparaison avec les pilotes de la CAG qui sont, par ailleurs, les véritables éléments desécurité de dernier recours de l'espace aérien actuel
The aim of this doctoral thesis is the modeling of expert pilot behaviors in flight collisions. This modeling gives the first echnologic steps to elaborate a new "sense and avoid" system allowing the future integration of Unmanned Air Vehicles in eneral air traffic. The proposed modeling is the result of global and holistic way and describes the cognitive process and he architecture of systems allowing the expression of these cognitive processes. This model allows solving the collision problem thanks to an observable and adapted piloted behavior. Besides a generic modeling of cognitive process of ategorization has been built and based on non linear regression theory and numeric methods for the resolution of ptimization problems.hanks to this global modeling, this new "sense and avoid" system is made of a simple passive optic sensor and it emulates he detection process, the recognition process and the and the actions selection process allowing the resolution of collision problem by a adapted piloted behavior. Thanks to the generic categorization modeling, the main technologic result is to be ble to determinate the Time To Collision (ITC) with a passive sensor. The determination of the TTC is essential for the 'sense and avoid" systems to get the level safety certification required to integrate drones in general air traffic

Dans nos sociétés où l'information est devenue omniprésente, la capacité à pouvoir capter et exploiter celle-ci est un enjeu majeur pour toute entité amenée à prendre une décision. En effet, de cette capacité dépendent ensuite les actions et les moyens d'interventions qui seront engagés. Mais, face à l'augmentation des données disponibles, au nombre croissant d'acteurs et à la complexification des menaces, l'environnement dans lequel évolue le décideur est marqué par une grande incertitude. Ce constat général se retrouve également au sein de la surveillance maritime qui se caractérise par des menaces hétérogènes, par une zone d'action très vaste et par un réseau important d'acteurs.De ce fait, cette thèse se propose d'étudier les potentialités des ontologies spatiales à la fois comme objet de modélisation, de partage et d'inférence. L'objectif est de fournir aux experts du domaine un environnement adapté permettant la modélisation des connaissances relatives aux comportements anormaux de navires. Néanmoins, ces connaissances sont par nature spatio-temporelles. Il a donc été nécessaire d'étendre les fonctionnalités initiales du langage SWRL afin de prendre en compte ces caractéristiques.Enfin, l'approche adoptée a ensuite été mise en application au sein du prototype OntoMap. De l'extraction des données, à l'analyse cartographique celui-ci offre les éléments nécessaires à la compréhension d'une situation anormale.

La "Santé-Sécurité au Travail" (SST) est au cœur des politiques d'entreprise et la judiciarisation de la société concourt à une inflation du nombre de textes réglementaires publiés chaque année. Les préventeurs sont donc confrontés au traitement croissant de données afin de rester en conformité. Ils se forment au droit et s'entourent de compétences interne (direction juridique) ou externe (bureaux de contrôle et de conseil) et se dotent de systèmes d'information. Ces derniers sont principalement des bases de données de "veille juridique" proposant des textes réglementaires accompagnés de commentaires. L'ensemble de ces données demeure complexe à interpréter et à exploiter en raison du nombre croissant de textes, de l'expertise nécessaire à fin de les comprendre et de la difficulté à s'assurer qu'ils concernent les activités de l'entreprise. Ce besoin peut être satisfait par le recours aux modèles et méthodes de l'intelligence artificielle. Parmi ceux ci, les concepts d'ontologies et de bases de connaissances ont été retenus. Une ontologie est un modèle d'un domaine particulier de connaissances réalisé dans un but précis. Un cas pratique de gestion des connaissances est décrit dans le cadre d'une expérimentation conduite avec une entreprise du domaine de la production d'énergie.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
衛生教育研究所
92
The purpose of this study is to assess the effects of the water safety education program via the multiple intelligences (MI) teaching strategies on the third-grade students at an elementary school in Taipei city, Taiwan. This program was evaluated by a quasi only-posttest experimental design in while two randomly selected classes (n=66) received the multiple-intelligences mode water safety education program, and two classes (n=67) did the non-multiple-intelligences mode water safety education program, respectively. Three assessment instruments were designed to reflect those students'' knowledge, risk-identifying, and problem-solving about water safety. Compared to their controls, the results were proved that the experimental students, (1) have much higher learning interests and better positive attitude in water activities, (2) like those various MI activities more and learning materials about water safety, (3) are much more satisfied with those dynamic interactions and vivid classroom atmosphere, and (4) have much more knowledge, risk-identifying, and problem-solving about water safety.

This research examines Hopkins’ argument, in his analysis of the BP Texas City Refinery disaster, that a decentralised organisational structure contributed to a “blindness to major risk”. Hopkins asserts that communications along hierarchical lines of operational accountability allow for safety-critical information to be discounted by intermediaries with commercial priorities. He suggests that fully independent and centralised lines of functional accountability for technical experts and safety specialists could ensure that safety priorities are recognised and advocated if decision-making can be readily escalated to their CEO. Hopkins’ recommendations are grounded in high reliability theory and supported by the analysis of several disaster investigations. A literature review identifies various theoretical issues that underpin the central research hypothesis that organisational structure impacts on the exercise of influence. The research itself is a practical inquiry: seeking to better understand how this hypothesis is interpreted and applied by safety practitioners within hazardous industry. I gather the opinions, insights and experiences of thirty professionals from nine participating companies within the Australian resources sector. The key research objective is to examine the practical relationship between: the structured organisational salience of technical safety professionals; and their perceived influence on the priority given to operational safety issues in both operational and strategic decision- making. A secondary concern is to identify organisational dynamics that affect the influence that is exercised by technical safety professionals and to understand how organisational design parameters may be utilised to appropriately reinforce operational safety priorities. The research findings are presented as nine corporate case studies, describing the structured positions and activities of technical experts and process safety professionals within the operational hierarchy. The research finds that operational safety professionals and process safety experts are typically not able to fulfil their responsibilities within their defined roles. They are instead challenging or circumventing the structured parameters of their position and functions. The research findings confirm the underlying concerns that organisational design choices impact on the capacity within the organisation to reliably communicate safety-critical technical details. Hopkins’ hypothesis is extended to include organisational design parameters beyond structure. Three other modifying factors are identified as also able to elevate or undermine the influence of technical experts and safety specialists. These are: leadership support; management systems; and personal credibility, as illustrated below. Figure: Organisational Factors that Modify Influence In particular, the capacity of leadership, such as CEOs, to dictate and modify organisational structure and to establish and reinforce corporate priorities has both indirect and direct impacts on the influence that operational safety professionals exercise. There is also a widely acknowledged expectation that safety practitioners, including technical experts, should be personally persuasive with “an ability to influence”. This suggests that delegated authority for safety practitioners is accepted as being limited and unlikely to be available. Promoting a single cohesive safety message that does not account for such issues of influence and authority may present the appearance of a unified safety culture in spite of recognised underlying conflicts: between organisational sub-cultures such as managers, operators and engineers; or between corporate goals such as production and safety.

У роботі розглядаються теоретичні аспекти класифікації зерна пшениці, за допомогою яких проводять експертне оцінювання споживних властивостей зерна пшениці. Проаналізовано основні нормативні документи, які регламентують якість та безпечність зерна пшениці. Запропоновано систематизацію вимог експортерів щодо якості та безпечності зерна пшениці з метою вдосконалення здійснення експортно-імпортних торговельних операцій. Проведено експертне оцінювання якості та безпечності зерна пшениці як об'єкту експортно-імпортного товарообігу та надано рекомендації щодо вдосконалення стандартизації зерна пшениці.
The work deals with the theoretical aspects of the classification of wheat are considered in the paper, with the help of which an expert evaluation of the consumer properties of wheat grain is carried out. Different approaches to phytosanitary control in Ukraine and other countries of the world are analyzed. Author analysis the basic normative documents regulating the quality and safety of wheat. An expert assessment of the quality and safety of wheat grain as an object of export and import turnover was conducted, and recommendations were made for improving the standardization of wheat grain.

Les troubles musculo-squelettiques de l'épaule sont notamment le résultat de pratiques restrictives impliquant des postures inappropriées, des efforts musculaires élevés (au-dessus de la tête) et des mouvements répétitifs. Les manutentionnaires comptent parmi les travailleurs les plus à risque. Les experts semblent utiliser des techniques plus avantageuses que les novices pour réduire leur exposition aux facteurs de risque. L'objectif de cette étude est de déterminer la contribution articulaire du membre supérieur pour caractériser les postures et les stratégies optimales à adopter dans le milieu de travail. Trente-deux travailleurs (16 experts et 16 novices) ont participé à une tâche expérimentale de manutention impliquant 24 levées de charge en hauteur selon 4 conditions (2 poids x 2 hauteurs). Les techniques de travail ont été quantifiées en fonction de la contribution tridimensionnelle de chaque articulation à la hauteur de la caisse. Pour localiser les centres articulaires et les axes de rotation et personnaliser le modèle cinématique, une série d'essais statiques et de mouvements a été réalisée. Un pourcentage de la hauteur atteinte a été attribué à chaque articulation. Des différences significatives entre les experts et les novices sont systématiquement apparues, quelles que soient les conditions expérimentales ou l'articulation observée. Les principales différences se sont produites au début de la tâche alors que les experts et les novices ont approché la boîte. Les articulations ont présenté un total de six intervalles avec des différences significatives entre les deux groupes. L’intervalle de 0 % à 19 % de la hauteur présente une différence au niveau du tronc (p= 0,017), de 0 % à 37 %, une différence s'est produite à SCAC (p= 0), de 32 % à 43 % au poignet et aux coudes (p = 0,009) et enfin de 0 % à 26 % des différences se sont produites aux membres inférieurs (p<0,001). D’une part, la technique des experts limite l'utilisation de l'épaule en rapprochant la boîte proche du corps ainsi qu'en privilégiant la contribution des articulations distales du bras. D’autre part, les novices semblent compter davantage sur l'amplitude de l'épaule pour effectuer la tâche.
Musculoskeletal disorders of the shoulder are the result of restrictive practices involving inappropriate postures, high muscular effort (above the head) and repetitive movements. Stevedores are among the most at risk workers. Experts seem to use more advantageous techniques than novices to reduce their exposure to risk factors. The objective of this study is to determine the joint contribution of the upper limb to characterize the optimal postures and strategies to adopt in the workplace. Thirty-two workers (16 experts and 16 novices) participated in an experimental handling task involving 24 load lifts at height under 4 conditions (2 weights x 2 heights). The work techniques were quantified according to the three-dimensional contribution of each joint to the height of the body. To locate the joint centres and axes of rotation and customize the kinematic model, a series of static tests and movements were performed. A percentage of the height achieved has been assigned to each joint. Significant differences between experts and novices systematically appeared, regardless of the experimental conditions or the articulation observed. The main differences occurred at the beginning of the task as the experts and novices approached the box. The articulation contributions presented a total of six intervals with significant differences between the two groups. The range of 0% to 19% of height has a difference at the trunk (p= 0.017), 0% to 37%, a difference occurred at SCAC (p= 0), 32% to 43% at wrist and elbow (p= 0.009) and 0% to 26% of the differences occurred at the lower limbs (p<0.001). On the one hand, the expert technique limits the use of the shoulder by bringing the box closer to the body and by prioritizing the contribution of the distal joints of the arm. On the other hand, novices seem to rely more on the amplitude of the shoulder to perform the task.

碩士
開南大學
公共事務管理學系
98
The occurrence of food safety incidents not only endangers the health of people but also influences the industrial development and national economy. Management of food safety has become one of the major public policies associated with national stability and sustainment of economic development. Researches indicate that the priority acknowledged by experts on the seriousness of various environmental issues may be significantly different from that of the general public. However, most studies conducted on the risk perception of food safety focus on its influence of the consumer behavior, few, if any, have explored the difference in risk perception on food safety between the public and experts. Object: Through reviewing recent food safety events, this study compared the difference of risk perception between the public and experts by questoinnaires, analyzed the meaning of the difference in food safety management for risk communication. Specific problems that needed to be explored are: 1.What are the major concerns of the food safety issues from the viewponts of the public and from experts? 2. As in the environmental protection issues, are there apparent differences in risk perception of food safety between the public and experts? 3.What are the major channels through which the public and experts obtain the information of food safety? How do they rely on the information? 4.Whar are the meanings of risk communication in food safety management, if there is a difference in risk perception on food safety between the public and experts? Method: The research first performed literature reviews to collect and analyze relevant information. Then the questionnaires were conducted on the public and experts, and the difference of the risk perception in food safety between the public and experts were compared. In order to find out the expert’s opinions objectively on the present food safety problems, 13 experts and 275 lay people were interviewed form Taipei and Taizhong. Results: According to the results of questionnaire investigation and interview to experts, we found that 1. On food safety issues, there were indeed differences on the risk perception between the public and experts. 2. Risk communication played an important role in the management of food safety issues. 3. We are still confronting diversified and re-occrring problems and challenges of food safety at present. Discussions and Suggestions: In this study, a circulation relation model on the risk assessment, risk management and risk communication was used to discuss the risk perception of food safety problem. Because most lay people lack the knowledge of food safety, the government should strengthen and publicize comprehensive knowledge on the notion of dose and classificatoin of carcinogens so that the public would not panic for meaningless fear. The participation of stakeholders plays an important role in the management of food safety. The government should alos establish a necessary platform for risk communication on a daily-life basis. According to the findings from this study, the management policy of food safety can be improved by: 1. enforcement of the source control; 2.Set-up of risk assessment mechanism; 3.differential control of the carcinogenic materials or noxious substances; 4.Set-up of the food test and re-confirmation mechanism, implementment of GLP and laboratory approval procedure; 5.Strengthening of consumer education, publicity of correct food sanitaton and proper management of food materials; 6. periodic review of relevant management regulations and standards of the food safety; 7.Reinforcement of the government’s inspection and audit ability; 8. Strengthening of ministerial cooperation among incumbent agencies; 9.Set-up of regional food safety control centers; and 10. improvement of risk communication with the public.

Cette étude qualitative descriptive de type exploratoire avait pour but l’exploration de la perception des adolescents et des experts en sécurité routière sur les campagnes de sensibilisation actuelles et les programmes de prévention en sécurité routière s’adressant aux adolescents, afin de proposer de nouvelles pistes d’action en prévention des accidents de la route. Le modèle de planification Precede/Proceed de Green et Kreuter (2005) a été utilisé comme cadre de référence. Un groupe de discussion a été réalisé auprès de huit adolescents et des entrevues semi-dirigées ont été réalisées auprès de trois experts en sécurité routière. Les résultats montrent que peu de similitudes existent entre les propos des adolescents et ceux des experts en sécurité routière. Par contre, les similitudes portent sur des aspects importants en sécurité routière comme la prise du risque à l’adolescence, l’implication des parents et l’implication du milieu scolaire. Les résultats de cette étude fourniront aux décideurs de programmes de prévention ou aux personnes agissant de près ou de loin auprès de cette clientèle des pistes de recherches et d’actions pour de futures interventions prometteuses en prévention des accidents de la route chez les adolescents afin de réduire le nombre d’accidents chez les jeunes conducteurs.
The goal of this qualitative, descriptive, exploratory study is to explore road safety experts and adolescents perceptions of current public awareness campaigns and road safety prevention programs aimed at adolescents, in order to find ways to prevent car accidents. Green & Kreuter’s Precede/Proceed Planning Model (2005) is the frame of reference used. A focus discussion group composed of eight adolescents and semi-directed interviews with three road safety experts were conducted. The results show very few similarities between the perceptions of adolescents and those of road safety experts. However, both agree on vital aspects of road safety, such as risk-taking during adolescence, and the involvement of parents and school environments. Also, the road safety experts comments were very similar to each other. The results of this study are important for people responsible of prevention campaigns and people working with this clientele. It provides research avenues and action plans focused on the prevention of car accidents in order to decrease the number of car accidents involving young drivers.

У роботі розглядаються теоретичні аспекти проведення експертної оцінки лляних тканин. Проаналізовано стан ринку лляних тканин в Україні, споживчі властивості та показники якості лляних тканин. Наведено класифікацію та характеристику асортименту лляних тканин. Встановлено вимоги щодо якості лляних тканин відповідно до чинних нормативних документів. Запропоновано напрямки підвищення якості екологічно безпечних текстильних товарів на основі лляних волокон.
The work deals with the theoretical aspects of expert evaluation of linen fabrics. The state of the market of linen fabrics in Ukraine, consumer properties and quality indicators of linen fabrics is analyzed. Classification and description of assortment linen fabrics is given. Requirements for linen fabrics according to the current normative documents is established. The directions of improvement of quality of environmentally safe textile products on the basis of linen fibers is offered.