Статті в журналах з теми "Safet Zec"
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1
Nikšić, Redžep. "Landscapes in the works of Safet Zec." Univerzitetska misao - casopis za nauku, kulturu i umjetnost, Novi Pazar, no. 21 (2022): 215–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/univmis2221215n.
Анотація:
The Bosnian artist Safet Zec began his artistic development in the so-called Yugoslav artistic space. His work, which spanned several decades, is dominated by a certain number of motifs. In his works, he predominantly focuses on architectural motifs (the Bosnian, Počitelj, and Venetian house...), but also landscapes, still life, and human figures. He would return to these motifs several times during the active period of his life, and since he was constantly maturing as an artist, he transformed the aforementioned motifs giving them a new meaning and message. This paper presents the results of an aesthetic analysis of ten works of art painted by this artist (the technique, format, color, lines...) between 1971 and 1982. The aim of the paper is to analyze his creative process in works with a landscape motif. This paper is meant to contribute to the presentation and popularization of the creative opus of Safet Zec to both the wider and the expert public, as well as contribute to the better understanding of his creative method.
2
Hodzic, Prof Dr Aida Abadzic. "The Quest for the Sacred in the Paintings of Safet Zec." Science, Art and Religion 1, no. 1-2 (June 3, 2022): 150–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/sar-1-1-2-150.
3
Deng, Tao, Yefei Chen, Jinqiang Zhang, Yanping Gao, Changgui Yang, Weike Jiang, Xiaohong Ou, et al. "A Probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens D-1 Strain Is Responsible for Zearalenone Detoxifying in Coix Semen." Toxins 15, no. 12 (November 28, 2023): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15120674.
Анотація:
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp., which commonly and severely contaminate food/feed. ZEN severely affects food/feed safety and reduces economic losses owing to its carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, endocrine effects, and immunotoxicity. To explore efficient methods to detoxify ZEN, we identified and characterized an efficient ZEN-detoxifying microbiota from the culturable microbiome of Pseudostellaria heterophylla rhizosphere soil, designated Bacillus amyloliquefaciens D-1. Its highest ZEN degradation rate reached 96.13% under the optimal condition. And, D-1 can almost completely remove ZEN (90 μg·g−1) from coix semen in 24 h. Then, the D-1 strain can detoxify ZEN to ZEM, which is a new structural metabolite, through hydrolyzation and decarboxylation at the ester group in the lactone ring and amino acid esterification at C2 and C4 hydroxy. Notably, ZEM has reduced the impact on viability, and the damage of cell membrane and nucleus DNA and can significantly decrease the cell apoptosis in the HepG2 cell and TM4 cell. In addition, it was found that the D-1 strain has no adverse effect on the HepG2 and TM4 cells. Our findings can provide an efficient microbial resource and a reliable reference strategy for the biological detoxification of ZEN.
4
Galaverna, G., C. DallAsta, M. Mangia, A. Dossena, and R. Marchelli. "Masked Mycotoxins: an Emerging Issue for Food Safety." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 27, Special Issue 1 (June 24, 2009): S89—S92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1064-cjfs.
Анотація:
The presence of masked or hidden forms of <I>Fusarium</I> mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, DON, zearalenone, ZEN and fumonisins B1, B2 and B3) were studied in wheat and maize derived products. Significant amounts of these forms were found both in raw and in processed food commodities. Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside was found in wheat products up to 30% of DON concentration. Bound forms of fumonisins often account for an equal or even higher amount in comparison with the free forms.
5
Itô, Junko, and R. Armin Mester. "Licensed Segments and Safe Paths." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 38, no. 2 (June 1993): 197–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100014742.
Анотація:
The following pages sketch a system of constraints intended to sharpen and organize a number of current assumptions surrounding the concept of “prosodic licensing”, as proposed in Itô (1988) and further developed in later work (Bagemihl 1991; Charette 1990; Goldsmith 1990; Inkelas 1991; Itô and Mester 1991; Kaye 1990; Lombardi 1991; Piggott 1991; Zec 1988; and others). The proposal to be developed below draws on Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky 1993); one of the goals is to explicate the notion of the coda as a “secondary licenser” (Goldsmith 1990) and to clarify the privileged status of geminate and partial geminate clusters (Prince 1984) with respect to syllabification. After laying out some background assumptions (Section 1), we present the definitions and constraints that form the core of our theory of licensing (Section 2). We illustrate the approach with an analysis of the syllable structure of Japanese (Section 3) and conclude the paper with a discussion of remaining issues and problems relating to the general typology of syllabification systems (Section 4).
6
Kowalczyk, Stanisław. "FOOD SAFETY AS A NEW SCIENCE DISCIPLINE." Problems of Agricultural Economics 361, no. 4 (December 18, 2019): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30858/zer/113376.
7
Bi, Zhenbin, Xuezhu Gu, Yeyi Xiao, Yajing Zhou, Wenbin Bao, Shenglong Wu, and Haifei Wang. "Analysis of the Roles of the ISLR2 Gene in Regulating the Toxicity of Zearalenone Exposure in Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells." Toxins 14, no. 9 (September 16, 2022): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14090639.
Анотація:
Zearalenone (ZEN) is one of the mycotoxins that pose high risks for human and animal health, as well as food safety. However, the regulators involved in ZEN cellular toxicity remain largely unknown. Herein, we showed that cell viability of porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) tended to decrease with increasing doses of ZEN by the cell counting kit-8 assay. Expression of the ISLR2 (immunoglobulin superfamily containing leucine-rich repeat 2) gene in IPEC-J2 cells was significantly downregulated upon ZEN exposure. Furthermore, we found the dose–effect of ZEN on ISLR2 expression. We then overexpressed the ISLR2 gene and observed that overexpression of ISLR2 obviously reduced the effects of ZEN on cell viability, apoptosis rate and oxidative stress level. In addition, ISLR2 overexpression significantly decreased the expression of TNF-α and IFN-α induced by ZEN. Our findings revealed the effects of ZEN on the ISLR2 gene expression and indicated the ISLR2 gene as a novel regulator of ZEN-induced cytotoxicity, which provides potential molecular targets against ZEN toxicity.
8
Yu, Huilin, Junhui Zhang, Yixuan Chen, and Jiajin Zhu. "Zearalenone and Its Masked Forms in Cereals and Cereal-Derived Products: A Review of the Characteristics, Incidence, and Fate in Food Processing." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 9 (September 18, 2022): 976. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8090976.
Анотація:
Zearalenone (ZEA) is known as a Fusarium-produced mycotoxin, representing a risk to cereal food safety with repercussions for economies and worldwide trade. Recent studies have reported the co-occurrence of ZEA and masked ZEA in a variety of cereals and cereal-based products, which may exert adverse effects on public health due to additive/synergistic interactions. However, the co-contamination of ZEA and masked ZEA has received little attention. In order to minimize the threats of co-contamination by ZEA and masked ZEA, it is necessary to recognize the occurrence and formation of ZEA and masked ZEA. This review focuses on the characteristics, incidence, and detection of ZEA and its masked forms. Additionally, the fate of ZEA and masked ZEA during the processing of bread, cake, biscuits, pasta, and beer, as well as the ZEA limit, are discussed. The incidence of masked ZEA is lower than that of ZEA, and the mean level of masked ZEA varies greatly between cereal samples. Published data showed a considerable degree of heterogeneity in the destiny of ZEA during cereal-based food processing, mostly as a result of the varying contamination levels and complicated food processing methods. Knowledge of the fate of ZEA and masked ZEA throughout cereal-based food processing may reduce the likelihood of severe detrimental market and trade ramifications. The revision of legislative limits of masked ZEA may become a challenge in the future.
9
Hong, Xia, Yuhao Mao, Chuqin Yang, Zhenjiang Liu, Ming Li, and Daolin Du. "Contamination of Zearalenone from China in 2019 by a Visual and Digitized Immunochromatographic Assay." Toxins 12, no. 8 (August 14, 2020): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12080521.
Анотація:
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a prevalent mycotoxin that needs intensive monitoring. A semi-quantitative and quantitative immunochromatographic assay (ICA) was assembled for investigating ZEN contamination in 187 samples of cereal and their products from China in 2019. The semi-quantitative detection model had a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.50 ng/mL with visual judgment and could be completely inhibited within 5 min at 3.0 ng/mL ZEN. The quantitative detection model had a lower LOD of 0.25 ng/mL, and ZEN could be accurately and digitally detected from 0.25–4.0 ng/mL. The ICA method had a high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for on-site ZEN detection. For investigation of the authentic samples, the ZEN-positive rate was 62.6%, and the ZEN-positive levels ranged from 2.7 to 867.0 ng/g, with an average ZEN-positive level being 85.0 ng/g. Of the ZEN-positive samples, 6.0% exceeded the values of the limit levels. The ZEN-positive samples were confirmed to be highly correlated using LC-MS/MS (R2 = 0.9794). This study could provide an efficiency and accuracy approach for ZEN in order to achieve visual and digitized on-site investigation. This significant information about the ZEN contamination levels might contribute to monitoring mycotoxin occurrence and for ensuring food safety.
10
Ji, Jian, Jian Yu, Yang Yang, Xiao Yuan, Jia Yang, Yinzhi Zhang, Jiadi Sun, and Xiulan Sun. "Exploration on the Enhancement of Detoxification Ability of Zearalenone and Its Degradation Products of Aspergillus niger FS10 under Directional Stress of Zearalenone." Toxins 13, no. 10 (October 12, 2021): 720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13100720.
Анотація:
Zearalenone (ZEN) is one of the most common mycotoxin contaminants in food. For food safety, an efficient and environmental-friendly approach to ZEN degradation is significant. In this study, an Aspergillus niger strain, FS10, was stimulated with 1.0 μg/mL ZEN for 24 h, repeating 5 times to obtain a stressed strain, Zearalenone-Stressed-FS10 (ZEN-S-FS10), with high degradation efficiency. The results show that the degradation rate of ZEN-S-FS10 to ZEN can be stabilized above 95%. Through metabolomics analysis of the metabolome difference of FS10 before and after ZEN stimulation, it was found that the change of metabolic profile may be the main reason for the increase in the degradation rate of ZEN. The optimization results of degradation conditions of ZEN-S-FS10 show that the degradation efficiency is the highest with a concentration of 104 CFU/mL and a period of 28 h. Finally, we analyzed the degradation products by UPLC-q-TOF, which shows that ZEN was degraded into two low-toxicity products: C18H22O8S (Zearalenone 4-sulfate) and C18H22O5 ((E)-Zearalenone). This provides a wide range of possibilities for the industrial application of this strain.
11
Kowalczyk, Stanisław. "FOOD SAFETY VERSUS AN INDIVIDUAL IN THE THEORY OF ECONOMICS." Problems of Agricultural Economics 352, no. 3 (September 12, 2017): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30858/zer/83031.
12
Gan, Min, Jian Hu, Kai Wan, Xiangxiang Liu, Peirong Chen, Rui Zeng, Fuhua Wang, and Yarong Zhao. "Isolation and Characterization of Lactobacillus paracasei 85 and Lactobacillus buchneri 93 to Absorb and Biotransform Zearalenone." Toxics 10, no. 11 (November 10, 2022): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110680.
Анотація:
As one of the most prevalent estrogenic mycotoxins in cereals and animal feed, zearalenone (ZEN) can cause serious reproductive disorders. ZEN control in food and feed commodities has been an imperative area of research. In this study, 87 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from pickles and their ZEN (5 mg/L) removal abilities ranged from 0% to 68.4%. Then, five strains with potent ZEN removal ability (>50%) were identified: Lactobacillus plantarum 22, L. plantarum 37, L. plantarum 47, L. paracasei 85, and L. buchneri 93. Under optimization conditions (48 h, pH 4.0, 37 °C, and 5 mg/L), the highest ZEN removal abilities of L. paracasei 85 and L. buchneri 93 reached 77.7% and 72.8%, respectively. Moreover, the two lactic acid bacteria decreased the toxicity of ZEN, because the levels of β-zearalenol (β-ZOL) transformed from ZEN were more than two-fold higher than α-zearalenol (α-ZOL). Additionally, cell free supernatant and pellet biotransformation of ZEN to α-ZOL and β-ZOL in LAB were detected for the first time. Furthermore, chemical and enzymatical treatments combined with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that exopolysaccharides, proteins, and lipids on the cell wall could bond to ZEN through hydrophobic interactions. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that cell structure damage occurred during the ZEN clearance to L. buchneri 93, but it did not with L. paracasei 85. In addition, various organic acids, alcohols, and esters of the two LAB participated in ZEN removal. Hence, L. paracasei 85 and L. buchneri 93 can be considered as potential detoxification agents for ZEN removal for food and feedstuff.
13
Gohargani, Maryam, Hannan Lashkari, and Alireza Shirazinejad. "Study on Biodegradable Chitosan-Whey Protein-Based Film Containing Bionanocomposite TiO2 and Zataria multiflora Essential Oil." Journal of Food Quality 2020 (September 15, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8844167.
Анотація:
In our research, a composite film of whey protein isolate (WPI)/chitosan incorporated with TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and essential oil of Zataria multiflora (ZEO) was developed. The resulting composite films were evaluated by FTIR, SEM, and XRD, and also the physicochemical characteristics including color, mechanical properties, swelling ratio, and water vapor permeability (WVP) were studied. SEM graphs exhibited that the samples had a uniform and homogeneous structure where TiO2 NPs and ZEO were well dispersed. FTIR and XRD findings also show that the hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions are the main interactions between the composite WPI/chitosan and TiO2. The crystalline nature of the composite samples increased with the increase of NP content. Nevertheless, ZEO had an insignificant effect on the functional groups and the crystallinity of composite samples. The film visual characterization revealed that, by adding and increasing the TiO2 and TiO2-ZEO, sample lightness and opacity significantly increased. Additions of TiO2 remarkably (p<0.05) improved the water vapor and mechanical properties of composite samples, although the loading of ZEO, regardless of TiO2 incorporation, led to a considerable decrement of these properties. Furthermore, composite films containing ZEO combined with 2% of TiO2 compared with 1% of NPs blended with ZEO had strong antimicrobial properties against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes. Generally, the findings proposed that the addition of TiO2 reinforces the properties of composite films with a synergistic effect of ZEO loading on the antibacterial ability, by which the resulting biodegradable composite samples can be used as a food active packaging material.
14
Salem, I. Ben, M. Boussabbeh, F. Neffati, MF Najjar, S. Abid-Essefi, and H. Bacha. "Zearalenone-induced changes in biochemical parameters, oxidative stress and apoptosis in cardiac tissue." Human & Experimental Toxicology 35, no. 6 (July 30, 2015): 623–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327115597467.
Анотація:
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin from Fusarium species commonly found in food commodities and is known to cause reproductive disorders. Several in vivo studies have shown that ZEN is haematotoxic and hepatotoxic and causes several alterations of immunological parameters. Meantime, the available information on the cardiotoxic effects of ZEN is very much limited. In the present study, we investigated the toxic effects of ZEN in heart tissues of Balb/c mice. We demonstrated that ZEN (40 mg kg−1 body weight (b.w.)) increased creatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels and induced oxidative stress as monitored by measuring the malondialdehyde level, the generation of protein carbonyls, the catalase and superoxide dismutase activity and the expression of the heat shock proteins (Hsp 70). We also demonstrated that acute administration of ZEN triggers apoptosis in cardiac tissue. Furthermore, we aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of crocin (CRO), a natural carotenoid, to prevent ZEN-induced cardiotoxicity in mice. In fact, combined treatment of ZEN with different doses of CRO (50, 100, and 250 mg kg−1 b.w.) showed a significant reduction of ZEN-induced toxicity for all tested markers in a dose-dependent manner. It could be concluded that CRO was effective in the protection against ZEN-induced toxicity in cardiac tissue.
15
Sun, Feifei, Haiguang Tan, Yanshen Li, Marthe De Boevre, Sarah De Saeger, Jinhui Zhou, Yi Li, Zhenghua Rao, Shupeng Yang, and Huiyan Zhang. "Metabolic Profile, Bioavailability and Toxicokinetics of Zearalenone-14-Glucoside in Rats after Oral and Intravenous Administration by Liquid Chromatography High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Tandem Mass Spectrometry." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 21 (November 3, 2019): 5473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20215473.
Анотація:
Zearalenone-14-glucoside (ZEN-14G), a key modified mycotoxin, has attracted a great deal of attention due to the possible conversion to its free form of zearalenone (ZEN) exerting toxicity. In this study, the toxicokinetics of ZEN-14G were investigated in rats after oral and intravenous administration. The plasma concentrations of ZEN-14G and its major five metabolites were quantified using a validated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. The data were analyzed via non-compartmental analysis using software WinNonlin 6.3. The results indicated that ZEN-14G was rapidly hydrolyzed into ZEN in vivo. In addition, the major parameters of ZEN-14G following intravenous administration were: area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC), 1.80 h·ng/mL; the apparent volume of distribution (VZ), 7.25 L/kg; and total body clearance (CL), 5.02 mL/h/kg, respectively. After oral administration, the typical parameters were: AUC, 0.16 h·ng/mL; VZ, 6.24 mL/kg; and CL, 4.50 mL/h/kg, respectively. The absolute oral bioavailability of ZEN-14G in rats was about 9%, since low levels of ZEN-14G were detected in plasma, which might be attributed to its extensive metabolism. Therefore, liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) was adopted to clarify the metabolic profile of ZEN-14G in rats’ plasma. As a result, eight metabolites were identified in which ZEN-14-glucuronic acid (ZEN-14GlcA) had a large yield from the first time-point and continued accumulating after oral administration, indicating that ZEN-14-glucuronic acid could serve a potential biomarker of ZEN-14G. The obtained outcomes would prompt the accurate safety evaluation of ZEN-14G.
16
Emons, G., M. Kaufmann, A. R. Günthert, M. Hamid-Werner, C. Gründker, S. Loibl, and A. V. Schally. "Phase I study of ZEN-008 (AN-152), a targeted cytotoxic LHRH analog, in female patients with cancers expressing LHRH receptors." Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2006): 13146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.13146.
Анотація:
13146 Background: Human ovarian, endometrial, and breast cancers commonly express receptors for luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH-R). LHRH-R can be used for targeted chemotherapy with ZEN-008 (AN-152), in which doxorubicin is linked to [D-Lys(6)]-LHRH. Safety pharmacology and toxicity studies in mice, rats and dogs demonstrated a significantly reduced cardiotoxic potential of ZEN-008 compared with doxorubicin, e.g. no QT prolongation, myocarditis or fibrosis in the appropriate models. The Phase I study assessed dose limiting toxicities (DLTs), maximum tolerated dose (MTD), and pharmacokinetics (PK) of ZEN-008 given once every 3 weeks in patients with gynecological and breast cancers. Methods: Patients with tumors proven immunohistochemically to be LHRH-R positive were eligible if prior therapy did not exceed 70% of the recommended maximum lifetime dose for doxorubicin. Starting at 10 mg/m2, doses were doubled between patients until occurrence of side effects of CTCAE grade 2 or higher, thereafter escalation would follow a modified Fibonacci scheme, with 3–6 patients/group. Safety monitoring included repeat assessment of pituitary and cardiac function. Response evaluation followed the RECIST criteria. HPLC with fluorescence detection was used for plasma PK of ZEN-008 and free doxorubicin. Results: Five patients entered the study and received ZEN-008 by intravenous infusion over 2 hours at dosages of 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg/m2. Patients 1 to 4 received 2 treatment courses 21 days apart and went off study with progressive disease. Infusion of ZEN-008 was well tolerated at all dosages, without supportive treatment. PK analyses showed dose-dependent plasma levels of ZEN-008 and only minor (10–20%) release of doxorubicin. Conclusions: Infusion of ZEN-008 is well tolerated in female patients. No dose-limiting toxicities were seen up to 160 mg/m2 which is equimolar to a doxorubicin dose of 46 mg/m2. Dose escalation is ongoing. The cytotoxic LHRH analog is stable in human plasma, a prerequisite for receptor-mediated uptake by tumor tissue. [Table: see text]
17
Li, Yang, Mao, Hong, and Du. "Zearalenone Contamination in Corn, Corn Products, and Swine Feed in China in 2016–2018 as Assessed by Magnetic Bead Immunoassay." Toxins 11, no. 8 (August 1, 2019): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11080451.
Анотація:
In total, 405 samples of corn, corn products, and swine feed from China in 2016–2018 were surveyed for zearalenone (ZEN) contamination using a magnetic bead immunoassay-coupled biotin–streptavidin system (BAS-MBI). The developed BAS-MBI had a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.098 ng mL−1, with half-maximal inhibition concentration (IC50) of 0.71 ng mL−1 in working buffer, and an LOD of 0.98 ng g−1; the detection range was from 0.98 to 51.6 ng g−1 in authentic agricultural samples. The BAS-MBI has been demonstrated to be a powerful method for the rapid, sensitive, specific, and accurate determination of ZEN. The ZEN positivity rate reached the highest level of 40.6% in 133 samples in 2016; ZEN levels ranged from 1.8 to 1100.0 ng g−1, with an average level of 217.9 ng g−1. In 2017, the ZEN positivity rate was the lowest at 24.5% in 143 samples; ZEN levels ranged from 1.1 to 722.6 ng g−1, with an average of 166.7 ng g−1. In 2018, the ZEN positivity rate was 31.8% in 129 samples; ZEN levels ranged from 1.3 to 947.8 ng g−1, with an average of 157.0 ng g−1. About 20% of ZEN-positive samples exceeded maximum limit levels. An alternative method of ZEN detection and a valuable reference for ZEN contamination in corn and its related products in China are provided. This survey suggests the need for prevention of serious ZEN contamination, along with management for food safety and human health.
18
Teixeira, E. M. K., M. S. Frehse, R. L. Freire, M. A. Ono, J. G. Bordini, M. T. Hirozawa, and E. Y. S. Ono. "Safety of low and high cost dry feed intended for dogs in Brazil concerning fumonisins, zearalenone and aflatoxins." World Mycotoxin Journal 10, no. 3 (September 7, 2017): 273–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2016.2166.
Анотація:
The Brazilian pet sector exportation has been growing at an impressive rate lately. Considering the intense globalisation, pet food may be commercialised worldwide and the issue concerning safety of dry dog feed has become a topic of widespread international interest. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the safety of low and high cost dry feed and the degree of exposure of dogs to mycotoxins through naturally contaminated feed in Brazil. In addition, the safe pet dietary level (SPDL) was calculated. Fumonisins, zearalenone (ZEA) and aflatoxins were analysed in three feed types intended for dogs (n=87), provided by pet owners. Mean fumonisin levels were 272 µg/kg (Standard), 78.2 µg/kg (Premium), and 186 µg/kg (Super Premium) while ZEA mean levels were 52.6 µg/kg (Standard), 10.6 µg/kg (Premium) and 17.5 µg/kg (Super Premium). Mean total aflatoxin levels (aflatoxin B1 + B2 + G1 + G2) in Standard, Premium and Super Premium feed were 1.29 µg/kg, 0.49 µg/kg and 0.53 µg/kg, respectively. The estimated daily intake (EDI) values for fumonisin B1 were 1.41 (Standard), 1.60 (Premium) and 0.93 µg/kg body weight (BW)/day (Super Premium feed), whereas for ZEA they were 0.54 (Standard), 0.37 (Premium) and 0.42 µg/kg BW/day (Super Premium feed). SPDL for fumonisins and ZEA was 2,000 and 375 µg/kg feed, respectively. EDI values for aflatoxin B1 were 13.0 (Standard), 14.0 (Premium) and 11.0 ng/kg BW/day (Super Premium feed). Although the feed samples intended for dogs in Brazil were often contaminated with aflatoxins, fumonisins and ZEA, the estimated daily intake values were low, even for the low cost formulations. However, it cannot be excluded that some of the feed samples could have a negative effect on animal health and performance considering feeding a monodiet of commercial feed, low multi-mycotoxin contamination levels and interactions between mycotoxins.
19
De Troyer, Larissa, Noémie De Zutter, Sarah De Saeger, Frédéric Dumoulin, Siska Croubels, Siegrid De Baere, Leen De Gelder, and Kris Audenaert. "Actinobacteria as Promising Biocontrol Agents for In Vitro and In Planta Degradation and Detoxification of Zearalenone." Toxins 16, no. 6 (May 28, 2024): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins16060253.
Анотація:
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a prevalent mycotoxin found in grains and grain-derived products, inducing adverse health effects in both animals and humans. The in-field application of microorganisms to degrade and detoxify ZEN is a promising strategy to enhance the safety of food and feed. In this study, we investigated the potential of three actinobacterial strains to degrade and detoxify ZEN in vitro and in planta on wheat ears. The residual ZEN concentration and toxicity in the samples were analysed with UHPLC-MS/MS and a bioluminescence BLYES assay, respectively. Streptomyces rimosus subsp. rimosus LMG19352 could completely degrade and detoxify 5 mg/L ZEN in LB broth within 24 h, along with significant reductions in ZEN concentration both in a minimal medium (MM) and on wheat ears. Additionally, it was the only strain that showed a significant colonisation of these ears. Rhodococcus sp. R25614 exhibited partial but significant degradation in LB broth and MM, whereas Streptomyces sp. LMG16995 degraded and detoxified ZEN in LB broth after 72 h by 39% and 33%, respectively. Although all three actinobacterial strains demonstrated the metabolic capability to degrade and detoxify ZEN in vitro, only S. rimosus subsp. rimosus LMG19352 showed promising potential to mitigate ZEN in planta. This distinction underscores the importance of incorporating in planta screening assays for assessing the potential of mycotoxin-biotransforming microorganisms as biocontrol agents.
20
Bryła, Marcin, Edyta Ksieniewicz-Woźniak, Agnieszka Waśkiewicz, Tomoya Yoshinari, Krystyna Szymczyk, Grażyna Podolska, Romuald Gwiazdowski, and Krzysztof Kubiak. "Transformations of Selected Fusarium Toxins and Their Modified Forms During Malt Loaf Production." Toxins 12, no. 6 (June 11, 2020): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12060385.
Анотація:
An increasing number of studies have found that modified mycotoxins, such as free mycotoxins, naturally occur in food, and severely impact food safety. The present study investigated concentrations of trichothecenes nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON), and zearalenone (ZEN), together with their modified forms, nivalenol-3-glucoside (NIV-3G), deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3G), and zearalenone-14-glucoside (ZEN-14G) and zearalenone-14-sulfate (ZEN-14S), respectively, at successive stages of malt loaf production (flour, dough kneading/fermentation, loaf baking). Toxins in bakery products originate in flour produced from wheat grain that is naturally contaminated with Fusarium culmorum. Mycotoxin concentrations were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry, and did not significantly change during the successive stages of bread production. After the dough kneading/fermentation stage, concentrations of NIV-3G and DON-3G were slightly increased, whereas those of ZEN and ZEN-14S were slightly decreased. The largest average decrease (21%) was found in ZEN-14G. After the baking stage, the average concentrations of NIV-3G, DON-3G, ZEN-14S, and ZEN-14G in the loaf crumb and crust decreased by 23%, 28%, 27%, and 20%, respectively, compared with those in the dough. During this technical process, the concentration of ZEN-14G in loaf crumb significantly decreased by an average of 48%, and those of ZEN, ZEN-14S, and ZEN-14G in loaf crust decreased by an average of 29%, 42%, and 48%, respectively. Considering the possibility of modified mycotoxins degradation to free forms, as well as the ability to synthesize them from free forms during technological processes, it would be prudent to consider them together during analysis.
21
Ambuko, Jane, F. Wanjiru, G. N. Chemining’wa, W. O. Owino, and Eliakim Mwachoni. "Preservation of Postharvest Quality of Leafy Amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) Vegetables Using Evaporative Cooling." Journal of Food Quality 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5303156.
Анотація:
Leafy vegetables are very highly perishable and must be utilized immediately after harvest. Their fast deterioration is attributed to various biological and environmental factors with temperature playing a central role. Evaporative cooling is a low-cost temporary storage technology that offers smallholder vegetable farmers an alternative to expensive cold rooms. The present study sought to determine the effectiveness of evaporative cooling using zero energy brick cooler (ZEBC) and evaporative charcoal cooler (ECC), to preserve the postharvest quality of leafy amaranth vegetables. Freshly harvested vegetables were separated into bundles weighing 300 grams and stored under ZEBC, ECC, and ambient room conditions (control). Real time changes in temperature and relative humidity (RH) as well as changes in quality attributes (physiological weight loss (PWL), wilting index, hue angle, and vitamin C) were determined during the storage period. The temperature difference between the ZEBC and ECC versus the ambient air ranged between 4 and 10°C. Significantly higher RH (80–100%) was recorded in both evaporative cooling chambers. At the end of storage, higher PWL (47.6%) was recorded at ambient room conditions compared to 10.5 and 6.7% under ZEBC and ECC, respectively. A rapid decline in vitamin C (51%) was reported in vegetables stored at ambient room conditions. Overall, there was better vegetable quality preservation under ECC and ZEBC.
22
Huang, Biying, Jingjing Wang, Aixin Gu, Tianhu Wang, Jianping Li, and Anshan Shan. "Zearalenone-Induced Mechanical Damage of Intestinal Barrier via the RhoA/ROCK Signaling Pathway in IPEC-J2 Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 20 (October 19, 2022): 12550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012550.
Анотація:
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a widespread contaminant of cereals and agricultural products which causes food safety issues. Ingesting food or feed contaminated with ZEN can disrupt the intestinal epithelial barrier function. The RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway plays a key role in regulating the epithelial barrier function, but studies on such roles have rarely focused on the intestine. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the exact mechanism of ZEN-induced intestinal barrier damage and whether the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway is involved. The results showed that ZEN significantly induced alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity and FITC–dextran (4 kDa) passage across the epithelial barrier, which significantly reduced the transepithelial resistance (TEER). Meanwhile, ZEN could induce the significantly down-regulated mRNA expression of tight junction proteins (occludin, claudin-1, ZO-1, and claudin-3) and redistribution of ZO-1 immunofluorescence. Further studies demonstrated that ZEN exposure activated the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway, significantly up-regulated the mRNA expression of ROCK1, the main effector of the signaling pathway, the protein expression of phosphorylated myosin light chain (MLC) and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), and relatively increased the activity of ATP in cells, simultaneously remodeling the cytoskeleton (F-actin). Overall, our study indicated that ZEN induced intestinal barrier dysfunction by activating the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway.
23
Huang, Zhongnan, Xuan Luo, Fei Yan, and Bo Zhou. "Homogeneous Electrochemical Aptasensor for Sensitive Detection of Zearalenone Using Nanocomposite Probe and Silica Nanochannel Film." Molecules 28, no. 21 (October 24, 2023): 7241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28217241.
Анотація:
Developing rapid and efficient analytical methods is of great importance for food safety Herein, we present a novel homogeneous electrochemical aptasensor for ultrasensitive quantitative determination of zearalenone (ZEN) based on a nanocomposite probe and silica nanochannel film. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and UV–Vis characterization techniques confirm that graphene oxide (GO) bears an aromatic conjugated structure, along with hydroxyl and carboxyl groups, facilitating the subsequent adsorption of cationic redox hexa-ammine-ruthenium (III) (Ru(NH3)63+) and anionic ZEN aptamer, to form a Ru(NH3)63+–ZEN aptamer–GO nanocomposite probe in a homogeneous solution. Vertically-ordered mesoporous silica films (VMSF) bearing silanol groups can be simply grown on the solid indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode surface and enable the selective preconcentration of Ru(NH3)63+, eventually leading to signal amplification. Since the detachment of Ru(NH3)63+ from the GO surface by the recognized ZEN aptamer in the presence of ZEN, more free Ru(NH3)63+ is released in solution and produces enhanced redox signals at the VMSF modified ITO electrode, allowing quantitative detection of ZEN. On the basis of the above sensing strategy, the proposed homogeneity, due to the assistance of graphene, as well as of the signal amplification and anti-fouling effects of VMSF, accurate analysis of ZEN can be realized in maize and Chinese chestnut samples.
24
Mahato, Dipendra Kumar, Sheetal Devi, Shikha Pandhi, Bharti Sharma, Kamlesh Kumar Maurya, Sadhna Mishra, Kajal Dhawan, et al. "Occurrence, Impact on Agriculture, Human Health, and Management Strategies of Zearalenone in Food and Feed: A Review." Toxins 13, no. 2 (January 26, 2021): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13020092.
Анотація:
Mycotoxins represent an assorted range of secondary fungal metabolites that extensively occur in numerous food and feed ingredients at any stage during pre- and post-harvest conditions. Zearalenone (ZEN), a mycotoxin categorized as a xenoestrogen poses structural similarity with natural estrogens that enables its binding to the estrogen receptors leading to hormonal misbalance and numerous reproductive diseases. ZEN is mainly found in crops belonging to temperate regions, primarily in maize and other cereal crops that form an important part of various food and feed. Because of the significant adverse effects of ZEN on both human and animal, there is an alarming need for effective detection, mitigation, and management strategies to assure food and feed safety and security. The present review tends to provide an updated overview of the different sources, occurrence and biosynthetic mechanisms of ZEN in various food and feed. It also provides insight to its harmful effects on human health and agriculture along with its effective detection, management, and control strategies.
25
Wang, Nan, Peng Li, Mingyang Wang, Si Chen, Sheng Huang, Miao Long, Shuhua Yang, and Jianbin He. "The Protective Role of Bacillus velezensis A2 on the Biochemical and Hepatic Toxicity of Zearalenone in Mice." Toxins 10, no. 11 (October 31, 2018): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10110449.
Анотація:
Zearalenone (ZEN) is an estrogen-like mycotoxin produced by Fusarium that seriously compromises the safety of animal and human health. In this study, our aim was to evaluate the protective effect of Bacillus velezensis A2 against biochemical and pathological changes induced by zearalenone in mice. Kunming mice (n = 40; 25 ± 2 g) were allotted to four treatment groups: a control group (basic feed); a ZEN group (basic feed with a ZEN dose of 60 mg/kg); an A2 strain fermented feed group (150 g of feed mixed with 150 mL of sterile distilled water and inoculated with 5 mL of phosphate buffer salt (PBS) resuspended A2 strain); and an A2 strain fermented ZEN-contaminated feed group. (A2 strain group 150 mL pure bacterial distilled water system mixed with 150 g ZEN-contaminated feed.) Our results showed that the Bacillus velezensis A2 strain can completely degrade the ZEN-contaminated feed within 5 days. (The concentration of ZEN in fermentation was 60 μg/mL.) After the mice fed for 28 days, compared with the control group, the activities of AST and ALT were increased, the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) were decreased, and the amount of creatinine (CRE), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid (UA), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the ZEN group were increased in the mice serum (p < 0.05; p < 0.01). However, compared with the ZEN group, these biochemical levels were reversed in the A2 strain fermented feed group and in the A2 strain fermented ZEN-contaminated feed group (p < 0.05; p < 0.01). Furthermore, histopathological analysis only showed pathological changes of the mice liver in the ZEN group. The results showed that Bacillus velezensis A2 as additive could effectively remove ZEN contamination in the feed and protect the mice against the toxic damage of ZEN. In conclusion, Bacillus velezensis A2 has great potential use as a microbial feed additive to detoxify the toxicity of zearalenone in production practice.
26
Sun, Haoyang, Meiling Zhang, Jianping Li, and Anshan Shan. "DL-Selenomethionine Alleviates Oxidative Stress Induced by Zearalenone via Nrf2/Keap1 Signaling Pathway in IPEC-J2 Cells." Toxins 13, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13080557.
Анотація:
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a kind of nonsteroidal mycotoxin that is considered a risk affecting the safety of human food and livestock feed that causes oxidative damages in mammalian cells. Selenomethionine (SeMet) was indicated to have antioxidant activity and received great interest in investigating the role of SeMet as a therapeutic agent in oxidation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the hormetic role of DL-SeMet in porcine intestinal epithelial J2 (IPEC-J2) cells against ZEN-induced oxidative stress injury. As a result of this experiment, 30 μg/mL of ZEN was observed with significantly statistical effects in cell viability. Following the dose-dependent manner, 20 μg/mL was chosen for the subsequent experiments. Then, further results in the current study showed that the ZENinduced oxidative stress with subsequent suppression of the expression of antioxidant stress pathway-related genes species. Moreover, SeMet reversed the oxidative damage and cell death of ZEN toxins to some extent, by a Nrf2/Keap1-ARE pathway. The finding of this experiment provided a foundation for further research on the ZEN-caused cell oxidative damage and the cure technology.
27
Chang, Xiaojiao, Hujun Liu, Jing Sun, Jun Wang, Chengcheng Zhao, Wan Zhang, Jie Zhang, and Changpo Sun. "Zearalenone Removal from Corn Oil by an Enzymatic Strategy." Toxins 12, no. 2 (February 13, 2020): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12020117.
Анотація:
The estrogen-like mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) is one of the most widely distributed contaminants especially in maize and its commodities, such as corn oil. ZEN degrading enzymes possess the potential for counteracting the negative effect of ZEN and its associated high safety risk in corn oil. Herein, we targeted enhancing the secretion of ZEN degrading enzyme by Pichia pastoris through constructing an expression plasmid containing three optimized expression cassettes of zlhy-6 codon and signal peptides. Further, we explored various parameters of enzymatic detoxification in neutralized oil and analyzed tocopherols and sterols losses in the corn oil. In addition, the distribution of degraded products was demonstrated as well by Agilent 6510 Quadrupole Time-of-Flight mass spectrometry. P. pastoris GSZ with the glucoamylase signal was observed with the highest ZLHY-6 secretion yield of 0.39 mg/mL. During the refining of corn oil, ZEN in the crude oil was reduced from 1257.3 to 13 µg/kg (3.69% residual) after neutralization and enzymatic detoxification. Compared with the neutralized oil, no significant difference in the total tocopherols and sterols contents was detected after enzymatic detoxification. Finally, the degraded products were found to be entirely eliminated by washing. This study presents an enzymatic strategy for efficient and safe ZEN removal with relatively low nutrient loss, which provides an important basis for further application of enzymatic ZEN elimination in the industrial process of corn oil production.
28
Graydon, Elly. "The Lee Word: Zen and the Art of Fleeing to Safety." Weatherwise 52, no. 4 (July 1999): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00431679909604321.
29
Strohm, Theodor. "»Arbeit, Leben und Gesundheit«." Zeitschrift für Evangelische Ethik 34, no. 1 (February 1, 1990): 275–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.14315/zee-1990-0135.
Анотація:
AbstractThe debate about the so-called humanization of the matters of labour is presently concentrated on the safety of health during the working process, upon the preventive industrial safety. The social department (Sozialkammer) of the Protestant Church in Germany (EKD) has published a memorandum about this, in which the situation of industrial safety is analyzed against the background of the European development; this memorandum also contains ethical principles for an all-embracing understanding and method, concrete suggestions for a further organization are given. Challenges for example result from the effect of uncountable chemical substances, in the application of new and complex technical methods, in bio-technologics an genetic analysis. The church tries to overcome the predokeinant mono-causal method of analysis and it considers carefully the dimensions of a far-reaching responsibility for health.
30
Schambri, Pierre, Didier Kleiber, and Cecile Levasseur-Garcia. "Classification of Popcorn (Zea mays var. everta) Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Assess Zearalenon Risk Mitigation Strategies." Agronomy 14, no. 2 (January 26, 2024): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14020277.
Анотація:
This study delves into the detection of the mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEA) in popcorn, aligning with the broader goal of ensuring food safety and security. Employing fast, non-destructive near-infrared spectroscopy, the research analyzes 88 samples collected in France. In order to emphasize the dedication to robust methodologies, an essential element of sustainable practices, the assessment of various validation methods becomes significant. Six CART classification tree models, with a threshold of 68 µg/kg, are meticulously assessed. The study not only scrutinizes various validation strategies but also explores the concrete impact of the detection process, emphasizing sustainable practices. Model F (Kennard and Stone) is chosen for its commendable ability to generalize and its balanced performance, boasting 91% precision and 57% recall. Notably, this model excels in specificity, minimizing false positives and contributing to food safety. The identification of key wavelengths, such as 1007 nm, 1025 nm, and 1031 nm, highlights the potential for targeted interventions in crop management. In conclusion, this research showcases near-infrared spectroscopy as a sustainable approach to fortifying the food safety of popcorn, paving the way for advancements in ZEA risk detection and prevention, while minimizing environmental impact.
31
Peters, Jeroen, Edward Ash, Arjen Gerssen, Ruud Van Dam, Maurice C. R. Franssen, and Michel W. F. Nielen. "Controlled Production of Zearalenone-Glucopyranoside Standards with Cunninghamella Strains Using Sulphate-Depleted Media." Toxins 13, no. 6 (May 21, 2021): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13060366.
Анотація:
In recent years, conjugated mycotoxins have gained increasing interest in food safety, as their hydrolysis in human and animal intestines leads to an increase in toxicity. For the production of zearalenone (ZEN) glycosides reference standards, we applied Cunninghamellaelegans and Cunninghamella echinulata fungal strains. A sulphate-depleted medium was designed for the preferred production of ZEN glycosides. Both Cunninghamella strains were able to produce zearalenone-14-β-D-glucopyranoside (Z14G), zearalenone-16-β-D-glucopyranoside (Z16G) and zearalenone-14-sulphate (Z14S). In a rich medium, Cunninghamellaelegans preferably produced Z14S, while Cunninghamellaechinulata preferably produced Z14G. In the sulphate-depleted medium a dramatic change was observed for Cunninghamellaelegans, showing preferred production of Z14G and Z16G. From 2 mg of ZEN in sulphate-depleted medium, 1.94 mg of Z14G and 0.45 mg of Z16G were produced. Following preparative Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) purification, both fractions were submitted to 1H and 13C NMR and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS). These analyses confirmed that the purified fractions were indeed Z14G and Z16G. In conclusion, the presented research shows that a single Cunninghamella strain can be an effective and efficient tool for the controlled biotransformation of ZEN glycosides and other ZEN metabolites. Additionally, the biotransformation method was extended to zearalanone, β-zearalenol and other mycotoxins.
32
Hashemi, Mahsa, Mohammad Hashemi, Elham Amiri, Hassan Hassanzadazar, Shahrzad Daneshamooz, and Majid Aminzare. "Evaluation of the Synergistic Antioxidant Effect of Resveratrol and Zataria multiflora Boiss Essential Oil in Sodium Alginate Bioactive Films." Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 20, no. 12 (October 18, 2019): 1064–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389201020666190719143910.
Анотація:
Background: Biodegradable films are appropriate alternatives to synthetic polymers due to their potential to enhance food safety and their function as a carrier for wide a range of food additives especially natural antioxidants. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the potential antioxidant activities of sodium alginate films containing resveratrol (RES) alone and in combination with Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZEO) using an in vitro model. Methods: At first, the major chemical compositions of ZEO were evaluated by GC/MS. Then, the amount of phenolic compounds of sodium alginate films were evaluated by total phenolic contents assay and antioxidant activities of films were evaluated by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. Finally, the concentrations of ZEO and RES which showed better antioxidant activities in sodium alginate films were incorporated to films in combination forms to evaluate their synergistic effects. Results: According to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis, 35 compounds of ZEO were identified and Thymol (37.94%), p-Cymene (9.50%) and 3-Carene (4.98%) were the most important compounds of essential oil, respectively. The results of the radical scavenging evaluations, showed better antioxidant activities of the films containing RES than the films containing ZEO and Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Also, the combined uses of ZEO and RES into alginate films had the synergistic effects (P<0.05). Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that alginate films incorporated with the combination of ZEO and RES is the appropriate option to postpone the oxidative reactions and can be used as natural antioxidant in the food packaging industry.
33
Riedel, Juliane, Sebastian Recknagel, Diana Sassenroth, Tatjana Mauch, Sabine Buttler, Thomas Sommerfeld, Sibylle Penk, and Matthias Koch. "Development and certification of a reference material for zearalenone in maize germ oil." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 413, no. 21 (July 21, 2021): 5483–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-021-03532-z.
Анотація:
AbstractZearalenone (ZEN), an estrogenic mycotoxin produced by several species of Fusarium fungi, is a common contaminant of cereal-based food worldwide. Due to frequent occurrences associated with high levels of ZEN, maize oil is a particular source of exposure. Although a European maximum level for ZEN in maize oil exists according to Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1126/2007 along with a newly developed international standard method for analysis, certified reference materials (CRM) are still not available. To overcome this lack, the first CRM for the determination of ZEN in contaminated maize germ oil (ERM®-BC715) was developed in the frame of a European Reference Materials (ERM®) project according to the requirements of ISO Guide 35. The whole process of CRM development including preparation, homogeneity and stability studies, and value assignment is presented. The assignment of the certified mass fraction was based upon an in-house study using high-performance liquid chromatography isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry. Simultaneously, to support the in-house certification study, an interlaboratory comparison study was conducted with 13 expert laboratories using different analytical methods. The certified mass fraction and expanded uncertainty (k = 2) of ERM®-BC715 (362 ± 22) μg kg−1 ZEN are traceable to the SI. This reference material is intended for analytical quality control and contributes to the improvement of consumer protection and food safety. Graphical abstract
34
Moura-Mendes, Juliana, Cinthia C. Cazal-Martínez, Cinthia Rojas, Francisco Ferreira, Pastor Pérez-Estigarribia, Nathalia Dias, Patrício Godoy, Jéssica Costa, Cledir Santos, and Andrea Arrua. "Species Identification and Mycotoxigenic Potential of Aspergillus Section Flavi Isolated from Maize Marketed in the Metropolitan Region of Asunción, Paraguay." Microorganisms 11, no. 8 (July 25, 2023): 1879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11081879.
Анотація:
Zea mays var. amylacea and Zea mays var. indurata are maize ecotypes from Paraguay. Aspergillus section Flavi is the main spoilage fungus of maize under storage conditions. Due to its large intraspecific genetic variability, the accurate identification of this fungal taxonomic group is difficult. In the present study, potential mycotoxigenic strains of Aspergillus section Flavi isolated from Z. mays var. indurata and Z. mays var. amylacea that are marketed in the metropolitan region of Asunción were identified by a polyphasic approach. Based on morphological characters, 211 isolates were confirmed to belong to Aspergillus section Flavi. A subset of 92 strains was identified as Aspergillus flavus by mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF and the strains were classified by MALDI-TOF MS into chemotypes based on their aflatoxins and cyclopiazonic acid production. According to the partial sequencing of ITS and CaM genes, a representative subset of 38 A. flavus strains was confirmed. Overall, 75 A. flavus strains (86%) were characterized as producers of aflatoxins. The co-occurrence of at least two mycotoxins (AF/ZEA, FUM/ZEA, and AF/ZEA/FUM) was detected for five of the Z. mays samples (63%). Considering the high mycological bioburden and mycotoxin contamination, maize marketed in the metropolitan region of Asunción constitutes a potential risk to food safety and public health and requires control measures.
35
Learmonth, Cândida, and António Paulo Carvalho. "Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nitrate to Early Life Stages of Zebrafish—Setting Nitrate Safety Levels for Zebrafish Rearing." Zebrafish 12, no. 4 (August 2015): 305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1098.
36
CHOI, HYE JIN, TAE-JIN AN, JUIL KIM, SEONG-HWAN PARK, DONGWOOK KIM, YOUNG-SUP AHN, and YUSEOK MOON. "Postharvest Strategies for Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone Reduction in Stored Adlay (Coix lachryma-jobi L.) Grains." Journal of Food Protection 77, no. 3 (March 1, 2014): 466–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-284.
Анотація:
Improperly practiced postharvest procedures can pose mycotoxin-related risks in the production of medicinal herbs. As a health food with pharmacological supplements, cereal-based adlay has been broadly used in oriental medical practice. Compared with the standard production protocol, three provisional critical control points (CCPs) in the conventional procedure were identified and assessed for mycotoxin contamination in the adlay from small farms in Korea. Although various mycotoxins were present, the prevalence of deoxynivalenol (DON) or zearalenone (ZEN) was relatively high in the adlay. In terms of drying conditions, field drying in the conventional pathway was associated with more exposure to DON than heated-air drying. Moreover, the DON or ZEN levels in chaff were higher than the levels in the inner grain, suggesting that the hulling process as another CCP would reduce the DON or ZEN exposure. In particular, the DON or ZEN levels in adlay stored for protracted periods without dehulling were very high, but a lower storage temperature of 12°C was not effective at significantly reducing these mycotoxins. In this case, the inner grain was more contaminated with DON or ZEN than the chaff after protracted storage because surface fungi, which produce mycotoxins, can penetrate deep into grain with time. Heated-air drying and nonprotracted storage limited DON contamination in adlay. More importantly, an early dehulling process should be adopted as an easy preventive action to reduce the risk of exposure to DON or ZEN in adlay postharvest. This is monitored as a central CCP for safer production of adlay from local farms.
37
Dram, Dul, Cui-Zhu Zhao, Qin-Ge Ma, Jun-Wei He, Jia-Jie Duo, Zhen Dan, and Rong-Rui Wei. "Acute toxicity of Potentilla anserina L. extract in mice." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 75, no. 5-6 (May 26, 2020): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2020-0019.
Анотація:
AbstractPotentilla anserina L. is not only a medicinal plant, but also a traditional cuisine. Hence, an acute toxicity study was performed to confirm its safety profile. Forty Kunming mice were randomly divided into two groups: control group and P. anserina L. extract group. Using the maximum dosage method, the P. anserina L. extract group was given the maximum dose within 12 h, equivalent to 345.6 g/kg crude drug. The control group was given distilled water. After administration, toxicity symptoms of mice were observed, body weight and food intake were recorded. After 14 days, blood was collected to measure biochemical parameters, autopsy was carried out to observe the changes of organs, and the vital organs were separated, weighed, and preserved for histopathological examination. The results showed that P. anserina L. extract group had no toxic symptoms. The activity, weight, and diet of mice were normal, and no abnormality was found in organ index, renal function, liver function, anatomical observation, and histopathological examination. Therefore, the maximum oral dosage (345.6 g/kg) of P. anserina L. was good safety. This study indicated that P. anserina L. had a large safety range and the clinical application was safe.
38
Li, Shijie, Fuyuan Zhang, Junping Wang, Wenjun Wen, and Shuo Wang. "Black phosphorus-Au nanocomposite-based fluorescence immunochromatographic sensor for high-sensitive detection of zearalenone in cereals." Nanophotonics 9, no. 8 (January 9, 2020): 2397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2019-0434.
Анотація:
AbstractRapid and high-sensitive detection of mycotoxins is believed to be of vital importance in assuring food safety. In this study, we developed a novel fluorescence immunochromatographic sensor (ICS) for the mycotoxin of zearalenone (ZEN) in cereals. This was done by using a black phosphorus-Au nanocomposite (BP-Au) as the 2D quenching platform. Herein, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were directly reduced on the surface of BP nanosheets (BPNSs) to form BP-Au nanocomposites, showing higher fluorescence (quantum dots, λEm = 525 nm) quenching efficiency compared to the BPNSs and AuNPs. The fluorescence quenching efficiency of the prepared BP-Au nanocomposite reached 73.8%, which was 1.73-fold and 1.44-fold higher than AuNPs and BPNSs, respectively. The density functional theory was also successfully used to explore the formation mechanism of the BP-Au nanocomposite. By introducing the quantum dots/BP-Au signal/quencher pair, a high-sensitive fluorescence quenching ICS (B-FICS) was developed for the detection and discrimination of ZEN with the limit of detection of 0.1 μg/l in pure working buffer. This was 2.5-fold more sensitive than AuNPs-based FICS (A-FICS). The B-FICS was successfully applied in real cereals detection with the sample limit of detection of 2 μg/kg. The successful construction of B-FICS offers a novel method for a rapid and high-sensitive detection of ZEN in cereals. It also provides a new practical application of 2D BPNSs in food safety sensing.
39
Wen, Yun-qi, Li-li Xu, Chang-hu Xue, and Xiao-ming Jiang. "Effect of Stored Humidity and Initial Moisture Content on the Qualities and Mycotoxin Levels of Maize Germ and Its Processing Products." Toxins 12, no. 9 (August 20, 2020): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12090535.
Анотація:
With high fat and protein content, maize germ is easily infected with fungus and mycotoxins during its storage. The qualities and safety of germ and its processing products may be affected by the storage. However, studies on the effect of storage on quality and polluted mycotoxin level of maize germ are limited. In this study, maize germ was stored with different initial moisture contents (5.03, 9.07, 11.82 and 17.97%) or at different relative humidity (75, 85 and 95%) for 30 days. The quality indices of germ (moisture content and crude fat content) and their produced germ oils (color, acid value and peroxide value) as well as the zearalenone (ZEN) and deoxynivalenol (DON) levels of germ, oils and meals were analyzed. Results showed that maize germ with high initial moisture contents (11.82, 17.97%) or kept at high humidity (95%) became badly moldy at the end of storage. Meanwhile, the qualities of these germ and oils showed great changes. However, the ZEN and DON contents of this maize germ, oils and meals stayed at similar levels (p < 0.05). Therefore, the storage could produce influence on the qualities of germ and oils, but showed limited effect on the DON and ZEN levels of germ and their processing products. According to this study, the storage condition of germ with no more than 9% moisture content and no higher than 75% humidity was recommended. This study would be benefit for the control of germ qualities and safety during its storage.
40
Jabbar, Shincy Alamparambil, Abhitha Kozhikodanparambil, and Thomas Kurian. "Synthesis of derivative of zinc dithiocarbamate of piperazine (ZDPC) and its application as a safe accelerator for the vulcanization of natural rubber latex." Brazilian Journal of Development 10, no. 4 (April 19, 2024): e69060. http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv10n4-048.
Анотація:
Derivative of zinc dithiocarbamate of piperazine (ZDPC) prepared in the laboratory acts as an accelerator for the vulcanization of natural rubber latex based formulations. The ZDPC synthesized in our laboratory was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, UV-Visible spectroscopy and CHNS analysis. Results of the MTT assay show that the ZDPC is a safe (non-carcinogenic) rubber chemical. For comparable dosages of the accelerator, the ZDPC based natural rubber latex vulcanizates show improved mechanical properties as compared to zinc diethyl dithiocarbamate (ZDEC) based vulcanizates. ZDPC may be considered as a safe replacement for the nitrosamine generating ZDEC in natural rubber latex based formulations.
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Duarte, Sofia, Liliana J. G. Silva, André M. P. T. Pereira, Marta Gimbi, Cristiane Cesar, Vanessa Vidal, Rita Basílio, Anabela Almeida, Celeste Lino, and Angelina Pena. "Mycotoxins Exposure in Cabinda, Angola—A Pilot Biomonitoring Survey of Breastmilk." Toxins 14, no. 3 (March 10, 2022): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14030204.
Анотація:
Breast milk is considered the ideal form of nutrition for newborns and infants. However, it can carry over contaminants, namely mycotoxins, with biological effects to which this population is particularly vulnerable. Human biomonitoring and surveillance programs are particularly scarce in low-income countries, where food security is a more urgent priority in comparison with food safety. This pilot survey aims to assess exposure of breastfed infants to aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), zearalenone (ZEN), and ochratoxin A (OTA) in Angola, and to evaluate the main socio-demographical and food consumption determinants of lactating mothers. All 37 breast milk samples analyzed are found to be contaminated with ZEN and OTA, although none are found contaminated with AFM1. Contamination levels are lower than previously reported for ZEN but higher in the case of OTA. A significant association between ZEN levels in breast milk and the consumption of cookies by the lactating mothers is found. As for OTA, higher levels are observed in the milk from mothers with younger infants, for which high estimated daily intake (EDI) is determined. As far as the authors are aware, this is the first survey of the occurrence of mycotoxins in breast milk in Angola, so further human biomonitoring works should follow, given that mycotoxins are a global health issue that directly impact the health of populations.
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KUCIŃSKA, Natalia. "THE ANALYSIS OF POLAND’S SAFETY IN RELATION TO VICINITY OF UKRAINE." National Security Studies 21, no. 3 (August 25, 2021): 99–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.37055/sbn/146373.
Анотація:
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest scharakteryzowanie wpływu sąsiedztwa Ukrainy na bezpieczeństwo Polski. Przedstawiono w nim pozytywne i negatywne aspekty relacji polsko-ukraińskich, a także zdefiniowano pojęcia z zakresu geopolityki oraz bezpieczeństwa. Opisane zostały stosunki polsko-ukraińskie i pozycje międzynarodowe obu państw. Zwrócono również uwagę na zagrożenia ze strony Ukrainy oraz możliwe sposoby przeciwdziałania im. Artykuł kończą wyniki ankiety badającej poczucie bezpieczeństwa wśród studentów PWSZ Chełm. Pierwsza część artykułu skupia się na aspektach teoretycznych i definicyjnych. Zwrócono w niej uwagę no to, jak była i jest definiowana geopolityka, jakie posiada dziedziny. Na podstawie wielości definicji jest możliwa do wysunięcia teza, że jest to pojęcie trudne do zdefiniowania w jeden właściwy sposób. Dlatego, że można kłaść nacisk na inne aspekty geopolityki, co nie będzie stanowiło błędu. Podobna sytuacja jest w przypadku pojęcia bezpieczeństwa, ono także jest trudne do jednoznacznego określenia. Dotyczy ono wielu dziedzin życia człowieka, co powoduje, że każda definicja jest równie poprawna, co błędna. Następna część artykułu zawiera ogólną charakterystykę Polski i Ukrainy, a następnie ich wzajemne relacje po 1991 roku, czyli od momentu uzyskania przez państwo ukraińskie niepodległości. Przypominają one sinusoidę ponieważ okresy dobrej i intensywnej współpracy, przeplatają się z momentami ochłodzenia stosunków i z ograniczeniem współdziałania. Trzecia część przedstawia zagrożenia dla bezpieczeństwa Polski wynikające z sąsiedztwa Ukrainy oraz możliwe sposoby przeciwdziałania im. Przykłady zagrożeń politycznych, ekonomicznych i społecznych zostały poparte opisami różnego rodzaju zdarzeń, które miały miejsce w przeszłości. W ostatniej części przedstawiono wyniki ankiety badającej poczucie bezpieczeństwa wśród studentów PWSZ Chełm. Składała się ona z sześciu pytań. Pytano o płeć, miejsce zamieszkania, zauważalność osób narodowości ukraińskie w najbliższym otoczeniu, o poczucie bezpieczeństwa w miejscu zamieszkania, o ocenę wpływu sąsiedztwa Ukrainy na bezpieczeństwo i poproszono o wskazanie największego, zdaniem ankietowanych, zagrożenia dla polskiego bezpieczeństwa ze strony ukraińskiej.
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Luo, Xiaohu, Yuheng Zhai, Lijun Qi, Lihong Pan, Jing Wang, Jiali Xing, Ren Wang, et al. "Influences of Electron Beam Irradiation on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Zearalenone- and Ochratoxin A-Contaminated Corn and In Vivo Toxicity Assessment." Foods 9, no. 3 (March 24, 2020): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9030376.
Анотація:
Electron beam irradiation (EBI) has high energy, no induced radioactivity, and strong degradation capacity toward mycotoxins, such as zearalenone (ZEN) and ochratoxin A (OTA). In this study, we determined EBI’s influence on the physical and chemical properties of corn contaminated with ZEN and OTA. Moreover, the toxicity of corn after EBI was assessed through a mouse experiment. Amylose content and starch crystallinity in corn decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at an irradiation dose higher than 20 kGy. Scanning electron microscopy results revealed that the starch particles of corn began to be crushed at 10 kGy. Essential and total amino acid contents in corn decreased significantly with increasing irradiation dose of EBI (p < 0.05). Feeding EBI-treated corn fodders to mice could significantly improve blood biochemical indexes. The EBI-treated group was not significantly different from the normal corn group and did not display histopathological changes of the liver. EBI treatment can influence the quality of corn to some extent and effectively lower the toxicity of ZEN and OTA in contaminated corn. The results provide a theoretical and practical basis for the processing of EBI-treated corn and its safety.
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Foulk, T. Griffith. "‘Introduction’ to the Forthcoming Histories of Chan (Zen)." Hualin International Journal of Buddhist Studies 5, no. 2 (October 1, 2022): 1–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15239/hijbs.05.02.01.
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Szpak, Maciej. "Kształtowanie poczucia bezpieczeństwa fizycznego i psychicznego uczniów w realizacji założeń edukacji zdrowotnej na zajęciach wychowania fizycznego." Zbliżenia Cywilizacyjne 16, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 28–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21784/zc.2020.009.
Анотація:
The article discusses the issues of shaping the physical and mental safety in pupils through the implementation of health education assumptions during physical edu-cation classes. The author analyzes the issues of the pupils' subjective sense of safety and the factors determining the process of building physically, mentally and socially safe educational environment. The article also describes the concept of resilience as well as the key competences essential to protect and improve health in relation to its holistic model. The discussion of the assumptions and goals of modern health education in the context of building the sense of safety in the indicated spheres and also broadly understood prevention is supplemented by an analysis of implementation possibilities concerning the specificity of physical education classes.
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Tosu, Fumiaki. "Vinthagen, Stellan. 2015. A Theory of Nonviolent Action: How Civil Resistance Works. London: Zed Books." Peace Review 30, no. 4 (October 2, 2018): 571–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402659.2018.1553557.
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Shaikh, Abdul Rehman, and Asad Ali Qazi. "Bike Wala – A To Zee Distribution." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 9, no. 3 (November 15, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-08-2019-0207.
Анотація:
Learning outcomes Learning outcomes are as follows: to understand the influence of external factors in operations planning; to understand the importance of contingency planning in new initiatives; to analyze financial and non-financial gains of the new project; to analyze and visualize the unexpected challenges in post-implementation of project; and to critically analyze the ethical consideration in decision-making. Case overview/synopsis After joining A to Zee Distribution, Shaikh had brought up several improvements to distribution operations and had suggested various cost-saving initiatives. He had also developed and implemented the distribution KPIs for the first time in the organization. One of the recent initiatives that he took was the start of a new project named ‘Bike Wala’. This project not only increased the market base for A to Zee but also significantly reduced their operations expenses. However, after around two months of the project, the delivery officers reported several incidents and accidents. These accidents included several injuries due to unbalancing bikes and excess load/weight in delivery boxes. The owner has asked Shaikh to close the project on humanitarian grounds and revert back to delivery vans. However, Shaikh is confused and willing for the project to continue. Shaikh had to choose from either his own career and initiative or safety and security of employees and the company’s assets. Complexity academic level BBA and MBA. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject Code CSS 9: Operations and Logistics.
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Fisher, Donald L., Robert Glaser, Nancy E. Laurie, Alexander Pollatsek, and John F. Brock. "Evaluation of Pc-Based Younger Driver Training Program: Use of a Driving Simulator." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 42, no. 20 (October 1998): 1403–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129804202010.
Анотація:
Younger adults are overinvolved in accidents. Model high school driver education programs were developed in the 1970s in an attempt to reduce this overinvolvement. An evaluation of these programs suggested that they were largely ineffective. Recently, the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety has developed the first PC-based driver education program (Zero Errors Driving or Driver ZED) using real footage of risky scenarios. The hope is that younger drivers seeing these scenarios will learn to recognize risky situations in the real world before they develop. In an attempt to evaluate the Driver ZED program, the performance of 20 younger drivers is being tested on the University of Massachusetts' driving simulator. Ten of these drivers have been trained with ZED (the trained group) and ten have not seen the program (the untrained group). All 20 drivers must navigate a total of 24 scenarios that have been programmed on the driving simulator. Measures of driving performance were developed which can be used to discriminate between risky and nonrisky drivers. A preliminary evaluation of the performance of the trained and untrained subjects indicates that the trained subjects are performing more cautiously than the untrained subjects in some, but not all, scenarios (e.g., the trained subjects brake sooner when approaching a pedestrian crossing).
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Gabbitas, Allison, Gene Ahlborn, Kaitlyn Allen, and Shintaro Pang. "Advancing Mycotoxin Detection: Multivariate Rapid Analysis on Corn Using Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)." Toxins 15, no. 10 (October 12, 2023): 610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15100610.
Анотація:
Mycotoxin contamination on food and feed can have deleterious effect on human and animal health. Agricultural crops may contain one or more mycotoxin compounds; therefore, a good multiplex detection method is desirable to ensure food safety. In this study, we developed a rapid method using label-free surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to simultaneously detect three common types of mycotoxins found on corn, namely aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZEN), and ochratoxin A (OTA). The intrinsic chemical fingerprint from each mycotoxin was characterized by their unique Raman spectra, enabling clear discrimination between them. The limit of detection (LOD) of AFB1, ZEN, and OTA on corn were 10 ppb (32 nM), 20 ppb (64 nM), and 100 ppb (248 nM), respectively. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to predict concentrations of AFB1, ZEN, and OTA up to 1.5 ppm (4.8 µM) based on the SERS spectra of known concentrations, resulting in a correlation coefficient of 0.74, 0.89, and 0.72, respectively. The sampling time was less than 30 min per sample. The application of label-free SERS and multivariate analysis is a promising method for rapid and simultaneous detection of mycotoxins in corn and may be extended to other types of mycotoxins and crops.
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KIKKAWA, Toshiko, Satoshi SHIRATO, Satoshi FUJII, and Kazuhisa TAKEMURA. "THE PURSUIT OF INFORMED REASSURANCE ('AN-SHIN' IN SOCIETY) AND TECHNOLOGICAL SAFETY ('AN-ZEN')." SOCIOTECHNICA 1 (2003): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3392/sociotechnica.1.1.