Дисертації: "S isotopes"

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Salgado, Souto Sergio Adrian, and Souto Sergio Adrian Salgado. "A Re-Os Geochronology and Multi Stable Isotope (C, N, S, Sr, Pb) Systematics of Source Rocks and Crude Oils from the Sonda de Campeche Petroleum System, Mexico." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626760.

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In this work, I present a multi-isotopic study (carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, strontium and lead) and Re-Os geochronology in rocks and crude oils of the Sonda de Campeche Petroleum System (SCPS). Since crude oils are complicated chemical systems easily disturbed, the Re-Os isotopic system could be affected if secondary processes perturb crude oils. Therefore, the multi stable isotopic study allows the identification of the presence and grade of these secondary processes in crude oils. The δ13C values of crude oils from the SCPS distinguish between: 1) crude oils with the fingerprint of source rocks of hydrocarbons (-28.3 to -26.7 ‰), and 2) crude oils with the fingerprint of the reservoir rocks (-25.5 to -24.9 ‰). Similarly, the δ15N values reveal that crude oils, during migration or trapping processes mimic the isotopic composition of the reservoir rocks of the Ek-Balam Formation. Furthermore, the δ34S values of crude oils from the SCPS (-8.0 to -2.5 ‰) show an absence of a thermal sulfate reduction (TSR) signature, which likely means that the use of Re-Os systematics in crude oils and rocks in the SCPS is appropriate. Strontium and lead measurements show crude oils have an isotopic composition different from rocks from the Edzna Formation but similar to rocks of the Akimpech and Ek-Balam formations, indicating that crude oils received Sr and Pb from the trapping rocks during migration or trapping processes, producing a isotopic mixing trend with rocks of these formations. Specifically, the lead isotope composition allows the identification of a source of lead never recorded before, the Guichicovi Complex. The isotopic data suggest that this Grenville Complex has been feeding with detrital material to the sedimentary rocks from Bacab, Ek-Balam and Akimpech formations in the SCPS, and in consequence contributing to the final isotopic composition of crude oils as well. Re-Os geochronology of rocks from the Edzna and Akimpech formations (152 ± 4 Ma; and 158.6 ± 5.5 Ma, respectively) provides precise ages of deposition that coincide with the ages proposed in previous studies based on the fossil record. Re-Os geochronology in crude oils yield ages with low uncertainty and moderate MSWD values, reflecting a rapid formation and migration process that occurred during evolution of the SCPS. The age of crude oils (28.3 ± 5.5 Ma) broadly agrees with petroleum generation models proposed by PEMEX.

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Herreros, Julien. "Interprétations sur le dernier siècle du profil isotopique de l'eau dans deux carottes de glace andines (Coropuna, Pérou, 15°s et San Valentin, Chili, 46°s)." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20026/document.

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Ce travail de thèse est centré sur l'analyse des compositions isotopiques de la glace (d18O et dD) de deux nouvelles carottes de glace longues provenant des régions subtropicale et tempérée des Andes. La première carotte, longue de 42m, a été extraite en 2003 au col du glacier Coropuna au Pérou (72°39'W, 15°32'S, 6425m) et la deuxième de 122m au sommet du glacier San Valentin au Chili (46°35'S, 73°19'W, 4032m) en 2007. L'étude a porté sur la représentativité du signal isotopique comme archive du climat sur le dernier siècle, correspondant à la totalité de la carotte du Coropuna et les 70 premiers mètres au San Valentin, dans deux régions climatiques différentes. Nous avons observé que les enregistrements des signaux isotopiques sont affectés par des processus de post-dépôt. Au col du Coropuna, le signal est lissé par homogénéisation en dessous de 3m de profondeur à cause de la percolation d'eau de fonte et de la diffusion isotopique via un flux de vapeur, et aucune interprétation climatique n'est possible à partir du signal isotopique. Au so mmet du San Valentin, les vents forts, présents toute l'année, érodent et/ou redistribuent la majorité des précipitations annuelles en créant certainement des hiatus sur une voire plusieurs années ou, au contraire, des dépôts exceptionnels de plusieurs mètres. Ces conditions rendent l'identification des cycles isotopiques annuels difficile et aucune relation entre les isotopes et les paramètres climatiques n'a pu être établie due à une datation très incertaine
This work is focused on the analyses of two new isotopic records (d18O and dD) from Andean ice cores in the subtropics and temperate latitudes. The first 42 m-long ice core was extracted in 2003 from the saddle of Coropuna glacier in Peru (72°39'W, 15°32'S, 6425 m), and the second 122 m-long core in 2007 from the San Valentin summit in Chile (46°35'S, 73°19'W, 4032 m). The isotopic signals were investigated for their suitability as climate archives over the last century, covering the 42 m-long ice core from Coropuna and the first 70 meters of the core from San Valentin, in two different climatic regions. We observed that the isotopic records are affected by post-depositional processes. At the saddle of Coropuna, isotopic homogenization occurs below 3 m as a result of meltwater percolation and isotopic diffusion, and thus the climatic interpretation is not possible. At the San Valentin summit, removal and/or re-deposition of snow by strong winds occurring throughout the year may create a lack of one or more annual snow layers or, on the other hand, may cause unexpected deposits of several meters. Due to these potential conditions, we cannot always identify the annual isotopic cycles and the isotopes histories show no significant correlation with the climatic parameters because of an uncertain dating

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Rouxel, Olivier. "Géochimie isotopique des métaux (Fe, Cu, Sb) et des metalloides (S, Se) dans la croûte océanique." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INPLA43N.

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Cette étude s'est intéressée à la recherche de nouveaux traceurs isotopiques (Fe, Cu, Se, Sb) des processus hydrothennaux océaniques (Site Lucky Strike, dorsale médio-Atlantique) et de l'altération des basaltes océaniques (Site ODP 801, Pacifique Ouest). L'objectif majeur a été d'explorer la possibilité d'utiliser ces systèmes isotopiques pour appréhender à la fois les processus chimiques et les processus biologiques dans ces environnements. Ce travail a nécessité la mise au point des protocoles analytiques des mesures isotopiques par ICP-MS multicollecteur Isoprobe. L'étude de la composition isotopique du Se dans les sulfures hydrothermaux océaniques montre des variations jusqu'à 8[pour mille], et avec l'analyse couplée des isotopes du S, permet d'apporter des informations importantes sur les processus biologiques et chimiques des environnements de subsurface. Les isotopes du Fe des sulfures hydrothermaux varient de plus de 4[pour mille], et sont influencés par les processus de précipitation de sulfures en profondeur. En revanche, les isotopes du Cu fractionnement préférentiellement pendant l'altération des sulfures de Cu dans les environnements des cheminées. , Les compositions isotopiques du S des sulfures secondaires dans la croûte océanique altérée variant entre 0 et -40[pour mille] sont en accord avec des fractionnements bactériens associés à la biosphère profonde. L'étude couplée avec les isotopes du Se apporte des contraintes supplémentaires sur les modèles de fractionnement des isotopes du S. Les valeurs isotopiques du Fe dans la croûte océanique varient de plus de 4[pour mille] et sont expliquées par (1) le lessivage préférentiel du 54Fe lors de l'altération et (2) l'oxydation partielle du Fe2+ et la précipitation d'hydroxydes de Fe dans les veines des basaltes, enrichis en 57Fe. La distinction entre des processus biologiques et abiotiques grâce aux isotopes du S, Se, Fe et Cu est donc possible mais des expériences en laboratoire des fractionnements isotopiques de ces éléments sont maintenant requises.

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Yu, Huimin. "Li, Hf and Os Isotope Systematics of Azores Basalts and A New Microwave Digestion Method for Os Isotopic Analysis." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1322847998.

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Dogramaci, Shawan Shawket. "Isotopes of sulphur, oxygen, strontium and carbon in groundwater as tracers of mixing and geochemical processes, Murray Basin, Australia /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phd654.pdf.

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Almeida, J. [Verfasser]. "The capture cross sections of the neon isotopes and the s-process neutron balance / J. Almeida." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1196023824/34.

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Abdallah, Maha. "Etude de l’allocation et de la mobilisation du soufre (S) chez le colza d’hiver (Brassica napus L. ) soumis à une oligotrophisation en S." Caen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CAEN2069.

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Le colza (Brassica napus L. ) est usuellement considéré comme étant sensible à une limitation en soufre (S) qui affecte négativement sa croissance. Peu d’études ayant cependant été consacrées à l’impact d’une limitation en S, son effet a été évalué sur i) la production de biomasse, ii) l’expression relative des systèmes de transport du nitrate et du sulfate, iii) leur absorption racinaire par marquage 15N et 34S, iv) la remobilisation du N et du S et v) la dynamique de sénescence foliaire pendant le stade de croissance végétative. Les résultats ont montré que lors d’une limitation en S à court terme et avec des réserves S initiales suffisantes, le colza est capable de maintenir sa croissance grâce à un recyclage des réserves S endogènes (essentiellement sous forme de sulfate) des vieilles feuilles, parallèle à une induction de l’expression des gènes codant des transporteurs de sulfate tonoplastiques et à une ré-orientation préférentielle des flux de S absorbé et de S remobilisé des feuilles vers les racines, Ce n’est qu’avec des réserves S initiales et une disponibilité en S faibles (i. E. Imitation en S de long terme) que la croissance, l’absorption de nitrate et l’expression de l’un de ses transporteurs ont été réduites. De plus, les teneurs en protéines foliaires, le S total, l’absorption de S, et les teneurs en sulfate dans les feuilles les plus vieilles ont été réduits malgré une sur-expression des transporteurs de sulfate tonoplastiques. Par rapport aux témoins, la limitation en S induit un retard de la sénescence appréhendé par l’analyse d’indicateurs moléculaires et de la dégradation des protéines foliaires. L’ensemble des résultats montre que les effets de la limitation en S doivent être appréhendés en prenant en compte le statut initial en S de la plante, et en particulier la teneur en sulfate des feuilles. Nos résultats suugèrent de nouvelles perspectives pour l’amélioration de l’efficience d’utilisation du S et du N en raison de l’inter-connection entre les deux métabolismes
Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. ) is supposed to be sensitive to S limitation which negatively affects growth. Nevertheless, as little studies clearly assessed the impact of short or long term mineral S limitation, we analyzed its effects on i) biomass production, ii) N and S uptake by , 15N and 34S labelling iii) relative gene expression of nitrate and sulphate transport systems, iv) N and S remobilization and v) leaf senescence dynamics during vegetative growth. The results showed that under short term S limitation and with sufficient initial S reserves, oilseed rape is able to maintain its growth according to the recycling of endogenous S reserves (mostly as sulphate) from old leaves while in the meantime, gene expression encoding sulphate tonoplastic transporters were up-regulated. S fluxes from uptake and S remobilization from leaves were mostly allocated to the roots. Only with both low initial S reserves and low mineral S availability (i. E. Long term S limitation), plant growth was reduced while one of the nitrate transporter gene expressions was steadily down-regulated and root nitrate uptake was also reduced. Moreover, leaf soluble proteins contents, total S, S recently taken up as 34S and sulphate contents in oldest leaves declined despite an up-regulation of the expression of genes encoding plasmalemmic or tonoplastic sulphate transporters. Compared to control plants, S limitation also delayed leaf senescence evaluated by molecular indicators and leaf protein degradation. Overall results demonstrated that the effect of S limitation should be estimated by taking into account plant initial S status, and particularly the sulphate content within the oldest leaves. Our results gave new perspectives for the improvement of Sulphur Use Efficiency and Nitrogen Use Efficiency, because of the tigh inter-connection between theses two metabolisms

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Nabbefeld, Birgit. "Biomarker distributions and stable isotopes (C, S, H) to establish palaeoenvironmental change related to the end-Permian mass extinction event." Thesis, Curtin University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/493.

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Extinction, the irreversible loss of species, is perhaps the most alarming symptom of the ongoing biodiversity crisis. Some of the most significant changes in evolution throughout Earth’s history have coincided with extinction boundary events. In this thesis various organic geochemical (biomarker and stable isotopes) and geological (sedimentology and palaeontology) approaches have been undertaken to examine one of the most significant mass extinction events that occurred during the Late Permian (252 My ago) near to the Permian/Triassic (P/Tr) boundary. In the marine realm 49% of invertebrate families became extinct (equivalent to 80–96% of species loss). However, identifying an ecological crisis and associated extinction interval in any given extinction boundary section can often be difficult.Many different hypotheses have been proposed to explain the end-Permian extinction. The coincidence in timing of the extinction with the massive volcanic eruptions in Siberia has been established. The release of methane and possibly other gases during the volcanic event could have led to global warming. The oceans were oxygen deficient leading to euxinic conditions (with H[subscript]2S as a toxic agent) possibly triggering the extinction. Further, the selectivity of the extinction suggests hypercapnia (high CO[subscript]2) as a kill mechanism. It is widely accepted that the extinction is a “tangled web of causality” with several mechanisms contributing to the biotic crisis.Analyses of molecular fossils (biomarkers) and their stable isotopic compositions provide an alternative tool for identifying mass extinction intervals complimenting bulk stable isotopic data (δ[superscript]34Spyrite, δ[superscript]13Ccarbonate, δ[superscript]13Corg), sedimentological and fossil record data. Only recently have biomarker abundances (and δ[superscript]13C) and changes associated with the end-Permian extinction attracted significant attention. For example, biomarkers ultimately derived from pigments of organisms carrying out anoxygenic photosynthesis (Chlorobiaceae) have been recently reported in several P/Tr sections, providing evidence for widespread photic zone euxinic conditions.The aims of this PhD thesis were (i) to establish the palaeoenvironmental conditions associated with the P/Tr mass extinction event using an integrated biomarker, isotopic (including δD of biomarkers) and sedimentological approach for one section from the northern hemisphere and (ii) to establish whether the biomarker and isotopic signals (including δD of bulk kerogen) observed in several sections from about the globe represent localised environments of deposition and/or are related to global depositional conditions.In Chapter 2 for the first time an integrated study including sedimentological data, biomarker distributions/abundances and selected stable carbon and hydrogen isotopes along with bulk isotopes (δ[superscript]34Spyrite, δ[superscript]13Ccarbonate, δ[superscript]13Corg) for a Late Permian section from Lusitaniadalen, Spitsbergen, Norway has been conducted. These data support a marine transgression and collapse of the marine ecosystem in the Late Permian. Strong evidence for waxing and waning of photic zone euxinic conditions throughout the Late Permian section is provided by Chlorobiaceae-derived biomarkers (including δ[superscript]13C data) and δ[superscript]34Spyrite, suggesting several events of H[subscript]2S outgassing and potentially several pulses of extinction. A rapid decrease in abundance of various land plant biomarkers prior to the marine collapse event suggests a decline in terrestrial organisms during the Late Permian and/or increasing distance from the palaeoshoreline as an effect of sea level rise. Changes in δD of biomarkers also indicate a change in source of OM, microbial diversification and sea level rise. Further, compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA) data of algal and land-plant derived biomarkers, δ[superscript]13Ccarbonate and δ[superscript]13Corg provide strong evidence for synchronous changes in δ[superscript]13C of marine and atmospheric CO[subscript]2, attributed to a [superscript]13C-depleted source. The source could either be associated with isotopically depleted methane released from the melting of gas clathrates and/or from respired OM, due to the collapse of the marine ecosystem.In Chapter 3 δD of kerogen (δDkerogen) for three P/Tr sequences (Hovea#3, Perth Basin, Western Australia; Schuchert Dal section, Jameson’s Land, East Greenland and Lusitaniadalen, Spitsbergen) have been measured and compared with δ[superscript]34S of total reduced inorganic sulfur (δ[superscript]34Spyrite) of all three sections and for one sample set δ[superscript]13C of carbonate (δ[superscript]13Ccarbonate) to establish (i) similarities between the sections and (ii) evaluate whether these signals are local or global. Stable isotope shifts occur for all localities either at the P/Tr transition (Western Australia) or coinciding with the marine ecosystem collapse (Spitsbergen and East Greenland). δDkerogen reflects OM/kerogen type. Reliable palaeoenvironmental information in terms of the use of δD can therefore only be obtained for the P/Tr transition from hydrogen compound-specific isotope analyses of biomarkers (Chapter 2). The negative shifts in δ[superscript]13Ccarbonate (primary) and δ[superscript]13Ckerogen are attributed to the release of [superscript]13C-depleted carbon into the atmosphere, whereas the isotopic excursions in δ[superscript]34Spyrite relate to global palaeoredox changes. However, the global synchronous shifts in δDkerogen, δ[superscript]34Spyrite and δ[superscript]13Ckerogen for all sections suggest a relation between the sulfur, carbon and hydrogen cycles.In Chapter 4 the abundances of several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) throughout three P/Tr sections from the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) in Meishan (South China), Kap Stosch Area (East Greenland) and Peace River Basin (Western Canada) were evaluated. The PAHs dibenzothiophene and dibenzofuran were found to decrease in abundance just before or shortly after the P/Tr boundary in all three sections, supporting the hypotheses of a worldwide decrease in preservation of terrestrial OM. Perylene was observed in high abundance at the onset of the main extinction horizon (at bed 25) in Meishan and has been attributed to a wood degrading fungal source, consistent with the demise of land plants. Frequently occurring forest fire events are also evident from the abundance of several combustion-derived PAHs showing independent patterns in all sections. The coincidence of high abundances of combustion markers occurring simultaneous with ash beds in Meishan section indicates an origin related to the Late Permian and Early Triassic volcanic eruptions in Siberia and China.In Chapter 5 an evaluation of selected biomarker maturity parameters [methylnaphthalene ratio (MNR), methylphenanthrene index (MPI-1), C27 diasterane/sterane ratio and Ts/(Ts+Tm) ratio] has been conducted for a number of P/Tr samples (Western Australia, East Greenland and Spitsbergen). Differences in these parameters have been observed between freely extractable bitumens from sedimentary rocks (Bitumen I) and bitumens comprising hydrocarbons closely related to the kerogen/mineral matrix (Bitumen II). Further, a distinct connection between these differences and the clay/TOC ratio of the sediments has been made. The information on thermal maturity that is preserved within Bitumen II could be of significance in petroleum exploration studies, as the original thermal maturity signal of Bitumen I may be overprinted by migrated bitumen.

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Salesse, Kevin. "Archéo-biogéochimie isotopique, reconstitutions des régimes alimentaires et des schémas de mobilité, et interactions bioculturelles. Les sépultures plurielles de la catacombe des Saints Pierre-et-Marcellin (Rome, Ier-IIIe s. ap. J.-C.) : Les sépultures plurielles de la région X de la catacombe des Saints Pierre-et-Marcellin (Rome, Ier-IIIe s. ap. J.-C.)." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0412/document.

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Entre 2003 et 2010, dans la région centrale nommée X de la catacombe des Saints Pierre-et-Marcellin à Rome, a été découvert et en partie fouillé un ensemble de sépultures plurielles inédites (Ier-IIIe s. ap. J.-C.) contenant plusieurs centaines d’individus, lesquels ont été inhumés selon des pratiques funéraires singulières à la suite d’un épisode de surmortalité de nature probablement épidémique. Pour appréhender l’histoire de vie (alimentation et mobilité) de ces défunts et rediscuter sur la base d’éléments nouveaux certaines hypothèses préalablement établies, nous avons mené dans le cadre de ce travail une approche archéo-biogéochimique multi-proxy (14C, δ13C, δ15N, δ18O et 87Sr/86Sr) et multi-tissulaire (émail, os, cheveu) sur un échantillon de 130 individus issus de six différentes chambres. Nous avons dans un premier temps vérifié l’intégrité biochimique et isotopique des fractions minérales (phases carbonatées) et organiques (phases collagénique et kératinique) des échantillons à partir d’indicateurs classiques mesurés en routine (%Col, %C, %N, C/N, PCO2 et PCO2/Masse) et par spectroscopie IRTF (IRSF, CO3/PO4 et AmideI/PO4) et par une approche innovante consistant en des datations 14C sur couples collagène-apatite pour valider le signal isotopique des fractions minérales. Nos résultats mettent en évidence des différences extrêmes de préservation de toutes les phases. La trajectoire diagénétique des échantillons n’est toutefois pas aléatoire mais dépendante des conditions environnementales et taphonomiques différant entre les petites et les grandes chambres. En outre, nous avons pu démontrer qu’en dépit de fortes recristallisations et d’échanges isotopiques avec l’environnement sépulcral, les phases carbonatées possèdent un signal isotopique biogénique non altéré. Nous avons dans un second temps reconstruit les régimes alimentaires des individus en nous appuyant sur des référentiels de comparaisons robustes ainsi que divers modèles interprétatifs (mono-proxys versus multi-proxys ; qualitatifs versus quantitatifs), lesquels ont été dans certains cas adaptés au besoin de notre étude. D’une façon générale, nos résultats montrent que l’essentiel des individus a eu accès à un régime alimentaire type fondé sur la triade Céréales C3/Viande C3/Poisson marin. Ce régime alimentaire type n’est toutefois pas exclusif, certains individus (n = 13) ayant consommé de façon occasionnelle d’autres catégories de ressources tels que du poisson dulcicole ou des céréales C4. Nos résultats révèlent que les changements d’alimentation au cours de la vie sont relativement limités. Par ailleurs, cette population se singularise sur un plan strictement alimentaire au regard des autres populations contemporaines romaines pour lesquelles des valeurs isotopiques sont publiées. Nous avons dans un troisième temps étudié les schémas de mobilité des individus en nous fondant sur une approche rigoureuse de nos données et sur des référentiels de comparaison les plus exhaustifs possible ainsi qu’en tenant compte de biais ordinairement éludés (faits culturels, influence du climat et erreurs associées aux équations de conversion). Nos résultats mettent en lumière qu’a minima 23 % (n = 30) des individus étudiés sont migrants. Ces derniers ne se distinguent toutefois pas de par leur alimentation des résidents romains. Nous avons pu montrer en outre que ces migrants ont eu des trajectoires de vie complexes et hétérogènes et que trois schémas de mobilité distincts les caractérisent. Notre population ne se différencie pas en termes de taux de migrants des autres populations romaines pour lesquelles des données isotopiques sont disponibles. Elle se distingue en revanche par son cosmopolitisme avec des origines pour les migrants des plus diverses : Europe, Afrique, Arabie et Asie mineure [...]
An assembly of unpublished complex plural burials (1st-3rd cent. AD.) was discovered and partially excavated, between 2003 and 2010 in the central region called X of the catacomb of Saints Peter and Marcellinus in Rome. It contains several hundred individuals which were buried according to uncommon funeral practices following a mortality episode of likely epidemic nature. To understand the life history (diet and mobility patterns) of these deceased and to discuss again certain assumptions previously established on the basis of new evidences, we have as part of this work conducted an archaeo-biogeochemical multi-proxy (14C, δ13C, δ15N, δ18O et 87Sr/86Sr) and multi-tissue (enamel, bones, hair) approach on a sub-sample of 130 individuals coming from six different chambers. At the outset, we tested the biochemical and isotopic integrity of mineral (carbonate phases) and organic fractions (collagen and keratin phases) samples from conventional indicators measured in routine (%Col, %C, %N, C/N, PCO2 et PCO2/Mass), by FTIR spectroscopy (IRSF, CO3/PO4 and AmideI/PO4) and by an innovative approach consisting of 14C dating on collagen-apatite to validate the isotopic signal of mineral fractions. Our results highlight extreme differences of preservation of all phases. Diagenetic trajectory of samples is however not random but dependent on environmental and taphonomical conditions which differ between small and large chambers. Furthermore, we have been able to demonstrate that, despite strong recrystallization and isotopic exchanges with the sepulchral environment, carbonated phases have an unaltered biogenic isotopic signal. Secondly, we rebuilt the diets of individuals based on robust comparisons repositories and various interpretative models (mono-proxy versus multi-proxies; qualitative versus quantitative) which were, in some cases, adapted to the needs of our study. In general, our results show that most of the individuals had access to such a type diet based on the triad Cereals C3/Meat C3/Marine fish. This type diet would however not be exclusive, some individuals (n = 13) would have indeed occasionally consumed other resources such as freshwater fish or C4 cereals. Our results indicate that changes of diet during the life history are relatively limited. Besides, with regard to consumed food, this population is distinguished from other contemporary Roman populations for whom isotopic values are published. In the third place, we studied individual’s mobility patterns based on a rigorous approach to our data and on a comparison of the most comprehensive repositories as possible with taking into account the bias usually evaded (cultural facts, influence of climate and errors associated with conversion equations). Our results highlight that a minimum of 23% (n = 30) of the studied individuals are migrants. These, however, are not distinguished from Roman residents through their diet. We were able to show further that these migrants had complex and heterogeneous trajectories during their life within three distinct mobility patterns characterizing them. In terms of migrant’s rates, our population does not differ from other Roman populations for which the isotopic data are available. It differs however by its cosmopolitanism with origins for more diverse migrants: Europe, Africa, Arabia and Asia Minor [...]
Tra il 2003 e il 2010, nella regione centrale chiamata X della catacomba dei Santi Pietro e Marcellino a Roma, è stato scoperto e parzialmente scavato un insieme di sepolture plurime inedite (I-III sec. D.C.) contenente diverse centinaia di individui, i quali sono stati inumati secondo le pratiche funerarie singolari in seguito ad un episodio di sovramortalità di natura probabilmente epidemica. Per comprendere la storia di vita (alimentazione e mobilità) di questi defunti e ridiscutere, sulla base di nuovi elementi, alcune ipotesi precedentemente formulate, abbiamo condotto, nel quadro di questo lavoro, un approccio archeo-biogeochimico multi-proxys (14C, δ13C, δ15N, δ18O e 87Sr/86Sr) e multi-tessuto (smalto, ossa, capelli) su un campione di 130 individui da sei stanze diverse. Abbiamo inizialmente verificato l'integrità biochimica e isotopica delle frazioni minerali (fasi carbonatiche) ed organiche (fasi collageniche e cheratiniche) dei campioni provenienti da indicatori classici misurati in routine (%Col, %C, %N, C/N, PCO2 e PCO2/Massa) e per spettroscopia FTIR (IRSF, CO3/PO4 e AmmideI/PO4) ed un approccio innovativo costituito da datazione 14C su coppie collagene-apatite per validare il segnale isotopico delle frazioni minerali. I nostri risultati mettono in evidenza delle differenze estreme di preservazione di tutte le fasi. La traiettoria diagenetica dei campioni non è però aleatoria, ma dipendente dalle condizioni ambientali e tafonomiche che differiscono tra camere piccole e grandi. Inoltre, abbiamo potuto dimostrare che nonostante delle forti ricristallizzazioni e degli scambi isotopici con l'ambiente sepolcrale, le fasi carbonatiche hanno un segnale isotopico biogenetico inalterato. Abbiamo in un secondo tempo ricostruito i regimi alimentari degli individui basandoci su riferimenti di confronto robusti e vari modelli interpretativi (mono-proxys versus multi-proxys, qualitativi versus quantitativi), i quali sono stati in alcuni casi, adattati alle esigenze del nostro studio. In generale, i nostri risultati mostrano che la maggior parte degli individui ha avuto accesso ad un regime alimentare tipo basato sulla triade Cereali C3/Carne C3/Pesci marini. Questo regime alimentare non è tuttavia esclusivo, avendo certi individui (n = 13) consumato casualmente altre categorie di risorse come il pesce dulciacquicolo o dei cereali C4. I nostri risultati indicano che i cambiamenti di alimentazione nel corso della vita sono relativamente limitati. Inoltre, questa popolazione si distingue da un piano strettamente alimentare rispetto alle altre popolazioni contemporanee romane per le quali dei valori isotopici sono pubblicati. Abbiamo in un terzo tempo studiato gli schemi di mobilità degli individui basandoci su un approccio rigoroso dei nostri dati e su riferimenti di confronto i più esaustivi possibile, e anche tenendo conto di punti di vista solitamente elusi (fatti culturali, influenza del clima e errori associati alle equazioni di conversione). I nostri risultati mettono in luce che a minima 23% (n = 30) degli individui studiati sono migranti. Questi ultimi, tuttavia, non si distinguono per la loro alimentazione dai residenti romani. Abbiamo potuto mostrare, inoltre, che questi migranti hanno avuto percorsi di vita complessi ed eterogenei e che tre schemi di mobilità distinti li caratterizzano. Nostra popolazione non si differenzia in termini di tasso di migranti da altre popolazioni romane per le quali sono disponibili dei dati isotopici. Essa si distingue tuttavia per il suo cosmopolitismo con delle origini per i migranti delle più diverse: Europa, Africa, Arabia e Asia Minore [...]

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10

Gómez, Vallejo Vanessa. "Development of new strategies for the synthesis of radiotracers labeled with short-lived isotopes: application to 11C and 13N." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9301.

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S'ha desenvolupat una nova estratègia per la síntesi ràpida i eficient de L-[metil-11C]metionina basada en el captive solvent method. La reacció de L-homocisteína (dissolució bàsica en aigua/etanol 1:1) amb [11C]CH3I en un loop de HPLC va permetre la formació del radiotraçador desitjat amb elevat rendiment radioquímic (38.4 ± 4.1%) en un temps curt (< 12 min). Tots el paràmetres analítics compleixen les especificacions requerides per la versió actual de la Farmacopea Espanyola, tot i que els valors d'activitat específica obtinguts van ser relativament baixos. Degut a això, es van estudiar i quantificar les principals fonts que contribueixen a la contaminació de carboni-12 durant les síntesis de [11C]CH3I efectuades segons el "wet" method. Es va observar que la principal font de contaminació de CO2 no radioactiu (contribució>90%) és el propi procés de bombardeig, probablement degut a la combustió (causada per les altes temperatures i pressions assolides durant la irradiació) dels compostos que contenen carboni i que es troben al gas irradiat (o a l'interior del blanc). Es van establir procediments generals per realitzar abans, durant i després de la radiosíntesi per prevenir la contaminació exterior i, d'aquesta manera, augmentar l'activitat específica dels radiotraçadors sintetitzats.
En quant al marcatge amb nitrogen-13, s'ha desenvolupat un procés totalment automàtic per a la producció de [13N]NO2- a partir de [13N]NO3- generat en el ciclotró. El precursor radioactiu [13N]NO2- s'ha utilitzat per la radiosíntesi de compostos amb interès biològic com ara S-nitrosotiols (donadors de NO.), N-nitrosamines (molècules amb potencials efectes carcinogènics) i azo compostos (amb possible aplicació com a radiotraçadors per a la detecció in vivo de plaques de β-amiloide). En tots els casos es van obtenir excel·lents conversions radioquímiques (48.7% - 74.5% per S-[13N]nitrosotiols, 45.6% - 53.4% per N-[13N]nitrosamines i 40.0% - 58.3% per 13N-azo compostos) i bons rendiments radioquímics (33.8% - 60.6% per S-[13N]nitrosotiols, 34.0% - 37.8% per N-[13N]nitrosamines i 20.4% - 47.2% per 13N-azo compostos). A més a més, s'ha dissenyat i implementat un mòdul automàtic amb control remot pel marcatge de molècules amb 13N.
Se ha desarrollado una nueva estrategia para la síntesis rápida y eficiente de L-[metil-11C]metionina basada en el captive solvent method. La reacción de L-homocisteína (disolución básica en agua/etanol 1:1) con [11C]CH3I en un loop de HPLC permitió la formación del radiotrazador deseado con elevado rendimiento radioquímico (38.4 ± 4.1%) en un tiempo corto (< 12 min). Todos los parámetros analíticos cumplían las especificaciones requeridas por la versión actual de la Farmacopea Española, aunque los valores de actividad específica obtenidos fueron relativamente bajos. Por ello, se estudiaron y cuantificaron las principales fuentes que contribuyen a la contaminación de carbono-12 durante las síntesis de [11C]CH3I efectuadas según el "wet" method. Se observó que la principal fuente de contaminación de CO2 no radiactivo (contribución>90%) es el propio proceso de bombardeo, probablemente debido a la combustión (causada por las altas temperaturas y presiones alcanzadas durante la irradiación) de los compuestos que contienen carbono y que se encuentran presentes en el gas irradiado (o en el mismo cuerpo del blanco). Se establecieron procedimientos generales para realizar antes, durante y con posterioridad a la radiosíntesis para prevenir la contaminación exterior y, de esta manera, aumentar la actividad específica de los radiotrazadores sintetizados.
Respecto al marcaje con nitrógeno-13, se ha desarrollado un proceso totalmente automático para la producción de [13N]NO2- a partir del [13N]NO3- generado en el ciclotrón. El precursor radiactivo [13N]NO2- se ha utilizado para la radiosíntesis de compuestos con interés biológico tales como S-nitrosotioles (donadores de NO.), N-nitrosaminas (moléculas con potenciales efectos carcinogénicos) y azo compuestos (con posible aplicación como radiotrazadores para la detección in vivo de placas de β-amiloide). En todos los casos se obtuvieron excelentes conversiones radioquímicas (48.7% - 74.5% para S-[13N]nitrosotioles, 45.6% - 53.4% para N-[13N]nitrosaminas y 40.0% - 58.3% para 13N-azo compuestos) y buenos rendimientos radioquímicos (33.8% - 60.6% para S-[13N]nitrosotioles, 34.0% - 37.8% para N-[13N]nitrosaminas y 20.4% - 47.2% para 13N-azo compuestos). Además, se ha diseñado e implementado un módulo automático con control remoto para el marcaje de moléculas con 13N.
A new strategy for the fast and efficient synthesis of L-[methyl-11C]methionine based on the captive solvent method has been developed. The in loop reaction of a basic water/ethanol 1:1 solution of L-homocysteine with [11C]CH3I led to the formation of the desired radiotracer with high radiochemical yield (38.4 ± 4.1%) in short production time (< 12 min). All analytical parameters were within the specifications of the current version of the Spanish Pharmacopoeia, although specific radioactivity values were relatively low. Thus, the main sources of carbon-12 during the synthesis of [11C]CH3I by the "wet" method were studied and the contribution attributable to each individual source was quantified. The most relevant contamination of non-radioactive CO2 (contribution>90%) was shown to be generated during the bombardment process, probably due to the combustion (caused by high temperature and pressure during irradiation) of carbon carrier compounds present in the irradiated gas (or target body). General procedures to be performed before, during and after the radiosynthesis were established to prevent external contamination and to improve the specific radioactivity of 11C-labeled radiotracers synthesized from [11C]CH3I produced via the "wet" method.
Concerning 13N-labeling, a fully automatic process for the production of [13N]NO2- from cyclotron generated [13N]NO3- has been developed. The radioactive precursor [13N]NO2- has been used for the synthesis of biologically interesting 13N-labeled compounds such as S-nitrosothiols (well-known NO. donors), N-nitrosamines (molecules with potent carcinogenic effects) and azo compounds (with putative application as imaging probes for in vivo detection of β-amyloid plaques). In all cases, excellent radiochemical conversion (48.7% - 74.5% for S-[13N]nitrosothiols, 45.6% - 53.4% for N-[13N]nitrosamines and 40.0% - 58.3% for 13N-labeled azo compounds) and good radiochemical yields (33.8% - 60.6% for S-[13N]nitrosothiols, 34.0% - 37.8% for N-[13N]nitrosamines and 20.4% - 47.2% for 13N-labeled azo compounds) were achieved. An automatic remote controlled synthesis module for the preparation of 13N-labeled structures has been designed and implemented.

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11

Shelton, Jenna Lynn. "Fate(s) of Injected CO₂ in a Coal-Bearing Formation, Louisiana, Gulf Coast Basin: Chemical and Isotopic Tracers of Microbial-Brine-Rock-CO₂ Interactions." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/297060.

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Coal beds are one of the most promising reservoirs for geologic carbon dioxide (CO₂) sequestration, as CO₂ can strongly adsorb onto organic matter and displace methane; however, little is known about the long-term fate of CO₂ sequestered in coal beds. The "2800' sand" of the Olla oil field is a coal-bearing, oil and gas-producing reservoir of the Paleocene–Eocene Wilcox Group in north-central Louisiana. In the 1980s, this field, specifically the 2800' sand, was flooded with CO₂ in an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) project, with 9.0×10⁷m³ of CO₂ remaining in the 2800' sand after injection ceased. This study utilized isotopic and geochemical tracers from co-produced natural gas, oil and brine from reservoirs located stratigraphically above, below and within the 2800' sand to determine the fate of the remaining EOR-CO₂, examining the possibilities of CO₂ migration, dissolution, mineral trapping, gas-phase trapping, and sorption to coal beds, while also testing a previous hypothesis that EOR-CO₂ may have been converted by microbes (CO₂-reducing methanogens) into methane, creating a microbial "hotspot". Reservoirs stratigraphically-comparable to the 2800' sand, but located in adjacent oil fields across a 90-km transect were sampled to investigate regional trends in gas composition, brine chemistry and microbial activity. The source field for the EOR-CO₂, the Black Lake Field, was also sampled to establish the δ¹³C-CO₂ value of the injected gas (0.9‰ +/- 0.9‰). Four samples collected from the Olla 2800' sand produced CO₂-rich gas with δ¹³C-CO₂ values (average 9.9‰) much lower than average (pre-injection) conditions (+15.9‰, average of sands located stratigraphically below the 2800' sand in the Olla Field) and at much higher CO₂ concentrations (24.9 mole %) than average (7.6 mole %, average of sands located stratigraphically below the 2800' sand in the Olla Field), suggesting the presence of EOR-CO₂ and gas-phase trapping as a major storage mechanism. Using δ¹³C values of CO₂ and dissolved organic carbon (DIC), CO₂ dissolution was also shown to be a major storage mechanism for 3 of the 4 samples from the Olla 2800' sand. Minor storage mechanisms were shown to be migration, which only affected 2 samples (from 1 well), and some EOR-CO₂ conversion to microbial methane for 3 of the 4 Olla 2800' sand samples. Since methanogenesis was not shown to be a major storage mechanism for the EOR-CO₂ in the Olla Field (CO₂ injection did not stimulate methanogenesis), samples were examined from adjacent oil fields to determine the cause of the Olla microbial "hot-spot". Microbial methane was found in all oil fields sampled, but indicators of methanogenesis (e.g. alkalinity, high δ¹³C-DIC values) were the greatest in the Olla Field, and the environmental conditions (salinity, pH, temperature) were most ideal for microbial CO₂ reduction in the Olla field, compared to adjacent fields.

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12

Lomant, Susannah E. "Calculations of nuclear cross sections and astrophysical S-factors for reactions induced by protons and alpha particles on isotopes of copper." Virtual Press, 1999. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1137475.

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Nuclear reactions induced by neutrons, protons and alpha particles on copper isotopes are being studied in an effort to understand the nucleosynthesis of elements in stars, specifically, the p-process. The p-process occurs toward the end of a star's life and produces those elements which have a high proton to neutron ratio, which are heavier than iron. Little is known about the nature of the p-process-inside stars. Isotopes of copper are studied since they are close in mass number to iron, which has the highest nuclear binding energy. Nuclear cross sections will be calculated for copper, as well as S-factors, which are important from an astrophysical point of view. These values are needed to calculate reaction rates which are the main ingredients for understanding nucleosynthesis.
Department of Physics and Astronomy

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13

Salesse, Kevin. "Archéo-biogéochimie isotopique, reconstitutions des régimes alimentaires et des schémas de mobilité, et interactions bio-culturelles. Les sépultures plurielles de la région X de la catacombe des Saints Pierre-et-Marcellin (Rome, Ier-IIIe s. ap. J.-C.)." Doctoral thesis, Université de Bordeaux, Talence, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/282723.

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Entre 2003 et 2010, dans la région centrale nommée X de la catacombe des Saints Pierre-et-Marcellin à Rome, a été découvert et en partie fouillé un ensemble de sépultures plurielles inédites (Ier-IIIe s. ap. J.-C.) contenant plusieurs centaines d’individus, lesquels ont été inhumés selon des pratiques funéraires singulières à la suite d’un épisode de surmortalité de nature probablement épidémique. Pour appréhender l’histoire de vie (alimentation et mobilité) de ces défunts et rediscuter sur la base d’éléments nouveaux certaines hypothèses préalablement établies, nous avons mené dans le cadre de ce travail une approche archéo-biogéochimique multi-proxy (14C, δ13C, δ15N, δ18O et 87Sr/86Sr) et multi-tissulaire (émail, os, cheveu) sur un échantillon de 130 individus issus de six différentes chambres. Nous avons dans un premier temps vérifié l’intégrité biochimique et isotopique des fractions minérales (phases carbonatées) et organiques (phases collagénique et kératinique) des échantillons à partir d’indicateurs classiques mesurés en routine (%Col, %C, %N, C/N, PCO2 et PCO2/Masse) et par spectroscopie IRTF (IRSF, CO3/PO4 et AmideI/PO4) et par une approche innovante consistant en des datations 14C sur couples collagène-apatite pour valider le signal isotopique des fractions minérales. Nos résultats mettent en évidence des différences extrêmes de préservation de toutes les phases. La trajectoire diagénétique des échantillons n’est toutefois pas aléatoire mais dépendante des conditions environnementales et taphonomiques différant entre les petites et les grandes chambres. En outre, nous avons pu démontrer qu’en dépit de fortes recristallisations et d’échanges isotopiques avec l’environnement sépulcral, les phases carbonatées possèdent un signal isotopique biogénique non altéré. Nous avons dans un second temps reconstruit les régimes alimentaires des individus en nous appuyant sur des référentiels de comparaisons robustes ainsi que divers modèles interprétatifs (mono-proxys versus multi-proxys ;qualitatifs versus quantitatifs), lesquels ont été dans certains cas adaptés au besoin de notre étude. D’une façon générale, nos résultats montrent que l’essentiel des individus a eu accès à un régime alimentaire type fondé sur la triade Céréales C3/Viande C3/Poisson marin. Ce régime alimentaire type n’est toutefois pas exclusif, certains individus (n = 13) ayant consommé de façon occasionnelle d’autres catégories de ressources tels que du poisson dulcicole ou des céréales C4. Nos résultats révèlent que les changements d’alimentation au cours de la vie sont relativement limités. Par ailleurs, cette population se singularise sur un plan strictement alimentaire au regard des autres populations contemporaines romaines pour lesquelles des valeurs isotopiques sont publiées. Nous avons dans un troisième temps étudié les schémas de mobilité des individus en nous fondant sur une approche rigoureuse de nos données et sur des référentiels de comparaison les plus exhaustifs possible ainsi qu’en tenant compte de biais ordinairement éludés (faits culturels, influence du climat et erreurs associées aux équations de conversion). Nos résultats mettent en lumière qu’a minima 23 % (n = 30) des individus étudiés sont migrants. Ces derniers ne se distinguent toutefois pas de par leur alimentation des résidents romains. Nous avons pu montrer en outre que ces migrants ont eu des trajectoires de vie complexes et hétérogènes et que trois schémas de mobilité distincts les caractérisent. Notre population ne se différencie pas en termes de taux de migrants des autres populations romaines pour lesquelles des données isotopiques sont disponibles. Elle se distingue en revanche par son cosmopolitisme avec des origines pour les migrants des plus diverses :Europe, Afrique, Arabie et Asie mineure. Enfin, nous avons pu démontrer en nous appuyant sur nos interprétations alimentaires et sur diverses données historiques que cette population n’est pas homogène sur un plan socio-économique. De même, au regard de notre étude de la mobilité et des données archéologiques, nous avons pu avancer l’hypothèse que certains aspects des pratiques funéraires mises en évidence sur le site pouvaient déjà être utilisés à Rome avant l’arrivée des migrants. En outre, nous avons pu rediscuter de l’antériorité supposée des sépultures en nous fondant sur les nouvelles datations 14C et la mise en évidence d’une consommation non négligeable de poisson. Sur la base de tous ces éléments, nous avons pu proposer l’existence d’un lien mystique (i.e. religieux) reliant ces individus.
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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14

Desbois, Guillaume. "Modélisation 3D de la diffusion atomique dans les minéraux : applications à l'étude des isotopes de l'hydrogène et de l'oxygène, et du couple Al-S." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30116.

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Cette thèse présente un modèle numérique 3D par différences finies capable de simuler la diffusion atomique dans les monocristaux. Ce nouvel outil permet : de prendre en compte l’anisotropie de diffusion, de générer un large choix de forme de cristal, de considérer n’importe quelle distribution initiale de concentration, de faire évoluer la concentration de surface en fonction du temps et de choisir, sans restriction, la variation de température en fonction du temps. Le modèle 3D créé a été appliqué à quatre cas d’étude : trois portent sur des expériences de diffusion de l’hydrogène réalisées en laboratoire dans le diopside, la lawsonite et la tourmaline, le quatrième sur des profils de diffusion naturels (Al-Si et O) dans des diopsides des Adirondacks. Ces études illustrent le potentiel du modèle numérique 3D développé pour la description et l’interprétation des profils de diffusion dans les minéraux. Ce nouvel outil sera très utile pour interpréter les zonations de plus en plus fines obtenues à l’échelle du grain à l’aide des techniques analytiques modernes
This thesis presents a 3D numerical modelling (finite differences) which can simulate atomic diffusion in single crystals. This new tool allows : to simulate anisotropic diffusion, a large choice of cristal shapes, any initial distribution of concentration, any concentration at surface as a function of time and any temperature change as a function of time. The 3D modelling has been applied to four cases of study : three of them deal with experimental hydrogen diffusion in diopside, lawsonite and tourmaline, the fourth deals with Al-Si and O natural diffusion profiles in diopsides from Adirondacks. These studies illustrate the power of the 3D modelling developped for the description and the interpretation of diffusion profiles. This new tool will be very useful for the interpretation of detailed zonations at grain scale measured by modern analytical techniques

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15

Nakwafila, Albertina Nuusiku. "Salinisation source(s) and mechanism(s) in shallow alluvial aquifers along the Buffels River, Northern Cape Province, South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96826.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Several areas in Namaqualand are affected by elevated levels of salinity; including the shallow alluvial aquifers along the Buffels River catchment. The chemistry of rainwater that recharges these aquifers has low salt-loads, but the groundwater system is very saline. The shallow alluvial aquifers are an important source of water for several communal areas along the river both for domestic and agricultural purposes. Groundwater is also used for the copper and diamond mining activities along the river. Prior to this study, the sources of salinity to the alluvial aquifers and whether salinity can be remediated has not been determined. Possible salinity sources included seawater intrusion, evaporitic salts dissolution, concentrations by evaporation, deep aquifer brines, dissolution of minerals from the aquifer geology as well as salts from anthropogenic activities (i.e. mining). The source(s) of salinity to the groundwater has been determined using the geochemical as well as the isotopic tracers. The ratios of major ions (i.e. Na/Cl) as well the oxygen (18O), hydrogen (2H), 36Cl/Cl, and 87Sr/86Sr isotopes were used in determining the possible solute sources. In addition to these, the chloride mass balance (CMB) method was used to determine the recharge rates to the alluvial aquifers. Furthermore, the groundwater age of the alluvial aquifers was determined using the tritium (3H) isotope. The groundwater samples have high 87Sr/86Sr ratios, which are in the same ranges as the 87Sr/86Sr ratios in the surrounding granitic rocks indicating water-rock interactions. The 36Cl/Cl ratios are low and indicate the dissolution of old salts. The 18O and 2H stable isotopes of groundwater show an evaporative trend with respect to the LMWL, which indicate that groundwater has been evaporated before or during infiltration. Salinity to the shallow alluvial aquifers was found to be mainly derived from the dissolution of rock mass and concentration by evaporation process. The groundwater is relatively young, but there is mixing between old water recharged prior to bomb testing and recently recharged groundwater in some boreholes. The Chloride mass balance (CMB) method assumes atmospheric chloride is the only source of chloride to the aquifers. However, there is additional chloride to these alluvial aquifers from rock mass dissolution. The estimated recharge rates by CMB method (0.1-3.4mm/a) are therefore underestimated. A simulation model was used to determine the recharge rates based on the annual precipitation that will yield the current measured chloride concentrations in the groundwater. Recharge was found to range from 1-5% of the annual precipitation, which is also low. The CMB method therefore gives significant recharge rate estimates, but they are not accurate and need to be supported by another method.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Geen opsomming beskikbaar.

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16

Force, Carole. "Etude de la structure du $^{44}$S par sa décroissance isomérique." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00430125.

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L'étude du noyau de l'atome a pour but d'approfondir notre connaissance de l'interaction nucléaire responsable de la cohésion du noyau. Les noyaux stables (Z≈N) furent les premiers étudiés, permettant une modélisation de l'interaction nucléaire. A cette époque, l'un des buts était de reproduire les propriétés singulières des noyaux ”magiques”. Avec le développement des accélérateurs, des noyaux riches ou déficients en neutrons ont été créées en laboratoire, donnant accès à l'évolution de l'interaction nucléaire avec l'isospin. Les études effectuées depuis les années 90 sur les noyaux exotiques ayant un nombre de neutrons N=28 ont montré que le caractère magique ne persistait pas loin de la stabilité. En particulier, le $^{44}*S (Z=16, N=28) est trouvé déformé dans son état fondamental. Du côté théorique, les calculs prédisent une coexistence de formes sphérique-déformé pour le modèle en couches et déformé-déformé pour le champ moyen. La mesure en 2005 d'un deuxième état $0^+$ à faible énergie d'excitation est venue confirmer cette hypothèse sans pouvoir apporter de réponse sur les déformations mises en jeu. L'expérience présentée ici a eu pour but de caractériser cette coexistence de formes à partir des mesures de la probabilité de transition réduite B(E2 ; $0^+_2 $→ $2^+ _1 $) et de la force de transition monopolaire $ρ^2$(E0; $0^+ _2$ → $0^+_1$). De la faible valeur B(E2 ; $0^+_2$ → $2^+_1$) obtenue, une interprétation sur le mélange des états $0^+_1$ et $0^+_2$ a été proposée ainsi qu'une comparaison aux résultats de calculs modèle en couches. La faible valeur $ρ^2*$ mesurée a été comparée aux systématiques puis deux interprétations ont été proposées dans le cadre du modèle en couches et du modèle collectif géométrique.

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17

Krammer, Regina. "Calcareous nannofossils in the S-Atlantic during the middle to late Miocene Coccolithophorid carbonate budgets, fine-fraction stable isotopes and their paleoceanographic implications /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=979757770.

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18

Brenot, Agnès. "Origine de l'eau et des éléments dissous par traçage isotopique (H, O, S, Mg, Sr) sur le bassin amont de la Moselle." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL/2006_BRENOT_A.pdf.

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Ce travail propose d'identifier et de quantifier dans le temps et dans l'espace l'origine de l'eau et de certains éléments dissous sur le bassin versant amont de la Moselle en utilisant trois familles de traceurs isotopiques. La singularité du bassin étudié réside dans la diversité des lithologies drainées et une occupation des sols variée. Un fort contraste réside entre les Vosges cristallines avec des sols principalement forestiers en amont et le plateau lorrain carbonaté dominé par les activités agricoles en aval. Un premier volet de ce travail a permis d'apporter des éléments à la compréhension du fonctionnement hydrologique du bassin versant de la Moselle. L'analyse de la composition isotopique de l'H et de l'O de l'eau a permis de décrire une dynamique des eaux et un temps de réponse au signal des eaux météoriques variable suivant le compartiment hydrologique étudié et la période de l'année. Les temps de réponse estimés sont de quelques jours pour les eaux de sols collectées par drainage en période de haut régime hydrique, à plusieurs semaines pour les eaux de rivières, jusqu'à plusieurs mois pour les eaux de sols collectées par bougies poreuses et les eaux de sources. Un deuxième volet de ce travail a permis d'identifier l'origine spatiale et temporelles des sulfates dissous dans les eaux de rivières. Trois sources principales de sulfates ont été identifiées: les apports atmosphériques, le lessivage d'évaporites et le lessivage d'engrais soufrés. L'apport de sulfates provenant d'engrais soufrés est saisonnier et n'apparaît qu'en période de haut régime hydrique (octobre 2003 à mars 2004), lorsque le lessivage des sols agricoles est le plus intense et peut représenter jusqu'à 13% des sulfates exportés annuellement par le Madon à Mirecourt. La composition isotopique du Sr de la phase dissoute des rivières indique que le Sr des eaux de la Moselle provient d'un mélange simple entre le pôle silicate et le pôle carbonate/évaporite définis localement, témoignant d'une relative simplicité du système étudié. Nous avons donc abordé l'utilisation du Mg comme traceur isotopique en hydrochimie. Les compositions isotopiques en Mg sur le bassin de la Moselle sont parmi les premières valeurs mesurées pour le Mg dissous dans des eaux de rivières et de sols. Les eaux de rivières drainant uniquement des silicates (δ26Mg=-1,2 à -0,7‰) présentent un appauvrissement systématique en isotopes lourds par rapport aux roches silicatées (δ26Mg=0,22 à 0,94‰) et à leurs sols associés (δ26Mg=0,36 à 1,68‰). Ce résultat suggère un fractionnement isotopique du Mg lors de l'altération. Les eaux de rivières drainant le plateau lorrain à dominante carbonatée ont une gamme de valeurs (δ26Mg=-1,6 à -1,2‰) significativement plus basse que celle du bassin silicaté. En plus d'être contrastées selon la lithologie drainée, les valeurs de δ26Mg du Mg dissous sont bien corrélées avec les rapports 87Sr/86Sr et Sr/Mg témoignant clairement de la capacité des isotopes du Mg à tracer la source de Mg dissous dans ces rivières. Enfin un important excès de Mg et de Sr par rapport au Ca a été mis en évidence pour les rivières drainant les roches sédimentaires du plateau lorrain et seule la perte de Ca dissous par précipitation de calcite permet de rendre de cet excès
The objective of this work was to identify and quantify, in time and space, the origin of water and of dissolved elements on the Moselle river basin, using three types of isotopic tracers. This basin is remarkable for its very contrasted lithology and land use at a small distance scale. A strong contrast appears between the Vosges mountains with silicate rocks and mainly forested soils upstream and the Lorraine plateau with carbonate/evaporite rocks and dominated by agriculture downstream. The first objective of this work was to assess some hydrological processes occurring on the basin. The isotopic composition of H and O of water permited to describe water dynamics and reponse delay of water to meteoric events depending on the water reservoir studied and the sampling period. Response delay estimated vary from few days for soil water collected by drains during high flow period, to several weeks for river water, to several months for soil water collected by porous cups and spring water. Secondly, we documented variations of the isotopic composition of S and O of dissolved sulfates in time and space. Three main sources have been identified: atmospheric inputs, weathering of evaporites and leaching of S-fertilizers. Sulfates inputs from S-fertilizers showed a clear seasonality and appeared during high river flow period (October 2003 to March 20004), when the leaching of soils is intensive and would represent up to 13% of the sulfates exported each year by the Madon river at Mirecourt. The isotopic composition of dissolved Sr in rivers on the Moselle basin correspond to a simple mixing between the silicate end-member and the carbonate end-member defined locally, suggesting a relative simplicity of the system studied. On this basis, we tested the potential of Mg as a new isotopic tracer in river systems. Mg in river waters draining silicates is systematically depleted in 26Mg (δ26Mg=-1. 2 and -0. 7‰) relative to corresponding rocks and soils (δ26Mg=0. 2 and 1. 7‰), suggesting that isotope fractionation occurred during weathering. δ26Mg values of dissolved Mg in rivers flowing on sedimentary rocks (-1. 6 to -1. 1‰) are significantly lower than those for rivers flowing on silicate rocks. In addition, δ26Mg values are clearly correlate with 87Sr/86Sr ratio and Sr/Mg ratio, showing that Mg isotopes are able to trace the origin of dissolved Mg for these rivers. Finally, an important excess of Mg and Sr relative to Ca appeared in rivers draining sedimentary rocks on the Lorraine plateau and we demonstrated that the removal of Ca by calcite precipitation is the most likely process to explain this excess

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19

CAVERO, MANCHADO VICTORIA. "La collision reactive li(3#s)+h#2lih+h. Transfert de structure fine 2p#3#/#2-2p#1#/#2 entre isotopes du lithium dans un jet unique." Paris 11, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA112258.

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Cette these est divisee en trois parties distinctes. La premiere concerne l'etude experimentale de la collision reactive (cs(6d)+h#2csh+h aux energies thermiques. Un faisceau supersonique d'hydrogene croise un jet de cesium excite suivant 6s6p6d a l'aide de deux diodes laser. Les produits csh detectes par fluorescence induite par laser se trouvent distribues statistiquement sur les niveaux rovibrationnels x#1#+(5v''=0,1,j'') de la molecule. La section totale de reaction est evaluee a 0,05 a#2. La deuxieme partie concerne l'etude experimentale en faisceaux croises de la reaction li(3#s)+h#2lih+h. Le jet de lithium est excite suivant 2s2p3s et les produits lih sont detectes par fluorescence induite par laser. Le fond de fluorescence du aux collisions entre atomes de lithium excites dans le jet nous empeche d'observer le signal des produits lih. Finalement, la troisieme partie de cette these concerne l'etude des transferts de structure fine entre les isotopes #7li et #6li dans le jet de lithium suite a la collision li(2p)+li(2s). Les transferts de structure fine 2p#3#/#22p#1#/#2 entre paires d'alcalins ont ete largement etudies dans les experiences en cellule excepte pour la paire de lithium car l'ecart en energie des niveaux de structure fine est tres faible (10 ghz). Dans ce cas une etude spectroscopique est seulement possible avec une technique sans elargissement doppler. Les sections de transfert experimentales aux energies thermiques sont de l'ordre de 10#4 a#2. Ce resultat est en accord avec le calcul que nous avons effectue avec la description semi-classique de nikitin des couplages entre deux etats moleculaires a grand distance internucleaire.

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20

Björkvald, Louise. "Landscape hydrogeochemistry of Fe, Mn, S and trace elements (As, Co, Pb) in a boreal stream network." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Geology and Geochemistry, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-8130.

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The transport of elements by streams from headwater regions to the sea is influenced by landscape characteristics. This thesis focuses on the influence of landscape characteristics (e.g. proportion of wetland/forest coverage) on temporal and spatial variations of Fe, Mn, S and trace elements (As, Co, Pb) in streams located in northern Sweden, a boreal region characterized by coniferous forests and peat wetlands.

Water samples from a network of 15 streams revealed a different hydrogeochemistry in forested catchments compared to wetland catchments. The temporal variation was dominated by spring flood, when concentrations of Fe, Mn and trace elements increased in forested headwaters. However, in streams of wetland catchments concentrations decreased, but Pb concentrations were higher in comparison to other streams. Both Fe and Pb showed positive correlations with wetland area, while Co correlated with forest coverage. The anthropogenic contribution of As and Pb appear to be larger than the supply from natural sources.

During spring flood SO₄^2- decreased in most streams, although concentrations increased in streams of wetland catchments. Concentrations of SO₄^2-were higher in streams of forested catchments than in wetland dominated streams, the former being net exporters of S and the latter net accumulators. Isotope values of stream water SO₄^2- (δ³⁴S_SO4) were close to that of precipitation during spring flood, indicating that the major source of S is from deposition. The results show that, although emissions of anthropogenic S have been reduced, there is still a strong influence of past and current S deposition on runoff in this region.

In conclusion, wetlands are key areas for the hydrogeochemistry in this boreal landscape. The findings emphasize the importance of understanding stream water chemistry and element cycling from a landscape perspective. This may be important for predicting how boreal regions respond to environmental disturbances such as climate change.

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Dubousset, Lucie. "Effet d'une restriction en sulfate couplée ou non à une limitation en nitrate sur l'efficience de mobilisation du S et du N foliaire chez le colza d'hiver (Brassica napus L. ) : Thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux." Caen, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CAEN2074.

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L’étude des impacts physiologiques et agronomiques d’une limitation en soufre (S) minéral chez le colza (Brassica napus L. ) − une oléagineuse très exigeante en S mais caractérisée par une faible efficience d’utilisation du S (EUS) – présente un intérêt tout particulier dans le contexte actuel d’appauvrissement des sols en S associé à la baisse des dépôts atmosphériques. Les objectifs ont donc visé (1) à déterminer les stades de développement les plus sensibles à la limitation en S, (2) à identifier les processus de mobilisation/allocation du S et du N (via des marquages 15N/34S) et (3) à évaluer les effets de la disponibilité en N sur ces processus. Une relation allométrique semblable à celle du N vis-à-vis de la biomasse des parties aériennes n’a pu être établie pour le S. Quelle que soit la disponibilité en N, une séquestration du sulfate dans les feuilles de plantes bien alimentées en S a été révélée en serre et au champ. En cas de limitation en S, le sulfate stocké au niveau foliaire serait efficacement remobilisé vers les tissus en croissance via l’induction des transporteurs tonoplastiques (BnSultr4;1 et BnSultr4;2) intervenant dans son efflux. Une restriction en S au stade C2 (entre-noeuds visibles) affecte l’efficience d’utilisation du N. Le remplissage des graines et la qualité de l’huile sont dépendants de la disponibilité en S entre les stades C2 et D2 (boutons floraux visibles). L’ensemble des résultats montrent que la faible EUS du colza est liée à une mauvaise mobilisation du sulfate foliaire et qu’une fertilisation raisonnée en S couvrant les besoins jusqu’en début de floraison permettrait d’améliorer l’EUS tout en maintenant rendement et qualité des graines
The survey of the physiological and agronomic impacts of a mineral sulphur (S) limitation in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. ) – an oleagenous very demanding in S but characterized by a weak S use efficiency (SUE) – is of particular interest in the current context of S impoverishment in soils associated with the decrease of atmospheric deposits. Thus, the goals were targeted to (1) determine the stages of development the most sensitive to the S limitation, (2) identify the processes of S and N mobilization/allocation (via 15N/34S labellings) and (3) evaluate the effects of the N availability on these processes. An allometric relationship similar to N with shoot biomass could not be established for S. Whatever the availability in N, a sequestration of sulphate in leaves of plants well supplied with S was revealed in greenhouse and in field experiments. In case of S limitation, the sulfate stored in leaves would be efficiently remobilized towards growing tissues via the induction of tonoplastic transporters (BnSultr4;1 and BnSultr4;2) involved in its efflux. A S restriction at the stage C2 (bolting) affects the N use efficiency. The grain filling and the oil quality depend on the S availability between C2 and D2 (visible buds). Overall results show that the weak SUE in oilseed rape is related to a weak mobilization of sulphate in leaves and that an adapted S fertilization covering the requirements until the beginning of flowering would allow improving the SUE while maintaining seed yield and quality

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22

Andrade, Poliana Carvalho de. "Variações de paleoprodutividade na plataforma continental interna ao largo de Itajaí-SC (26º59'16.8\"S - 048º04'33.6\"W) durante o Holoceno: uma abordagem de multi-indicadores." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/21/21133/tde-27072011-110113/.

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Análises microfaunísticas, sedimentológicas e geoquímicas realizadas em testemunho coletado na plataforma interna ao largo de Itajaí, SC, (26°5916,8S -048°0433,6W) permitiram reconhecer nos últimos 7.600 anos, três fases com distintas condições de fluxos de matéria orgânica e hidrodinâmicas. A primeira fase (7.600 5.000 anos cal. A.P.) é caracterizada por baixa produtividade, constatada pelos baixos valores dos indicadores de produtividade (Corg, CaCO3 e índice Benthic Foraminífera High Productivity - BFHP), condições hidrodinâmicas mais intensas (predomínio de areia e alta frequência de Globocassidulina subglobosa) e águas mais oxigenadas (valores elevados do índice Benthic Foraminífera Oxic Index BFOI e porcentagens relativamente altas de espécies epifaunais). O clima nesse período era relativamente mais seco e o nível médio do mar estava aproximadamente 3 m acima do atual. A segunda fase (5.000 3.000 anos cal. A.P.) é marcada pelo relativo incremento na paleoprodutividade (aumento de Corg, CaCO3 e índice BFHP), condições hidrodinâmicas menos intensas (baixa frequência de G. subglobosa e aumento no conteúdo de lama) e diminuição na disponibilidade de oxigênio nas águas de fundo (valores relativamente baixos do índice BFOI). O clima aparentemente torna-se progressivamente mais úmido e há diminuição progressiva do nível relativo do mar. A terceira fase (3.000 900 anos cal. A.P.) é caracterizada por aumento expressivo na produtividade (maiores porcentagens de Corg, CaCO3 e do índice BFHP e altas frequências de espécies infaunais e detritívoras), provavelmente as correntes de fundo são menos intensas (predomínio de sedimentos lamosos e baixa frequência de G. subglobosa) e com conteúdo de oxigênio mais restritivo (valores relativamente baixos do índice BFOI). Nesse período, há aumento significativo no aporte de material terrígeno, evidenciado por acentuado incremento na frequência de Buliminella elegantissima e das razões Fe/Ca e Ti/Ca. O aumento na produtividade poderia estar relacionado ao aumento da umidade ao longo do Holoceno, devido à intensificação do Sistema de Monções da América do Sul (SMAS) ocasionada por variações no ciclo de precessão e possivelmente aumento na frequência de El Niño, que corroboram para o aumento de chuvas no sul do Brasil. O clima mais úmido e o fortalecimento de frentes frias (ventos de S/SW) poderiam ter favorecido à penetração de águas frias e ricas em nutrientes vindas do sul, relacionada à descarga do Rio da Prata
Microfaunal, sedimentological and geochemical analyses from a core collected on the inner shelf off Itajaí, SC, allowed us to recognized , in the last 7,600 years, three phases with different organic matter fluxes and hydrodynamic conditions. The rst phase (7,600 5,000 years cal. B.P.) is characterized by low productivity, evidenced by low values of productivity proxies (organic carbon (Corg), calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and Benthic Foraminífera High Productivity index - BFHP), more intense hydrodynamic regime (dominance of coarser sediments and higher frequencies of Globocassidulina subglobosa) and waters with more oxygen availability (higher values of the Benthic Foraminífera Oxic Index BFOI and relatively high percentages of epifaunal species). The climate during this period was relatively dry and sea-level was approximately 3 m above the present. The second phase (5,000 3,000 years cal. B.P.) is marked by a relative increase in productivity (increase of Corg, CaCO3 and BFHP), hydrodynamical conditions were probably less intense (lower frequencies of G. subglobosa and muddy sediments), and oxygen availability decreased (lower BFOI index values). The climate apparently became progressively more humid and a progressive decline of the sea-level occurred. The third phase (3,000 900 years cal. B.P.) is characterized by a significant increase of productivity (higher percentages of Corg, CaCO3, infaunal and detritivores species, and increase of BFHP index values), probably bottom currents were less intense (muddy sediments and lower frequencies of G. subglobosa) and oxygen contents more restrictive (lower BFOI values). A significant increase in the input of continental material occurs during this period, as highlighted by an increase of Buliminella elegantissima frequencies and increase of the Fe/Ca and Ti/Ca ratios. The increase of productivity could be related to moisture increase throughout the Holocene, due to the intensification of the South American Monsoon system (SAMS) caused by variations in the precession cycle and possibly increased El Niño frequency, which corroborates the increase in rainfall in southern Brazil. The wetter climate and strengthening cold front may have favored the penetration of cold water rich in nutrients from the south, related to the discharge of the Rio de La Plata

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23

Marzouk, Ezzat Rashad El-Said. "Using multi-element stable isotope dilution to quantify metal reactivity in soil." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/28914/.

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Determining the total concentration of elements in soils seldom provides sufficient insight into trace metal bioavailability. However, measurement of ‘isotopically exchangeable’ metal can provide a better evaluation of metal reactivity and potential toxicity. Traditionally this requires the use of problematic radio-isotopes (e.g. 109Cd (γ)). Fortunately, increasing access to Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) in recent years has led to greater use of enriched stable isotopes of trace metals. The lability of heavy metals has been determined through a variety of approaches, including single and sequential extraction or predicted by geochemical models. In the present work, multi-element stable isotopes methods were developed for simultaneously determination of the labile pool of Fe, Zn, Cd and Pb using isotopic exchange principles. This included experimental and instrumental development for an accurate and precise determination of labile metal pool in soils. This approach was then validated by quantifying Zn, Cd and Pb in contaminated soils (Derbyshire; n = 8 and Weardale catchment; n = 246) and comparing the outcome results with common traditional extraction procedures. The variation of metal lability with soil characteristics was used to predict metal lability from the simple soil measurements using a multiple regression approach. In addition, E-values of Fe, Zn, Cd and Pb was used as input to WHAM(VI) (Windermere Humic-Aqueous Model) to predict metal solubility, emphasising in the role of Fe under reducing conditions in this regard. The results showed that isotopic dilution is a robust mechanistic method for assessing the ‘reactive’ pool of multiple trace metals over a wide range of soil characteristics. The results showed a very wide range of metal reactivities (almost 1%-100%) for Zn, Cd and Pb that were consistent over a range of spike concentrations. Sub-micron forms of non labile metal are perhaps most likely to occur in suspension either strongly bonded to humic/fulvic acids or occluded within CaCO3 particles. It appears that E values have no consistent correspondence to any chemical extraction procedure. Nevertheless, the use of 0.43 M HNO3 to extract labile metal in organic soils at pH < 6 appears justifiable - especially where humus is likely to be the principal adsorption surface. It is also important to acknowledge that extractions are not necessarily intended to estimate the entire reactive fraction. Thus, DTPA has been successfully applied as an empirical prediction of plant uptake but its extraction capacity is particularly limited in calcareous systems where it substantially underestimates the isotopically exchangeable metal pool. Speciation calculations showed that prediction of metal solubility was much better when the isotopically reactive metal pools were used as input to WHAM(VI). The soil samples that fitted best had pH values less than 4.0 and high organic matter contents reflecting the strength of the humic binding component of WHAM(VI) particularly in the case of Zn. The changes in metal solubility and lability under reducing conditions were mainly affected by pH. Moreover, the measurement of Fe2+ in the solution phase was considerably lower than that of the isotopically labile Fe2+ which calls into question the dependence on soluble Fe2+ to predict reductive dissolution of Fe-oxides. In addition, under reducing conditions the variables input of Fe to WHAM(VI) showed greatest effects on predicting metal solubility. It was found that Zn and Cd were affected only by Fe2+ competition for adsorption sites while predicted Pb solubility was more affected by loss of oxides than competition processes. The fractionation results, output from WHAM(VI), showed that a significant proportion of Pb was associated with Mn-oxides. Therefore, the calculation of loss of the adsorption site of Mn-oxides depending on Mn2+ measured in the solution phase did not improve the predicted Pb solubility where the model underestimate the adsorbed labile Mn as inference from Fe results.

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24

Touzeau, Alexandra. "L'Egypte ancienne, une civilisation face à un changement climatique : le message isotopique (C, N, O, S) des tissus vivants momifiés." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10104.

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L'Egypte, territoire aride, dépend essentiellement du Nil pour l'irrigation de ses terres agricoles. La variabilité temporelle de la crue du fleuve a donc pu affecter directement la dynamique de la population égyptienne. Ici, cette hypothèse est testée en étudiant la variation du climat pendant l'Egypte ancienne parallèlement à des indicateurs du mode de vie des égyptiens. La variation dans le temps du δ18Ow de l'eau du Nil est reconstituée à partir des valeurs de δ18Op du phosphate de l'apatite de momies égyptiennes. L'augmentation de +3 ‰ du δ18Ow de l'eau du Nil entre la période Prédynastique (5500BP) et la période Gréco-Romaine (2000BP) est causée par une modification des conditions de précipitation au-dessus des sources du Nil. Elle traduit soit une hausse de température proche de 2°C soit une baisse des précipitations mensuelles d'environ 140 mm. Ici, l'hypothèse d'une aridification est privilégiée : en effet des mesures de δ18Op sur des poissons du Nil permettent de calculer une température du Nil à la période Gréco-Romaine comparable à l'actuelle. Le changement climatique constaté semble avoir peu d'impact sur la civilisation égyptienne. En effet la population égyptienne s'accroît nettement pendant la période considérée et le régime alimentaire est resté fondé sur les plantes en C3, peu adaptées aux milieux arides, avec une consommation rare de poissons et de protéines animales. La réduction de la crue a sans doute été compensée par les progrès technologiques de la civilisation égyptienne (chadouf, drainage) qui ont rendu possible la mise en culture de nouvelles terres
Egypt is an arid territory, which essentially depends on the Nile river for the irrigation of its agricultural lands. The temporal variability of the river flood thus may have affected directly the dynamics of the Egyptian population. Here, this hypothesis is tested by studying the variation of the climate during Ancient Egypt concurrently to indicators of the life habits of the Egyptians. The variation with time of the δ18Ow of the Nile water is reconstructed from the δ18Op of the apatite phosphate of Egyptian mummies. The increase of +3 ‰ in the Nile water δ18Ow between the predynastic period (5500BP) and the Greco-Roman Period (2000BP) is caused by a change in the conditions of precipitation above the Nile sources. This increase can be the result of an increase in temperature of about +2 °C or of a decrease in the monthly amount of precipitation of about 140 mm. Here, the hypothesis of aridification is preferred: in effect, δ18Op measures on Nile fishes permit to infer a Nile water temperature at the Greco-Roman Period similar to the present-day one. The climatic change seems to have had little impact on the Egyptian civilization. In effect the Egyptian population increases considerably during the selected period and its diet remains funded on C3- plants, feebly adapted to arid environments, with a rare consumption of fishes or other animal protein. The decrease of the flood was admittedly compensated by the technological advances of the Egyptian civilization (shaduf, drainage) which allowed the cultivation of newly reclaimed lands

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Seder, Colomina Marina. "Sphaerotilus natans, a neutrophilic iron-related filamentous bacterium : mechanisms of uranium scavenging." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1070/document.

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Les métaux lourds et les radionucléides sont présents dans différents écosystèmes du monde à cause de contaminations naturelles ou des activités anthropiques. L’utilisation de micro-organismes pour restaurer ces écosystèmes pollués, processus connu sous le nom de bioremédiation, suscite beaucoup d’intérêt, spécialement aux pH proches de la neutralité. Les minéraux de fer qui encroûtent les bactéries neutrophiles du fer, notamment les Oxydes de Fer Biogéniques (BIOS en anglais), ont une structure très faiblement cristalline, qui en plus de leur grande surface et réactivité font d’eux d’excellents supports pour le piégeage de polluants inorganiques. Dans cette thèse nous avons étudié les différents mécanismes de piégeage de l’uranium uranium par la bactérie neutrophile Sphaerotilus natans, choisie comme modèle bactérien de micro-organismes du fer capables de filamenter en formant des gaines. S. natans peut croître sous forme de cellules individuelles ou formant des filaments. Ces derniers ont été utilisés pour étudier la biosorption d’U(VI) et sa sorption sur les BIOS. De plus, la sorption d’U(VI) sur les analogues abiotiques de ces minéraux de fer a été testée. Afin d’utiliser les filaments de S. natans pour piéger l’U(VI), il était nécessaire d’identifier les facteurs induisant la filamentation de S. natans. L’influence de l’oxygène a été établie en utilisant des techniques de biologie moléculaire et nos résultats ont démontré que tandis qu’en condition d’oxygène saturé elle croît sous forme de cellules individuelles, une diminution modérée d’oxygène à ~ 3 mg O2.L-1 la fait croître sous la forme désirée, des filaments de S. natans.Les BIOS attachés aux filaments de S. natans ainsi que ses analogues abiotiques ont été analysés pas XAS au seuil K du Fe. Les deux matériaux identifiés sont des phosphates de fer(III) amorphes avec une faible proportion de fer(II), qui présentent une réactivité élevée pour le piégeage de polluants inorganiques. L’EXAFS au seuil LIII de l’U a montré la même structure pour les couches O, tandis que celles P, Fe et C étaient différentes en fonction des sorbants. Une étude intégrée qui combine des techniques expérimentales avec des calculs de spéciation a permis de décrire les isothermes d’adsorption de l’U(VI) en utilisant un modèle de complexation de surface. Ces résultats suggèrent que les groupes phosphoryles et carboxyles sont les groupes fonctionnels principaux pour la biosorption d’U(VI) par des filaments de S. natans. Les résultats de cette thèse vont aider à comprendre les processus contrôlant l’immobilisation de l’U(VI), soit par la biosorption sur S. natans, la sorption sur les BIOS ou la sorption sur les phosphates de fer, et en conséquence le devenir de l’U en conditions neutres
Heavy metals and radionuclides are present in some ecosystems worldwide due to natural contaminations or anthropogenic activities. The use of microorganisms to restore those polluted ecosystems, a process known as bioremediation, is of increasing interest, especially under near-neutral pH conditions. Iron minerals encrusting neutrophilic iron-related bacteria, especially Bacteriogenic Iron Oxides (BIOS), have a poorly crystalline structure, which in addition to their large surface area and reactivity make them excellent scavengers for inorganic pollutants. In this PhD work we studied the different mechanisms of uranium scavenging by the neutrophilic bacterium Sphaerotilus natans, chosen as a model bacterium for iron-related sheath-forming filamentous microorganisms. S. natans can grow as single cells and filaments. The latter were used to investigate U(VI) biosorption and U(VI) sorption onto BIOS. In addition, uranium sorption onto the abiotic analogues of such iron minerals was assessed. In order to use S. natans filaments for U(VI) scavenging, it was necessary to identify factors inducing S. natans filamentation. The influence of oxygen was ascertained by using molecular biology techniques and our results revealed that while saturated oxygen conditions resulted in single cell growth, a moderate oxygen depletion to ~ 3 mg O2.L-1 led to the desired filamentous growth of S. natans. BIOS attached to S. natans filaments as well as the abiotic analogues were analysed by XAS at Fe K-edge. Both materials were identified as amorphous iron(III) phosphates with a small component of Fe(II), with a high reactivity towards scavenging of inorganic pollutants. In addition, EXAFS at the U LIII-edge revealed a common structure for the O shells, while those for P, Fe and C were different for each sorbent. An integrated approach combining experimental techniques and speciation calculations made it possible to describe U(VI) adsorption isotherms by using a surface complexation model. These results suggested the role of phosphoryl and carboxyl groups as the main functional groups involved in the U(VI) biosorption by S. natans. The results of this PhD work will help to better understand the processes governing U(VI) immobilization, either by S. natans biosorption, sorption onto BIOS or sorption onto iron phosphates, an thus the fate of uranium in near-neutral pH environments

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Enders, Joachim. "Anregung von Dipol- und Quadrupolmoden in den stabilen Blei-Isotopen mit Photonenstreuung am S-DALINAC und die Kollektivität und Feinstruktur der Scissors Mode." [S.l. : s.n.], 2000. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=960411801.

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Charef, Abdelkrim. "La Nature et le rôle des phases fluides associées à la minéralisation Pb-Zn dans les formations carbonatées et leurs conséquences métallogéniques études des inclusions fluides et des isotopes (H,C,O,S,Pb) des gisements des Malines (France), Jbel Hallouf-Sidi Bou Aouane et Fedj-el-Adoum (Tunisie)." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37596635t.

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Bouchez, Camille. "Bilan et dynamique des intéractions rivières-lac(s)-aquifères dans le bassin hydrologique du lac Tchad : approche couplée géochimie et modélisation des transferts." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4332/document.

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Le bassin endoréique du lac Tchad (BLT) couvre 2,5 millions de km2 au centre de la zone sahélienne. Le lac Tchad agit comme un amplificateur des variations climatiques sur le BLT tandis que le système aquifère multicouche contient d'importantes ressources en eau. La réponse hydro(géo)logique du BLT aux variations du climat est étudiée par un couplage entre traceurs géochimiques et modélisation. Un bilan hydrologique, chimique et isotopique permet de distinguer les flux d'évaporation, de transpiration et d'infiltration à la surface du lac. La transpiration, jusqu'alors négligée, contribue à environ 15% de l'ET. La dynamique du chlore dans le BLT suggère un temps de transfert dans le bassin amont autour de 10 ans, un renouvellement rapide des eaux du lac et une infiltration de 200 mm an-1. Le couplage d'un modèle pluie-débit (GR2M) et du modèle de lac, forcé par des simulations paléoclimatiques de GCM sur le dernier millénaire, montre la difficulté de la comparaison modèle-données dans les reconstitutions paléohydrologiques. La cartographie de la recharge moderne de l'aquifère quaternaire est obtenue par l'interprétation des teneurs en 36Cl thermonucléaire dans les eaux. Une recharge récente, proche des eaux de surface, est mise en évidence dans 60% de l'aquifère quaternaire et la reprise évaporatoire actuelle en bord du lac Tchad est évaluée entre 85 et 98%. Les eaux géochimiquement contrastées des dépressions piézométriques ne signent pas de recharge actuelle. La composition géochimique propre aux eaux du CT suggère un temps de résidence supérieur à 300 000 ans. Ces données originales pourraient servir à mieux contraindre la paléorecharge en zone sahélienne
Lake Chad Basin (LCB) is a 2.5 billion km2 closed drainage basin, in the center of Africa. Lake Chad enhances the climatic variations over the LCB while the multi-layers aquifer system contains large water resources. The hydro(geo)logical response of the LCB to climatic variability is studied by combining geochemical and modeling approaches. The lake Chad levels modeling, calibrated from hydrological, chemical and isotopic data, allows to disentangle evaporation from transpiration and from infiltration. Transpiration, neglected in previous studies, accounts for 15% of the total ET. From the chlorine dynamic in the LCB, a transit time of 10 yr in the upper basin, a short renewal rate of lake waters and their infiltration toward the aquifer are estimated. GCM paleoclimatic simulations over the last millennium were introduced into a rainfall-runoff model (GR2M) and the lake level model. It shows the difficulty to reconcile lake level records from paleohydrological modeling. The detection of thermonuclear 36Cl together with stable isotopic composition of groundwaters allow to draw the present-day recharge distribution in the Quaternary aquifer. Present-day recharge occurs close to surface waters in 60% of the groundwater sampled and an evaporation between 85 and 98% of waters in the surrounding of Lake Chad is estimated. Groundwaters with a contrasted geochemical signature are stored in the center of the piezometric depressions, suggesting no present-day recharge. The deep waters of the CT, with water ages of 300 000 yr, show geochemical patterns indicative of an old and humid recharge period. These original data give new insights into paleorecharge in the Sahelian band

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Gromov, Sergey S. [Verfasser]. "Stable isotope composition of atmospheric carbon monoxide : a modelling study / Sergey S. Gromov." Mainz : Universitätsbibliothek Mainz, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1051305497/34.

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Karlsson, Cecilia. "Smooth area preserving isotopies of self transverse immersions of S¹ into R²." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Matematiska institutionen, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-112522.

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Let C and C′ be two smooth self transverse immersions of S1 into R2. BothC and C′ divide the plane into a number of disks and one unbounded component.An isotopy of the plane which takes C to C′ induces a 1-1 correspondence betweenthe disks of C and C′. An obvious necessary condition for there to exist an areapreserving isotopy of the plane taking C to C′ is that there exists an isotopy forwhich the area of every disk of C has the same area as the corresponding disk ofC′. In this paper we show that this is also a sufficient condition.

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Tang, Xiaohui [Verfasser], and S. [Akademischer Betreuer] Norra. "Separating arsenic oxyanions from natural waters for oxygen isotope analysis / Xiaohui Tang. Betreuer: Dr. S. Norra." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1047839784/34.

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Attisano, Karina Kammer. "Aporte subterrâneo: uma fonte complementar de nutrientes para a costa do Sul do Brasil e plataforma adjacente." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FURG, 2012. http://repositorio.furg.br/handle/1/4263.

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Tese(doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós–Graduação em Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto de Oceanografia, 2012.
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A alta produtividade na zona costeira e na Plataforma Continental do Sul do Brasil é dada pelo aporte de nutrientes, os quais são determinantes para a produção primária. As regiões de plataforma (Santa Marta-SC 28,60ºS e Albardão-RS 33,20ºS) foram selecionadas por apresentarem características diferenciadas em relação à topografia, sazonalidade e dinâmica das massas de água. Sendo assim, essas possuem diferentes mecanismos de fertilização, além dos aportes continentais. A proximidade à zona de Convergência Subtropical (CST) é determinante para a produtividade dessas regiões, visto que: no inverno, a intrusão da Água Subantártica de Plataforma na região do Albardão aumenta consideravelmente as concentrações de nutrientes na região e; no verão, a Água Central do Atlântico Sul resultado da CST aflora na região de Santa Marta, sendo responsável por 60% da produção nova local. Além disso, aportes subterrâneos foram evidenciados tanto na zona costeira quanto na região de plataforma. No extremo sul do Brasil verificou-se, mediante a variação espaço-temporal de isótopos naturais de rádio e radônio, a ocorrência de advecção de água subterrânea ao longo de toda a costa, desde a desembocadura da Lagoa dos Patos até as proximidades do Uruguai (média: 2,17± 0,2 cm d-1). Com a aplicação de modelos pré-estabelecidos, foi possível calcular os fluxosde nutrientes para a zona costeira (NIT: 21 105 mol d-1) e avaliar o potencial produtivo relacionado a essas descargas (2800 gC m-2 ano-1). Desse modo, entende-se que a parcela de água subterrânea deva ser definitivamente incluída no balanço de massas da região, uma vez que apresenta um potencial produtivo de 7 a 32 vezes maior quando comparado às outras regiões onde a estimativa foi realizada.
High productivity on the coastal region and on the Southern Brazil Continental Shelf is provided by the nutrient input which is fundamental to primary productivity. The regions of Santa Marta, SC (28.60ºS) and Albardão, RS (33.20ºS) were selected due to their special characteristics regarding the topography, seasonality and dynamics of their water mass. Therefore, these areas have different fertilization mechanisms besides the continental input. The proximity to the subtropical convergence zone (SCZ) is determinant in relation to productivity because, in winter, the intrusion of the Subantarctic Shelf Water (SSW) in the Albardão region considerably increases the nutrient concentration whereas, in summer, the South Atlantic Central Water (SACW) that results from the SCZ, moves to the Santa Marta region and is responsible for 60% of the new local production. In addition, subterraneous input was observed both on the coastal areas and on the shelf. In southern Brazil, spatial - time variations of radionuclides (Ra e Rn) show the occurrence of groundwater advection along the coast, from the mouth of Patos Lagoon to Uruguay rates (average: 2.17± 0.2 cm d - 1). Using mathematical models, it was possible to calculate the discharge of nutrients on the coastal zone (TIN: 21105 mol d - 1) and evaluate the productive potential regarding the Submarine Groundwater Discharge (2800 gC m - 2 y - 1). Thus, this study suggests that the portion of ground water should definitely be included in the mass budget of the region, since its productive potential is 7 to 32 times higher by comparison with other regions where this estimate was also carried out.

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Tuerena, Robyn Elizabeth. "Nitrogen and carbon cycling in the South Atlantic Ocean : a stable isotope study along a 40°S transect (UK GEOTRACES)." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/10443.

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Fixed N (nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium) is a limiting nutrient for photosynthesis in the surface ocean. The rates and relative importance of N cycling processes, however, are temporally and spatially complex, which hamper their direct measurement and quantification. The South Atlantic subtropical front separates the Atlantic Ocean and the subantarctic, an area which can elucidate information about water masses both entering and leaving the basin. Through the GEOTRACES programme, an oceanographic section across 40°S in the South Atlantic is used to investigate biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen and carbon in this region. Hydrographic data, in combination with the isotopic composition of nitrate (NO3-), particulate organic carbon and particulate nitrogen (δ15NNO3, δ18ONO3, δ13CPOC, δ15NPN), is used to provide integrative measurements for temporally and spatially variable processes of the marine N-cycle and C-cycle. A thorough examination of the stable isotope cycling of particulate and dissolved N across the subtropical front is used to quantify the supply of fixed N to the mixed layer. The relative importance of nitrate from the subsurface, N2 fixation, terrestrial input and atmospheric deposition in supplying production is determined. Typically, 30-50% of the export flux in the subtropical water masses is sourced from N2 fixers and up to 75% within the Brazil Current. This finding suggests that diazotrophs may be abundant in the South West Atlantic providing a source of new N to this region. To assess the basin scale N-cycling processes, the deep water masses were analysed to reveal the origin and history of NO3-. Intermediate waters formed in the subantarctic are enriched in δ15NNO3 and δ18ONO3 from partial utilisation by algae. This enrichment in δ15NNO3 is not present in the subtropical North Atlantic or the return flow of the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW), which decreases from ~5.9‰ in the newly formed intermediate waters to ~4.8‰ in the NADW at 40°S. The modification of isotopic signatures through the subtropical Atlantic can be calculated as an incorporation of 26-36 Tg N yr-1 of newly fixed N from an isotopic source of -1‰ (N2 fixation). The extent of N addition is higher than estimated rates of N loss within the Atlantic and surpasses the amount of N deficit supplied to the basin. Fixed N inputs and losses through the global ocean are investigated by the assessment of remineralised nitrate added to the ocean interior. A lower δ15N is observed in Atlantic remineralised nitrate in comparison to the Pacific. The relative importance of N2 fixation and pelagic denitrification within each ocean basin is quantified and through this approach, N2 fixation rates are estimated at 92-116 Tg N yr-1 in the Pacific and 24-32 Tg N yr-1 in the Indian Ocean. Combining Atlantic N2 fixation of ~32 Tg N yr-1 with Indo-Pacific, global N2 fixation rates can be estimated at 142-184 Tg N yr-1. The high inputs in the Pacific suggest that excess P is the dominant control on the success of N2 fixers. However, estimates of new N addition to the Atlantic indicate other mechanisms such as the recycling efficiency of P and supply of Fe to the surface ocean increase N2 fixation rates above this threshold. The organic matter supplied to sediments is principally derived from phytoplankton across the subtropical front. High organic content is associated with the productive Brazil-Malvinas Confluence region where a diverse supply of nutrients sustains elevated biomass. The Rio Plata outflow is characterised with high δ15NNO3 and δ15NPN, suggesting denitrification processes occur in the estuary. A low δ13C source associated with high Al concentrations is identified on the western slope, indicating a supply of terrestrial derived C to the deep ocean. The fractionation of C uptake by phytoplankton is assessed in subtropical and subantarctic waters. In the subantarctic, CO2[aq] and growth rates determine the extent of C isotope fractionation. In this region, low species diversity and a small range in cell size enable the fractionation from CO2[aq] and growth rate to be expressed in phytoplankton. In subtropical water masses a larger range of cell size is the principal determinant of C fractionation. Increased surface area to volume is the main mechanism for increasing C uptake, arguing against the use of δ13CPOC as a palaeoproxy. The low δ13CPOC and δ15NPN observed in the subtropics (from C fractionation and N2 fixation) contrast the heavier signatures in the subantarctic. These observations are propagated to the sediments, wherein organic matter shifts are determined by changes in the subtropical front over time. The results of this study have greatly improved knowledge of N and C cycling within the South Atlantic, providing new insight into the cycling of these two important elements in the surface and deep ocean, on a regional and global scale.

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Jakubczyk, Dorota [Verfasser], and S. [Akademischer Betreuer] Bräse. "Synthesis of isotope labelled and photoactivatable N-acyl-L-homoserine lactones - inter kingdom signalling molecules / Dorota Jakubczyk. Betreuer: S. Bräse." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1041665539/34.

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NISHIYAMA, PEDRO J. B. de O. "Análises neutrônica e termo-hidráulica de um dispositivo para irradiação de alvos tipo LEU de UAlsub(x-)Al para produção de sup(99)Mo no reator IEA-R1." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2012. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10158.

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Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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Sumrall, Jonathan. "Using 34-S as a tracer of dissolved sulfur species from springs to cave sulfate deposits in the Cerna Valley, Romania." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002833.

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Bleasdale, Madeleine [Verfasser], Nicole [Gutachter] Boivin, Martin S. [Gutachter] Fischer, and Matthew [Gutachter] Collins. "Archaeological, proteomic and isotopic approaches to investigating dietary change in Holocene Africa / Madeleine Bleasdale ; Gutachter: Nicole Boivin, Martin S. Fischer, Matthew Collins." Jena : Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1225397391/34.

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38

Crépin, Lucie. "Variabilité dans l’utilisation de l’azote chez /Saccharomyces cerevisiae et conséquence sur la production de biomasse en fermentation œnologique." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20258.

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L'achèvement de la fermentation alcoolique est corrélé au niveau de formation de biomasse, qui varie selon les souches de levure S. cerevisiae. La maîtrise de cette fermentation passe par une meilleure compréhension des liens entre métabolisme azoté et formation de biomasse ainsi que des mécanismes contribuant aux variations de formation de biomasse entre souches. L'analyse des cinétiques de consommation de 18 composés azotés a montré que l'ordre de consommation des sources d'azote est similaire pour 14 souches et s'explique principalement par les caractéristiques cinétiques et le mode de régulation des perméases impliquées dans leur transport. Par contre, des variations sont observées dans les profils de consommation de l'azote, qui mettent en jeu des mécanismes différents suivant la disponibilité en azote du milieu. En présence d'un excès d'azote, les souches « faibles productrices » présentent une capacité limitée d'assimilation de l'ammonium ; lorsque l'azote est présent en faible quantité, elles métabolisent plus efficacement l'arginine stockée dans la vacuole pendant la phase de croissance. Afin de déterminer la distribution des flux d'azote dans la cellule, nous avons développé une approche quantitative basée sur la filiation isotopique de sources d'azote marquées 13C ou 15N. Cette étude a révélé une incorporation limitée des acides aminés exogènes dans la biomasse au profit de la synthèse de novo, à l'exception de la leucine majoritairement intégrée dans la biomasse et de l'arginine stockée dans la vacuole. Enfin, cette étude a confirmé expérimentalement que les capacités d'assimilation de l'ammonium et de remobilisation de l'arginine sont des éléments clés des différences de production de biomasse entre souches. Cette étude apporte un nouvel éclairage sur l'efficacité d'utilisation et l'allocation de sources complexes d'azote pendant la fermentation œnologique et sur les mécanismes impliqués dans la variabilité de production de biomasse chez S. cerevisiae
The completion of alcoholic fermentation is correlated with the level of biomass formation, which varies depending on the S. cerevisiae yeast strain. Achieving a better control of the fermentation requires a better understanding of the relationship between nitrogen metabolism and biomass formation and of the mechanisms contributing to variation in biomass formation between strains. The analysis of the kinetics of consumption of 18 nitrogen compounds showed that the order of consumption of nitrogen sources is similar for 14 strains and is mainly due to the kinetic characteristics and mode of regulation of permeases involved in their transport. By cons, variations are observed in the patterns of nitrogen consumption, which involve different mechanisms depending on the availability of nitrogen in the medium. In the presence of excess nitrogen, "low producing" strains have a limited capacity for assimilation of ammonium; when nitrogen is present in small quantities, they metabolize more efficiently arginine stored in the vacuole during the growth phase. To determine the intracellular distribution of nitrogen fluxes, we developed a quantitative approach based on isotopic filiation of 13C or 15N labeled nitrogen sources. This study revealed a limited incorporation of exogenous amino acids in biomass in favor of de novo synthesis, with the exception of leucine mostly integrated in the biomass and arginine stored in the vacuole. Finally, this study confirmed experimentally that the capacity of ammonium assimilation and remobilization of arginine are key determinant governing the differences of biomass production between strains. This study sheds new light on the efficient use and allocation of complex nitrogen sources during wine fermentation and on the mechanisms involved in the differences in biomass production within the S. cerevisiae species

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39

Daou, Fatma. "Etude expérimentale d'un procédé de dépollution par décharge couronne à barrière diélectrique type pointe(s) - plan : rôle de la simulation numérique et du marquage isotopique." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066488.

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40

GOMES, Ernane Tarcisio Martins. "Caracteriza??o qu?mica e estrutural de ?cidos h?micos em solos de tr?s sistemas de manejo." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2016. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/2098.

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Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-10-17T17:35:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Ernane Tarcisio Martins Gomes.pdf: 1573845 bytes, checksum: 78069c6459bd2b6aba951ba371ae74fd (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-17T17:35:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Ernane Tarcisio Martins Gomes.pdf: 1573845 bytes, checksum: 78069c6459bd2b6aba951ba371ae74fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-17
CNPq
Soil organic matter can be derived from the decomposition of animal or vegetable. Most commercial crops show photosynthetic mechanisms C3 and C4, which set different carbon isotopes C12 or C13. Through isotopic analysis can determine the origin and prevalence of type of carbon that make up the soil organic matter (SOM) in a given area. Depending on the chemical fractionation MOS can also be divided into fractions FAF, FAH and FHU, these fractions have specific characteristics depending on their origin training and ambient conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of plant origin C3 or C4 in the formation of the chemical and molecular structure of humic substances extracted from four areas with different vegetation cover, but submitted to agroecological management. To investigate this influence were extracted humic substances (HS) of these soils, being held chemical fractionation and chemical characterization by NMR analysis, FTIR, quantification and ?13C e ?15N isotopes in the AH fraction, 13 C-CP / MAS NMR and elemental determination. From the results obtained from these analyzes it was concluded that the plant does not influence qualitative differences, but in quantitative between the chemical components of humic substances (HS), the type of photosynthetic cycle does not seem to be a determining factor in the formation and incorporation of the types of structures in HA, but rather the quantities of these structures and their humic organizational distribution. The chemometric theoretical analyzes indicate that the development and preservation of humic these soils may be possible in intensive management systems such as rotation upon application of exogenous sources of stabilized SH, as well as favoring the humidification process in less managed systems as pasture and SAF. In this study it was demonstrated by characterization and chemometrics applied to AH of an agro-ecological system, the current state of MOS in terms of stability and structural enrichment and being proposed possible avenues for recovery and preservation of SH in mineral soils that may contribute to the increase in conditions fertility and thus agricultural production.
A mat?ria org?nica do solo pode ser oriunda da decomposi??o de animais ou vegetais. A maioria das culturas comerciais apresentam mecanismos fotossint?ticos C3 ou C4, que fixam diferentes is?topos de carbono C12 ou C13. Atrav?s de an?lises isot?picas ? poss?vel determinar a origem e predomin?ncia do tipo de carbono que comp?em a mat?ria org?nica do solo (MOS) em determinada ?rea. Em fun??o do fracionamento qu?mico a MOS ainda pode ser dividida nas fra??es FAF, FAH e FHU, estas fra??es apresentam caracter?sticas especificas em fun??o da sua origem de forma??o e condi??es ambientes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influ?ncia da origem vegetal C3 ou C4 na forma??o da estrutura qu?mica e molecular das substancias h?micas extra?das de quatro ?reas com cobertura diferentes vegetais, por?m submetidas ao manejo agroecol?gico. Para averiguar esta influ?ncia foram extra?das as substancias h?micas (SH) destes solos, sendo realizado o fracionamento qu?mico e caracteriza??o qu?mica atrav?s de an?lises de RMN, FTIR, quantifica??o de is?topos ?13C e?15N na fra??o de AH, 13C-CP/MAS NMR e a determina??o elementar. A partir dos resultados obtidos a partir dessas an?lises foi poss?vel concluir que a origem vegetal n?o influencia em diferen?as qualitativas e sim em quantitativas entre os componentes qu?micos das substancias h?micas (SH), o tipo de ciclo fotossint?tico n?o parece ser um fator determinante na forma??o e incorpora??o dos tipos de estruturas nos AH, mas sim nas quantidades destas estruturas e na sua distribui??o organizacional h?mica. As an?lises te?ricas quimiom?tricas indicam que a incorpora??o e preserva??o de MO humificada nestes solos pode ser poss?vel em sistemas de manejo intensivo como a rota??o, mediante aplica??es de fontes ex?genas de SH estabilizada, assim como tamb?m o favorecimento dos processos de humifica??o em sistemas menos manejados como pastagem e SAF. Neste estudo foi comprovado mediante carateriza??o e quimiometria aplicadas aos AH de um sistema agroecol?gico, o estado atual da MOS em termos de estabilidade e enriquecimento estrutural e sendo propostas poss?veis vias para a recupera??o e preserva??o das SH em solos minerais que possam contribuir ao aumento das condi??es de fertilidade e consequentemente da produ??o agr?cola.

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41

Walli, Adam. "Biomimetic Copper(I)-Mediated Activation of Dioxygen and Redox Non-Innocence in Copper(II) Complexes of Bis(oxazoline)s." Doctoral thesis, Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0023-9636-9.

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42

Koutit, Abbès. "Reactions chaudes entre atomes de tritium et composes inorganiques (h : :(2)o, h::(2)s, nh::(3))." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986STR13029.

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43

Breillat, Noémie. "Traçage des minéralisations à molybdène à l'échelle mondiale : variation du δ₉₈Mo en complément des outils isotopiques Pb, S, Re-Os". Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2079/document.

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Cette étude s’intéresse aux variations de la composition isotopique du Mo des molybdénites (MoS2) afin de déterminer si un lien existe entre le type d’occurrence, les processus minéralisateurs, l’âge des occurrences et les variations observées pour le δMo. Une base de données (n=391) construite à partir d’analyses effectuées au cours de cette étude (n=198) et de donnée issue de la littérature (n=193) permet l’obtention de statistiques robustes sur la composition isotopique du Mo des MoS₂. Différents types d’occurrences ont été étudiés (granites, pegmatites, greisens, filons périgranitiques, porphyres, skarns, IOGC, veines polymétalliques et fentes alpines). Tous les δ98Mo ont été normalisés au NIST3134 (δ₉₈MoNIST(NIST) = 0‰). La répartition du δ₉₈MoNIST des MoS₂ tend à suivre une loi normale avec une moyenne de 0,04±1,04‰ (2σ). Les moyennes des δ₉₈MoNIST sont plus élevées pour les fentes alpines, les greisens et les veines périgranitiques que pour les skarns, granites et porphyres. Ces derniers types d’occurrences cristallisent à plus haute température que les précédents. Dans le cas des occurrences liées aux granites, le δ₉₈MoNIST des granites est plus faible que celui des pegmatites et que celui des veines périgranitiques. Ceci pourrait montrer une influence de la température sur le fractionnement isotopique du Mo. Des variations intra-occurrence ont aussi été mises en évidence. L’amplitude de ces variations ne dépend pas du type d’occurrence. Les δ₉₈MoNIST du skarn d’Azegour varient de 1,02‰. Le processus de fractionnement proposé est le fractionnement de Rayleigh lors de la cristallisation fractionnée. Des analyses isotopiques du Pb et du S montrent une forte contribution de la série volcano-sédimentaire encaissante. Les δ₉₈MoNIST de la pegmatite de Ploumanac’h varient très peu : 0,22‰. Les analyses isotopiques du S et du Pb montrent une forte contribution crustale dans la formation des magmas
This study focuses on isotopic composition of molybdenite (MoS₂) in order to decipher possible links between occurrence type, mineralizing processes, ages and observed δMo variations. A data base (n=391) have been built thanks to data from this study and data from literature allowing to run solid statistics on Mo isotopic composition of MoS₂. Different occurrence types have been investigated (granite, pegmatite, greisens, perigranitic vein, porphyry deposit, skarn, IOCG, polymetallic epithermal vein and alpine-type fissure vein). All δ₉₈Mo have been normalized to NIST3134 (δ₉₈MoNIST(NIST) = 0‰). The distribution of all data is Gaussian with a mean value of 0.04±1.04‰ (2σ). δ₉₈MoNIST mean values are higher for alpine-type fissure vein, greisens and perigranitic vein than for skarn, granite and porphyry deposit. These last occurrence types crystallize at higher temperature. For granite-related occurrences, δ₉₈MoNIST of granite is lower than δ₉₈MoNIST of pegmatite and perigranitic vein. This suggests an influence of temperature on Mo isotopic fractionation. Intra-occurrence variations have been evidenced. The intra-occurrence variations are not depending of the occurrence type. δ₉₈MoNIST of the Azegour skarn vary on large range of 1.02‰. Rayleigh fractionation is proposed as principal fractionation process. S and Pb isotopic analyses suggest a contribution of hosting volcano-sedimentary series. δ₉₈MoNIST of Ploumanac’h pegmatite vary on a narrow range of 0.22‰. S and Pb isotopic analyses suggest a strong crustal contribution in magmas genesis

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44

NGOM, ELHADJI ABIB. "Contribution a l'etude des spectres infrarouges de quelques rotateurs asymetriques d : :(2)s, d::(2)o, no::(2)." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066552.

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Analyse des spectres ir a haute resolution pour plusieurs niveaux d'energie des etats vibrationnels. Les niveaux deduits de l'experience ont ete reproduits a l'aide d'un hamiltonien. Les intensite de nombreuses raies mesures ont permis de determiner la derivee premiere du moment dipolaire et un spectre synthetique complet des bandes a ete calcule

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45

Hutton, Laurie James. "Petrogenesis of I- and S-type Granites in the Cape River - Lolworth area, northeastern Queensland - Their contribution to an understanding of the Early Palaeozoic Geological History of northeastern Queensland." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2004. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/15858/1/Laurie_Hutton_Thesis.pdf.

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The geological history of the Early Palaeozoic in eastern Australia is not known precisely. The eastern margin of the outcropping Precambrian Craton 'Tasman Line' is poorly understood. The Thomson Orogen, which underlies much of eastern Queensland, lies to the east of the Tasman Line. Basement to the Tasman Orogenic Zone is poorly understood, but knowledge of this basement is critical to our understanding to the processes that formed the eastern margin of the Precambrian craton. The Lolworth-Ravenswood Province lies to the east of the Tasman Line in northeast Queensland. A study of basement terranes in the Lolworth-Ravenswood Province will therefore provide some insights as to the nature of crust beneath this area, and therefore to the basement to the Thomson Orogen. The Fat Hen Creek Complex comprises para-authchthonous bodies of granitoid within middle to upper amphibolite facies metamorphic rocks. Data contained herein demonstrate that the composition and geochemistry of the granitoid are compatible with the generation of the granitoid by partial anatexis of the metamorphic rocks that are part of the Cape River Metamorphics. Temperature and pressure of anatexis is determined to be between 800-850OC and 5-9kb. Under these conditions, experimental data indicate that meta-pelite and meta-greywacke will produce between 5-10% melt coexisting with biotite, cordierite, garnet and plagioclase. The mineralogy of the granitoid bodies in the Fat Hen Creek Complex is consistent with partial anatexis of meta-greywacke at these temperatures and pressures. 5-10% melt is generally insufficient to allow efficient separation of melt and restite. The granitoids of the Fat Hen Creek Complex are interpreted as being a closed system with melt generated during high-grade metamorphism not separating from the residium. U/Pb dating of zircon from the Fat Hen Creek Complex indicate two distinct periods of zircon growth. The older episode occurred during the Late Cambrian to Early Ordovician. A second episode is dated as Middle Ordovician. This younger age coincides with the onset of regional compression, and may be related to exhumation of a mid-crustal layer during thrusting. The Lolworth Batholith is one of three granite batholiths in the Lolworth-Ravenswood Province. It comprises mainly muscovite-biotite granite, with smaller areas of hornblende-biotite granite to granodiorite. Sills and dykes of muscovite and garnet-muscovite leucogranite extensively intrude both of these types. The hornblende-biotite granite to granodiorite is metaluminous, with petrographic and geochemical characteristics similar to the adjacent Ravenswood Batholith. U-Pb SHRIMP ages also overlap with those from the Ravenswood Batholith. ENd(tc) values of ~-3 suggest a significant crustal contribution in the magma. Zircon populations determined using the SHRIMP suggest some inheritance from a Neoproterozoic source. The two-mica granites make up over 80% of the batholith and show little variation throughout. Aluminium Saturation indices range dominantly from 1-1.1, in keeping with the muscovite-bearing nature of the granites. U-Pb ages are significantly younger than the hornblende-biotite granitoids. ENd(tc) is ~-10, suggesting a greater role for crustal material in these granites than in the hornblende-bearing varieties. Previously, these granites were interpreted as S-types, mainly on the basis of the presence of muscovite. Low Na/Ca and Na greater than K are both considered as indicators of source compositions and both are characteristic of a mafic igneous rather than a meta-sedimentary source. Anatexis of mafic igneous rocks at temperatures less than~1000OC are found experimentally to produce peraluminous melts similar to those which produced the two-mica granites. The third major rock-type in the Lolworth Batholith is muscovite leucogranite, which occurs as sills and dykes intruding older granites and basement. The age of the leucogranite was not determined, but it has sharp contacts with the two-mica granite suggesting that the latter had cooled prior to intrusion of the former. The leucogranite is strongly peraluminous and is deemed to have been derived from anatexis of a supra-crustal (meta-sedimentary) source. The batholith is therefore deemed to comprise three different elements. The hornblende-biotite granitoids are the western extension of the adjacent Ravenswood Batholith. The two-mica granite and muscovite leucogranite are derived from different sources, but may be part of the same crustal anatexis event. During the Early Palaeozoic, the Lolworth-Ravenswood Province saw the intrusion of three granite batholiths into a basement of Late Neoproterozoic to Cambrian meta-sedimentary rocks. Also, Late Cambrian to Early Ordovician and Middle Ordovician high-grade metamorphism accompanied by partial anatexis is recorded at several sites across northeast Queensland. Although this metamorphism is restricted to these sites, they are widespread across the area suggestive of a widespread metamorphic event at these times. Similar metamorphism is recorded in the Arunta Inlier in Central Australia increasing the possible extent of this event. The geochemistry, isotopic characteristics and zircon populations of granites in the Lolworth-Ravenswood Province are used to characterise their source rocks; and thus the basement to the Province. Precambrian basement is indicated to underlie the entire province. However, the source rocks for the eastern part of the Province (Ravenswood and into the Lolworth Batholiths) are different to source rocks for the western part of the Province. Georgetown-type crust extends eastwards from the outcropping area, extending under the western Lolworth-Ravenswood Province. Late Mesoproterozoic rocks are recorded from the Cape River area adjacent to the Lolworth Batholith. They are also indicated as source-rocks for granites in the Ravenswood Batholith. Rocks of this age are characteristic of Grenvillian-age mobile belts in the United States. Their presence in north Qeensland has implications for the breakup of Rodinia, the Mesoproterozoic-age super continent that broke up during the Neoproterozoic.

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46

Hutton, Laurie James. "Petrogenesis of I- and S-type Granites in the Cape River - Lolworth area, northeastern Queensland - Their contribution to an understanding of the Early Palaeozoic Geological History of northeastern Queensland." Queensland University of Technology, 2004. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/15858/.

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The geological history of the Early Palaeozoic in eastern Australia is not known precisely. The eastern margin of the outcropping Precambrian Craton 'Tasman Line' is poorly understood. The Thomson Orogen, which underlies much of eastern Queensland, lies to the east of the Tasman Line. Basement to the Tasman Orogenic Zone is poorly understood, but knowledge of this basement is critical to our understanding to the processes that formed the eastern margin of the Precambrian craton. The Lolworth-Ravenswood Province lies to the east of the Tasman Line in northeast Queensland. A study of basement terranes in the Lolworth-Ravenswood Province will therefore provide some insights as to the nature of crust beneath this area, and therefore to the basement to the Thomson Orogen. The Fat Hen Creek Complex comprises para-authchthonous bodies of granitoid within middle to upper amphibolite facies metamorphic rocks. Data contained herein demonstrate that the composition and geochemistry of the granitoid are compatible with the generation of the granitoid by partial anatexis of the metamorphic rocks that are part of the Cape River Metamorphics. Temperature and pressure of anatexis is determined to be between 800-850OC and 5-9kb. Under these conditions, experimental data indicate that meta-pelite and meta-greywacke will produce between 5-10% melt coexisting with biotite, cordierite, garnet and plagioclase. The mineralogy of the granitoid bodies in the Fat Hen Creek Complex is consistent with partial anatexis of meta-greywacke at these temperatures and pressures. 5-10% melt is generally insufficient to allow efficient separation of melt and restite. The granitoids of the Fat Hen Creek Complex are interpreted as being a closed system with melt generated during high-grade metamorphism not separating from the residium. U/Pb dating of zircon from the Fat Hen Creek Complex indicate two distinct periods of zircon growth. The older episode occurred during the Late Cambrian to Early Ordovician. A second episode is dated as Middle Ordovician. This younger age coincides with the onset of regional compression, and may be related to exhumation of a mid-crustal layer during thrusting. The Lolworth Batholith is one of three granite batholiths in the Lolworth-Ravenswood Province. It comprises mainly muscovite-biotite granite, with smaller areas of hornblende-biotite granite to granodiorite. Sills and dykes of muscovite and garnet-muscovite leucogranite extensively intrude both of these types. The hornblende-biotite granite to granodiorite is metaluminous, with petrographic and geochemical characteristics similar to the adjacent Ravenswood Batholith. U-Pb SHRIMP ages also overlap with those from the Ravenswood Batholith. ENd(tc) values of ~-3 suggest a significant crustal contribution in the magma. Zircon populations determined using the SHRIMP suggest some inheritance from a Neoproterozoic source. The two-mica granites make up over 80% of the batholith and show little variation throughout. Aluminium Saturation indices range dominantly from 1-1.1, in keeping with the muscovite-bearing nature of the granites. U-Pb ages are significantly younger than the hornblende-biotite granitoids. ENd(tc) is ~-10, suggesting a greater role for crustal material in these granites than in the hornblende-bearing varieties. Previously, these granites were interpreted as S-types, mainly on the basis of the presence of muscovite. Low Na/Ca and Na greater than K are both considered as indicators of source compositions and both are characteristic of a mafic igneous rather than a meta-sedimentary source. Anatexis of mafic igneous rocks at temperatures less than~1000OC are found experimentally to produce peraluminous melts similar to those which produced the two-mica granites. The third major rock-type in the Lolworth Batholith is muscovite leucogranite, which occurs as sills and dykes intruding older granites and basement. The age of the leucogranite was not determined, but it has sharp contacts with the two-mica granite suggesting that the latter had cooled prior to intrusion of the former. The leucogranite is strongly peraluminous and is deemed to have been derived from anatexis of a supra-crustal (meta-sedimentary) source. The batholith is therefore deemed to comprise three different elements. The hornblende-biotite granitoids are the western extension of the adjacent Ravenswood Batholith. The two-mica granite and muscovite leucogranite are derived from different sources, but may be part of the same crustal anatexis event. During the Early Palaeozoic, the Lolworth-Ravenswood Province saw the intrusion of three granite batholiths into a basement of Late Neoproterozoic to Cambrian meta-sedimentary rocks. Also, Late Cambrian to Early Ordovician and Middle Ordovician high-grade metamorphism accompanied by partial anatexis is recorded at several sites across northeast Queensland. Although this metamorphism is restricted to these sites, they are widespread across the area suggestive of a widespread metamorphic event at these times. Similar metamorphism is recorded in the Arunta Inlier in Central Australia increasing the possible extent of this event. The geochemistry, isotopic characteristics and zircon populations of granites in the Lolworth-Ravenswood Province are used to characterise their source rocks; and thus the basement to the Province. Precambrian basement is indicated to underlie the entire province. However, the source rocks for the eastern part of the Province (Ravenswood and into the Lolworth Batholiths) are different to source rocks for the western part of the Province. Georgetown-type crust extends eastwards from the outcropping area, extending under the western Lolworth-Ravenswood Province. Late Mesoproterozoic rocks are recorded from the Cape River area adjacent to the Lolworth Batholith. They are also indicated as source-rocks for granites in the Ravenswood Batholith. Rocks of this age are characteristic of Grenvillian-age mobile belts in the United States. Their presence in north Qeensland has implications for the breakup of Rodinia, the Mesoproterozoic-age super continent that broke up during the Neoproterozoic.

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47

Thomas, B. P. "Gypsum cements in Cenozoic sediments in the Murray Basin, South Australia: their age and origin." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/119336.

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A maximum Pleistocene (~0.6 Ma) age has been assigned to surface and sub-surface gypsum cements occurring in the Norwest Bend Formation and Upper Morgan Limestone, in the western Murray Basin. The gypsum cements post date the draining of Lake Bungunnia and the formation of the Murray River Gorge. The chemical and morphological diversity exhibited by the gypsum forms indicates a variety of genetic processes. Three main gypsum facies can be distinguished by their structural fabrics, which are indicative of the environmental conditions in which they formed. (1) Bedded gypsum crusts (selenite) and gypsum nodules have fibrous to lenticular crystals and occur as discrete horizons along sections of the Murray River cliffs. (2) Massive crystalline gypsum contain poikilitic inclusions of elastic material, indicating they formed below the surface where long periods of stable brine conditions allowed for large crystal growth. (3) Aeolian seed gypsum dunes derived from the deflation of gypsum from modem playa lakes. Sulphur and Strontium isotopes, fluid inclusion studies, and geochemical analysis (XRD) and (XRF), were used to interpret the brine conditions under which the different gypsum facies formed. Fluid inclusion analysis was used to determine the palaeosalinity of the brines from which the gypsum precipitated. The melting temperatures of ice in fluid inclusions indicate that brine salinities and compositions were similar to brines derived from evaporated sea water. They also indicate that gypsum crusts formed from less saline water than selenite and gypsum nodules. The delta34S ratios of gypsum crusts are also close to seawater values (+17.9%0 to +20.2%0 CDT), indicating marine sulphate is the dominant source of sulphur. Strontium isotope data negate the possibility of derivation of the lacustrine "seawater like" brine chemistry, from either marine transgressions or weathering of connate salts from marine strata alone. Sulphur and Sr isotope ratios of the gypsum crusts indicate that gypsum was predominantly derived from the dissolution of the aeolian gypsum dunes by meteoric water influenced by sea spray. The demise of Lake Bungunnia indicated the onset of aridity in Southern Australia. The draining of the megalake may be responsible for the gypsum cements and the aeolian gypsum dunes from which they were derived.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 1999

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48

Ryan, S. J. "The geology and genesis of the polymetallic Wagga Tank prospect, Mount Hope, N.S.W." Thesis, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/105306.

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The Wagga Tank Prospect is located in Central Western N.S. W, 125 km south of Cobar. The prospect is hosted by the Lower Devonian Mount Hope Group, a complex succession of sedimentary, felsic volcanic and comagmatic intrusive rocks representing the oldest division of the Cobar Supergroup in the Mount Hope area. The prospect is primarily a Pb and Zn deposit with minor Cu, Ag and significant Au. Gold values are highest within steeply dipping gossan shoots in the oxidised zone, while Pb and Zn values are highest in subvertical shoots of massive sulphide within the primary zone. Cu is concentrated as chalcocite, digenite and malachite at a zone of supergene enrichment. The primary mineralization occurs within a zone of intense tectonic brecciation and argillic alteration at a pronounced flexure along the steeply dipping contact between the volcaniclastic sequence and a siltstone - slate sequence. The mineralization can be divided into two categories on the basis of textural relationships, i.e. fine grained, crudely banded massive type sulphides and coarser grained vein type sulphides. The vein type sulphides are represented by varying proportions of pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite and galena with rare inclusions of cubanite and pyrrhotite. The massive type sulphides show mineral abundances of pyrite>sphalerite>galena>>chalcopyri te. Fluid inclusion and chlorite data indicate that the mineralizing fluid reached temperatures of about 325°C. Sulphur isotope compositions of the sulphide minerals (delta 34S = 10 per mil) suggest that the sulphur originated from seawater SO4-2. Reduction of seawater SO4-2 to H2S was primarily by an inorganic process at elevated temperatures in a heated rock pile. Thermodynamic calculations suggest possible log f02 - pH constraints of about log f02 = -29. 5 to -31. 7 and pH = 3 to 4. 5 for the mineralizing fluid. The mineralization is considered to be of epigenetic hydrothermal origin. The hydrothermal fluid was probably derived from dewatering of the rock pile during metamorphism accompanying the major deformation. Sulphide precipitation occurred along a plane of high permeability produced by folding of adjacent beds with a contrasting competency. The prospect bears many similarities to the principal deposits in the Cobar area. Those deposits are typically narrow steeply plunging elongate bodies occurring along sheared or brecciated contacts between cleaved turbiditic siltstones and coarser clastic beds or felsic volcanics.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 1987

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49

Dogramaci, Shawan Shawket. "Isotopes of sulphur, oxygen, strontium and carbon in groundwater as tracers of mixing and geochemical processes, Murray Basin, Australia / by Shawan Shwket Dogramaci." Thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/19296.

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Bibliography: leaves 267-304.
xxiv, 304 leaves : ill., maps ; 30 cm.
Salinisation of groundwater and surface water of the semi-arid Murray Basin is an issue of vital importance to the viability of agriculture in south-east Australia. The understanding of the transport and transfer of water and salts in large sedimentary aquifers is necessary for better management of water resources in the future. Assesses the usefulness of [detla]34S and [delta]18OSO42 of dissolved SO42- and 87SR/86Sr ratios as tracers of inter-aquifer mixing and rock-water interaction between and within the Murray and Renmark Group aquifers in the south-west Murray Basin.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, 1999?

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50

Thomas, B. J. "Trace elements in magnetite and hematite for improving pathfinder element selection of the Hillside copper mineralisation, Yorke Peninsula." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/106278.

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The Hillside deposit is located in the southern part of the Olympic Province on the Gawler Craton, South Australia. This area has a history of IOCG-U style deposits, including the world class Olympic Dam deposit. Several other deposits and prospects have also been identified within this Olympic Dam domain. The Hillside deposit was discovered in the 1800s but recent work by Rex Minerals has expanded the mineralisation zone and have categorised this deposit as part of the IOCG-U family. A prominent characteristic of the Hillside IOCG mineralisation is the conversion of magnetite to hematite which in previous works on IOCG-U deposits was shown to be related to the mineralisation process. Two main mineralizing episodes can be distinguished, an earlier one was extremely Fe rich and allowed the formation of magnetite and pyrite. The second stage of mineralisation involved the injection of copper mineralizing fluids concurrent with the widespread replacement of magnetite by hematite. Analysis of the iron oxides was carried out using optical methods as well as trace element and rare earth element analysis by Electron Probe Micro Analysis and Laser Ablation ICP MS. The trace elements were used to identify compositional signature variations between the different iron oxide minerals. The rare earth element analysis showed a distinct overall enrichment in the hematite samples compared to the magnetite. The trace element analysis showed that several elements are distributed differently between the two oxides and sulphides. These elements include Cr, Zn, V, Ti, Ni, Pb and Co which show anomalies in both the oxides and sulphides. A variation between what elements are enriched is dependent on the mineral they are found within. This is suggested to reflect changes in composition of the mineralising fluid from the early magnetite-pyrite to the late hematite-chalcopyrite stage. The sulphides showed that chalcopyrite was enriched in several trace elements compared to pyrite. Sulphur isotope data were derived for pyrite and chalcopyrite also to characterise the source of the fluids. There was no systematic difference between chalcopyrite and pyrite. The data did show negative values between -2.6 δ34S and -6.6 δ34S which indicates that the source of the sulphur is most likely magmatic. This study gives an indication into the change in conditions that caused the replacement of magnetite by hematite and therefore the changes that caused mineralisation. An element signature was also collected to identify the difference between the iron oxides that will help in future works on this deposit.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 2010

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