Дисертації з теми "Rural"

A l'origine caracterisee par sa fonction alimentaire, l'exploitation agricole a ete progressivement investie d'une mission d'occupation et de protection des zones rurales sur lesquelles elle est localisee. Desormais, elle constitue non seulement une unite de production mais aussi une unite economique d'occupation du territoire rural, definie par l'exercice d'activites economiques diversifiees indetachables du territoire rural sur lequel elles sont realisees. Est-il possible d'en conclure que l'entreprise agricole devient une entreprise rurale, qualifiee non plus en fonction de la nature juridique des activites qu'elle effectue mais de sa localisation geographique rurale ? la reponse necessite une analyse de l'evolution du droit applicable aux entreprises agricoles : le droit rural. Or, cedroit est soumis a des influences complexes qui ont des effets contraires quant a l'emergence d'un concept d'entreprise rurale. Le regime juridique agricole et les sources du droit rural sont balayes par un mouvement general d'harmonisation des branches du droit economique prive. Ce processus portant directement atteinte a la specificite juridique agricole, l'interet et l'eventualite d'une mutation de l'entreprise agricole en entreprise rurale s'averent limites. Cependant, du fait de l'evolution des activites agricoles et des dispositifs agricoles de developpement rural, la localisation rurale devient un element de qualification des entreprises agricoles. Ce mouvement interne de territorialisation du droit rural est a l'origine d'un embryon d'entreprise rurale : l'entreprise agricole aux fonctions rurales. Seul l'avenir legislatif permettra de verifier si la logique territoriale survit a la logique d'harmonisation.

This study is based on data collected for a large project that investigated social literacies and various aspects of the literacy culture of members of three rural communities in Queensland. This study draws on ideas from current critical literacy theory and research and post-structural writings. It reports a distinctive set of observations which aim to contribute to social and educational knowledge in respect of centre-margin relationships, literacy-empowerment relationships, the changing socio-economic and political landscape in rural Australia, and the need for a new conceptual landscape to define the foundations of a 'postprogressive pedagogy'. This study delineates some of the distinctive features of rural communities, and investigates the connections that people construct between schooling and economic change and the future, and between literacy and schooling and various aspects of the culture of the community. It interprets how schooling and literacy are socially constructed by members of the rural communities studied. One hundred and fifty-eight residents of three rural/remote communities were interviewed and their responses recorded and analysed. The residents represented the full range of ages and occupations. A selection of data from these interviews is taken for this study, based on themes and issues emerging from the data. A theoretical and empirical framework for the study is provided by reviewing current literature on rurality and rural living, on communities and schooling and cultural practices; literature on qualitative research methodology, specifically ethnomethodology, methods of interview analysis and the application of these methods, is also reviewed. Ethnomethodology is used for this study and the specific analytic procedures of Membership Categorisation Analysis. This specific type of qualitative research methodology is chosen because of its power to take the everyday conversations of community members and, through analytical procedures, to make explicit in those members accounts the interaction of their experiences with the organisational and social forces (the social realities) which permeate their relationships with one another and with the context of the community where they live, work and recreate. This study makes use of recent systematic procedures developed for interrogating interview data. It adds to the research literature on ideologies of family and community literacies and social practices in Australian rural communities. The study provides information relevant to rural development planners, and education policy developers and curriculum writers, for the purpose of enhancing schooling for rural students and better understanding of rural lifestyles. This study's focus on rural communities has highlighted the complexities and diversities of the rural communities that are studied. The different approaches and debates about 'defining rural' must continue, and researchers must avoid promoting a unidimensional category of 'rural'. The changing and developing nature of the rural communities has also been prominent in this study. The implications of these complexities and changes are that rural communities should be studied regularly so that the effects of the changes can be traced and documented. There is a varied set of understandings among rural dwellers about education. For some, education is bringing knowledge and skills to life in the rural location and enabling residents to avail themselves of the urban offerings that may enhance their occupations and leisure activities thus utilising the benefits of two cultures to their best advantage. For others, there are the expectations that education will enable them to move away from the rural areas, to go to the city, to take up other careers, to lead a different lifestyle. Hypotheses and generalisations that express negative approaches to rural cultures and to rural education must be reduced and the positive aspects promoted. Any centre-margin discourse must be scrutinised for its relevance and the feasibility of the assumptions on which it is based. Education policy developers, social researchers and rural policy planners need to re-evaluate the philosophical premises on which the current concept of success is based: success for the individual school student, success for education and schooling, and success in adult life. A number of recommendations are developed in an attempt to make a vision of excellence in rural education a central part of rural agenda. Curriculum in rural schools needs to be matched to rural resources and rural occupations and lifestyles, and to encourage enterprise. While education remains a centralised provision, it needs to provide a context for training in the communication skills that shape rural people's views of their communities. Rural secondary students may be disadvantaged by not having access to a wide range of curriculum offerings, and at tertiary level by inequities (mostly financial) of access, but technology could be used to assist in broadening the range of offerings at secondary level, and library resources across the country could be better utilised. Social and education research could benefit from further studies using this methodology, for example, studies in mining communities, rural ethnic communities, rural tourist communities.
Thesis (Masters)
Master of Philosophy (MPhil)
School of Cognition, Language and Special Education
Arts, Education and Law
Full Text

Educational Administration
Ed.D.
Educational leadership has been the focus of many studies; however, leadership does not occur in a vacuum. Understanding the context in which it occurs will in turn help to explain the phenomenon itself. Rural communities in the United States have many differences when compared to urban and suburban areas. Twenty-eight percent of schools in the United States are rural, and within those rural districts seven million students attend schools (Sherwood, 2001). Even with the large number of rural schools, there are significant deficiencies in rural research, including available raw data (Sherwood & Arnold, 2001, 2004). Moreover, when research is done, the rural context is almost always seen as a limitation (Howley & Howley, 1999). Many times research that is conducted in urban and suburban settings is generalized to the rural setting. Ethical educational leadership is drawing increased attention in research. The bulk of ethical decision-making research has focused on administrators in urban and suburban settings. The rural context is silent when one looks to ethical leadership work. This study explores four rural high school principals' perceptions of how the rural context influences their ethical leadership, career aspirations and advancement opportunities. This study also explores the principals' perceptions about their personal history and their gender to determine whether either has been a hindrance or a help to their leadership in the rural context. A case study methodology was utilized while conducting this study. Over a twelve month period; 18 site visits were conducted at four rural high schools in central Pennsylvania. Twelve semi-structured interviews were conducted along with eight days of shadowing to explore the respondents' perceptions on leading in the rural context. The findings indicate that the respondents of this study did perceive differences in the rural context as compared to urban and suburban areas. Those differences were perceived by the respondents to have an impact on their work as educational leaders. This study suggests that the principals' personal histories impact their leadership within the rural context. All of the respondents lead in districts where they once attended school. This phenomenon strengthened the impact of social reproduction as the principals struggled to maintain a way of life that they valued, while competing with the ideals of the educational institution. The principals maintained programs with a focus on local interests such as logging, shop programs, fish farming and agriculture education. They did this with limited resources and at the expense of offering other programs. Students entering these programs often ended their formal education with high school. They entered the local economy and reproduced their parents' class position in the wider society. The principals' ties to their communities impacted their expectations for students in their schools. This study suggests that the rural context impacts opportunities for advancement. While opportunities for advancement were perceived to be present, they often required principals to move their families due to geographic distance. None of the respondents were willing to relocate to take advantage of opportunities. Gender barriers were rampant within the rural context. The two female principals had experienced gender discrimination. The two male candidates acknowledged gender barriers in their districts. All the respondents affirmed that the stereotype for a high school principal in their respective districts was a male. The principals used multiple paradigms when solving difficult ethical decisions, and their personal history influenced the paradigms they used most frequently. The respondents all used the ethic of care and critique more than the ethics of justice and the profession. Critical life incidents shared by the principals were from a caring or critical perspective and tied to the paradigms they used most frequently. Competing values about the educational mission of the school, the purpose of school and social mobility of students were found to impact leadership.
Temple University--Theses

The British notion of ‘rural’ concerns this thesis. How is it produced? How does it endure? What geographical scale does it manifest at? What do (re)productions of rural entail in practice? Beginning with the recognition that British rurality is both discursive and geographically locatable (Cloke, 2000), but, in practice, these notions are not mutually exclusive (Halfacree, 2006), the thesis seeks to fundamentally re-theorise how rural (space) is (re)produced. Realising the Research opens the thesis, establishing that the car offers a complex material lens through which the empirical research can ensue. Then, Read/Reworked comprehensively layers several theoretical influences to developing Halfacree’s (2006) triad for rural space. The theoretical foundation for the thesis positions the phenomenological body as the pivotal framing for subjective engagements with rural space, drawing on Merleau-Ponty (1958) and Ingold’s (1993; 2001) notion of ‘taskscape’, but also utilising Schatzkian (1996; 2001; 2002) Practice Theory to unpack how subjective performances can manifest through driving (and other) practices. Following the theoretical framing, Rudiments and Routines illustrates how the research was methodologically conducted. The thesis’ empirical discussion is presented in four chapters: Road demonstrates the import road spaces have in shaping rural engagement; Rhythm asserts that temporality is pivotal in the production of rural space through driving practices; Re/View tackles the visual primacy of dominant discourses of rurality by emphasising the embodied rendering of seeing that manifests in practice; but, Ride focuses wholly on drawing out the embodied negotiation of car and countryside in practice, offering in-depth insight into how rural space nuances performances in practice. Each of the empirical chapters illuminates how subjective rural spaces endure through discursive, material and embodied relationality. Thus, in the final chapter, Rural, the presentation of the thesis triad is the culmination of the thesis, where rural space is positioned as (re)produced through social practices.

Texte remanié de: Thèse de doctorat--Géographie--Rennes 2, 2002. Titre de soutenance : Usages récréatifs de l'espace agricole.
En appendice, contient les éléments de l'enquête et la méthodologie. Bibliogr. p. 405-422.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade UnB Planaltina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento Rural, 2018.
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A aquaponia é um meio de produção agroecológica que agrega as atividades aquícolas e hidropônicas de maneira sinérgica e promove o reuso da água. Além de estar em constante desenvolvimento, assume papel de promotora da produção sustentável, da segurança alimentar e nutricional, assim como, da conservação dos recursos hídricos. Modelos de agroecossistemas que auxiliam no desenvolvimento rural sustentável devem ser difundidos aos agricultores que necessitam de novos métodos produtivos para constituírem renda e se sustentarem. A partir da concepção e implantação de um sistema aquapônico que utiliza tecnologias sociais, visando às produções piscícolas, vegetal e do monitoramento da qualidade da água no sistema, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o crescimento animal e vegetal e da qualidade da água em sistema aquapônico de escala comercial situado no Distrito Federal, durante um período de 45 dias, entre Janeiro e Fevereiro de 2018. Para produção piscícola foi realizada biometria inicial e cada um dos seis tanques de peixes do sistema, de aproximadamente 10m³ de volume, foram povoados com 150 animais, com peso médio (p) de 337,76g, comprimento total (ct) de 26,96cm, comprimento padrão (cp) de 21,75cm e altura do dorso (ad) de 9,15cm e receberam duas alimentações diárias, totalizando 2% do peso vivo/tanque/dia. Para análise do crescimento, forma coletados os mesmos parâmetros em biometria final, após os 45 dias, e comparado os resultados iniciais e finais. Para alimentação foi utilizada ração comercial, de 5mm de granulometria e teor de proteína de 32%. Para a produção vegetal foram utilizadas sementes peletizadas de variedades de alfaces baby leaf, Itaúna Friseé e Atalaia Friseé, cultivadas em espumas fenólicas e isopor, em sistema de flutuação na densidade de 250plantas/m². Foram analisadas a taxa de vigor, no sétimo dia, e a produtividade das plantas ao final do experimento, através dos parâmetros de tamanho de raiz, peso da cabeça, diâmetro e altura da cabeça e número de folhas, além de comparado o crescimento entre as variedades. Para qualidade de água foram coletadas amostras a cada 3 dias em seis elementos do sistema aquapônico, na água da entrada, nos tanques de peixes, após o tratamento biológico, no tanque de transferência de solução nutritiva, na produção vegetal e na água de saída, sendo medidos e analisados os parâmetros de temperatura, pH, oxigênio dissolvido, amônia e nitrito. Os resultados obtidos foram analisados ao longo do período do experimento e os resultados das médias foram comparados com as recomendadas pela literatura, representando a qualidade da água no sistema. Os peixes apresentaram diferenças estatísticas significativas, através do teste t Student pareado, para todos os parâmetros (p = 548,52g; ct = 31,36cm; cp = 25,32cm; ad = 10,85cm) demonstrando crescimento ao longo do experimento. As variedades de alfaces apresentaram crescimento e tiveram diferenças estatísticas significativas em todos os parâmetros analisados a partir do teste t Student pareado, sendo que a variedade Atalaia Friseé apresentou resultados para os parâmetros de comprimento de raiz (cr), altura de cabeça (ac) e diâmetro de cabeça (dc) (cr = 31,81cm; ac = 11,58cm; dc = 11,93cm), maiores de média que de Itaúna Friseé (cr = 22,47cm; ac = 9,84; dc = 10,24cm). Para os parâmetros de peso da cabeça (pc) e número de folhas (nf), Itaúna Friseé (pc = 18,45g; nf = 10,67) apresentou maiores valores de médias que Atalaia (pc = 16,45g; nf = 8,06). A qualidade da água do sistema apresentou resultados compatíveis, em todos os parâmetros, para sistemas aquapônicos em recirculação. O estudo demonstrou que o sistema em tela pode ser disponibilizado como tecnologia social, produzindo peixes e vegetais integrados, diminuindo a utilização de água e evitando despejo de efluentes nos corpos hídricos.
Aquaponics is a means of agroecological production that aggregates aquaculture and hydroponic activities in a seric way and promotes the reuse of water. In addition, the role of promoting sustainable production, food and nutritional security, and the conservation of water resources. Agroecosystems models that support rural development should be disseminated to farmers who need new productive methods to become and sustain themselves. From the choice of an aquatic system, which may have been used for the treatment of plants, fish farming, plant and water quality monitoring system in the system, the animal process is the growth and quality of water in the aquaponic system of commercial scale located in the Federal District, during a period of 45 days, in January and February 2018. For the production of fish culture was carried out the initial biometrics and each of the six fish tanks of the system, of approximately 10m³ of volume, were populated with 150 average weight (w) of 337.76g, total length (tl) of 26.96cm, standard length (sl) of 21.75cm and height of the back (hb) of 9,15cm and two daily feeds, totaling 2% of live weight / tank / day. For analysis of growth, the new parameters in final biometrics, after 45 days, and the results of the initial and final results. Commercial feed, 5mm particle size and 32% protein content were used for feed. For vegetable production, pelleted seeds of baby leaf lettuce, Itaúna Friseé and Atalaia Frizeé, were cultivated in phenolic and styrofoam foams, in a flotation system in the density of 250 plants/m². The vigor rate, on the seventh day, and the plant productivity at the end of the experiment were analyzed through the parameters of root size, head weight, head diameter and head height and number of leaves, as well as the growth between the varieties. For water quality, samples were collected every 3 days in six elements of the aquaponic system, in the entrance water, in the fish tanks, after the biological treatment, in the transfer tank of nutrient solution, in the vegetal production and in the exit water, the parameters of temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, ammonia and nitrite were measured and analyzed. The results obtained were analyzed over the period of the experiment and the results of the averages were compared with those recommended in the literature, representing the water quality in the system. The fish presented significant statistical differences, through the paired Student t test, for all parameters (w = 548.52g; tl = 31.36cm; sl = 25.32cm; hb = 10.85cm), showing growth throughout the experiment. The lettuce varieties presented growth and had statistically significant differences in all parameters analyzed from the paired Student t test, and the Atalaia Friseé variety presented results for the parameters of root length (rl), head height (hl) and head diameter (hd) (rl = 31.81cm; hl = 11.58cm; hd = 11.93cm), higher than that of Itaúna Frizeé (c = 22.47cm; hl = 9.84; hd = 10.24cm). For the parameters of head weight (hw) and leaf number (ln), Itaúna Friseé (hw = 18.45g; ln = 10.67) had higher mean values than Atalaia (hw = 16,45g; ln = 8,06). The water quality of the system presented compatible results in all parameters for aquaponic systems in recirculation. The study demonstrated that the on-screen system can be made available as social technology, producing integrated fish and vegetables, reducing the use of water and avoiding effluent discharge in water bodies.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecossistemas, Florianópolis, 2013.
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Essa pesquisa buscou analisar os fatores que definem as escolhas, a implantação e a continuidade dos projetos de empreendedorismo agrícolas e não agrícolas de jovens egressos da instituição não governamental Centro de Desenvolvimento do Jovem Rural - Cedejor. Para realizar esta análise foram abordados conceitos como juventude rural, novas ruralidades, agricultura familiar e projetos juvenis. Utilizou-se técnicas de pesquisa qualitativa, por meio de um estudo de caso, questionário semi estruturado e com análise de conteúdo das entrevistas realizadas. Os dados foram coletados em entrevistas com jovens rurais com idade entre 18 e 29 anos, de ambos os sexos, que realizaram formação para o empreendedorismo no Centro de Desenvolvimento do Jovem Rural, e residem nas cidades de Santa Rosa de Lima, Rio Fortuna e Lauro Müller no Sul de Santa Catarina. Foram realizadas vinte e cinco entrevistas com jovens, e entrevistas complementares com os educadores e alguns familiares. Também foram consultados os dados censitários e análise documental foi realizada. De acordo com os resultados obtidos fatores externos e internos interferem nas escolhas, na implantação e na continuidade dos projetos de empreendedorismo juvenil. Como fatores externos temos, sobretudo, as políticas públicas de acesso ao crédito e à terra e como fatores internos temos, particularmente, as questões relacionadas à família diretamente implicadas na concretização dos projetos juvenis. Em suma, a concretização dos projetos e empreendimento em atividades agrícolas ou não agrícolas são condicionados por estes fatores, com implicações fundamentais na permanência dos jovens no espaço rural. Mas se faz necessário políticas públicas para dinamizar esse espaço e ampliar a atuação do jovem.

Abstract : This research analyzed the factors that define choices, establishment and continuity of agricultural and non-agricultural entrepreneurship projects, young who come from a non-governmental institution. To carry out this analysis were adopted different academic studies on rural youth, new ruralities, family farming and youth projects. Qualitative and quantitative research techniques were applied by means of a study case and content analysis of interviews. It was established an investigation plan which generated a rich material of remarks, interviews and records. Data were collected by interviews with rural youth aged between 18 and 29 years old, both sexes, who performed entrepreneurship training at the Center for Rural Youth Development and live in the cities of Santa Rosa de Lima, Rio Fortuna and Lauro Müller in the south of Santa Catarina State. Twenty-five interviews with young people were performed and complementary interviews were carried out with educators and some family members. Census data were also consulted and documentary analysis was done. According to the results, external and internal factors interfere in choices, in establishment and in continuity of youth entrepreneurship projects. But public policies are required to revitalize rural areas and expand the activities of rural youth.

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia e Gestão do Conhecimento, Florianópolis, 2013.
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As transformações econômicas e sociais e o progresso da ciência, ocorridos sobretudo a partir do século XX, elevaram o conhecimento à condição de fator basilar à competitividade organizacional. Na composição do conhecimento organizacional, o conhecimento tácito oferece substanciais contribuições à leitura do ambiente, ampliando suas possibilidades de uso e sua competitividade. As organizações de extensão rural, pelo perfil técnico e ambiente de atuação, acessam facilmente esse tipo de conhecimento. Nas atividades de campo, os técnicos extensionistas estão inseridos em complexas redes de relacionamentos e conhecimentos, estabelecidas pela interação permanente com expressiva gama de atores, cada qual com interesses e necessidades, providos de conhecimentos próprios dos seus negócios e diferentes visões de mundo. O objetivo desta tese consistiu em estabelecer diretrizes para os processos de criação, estratégias de uso e retenção do conhecimento para organizações de extensão rural. Metodologicamente, assume características de pesquisa exploratória e descritiva, tendo seu caminho percorrido com o uso de instrumentos como o grupo focal, a análise de conteúdo e o método delphi. Os resultados apresentados contribuem com as organizações por oferecerem elementos à reflexão sobre a importância do conhecimento e sua gestão para a geração de diferenciais competitivos. Permitem afirmar que as organizações de extensão rural são criadoras de conhecimentos, contudo não praticam sua adequada gestão. A modernização dessas organizações passa pela necessidade de revisar suas estratégias e seus processos, adotando o conhecimento como fator propulsor de seu desenvolvimento interno e de sua competitividade externa e as pessoas como seu mais valioso ativo. A implementação das diretrizes propostas exige mudanças no comportamento e na cultura, para as quais as organizações demonstram não estar preparadas. A gestão do conhecimento não está inserida no contexto das organizações públicas de extensão rural, sobretudo por desconhecerem suas práticas, suas estratégias e seus modelos.

Abstract : Social and economic transformations and the progress of science, occurring mainly as of the twentieth century, raised the knowledge to a basilar factor standard as to organizational competitiveness. In the composition of the organizational knowledge, tacit knowledge provides substantial contributions to the observation of the environment, increasing its possibilities of use and its competitiveness. Rural extension organizations, by technical profile and operational environment, can easily access this kind of knowledge. In field activities, extension technicians are embedded in complex networks of relationships and knowledge, established by the permanent interaction with an expressive range of actors, each of whom has interests and needs, provided with specific knowledge of their business as well as different worldviews. The goal of this dissertation is to establish guidelines for the processes of creation, usage strategy and retention of knowledge for rural extension organizations. Methodologically, it assumes characteristics of exploratory and descriptive research, having its way paved with the use of instruments such as the focal group, the content analysis, and the Delphi method. The results presented contribute to the organizations by offering elements to the reflection on the importance of knowledge and its management to the generation of competitive differentials. They also enable one to assert that rural extension organizations are creators of knowledge, although they do not practice proper management. The modernization of these organizations must be through the revision of their strategies and processes, adopting knowledge as a factor of its internal development and its external competitiveness, and people as its most valuable asset. The implementation of the proposed guidelines requires changes both in behavior and in culture, for which the organizations demonstrate not to be prepared. Knowledge management is not inserted in the context of public organizations of rural extension, especially for being unaware of these practices, their strategies and their models.

The architect in Sweden has a weaker role than ever, participating in a dysfunctional building industry that is not capable of providing the high quality and progressive built environment that we need. There is a need for critical examination to find what could make the role more relevant today. This thesis is in search of that role and how it could contribute to society. To explore this I shall focus on rural Norrland, in particular how architecture can be used to strengthen these areas by implementing strategies that increase self-sufficiency and governance. This research is carried out through four live, collaborative case studies with two communities in rural locations. The first two being set on Holmön exploring permit-free buildings as a means to grow and challenge the municipality as well as a collective project creating benches. The third is exploring how a private project can develop and contribute to the local area through retaining local knowledge. The fourth and most extensive is the creation of a co-funded, community run apartment and community building in Klimpfjäll. Through the reflection on the progress of these projects a methodology of working is discussed to outline a way of working that could impact the building industry, expand the role of the architect and positively impact the rural areas to ultimately create a more socially and environmentally sustainable society.

Energy is a basic need for the overall growth and improvements of people’s living standard.But around 2 to 3 billion people in the world have no access to electric lighting. Like otherdeveloping countries the rural electrification in Ethiopia is very low and government takessome actions to promote the investment in these areas but due to economic constraints andlow level of technological advancement the growth is very low.This study focuses on solar PV based rural electrification, its impact on environment andsocio-economic development in Rema village. Three cases studies: typical households,small scale business center and public services are considered for systematic study.Interviews from villagers, existing energy system, literature data and HOMER software areused to calculate energy demand and cost of electrification. A comparison between theresults is carried out.According to the village survey the existing PV home system has a positive impact on a socioeconomic development of the village of Rema. Solar PV electricity can be used in generatingincomes. It is also used for climate mitigation by curbing CO2 emission and can be used forclimate adaptation by reducing the deforestation and facilitate carbon sequestration. PVbased electrification of health center and schools have played a vital role in improving thequality of services. The presence of refrigerator helped to have vaccines and medicines4preserved for different types of killer diseases. The teaching-learning process of schoolsimproved due the presence of electricity. The solar powered water supply in near areasreduced the time required for fetching water and made girls to focus on their education.Most villagers has positive attitude towards the technology but unsatisfied with the currentsystem size. The high level of technical skills required for maintenance and the small numberof solar technicians’ available in the village is also a problem reported in the village. HOMERsoftware is used to model the existing energy system and the required energy demandbefore PV based rural electrification and after PV based rural electrification. A new model isdeveloped depending on the villagers demand. . Modeling result shows that 3 kWP and 12kWP were found to be enough to fulfill the demand in clinics and schools with an initialinvestment of 18576 and 80704US$, respectively and a PV size of 165 Wp, 250 Wp and 350Wp is required for households with agriculture only, mixed and small scale business income,respectively. This led a requirement of initial capital of US$ 654, 1848 and 2339,respectively. However, these initial investments are unaffordable for most of the villagers.PV systems required for households with agriculture only, has lower investment per Wattthan others, while investment per Watt for small scale business has lower than householdswith mixed type. Therefore, the battery size plays an important role in the investment,operation and maintenance costs.The two main problems associated with solar PV in rural electrification are financial capabilityand technical problems. These problems can be curbed by loan arrangement and trainingthe villagers. But to make sustainable it must be used for income generating activities.

Cette recherche étudie la trajectoire de sortie du collectivisme agraire en Slovaquie caractérisée par le maintien des coopératives et un chômage rural massif. La première partie revient sur les héritages agraires antérieurs à l'instauration du régime socialiste. La paysannerie a conservé jusqu'en 1950 des formes traditionnelles d'organisation que les bouleversements ultérieurs n'ont pas entièrement modernisées. Depuis 1990, la trame des coopératives demeure car sa transformation se heurte à l'émiettement foncier et au consensus social favorable à sa préservation. La seconde partie est consacrée à des études de territoires. Deux okres de Slovaquie centrale connaissant des problèmes aigus de chômage font l'objet de monographies. La structure intercommunale de deux microrégions permet d'apprécier la mobilisation locale autour de projets de développement. La dernière partie évalue les potentiels et les acteurs pour le développement rural dans le contexte de la réforme administrative
This research studies the pathway of agricultural transition in Slovakia which is characterized by the persistence of co-operatives and the increase of rural unemployment. The first part is about agrarian legacies before the institution of socialist system. The peasantry conserved until 1950 traditional segments of social organisation which were not completely modernized by later upheavals. Since the collapse of socialist system, the large-scale farming remains because the land partition and a big social consensus favourable to protection of co-ops put obstacles in the way of post-socialist transformation. The second part is devoted to territorial studies. Two monographs speak about okres which are confronted with important problems of unemployment. The author evaluate the local mobilization on the basic level of mikroregion. The last part evaluates potentials and players for rural development in the context of administrative reform

Readings from a Life: Rural Educators Read our Rural Selves is a cultural study of identity in place in Atlantic Canada. The study is developed based on hybrid methodology drawing on key elements of literary anthropology, self-study, autobiography, auto-ethnography, and geo-poetics. The literary landscape of rural Nova Scotia provides the principal site for the readings which are developed throughout in contrapuntal fashion, that is to say the readings move back and forth between global and local representations of rural space. Key to the development of each of the chapters is the concept of distance as a device for making the world strange and therefore knowable. The readings are contained within seven chapters based on the research question, 'What are you doing here?' This question is deconstructed first through establishing the literary landscape of rural Nova Scotia as a site for analysis, followed by a discussion of literary anthropology as method, which leads in turn to a close examination of how particular teachers read themselves through their engagement with the literary texts. These readings are followed by a critical examination of what kinds of reading count in official policy discourses when compared to the more literary representations. As self-study the readings are used to provide insight into a life lived for the most part in rural Nova Scotia and at the same time are used to highlight aspects of education and teacher identity in this place. The concluding chapter moves recursively in order to strengthen the insights contained in the previous chapters and at the same time articulates the ambivalent nature of the project as a whole. Policy implications, potential beneficiaries, limitations of the study, and future directions are indicated in the final chapter.

Doutoramento em Turismo
Esta tese incide sobre as dinâmicas do turismo rural e as respetivas implicações em termos de desenvolvimento rural. Para tal recorreu-se à mobilização de um conjunto de conhecimentos, nomeadamente da área do turismo no espaço rural, do desenvolvimento rural e do marketing dos destinos rurais. Após uma revisão teórica minuciosa acerca de cada uma das temáticas anteriores, passámos à definição das hipóteses de investigação e do modelo de análise. As hipóteses de investigação permitiram-nos, efetivamente, testar algumas relações que considerámos, desde logo, relevantes no que diz respeito à problemática da investigação. Estas centraram-se nos promotores da oferta e na população rural. Se por um lado pretendíamos analisar a relação entre o perfil dos promotores, motivações de criação do empreendimento turístico e atividades de marketing seguidas, por outro, assumia-se como fundamental, observar as repercussões da oferta turística proporcionada junto da população local. Assumimos que esta se manifesta não só nos benefícios pessoais usufruídos, mas também a nível das perceções positivas e negativas. Após termos integrado as hipóteses de investigação, o modelo foi testado em duas regiões rurais que apresentam particularidades de regiões pobres, mas, ao mesmo tempo, um potencial turístico enorme, sendo que, inclusivamente, parte de uma dessas regiões é Património Mundial da Humanidade. Tomando em consideração esta última constatação, foram também apresentadas hipóteses complementares relativas à existência de diferenças (ao nível dos promotores e residentes) entre as regiões. Estas tarefas obrigaram à recolha de dados primários e secundários. Após a recolha da informação primária, os dados foram tratados e analisados à luz das perspetivas teóricas entretanto fornecidas. Os resultados obtidos com o estudo realizado permitiram identificar relações significativas entre o perfil do promotor, motivações de abertura do empreendimento, objetivos económicos e atividades de marketing desenvolvidas no empreendimento. Por outro lado, confirmámos ainda a existência de relações significativas entre benefícios pessoais auferidos e perceções positivas e negativas desenvolvidas pelos residentes e entre estas e a satisfação e apoio à atividade turística. Considera-se ainda que os resultados obtidos pela investigação devem ser utilizados em prol do desenvolvimento das respetivas regiões rurais. Por fim, sublinha-se o facto do modelo desenvolvido nesta investigação ser passível de aplicar a outras regiões rurais.
This thesis focuses on the dynamics of rural tourism and its implications for rural development. To this end we resorted to mobilizing a set of knowledge, particularly in the area of rural tourism, rural development and marketing of rural destinations. After a thorough review of the literature of each of these topics, we define the research hypotheses and model analysis. The research hypotheses allowed us to actually test some of the relationships we considered, which are, therefore, relevant in relation to the issue of research. These hypotheses focused on the promoters of supply and rural population. On the one hand, we wanted to examine the relationship between the entrepreneurs´ profile, their motivations for creating tourist businesses and the marketing activities implemented. On the other hand, it was essential to observe the impact of tourism on the local population. It was assumed that this is manifested not only in personal benefits enjoyed, but also by level of positive and negative perceptions. After we have integrated the research hypotheses, the model was tested in two rural regions that have the features of poor regions, but at the same time a tremendous potential for tourism. A part of these regions is even a World Heritage Site. Taking this last finding into account, complementary hypotheses were also presented regarding the existence of differences between regions (in terms of entrepreneurs and residents). These tasks required both primary and secondary data to be collected. After collecting the collection of primary information, the data were processed and analyzed in the light of the theoretical perspectives provided. The results obtained from the study have identified significant relationships between the profile of the entrepreneur, their motivations for opening the business, economic objectives and marketing activities developed in the business. On the other hand, the results have confirmed the existence of significant relationships between personal benefits received and both positive and negative perceptions developed by residents and between them and satisfaction and support for tourism. It is further considered that the outcomes of research should be used to develop these rural regions. Finally, it is emphasized that the model developed in this research is likely to apply to other rural areas.

The subject of this thesis is the UK rural touring theatre sector, and the possibility of formal innovation for rural touring. My research has been funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council as part of their Collaborative Doctoral Awards scheme, and has come about as a result of a partnership between The University of Nottingham and New Perspectives Theatre Company, which has enabled a combination of theoretical and practice-based research. In the rural touring sector, companies like New Perspectives tour productions to village halls and other community venues, where work is programmed by volunteer promoters. This area of the UK theatre ecology is thriving, but overlooked in academic studies of theatre. I argue that rural touring is distinct from theatre taking place in non-rural contexts in its audiences, places of performance and distribution model. Audience members tend to know each other, and their reasons for attendance often include a wish to socialise with fellow members of their community instead of, or as well as, a desire for a particular artistic experience. Rural touring venues are usually multi-purpose community spaces, used for exercise classes and social groups alongside their use as performance venues. Staff at regional touring schemes act as intermediaries in the distribution model, brokering the booking process between companies and promoters, whose programming choices may be governed by their role as members of the audience community. This thesis expands on scholarship related to theatre audiences and places of performance by highlighting these differences and their implications. The practice-based aspect of my research focuses on the possibility of formal innovation for rural touring, in particular interactive and site-specific work, thus contributing to both scholarship and practice in these areas. Through an examination of existing theory and practice of interactivity, alongside a discussion of New Perspectives’ reasons for investigating interactive work, I lay the groundwork for a practical research project exploring interactivity for rural touring. My approach is informed by Gareth White’s frameworks for analysing audience participation and in particular his proposal of an ‘horizon of participation’ and an ‘horizon of risk’. Something Blue, a pilot performance I created for a rural audience, revealed a specific rural horizon of risk, shaped by the fact that rural audience members tend to know each other, and that their willingness to interact is governed by their perception of the risk of the loss of social capital. My second practical research project explored site-specificity. My examination of existing theory and practice in this area reveals a lack of attention paid to the existing relationship an audience has to the place where a performance occurs. This is a significant factor in rural touring where audiences are drawn from communities of location. I draw on theories of place from geographers including Doreen Massey and Gillian Rose in order to propose an ‘horizon of place’ as a framework for understanding an audience member’s prior experience and knowledge of place. Building on this framework and considering New Perspectives’ reasons for exploring site-specific work, I set out the intentions of my second pilot performance. This performance, Homing, tested ways of engaging with place in a rural touring context. The results of this second pilot revealed a significant difference between the rural audiences’ insider horizons of place, and the company’s outsider horizon of place. My research demonstrated that this difference needs to be taken into account when creating place-related work for rural touring. Alongside my two pilot performances, I discuss interviews I conducted with several practitioners working in the rural touring sector. In my final chapter I consider current changes to the wider sector and potential future models for rural touring. My study reveals rural touring as a thriving and ambitious component of the UK theatre industry, and one deserving of scholarly attention.

Notre these pose le probleme de l'usage des "projets" comme outils de developpement. En s'appuyant sur l'etude de deux experiences de developpement rural integre au togo, nous nous interrogeons sur l'aptitude des projets a aporter des solutions aux besoins des populations rurales. Nos reflexions et critiques sur ce qu'on appelle communement "l'approche par projet" se resument en quatre idees de base : 1- les projets sont un lieu de conflit ou coexistent deux logiques essentiellement antinomiques : d'un cote la logique scientiste des "developpeurs", d'un cote la logique traditionnaliste des populations rurales. 2- la reussite apparente des projets cache des echecs inavoues. 3- le developpement par projets est une pratique normative, autoritaire qui tend a integrer les paysans dans un systeme ou ils n'ont ni prix ni pouvoir. 4- la formule rigide "d'aide par projet doit etre corrigee au profit de processus d'appuis a des initiatives locales. Notre conclusion s'inspire d'une croyance selon laquelle en matiere de developpement, il est presomptueux de proposer des alternatives rigides a un systeme. Pour ce faire nous decrivons et proposons l'elimination progressive des obstacles connus du system des projets; il s'ensuit que nous prechons pour l'essentiel, que dans les projets la priorite soit donnee a la satisfaction des besoins tels qu'ils sont formules par les paysans, d'ou que soient pas simplement appeles pour executer un developpement pense a l'exterieur mais qu'ils soient plutot aides dans l'invention d'un developpement voulu par eux-memes
Our thesis raises the problem of "the projects" used as tools of development. Taking into account the analysis of two experiences of rural development set up in togo, we are wondering about the ability of the projects to provide solutions for the nee ds of the rural populations. Our reflexions and criticisms, about what we call commonly "the approach by a project", can be summed up in four fondamental ideas: 1- the projects are a place of conflict where two essentially antinomic logics are coexisting : on one hand the scientistic logic of "the developers", and on the other hand the traditionalist logic of rural populations. 2-the evident success of the projects brides failures. 3- the development by projects is a prescriptive and authoritarian practice which aims at integrating the farmers into a system in which they hold nothing and they have no power. 4- the inflexible formula of aid by project must be adjusted to the benefit of support processes for local initiatives. Our conclusion is inspired by a belief according to which, in matter of development, it is presumptions to propose rigid alternatives to a system. In that way, we propose and describe the progressive elimination of obstacles of the projects system. Essentiall lly, we propose that the first priority is to satisfy the needs defined by the farmers. But the task of the farmers is not only to execute a program of development which has been worked out abroad ; on the contrary they must be helped in order to set a development they themselves wanted

On the most basic level, this project fulfills the requirements of a firestation. Elevated to another level, it represents an exploration into the differentiation of things. Geometry gives a formal order, material gives an appreciation of reality. With these, opportunities are created for a richness in architecture; places for man and for machine, places for one and for many. That which is permanent and that which is not. That which knows the earth and that which knows the sky. That which makes us question and that which does not.
Master of Architecture

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias.
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Entre os grandes problemas ambientais, destaca-se a erosão do solo agrícola. Os trabalhos acadêmicos relacionados ao estudo da erosão e de extensão rural desenvolvidos com a intenção de controlá-la têm sido inspirados em uma abordagem que aponta, como solução à questão, essencialmente o conhecimento técnico. E apesar de a erosão ser um problema que afeta toda a sociedade, a responsabilidade de ações visando seu controle competiria apenas à população rural. Assim, a despeito da profundidade com que é conhecido o processo erosivo e das soluções técnicas disponíveis, verifica-se ainda bem presente o problema da erosão. Neste trabalho é discutida a possibilidade de estabelecimento de um processo compensatório da população urbana às comunidades rurais que bem desempenhassem no controle da erosão, como um encaminhamento alternativo à questão. Discute-se a possibilidade de utilização de uma determinada metodologia de avaliação ambiental, como uma maneira de objetivamente demonstrar o desempenho de diferentes comunidades rurais no controle da erosão, bem como de argumentar em favor de um reconhecimento por seu resultado particular no alcance de um objetivo coletivo - o controle da erosão. São feitas algumas sugestões à aplicação daquela metodologia, apontando-se para uma real possibilidade de um processo de objetiva avaliação e justa compensação do desempenho ambiental associado à erosão. Ao considerar-se a percepção de atores sociais direta ou indiretamente empenhados no controle da erosão, evidencia-se uma forte valorização da estreita relação entre erosão e regime de vazão e qualidade de águas, o que reforça a proposta aqui discutida de que o Comitê de Bacia Hidrográfica seja a instância adequada para o necessário processo de negociação social.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Sócio-Econômico
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O objetivo do presente estudo consiste em analisar a proposta de formação das Casas Familiares Rurais e a sua prática a partir de um estudo de caso, na qual tem sua origem no modelo das Maisons Familiales Rurales francesas. Utilizam como método de ensino a Pedagogia da Alternância onde o jovem passa uma semana na Casa Familiar e duas semanas na propriedade aplicando na prática o aprendizado adquirido na instituição, na semana anterior. É desta forma que acontece na França, no Brasil e em outros países. A proposta é considerada uma alternativa de formação para jovens filhos de agricultores. Em Santa Catarina este modelo de ensino tem se expandido através de parcerias envolvendo organizações governamentais e não-governamentais, principalmente as vinculadas à agricultura e à educação. O estudo procurou resgatar as origens do projeto, com ênfase nas experiências Catarinense, no intuito de compreender a realidade da experiência no Estado

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo.
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Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal a análise do processo de elaboração do primeiro Plano Diretor de Papanduva, pequeno município predominantemente agrícola localizado no planalto norte catarinense, no período compreendido entre fevereiro e outubro de 2006. A emergência das discussões sobre a importância do mundo rural e suas relações com o urbano, a falta de referencial teórico e prático sobre o planejamento territorial rural e os poucos exemplos de experiências de elaboração de Planos Diretores em municípios rurais, motivaram estas reflexões. Durante a revisão teórica ficou claro que o conceito de ruralidade ainda está em construção, ainda há muito pré-conceito e desconhecimento em relação a este mundo e seus potenciais. O Brasil urbano precisa se voltar para o campo, tratando-o de igual para igual, direcionando seu desenvolvimento para o interior. Ao longo do trabalho são apresentados: a realidade do município de Papanduva, a metodologia utilizada no Plano Diretor, uma análise dos resultados para verificar se a metodologia esteve adequada à realidade agrícola do município e finalmente as conclusões, entre elas, a de que não existe uma única metodologia de planejamento territorial aplicável aos municípios rurais. O que pode haver é uma concepção a partir da realidade rural, que é muito diversa e heterogênea, fazendo um contraponto à concepção excessivamente urbano do Estatuto da Cidade. This work had as main objective the analysis of the process of elaboration of the first Master plan of Papanduva, small-located rural municipal district in the plateau north Santa Catarina, in the period understood between February and October of 2006. The emergency of the discussions about the importance of the rural world and their relationships with the urban, the lack of theoretical and practical referential on the rural territorial planning and the few examples of experiences of elaboration of Master plans in rural municipal districts, they motivated these reflections. During the revision theoretical, of course this concept is still in construction, there are still a lot of pré-concept and ignorance in relation to this fantastic world and of so many potentials. Urban Brazil needs to return for the field, treating him of equal for equal, addressing his/her development for the municipal districts of the interior. Along the healthy work presented the municipal district of Papanduva, the methodology used in the Master plan, an analysis of the results to verify the methodology was adapted to the agricultural reality of the municipal district and finally the conclusions, among them, the that a single applicable methodology doesn't exist to the rural municipal districts. The one that can have is a conception starting from the rural reality, that it is very several and variable in the whole national territory, making a counterpoint excessively to the conception urban of the Statute of the City.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Educação. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação.
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Este trabalho propõe uma reflexão acerca da experiência das escolas rurais multisseriadas a partir do apontamento e discussão de elementos inerentes ao seu universo, bem como do conhecimento de práticas e rotinas pedagógicas estabelecidas em uma escola rural multisseriada da região Sul do Brasil. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, com viés etnográfico, onde as estratégias utilizadas foram convívio com a comunidade, construção de diário de campo e entrevistas semiestruturadas. As reflexões assinalam para a natureza distinta do trabalho pedagógico estabelecido nas escolas rurais multisseriadas, bem como para a impossibilidade de compreendê-lo por meio de critérios de avaliação e controle escolar urbano-centrados. Nas referidas escolas, a atuação abrangente e contextualizada das professoras confere às crianças experiência de ensino significativa, à medida que as envolvendo em todas as demandas da escola, possibilitam um aprender e ensinar constituído por meio do protagonismo destas em relação a seus próprios processos de aprendizagem, resultando, freqüentemente, em aquisição de autonomia e solidariedade, valores fundamentais à uma educação que se pretenda emancipadora.
This paper proposes a reflection about the experience of multigrade rural schools from pointing and discussing elements inherent of their universe, as well as from knowing practices and routines teaching from a multigrade rural school established in the south of Brazil. It is a qualitative research, conducted through ethnographic biased, where the strategies used have been: staying with the community, write a field diary and apply semi-structured interviews. The reflections indicate the different nature of pedagogical work established in multigrade rural schools, as well as the inability to understand it through urban-centered criteria for evaluating and controlling schools. In these schools, the comprehensive and contextualized work promoted by the teachers offers the children a significant learning experience, by involving them in all the demands of school, providing a learning and teaching process through the establish of a protagonism of these in relation to their own learning processes, resulting often in the acquisition of autonomy and solidarity, values that are fundamental to an education that is intended to be liberating.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Produção.
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As administrações públicas municipais estão a cada dia com mais atribuições e responsabilidades, quer seja por delegação do Governo Federal e Estadual, ou pela prática da cidadania que a comunidade vem exercendo, ou pelo aumento do nível de conscientização da população, através de cobranças, exigência de participação no processo, necessidade por estarem mais próximos do poder público. O objetivo deste trabalho é propor um modelo de gestão para avaliar, através da aplicação do método M.A.I.S - Método de avaliação de indicadores de sustentabilidade organizacional, a sustentabilidade das políticas públicas para o setor rural. A pesquisa exploratória qualitativa, através da análise dos dados levantados, permite fazer algumas considerações sobre a sustentabilidade das políticas públicas rurais do município de Marechal Cândido Rondon. A pesquisa busca contribuir para a elaboração de um planejamento municipal sustentável, em todos os aspectos avaliados. Com a avaliação dos indicadores de sustentabilidade, puderam-se fazer algumas ponderações e sugestões para a melhoria nos aspectos econômicos, sociais, ambientais e culturais, visando à busca da sustentabilidade para o setor rural. The Municipal Public Administration acquires, each day that goes by, more tasks and responsibilities, whether it is by the delegation of the Federal and State Government or by the practice of citizenship that the community started to exert or by the increase of the population level of awareness or through internal and external pressure or by the population participative process in the decisions or by the necessity to approach population and public power. The objective of this work is to evaluate, through the application of M.A.I.S. method, - Evaluation Method of organizational self-sustenance indicators -, the supportability of public politics for the rural sector, in the city of Marechal Candido Rondon. The qualitative exploratory research, through the analysis of the found out data and the half-structured interviews, allows the study of some considerations about the supportability of rural public politics of the city. This study aims to contribute for the elaboration of a supportable municipal planning in all the evaluated aspects of self-sustenance. From the result of the evaluation of the self-sustenance indicators applying the method it was possible to make some balances and proposals of improvement for the city in economic, social, environmental and cultural aspects having in view the supportability to the rural sector.

Passé et futur, en milieu rural français, ne se conjuguent plus et les anomalies objectives se généralisent du point de vue spatial. Nous éclaircissons, en conséquence, la pusillanimité stratégique du questionnement intellectuel rural basé sur l'ouverture non-agricole croissante à partir de l'économie agricole, au niveau de sa capacité à saisir la mutation des milieux ruraux contemporains. Parallèlement, l'hégémonie de la ville et l'extension aveugle de l'urbanisation des plus petits villages, via le retournement de tendance du solde migratoire ont dévoilé l'énigme d'une nouvelle économie rurale de reconquêtes, assurant l'attractivité des hommes. Dès lors, la reconstruction d'un modèle rural pluriel, territorial, combinant temps et patrimoines a réhabilité le mode de production artisanal, dans la perspective de la conquête de la nouvelle frontière post-industrielle à l'entrée du XXe siècle.

[ES] El emprendimiento rural es un área en desarrollo y motiva el interés de los gobiernos y los actores involucrados en la búsqueda de revitalizar espacios que históricamente se han venido marginando por la migración de la población en busca de oportunidades a las zonas urbanas y el escape a un conflicto armado de más de 50 años como el caso de Colombia, siendo un país que cuenta con una amplia extensión rural que llega al 96% del territorio. La mejora en la percepción de la seguridad debido al proceso de paz firmado en 2016 en la Habana (Cuba) y la disminución del conflicto armado en Departamentos como Antioquia presenta una vocación rural importante permite que se desarrollen nuevas apuestas empresariales en zonas que antes estaban vedadas por el conflicto armado. Motivado en lo anterior, en esta tesis se explora la actividad emprendedora de los estudiantes conectados con la ruralidad como lo son los de las Facultades de Ciencias Agrarias del Departamento de Antioquia. La primera parte de la tesis se centra en una revisión bibliográfica sobre la evolución del rol del emprendedor rural y del concepto del emprendimiento en sí, en esta parte se denota un cambio en la concepción de pasar de la creación de empresas solo pensando en la función agrícola, para transitar hacia la creación de empresas que no necesariamente son agrícolas, pero se ubican en un territorio rural, lo que da cabida a otro tipo de emprendimientos y una nueva forma de ver al emprendimiento rural. La segunda parte de la tesis realiza la exploración del marco normativo en Colombia para el emprendimiento, dejando ver que a pesar de tener una amplia extensión rural que llega al 99% del territorio del país, el desarrollo legislativo y de apoyo al emprendimiento rural es pobre, razón por la cual se convierte en una oportunidad para desarrollar estos territorios en un marco de posconflicto en Colombia. En tercer lugar, a través del examen preliminar del desarrollo de una fase exploratoria de trabajo de campo de estudios de caso, se pudo notar que los jóvenes participantes tienen interés por desarrollar apuestas empresariales en la ruralidad y generar empleo, no necesariamente se motivan por dinero, utilizan la innovación y la creatividad para compensar los desequilibrios del mercado. Aunque existen dificultades debido a la falta de apoyo estatal, marco normativo, dificultades para acceder al financiamiento y que no existe un ecosistema de emprendimiento rural. En cuarto lugar, se identificaron los impulsores, las barreras y las motivaciones para el emprendimiento rural. Se realizó mediante la consulta a expertos y el método Delphi que permitió la construcción de un instrumento al cual se realizaron las respectivas pruebas de fiabilidad tanto a la idoneidad de los expertos como al resultado de las variables en sí. En quinto lugar, el desarrollo del trabajo de campo, permite conocer la incidencia de los aspectos sociodemográficos en la actividad emprendedora de los jóvenes denominados "millennials" en la ruralidad de Antioquia, encontrándose que quienes tienen una mayor actividad son personas pertenecientes a clases altas mayoritariamente hombres, con estudios de posgrado, provenientes de familias donde los padres tienen al menos titulación universitaria, con situación distinta a soltero y con un rango de edad que oscila entre los 32 a 38 años. En sexto lugar, se analizó la competitividad de las empresas reportadas por los participantes del estudio, mediante un índice multidimensional encontrándose que la competitividad de las iniciativas se podría catalogar como media, solo exceptuándose alta en pocos casos como algunas empresas dedicadas a servicios para el agro, notándose que los puntos con mayor dificultad son la estrategia competitiva y el marketing. Por último, se analizó la actividad emprendedora en función de la intención emprendedora, la edad del encuestado, la edad de la empresa definida según los cr
[CA] L'emprendiment rural és una àrea en desenrotllament i motiva l'interés dels governs i els actors involucrats en la busca de revitalitzar espais que històricament s'han marginat per la migració de la població a la cerca d'oportunitats en les zones urbanes i la fuga a un conflicte armat de més de 50 anys com el cas de Colòmbia, sent un país que compta amb una àmplia extensió rural que arriba al 96% del territori La millora en la percepció de la seguretat a causa del procés de pau firmat en 2016 en l'Havana (Cuba) i la disminució del conflicte armat en Departaments com Antiòquia que també presenta una vocació rural important permet que es desenrotllen noves apostes empresarials en zones que abans estaven vedades pel conflicte armat Motivat en l'anterior, este treball s'explora l'activitat emprenedora d'estudiants connectats amb la ruralitat com ho són els de les Facultats de Ciències Agràries del Departament d'Antiòquia La primera part de la tesi se centra a fer una revisió bibliogràfica sobre l'evolució del rol de l'emprenedor rural i del concepte de l'emprenedoria en si, en esta part es denota un canvi en la concepció de passar de la creació d'empreses només pensant en la funció agrícola, per a transitar cap a la creació d'empreses que no necessàriament són agrícoles, però s'ubiquen en un territori rural, la qual cosa dóna cabuda a un altre tipus d'emprenedories i una nova forma de veure a l'emprenedoria rural. La segona part de la tesi realitza l'exploració del marc normatiu a Colòmbia per a l'emprenedoria, deixant veure que a pesar de tindre una àmplia extensió rural que arriba al 99% del territori del país, el desenrotllament legislatiu i de suport a l'emprendimiento rural és pobre, raó per la qual es convertix en una oportunitat per a desenrotllar estos territoris en un marc de postconflicte a Colòmbia En tercer lloc, l'exploració preliminar a través del desenrotllament d'una fase exploradora de treball de camp per mitjà de la documentació d'estudis de cas, es va poder notar que els jóvens participants tenen interés per desenrotllar apostes empresarials en la ruralitat i generar ocupació, no necessàriament es motiven per diners, utilitzen la innovació i la creativitat per a compensar els desequilibris del mercat, encara que hi ha dificultats degut a la falta de suport estatal, marc normatiu, dificultats per a accedir al finançament i la no existència d'un ecosistema d'emprenedoria rural. En quart lloc, es van identificar impulsors, barreres i motivacions per a l'emprenedoria rural per mitjà de la consulta a experts i el mètode Delphi que va permetre la construcció d'un instrument al qual es van realitzar les respectives proves de fiabilitat tant a la idoneïtat dels experts com al resultat de les variables en si. En quint lloc el desenrotllament del treball de camp, permet conéixer la incidència dels aspectes sociodemogràfics en l'activitat emprenedora dels jóvens denominats millennials; en la ruralitat d'Antiòquia, trobant-se que els que tenen una major activitat són persones pertanyents a classes altes majoritàriament hòmens, amb estudis de postgrau, provinents de famílies on els pares tenen almenys titulació universitària, amb situació diferent de la solteria i amb un rang d'edat que oscil·la entre els 32 a 38 anys. En sext lloc, s'analitze la competitivitat de les empreses reportades pels participants de l'estudi, per mitjà d'un índex multidimensional trobant-se que la competitivitat de les iniciatives es podria catalogar com mitja, només exceptuant-se alta en pocs casos i notant-se que els punts amb més dificultat són estratègia competitiva i màrqueting. Finalment, s'analitze l'activitat emprenedora en funció de la intenció emprenedora, l'edat de l'enquestat, l'edat de l'empresa definida segons els criteris del projecte GEM i l'índex de fre, el qual abrivament un model logit multinomial que mostra la incidència d'estos factors en
[EN] Rural entrepreneurship is a developing area and motivates the interest of governments and actors involved in the search to revitalize spaces that have historically been marginalized by the migration of the population in search of opportunities in urban areas and the escape from an armed conflict of more than 50 years as is the case of Colombia, being a country that has a large rural area that reaches 96% of the territory. The improvement in the perception of security due to the peace process signed in 2016 in Havana (Cuba) and the decrease in the armed conflict in departments such as Antioquia, which also has an important rural vocation, allows the development of new business ventures in areas previously closed to the armed conflict. Motivated by the above, this work explores the entrepreneurial activity of students connected to rurality, such as those from the Faculties of Agrarian Sciences of the Department of Antioquia. The first part of the thesis focuses on a bibliographic review of the evolution of the role of the rural entrepreneur and the concept of entrepreneurship itself. This part shows a change in the concept of moving from the creation of companies only thinking about the agricultural function, to the creation of companies that are not necessarily agricultural but are located in a rural territory, which allows for other types of enterprises and a new way of seeing rural entrepreneurship. The second part of the thesis explores the regulatory framework in Colombia for entrepreneurship, showing that despite having a large rural extension that reaches 99% of the country's territory, legislative development and support for rural entrepreneurship is poor, which is why it becomes an opportunity to develop these territories in a post-conflict framework in Colombia. Thirdly, the preliminary exploration through the development of an exploratory phase of fieldwork through the documentation of case studies, it could be noted that the young participants are interested in developing entrepreneurial bets in rurality and generate employment, they are not necessarily motivated by money, they use innovation and creativity to compensate for market imbalances, although there are difficulties due to the lack of state support, regulatory framework, difficulties in accessing funding and the non-existence of an ecosystem of rural entrepreneurship. Fourth, the drivers, barriers, and motivations for rural entrepreneurship were identified through consultation with experts and the Delphi method, which made it possible to construct an instrument for which the respective reliability tests were carried out on both the suitability of the experts and the outcome of the variables themselves. Fifthly, the development of the fieldwork, allows us to know the incidence of the sociodemographic aspects in the enterprising activity of the young people called "millennials" in the rural areas of Antioquia, being found that those who have a greater activity are people belonging to high classes, mainly men, with postgraduate studies, coming from families where the parents have at least a university degree, with a situation different from that of being single and with an age range that oscillates between 32 and 38 years old. In sixth place, it was analyzed the competitiveness of the companies reported by the participants of the study, through a multidimensional index being found that the competitiveness of the initiatives could be cataloged as average, only excepting high in few cases and noticing that the points with greater difficulty are competitive strategy and marketing. Finally, the entrepreneurial activity was analyzed according to the entrepreneurial intention, the age of the respondent, the age of the company defined by the criteria of the GEM project, and the braking index, which gave a multinomial logit model that shows the impact of these factors on the probability of entrepreneurial activity...
Arias Vargas, FJ. (2021). Actividad emprendedora de los millennials en Antioquia (Colombia) [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/164046
TESIS

Mestrado em Comunicação e Educação em Ciência
Esta dissertação trata de comunicação e estratégias participativas para a sustentabilidade no rural de baixa densidade que ocupa mais de metade de Portugal Continental (Baptista, 2006), esquecido e em declínio no mapa da sociedade globalizada. A investigação parte do argumento de que as estratégias de comunicação podem contribuir para ‘repor o rural no mapa’, diminuindo a interioridade e a exclusão, promovendo o rural como local de consumo, incentivando o envolvimento das populações rumo à sustentabilidade. Na primeira parte do trabalho, analisam-se as principais tendências do rural, onde a multifuncionalidade e a valorização dos recursos são tópicos fundamentais. Na segunda, sugere-se um desenvolvimento sustentável das áreas rurais associado à qualidade dos produtos, à valorização dos recursos naturais, à diversificação de funções e à participação. O reforço das competências locais e das redes de cooperação enquadram abordagens de proximidade, como a animação/mediação para o desenvolvimento. Na terceira parte, destaca-se o papel da comunicação para o desenvolvimento rural, através da comunicação e educação, comunicação externa e da identificação das necessidades dos clientes mais comuns: os citadinos. Na quarta parte, a análise dos dois projectos - Cooperativa Mais Além e o Projecto Criar Raízes - inclui seis entrevistas e inquérito a uma amostra por quotas da população de seis aldeias localizadas no Sítio Rede Natura “Serras da Freita e Arada”. Da evidência empírica recolhida, emergem algumas conclusões, das quais se destacam: o contributo da animação/mediação para o envolvimento da comunidade nas acções de desenvolvimento e ainda o facto da que a comunicação externa incentiva a transformação social, podendo impulsionar o rural como local de consumo. Assim, propõe-se uma abordagem ao desenvolvimento rural através da animação/mediação, usando a metodologia da investigação-acção e as ferramentas da comunicação, como a comunicação e educação e a comunicação externa, no sentido de ’repor o rural profundo no mapa’. Sugere-se uma intervenção em três fases, sendo a primeira a da animação que conduz à transformação social e adaptação das comunidades às exigências da sociedade actual, uma segunda fase intermédia de aquisição de competências e a fase da ‘sustentabilidade’. ABSTRACT: This thesis deals with the topic of participative strategies for sustainable development in low density rural areas (Baptista, 2006). These areas represent more than a half of the Continental Portuguese territory and they have been forgotten and marginalized (almost removed ‘from the map’) in the ambit of the globalised society. The thesis has as main argument that adequate communication strategies will help to put rural areas on the map again, making them better places to live in and at the same time promoting local communities’ participation. This means that communication could represent a powerful tool to rural areas’ sustainability. The first of the 4 main parts deals with the transformations on rural areas, in which multifunctionality, environmental issues and the social valorization of natural resources are fundamental topics. On the second part we aim to debate the operationalization and application of sustainable development concept in the rural areas’ context, through local products quality, natural resources’ valorization and diversification of functions; as well as through local communities’ participation and empowerment. Another important aspect is the analysis of the cooperation networks that underlie ‘proximity’ approaches as animation/mediation. On the third part of this thesis we debate the role of communication to rural development strategies, through the analysis of the processes of education and communication and through the identification of the needs of the more common rural consumers: the urban dwellers. The fourth part is devoted to the analysis of the two case studies considered on this thesis: the ‘Cooperativa Mais Além’ and the ‘Criar Raízes’ project. On this part we also present the main hypotheses and the methodology followed, including the procedures of construction and application of the interviews and questionnaires. The field work included interviews to the presidents of ‘Juntas de Freguesia’ (presidents of the parishes) and animators of the two projects mentioned, as well as questionnaires to a quota sample of the inhabitants of six communities, located on the Natura Network Site ‘Serras da Freita e Arada’. The empirical evidence collected conducted to some important conclusions, such as the contribution of the animation/mediation processes to local populations’ involvement in the local development strategies and actions; in fact external communication processes could foster social change, transforming rural areas as consumption places. Based on the empirical evidence analysed we proposed that rural sustainable development could be operationalized through animation/mediation processes, using a researchaction methodology. These processes could contribute to put rural remote areas ‘back in the map’. For that we suggest an three phase intervention, being the first one animation (which conducts to social change), a second one an intermediate step in the local communities adaptation to the modern society’ demands and the final one the rural sustainability phase.

Background: Customers’ easy access to information and communications technology has increased the pressure for firms to deliver good experiences within tourism. This is due to that customers can now easily compare tourism services between different firms online. The quality of experiences is affected by good service delivery that can be improved by several actors within a service ecosystem. Furthermore, service delivery leads to value co-creation between all the actors that are involved. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine how firms can create good experiences via service ecosystems and how they can co-create value with local service providers. Methodology: The study follows a qualitative research approach. Findings are based on an embedded case study consisting of interviews, observation participation and information from secondary sources such as official documents and documents from the case firm. Findings: Travel firm scan create good experiences by having an organisational culture and structure that increases commitment within the organization and service ecosystem. This can be achieved by aligning organisational goals with the goals of the actors within the service ecosystem. Furthermore, experiences can be improved by technology since it allows for smoother communication within the ecosystem. Good experiences can lead to brand value, which can result in positive electronic word of mouth and more customers. More customers increase economic value within the service ecosystem, which can increase the standard of living for local service providers. In addition, service ecosystems can yield intangible value from social and environmental aspects.

Cette recherche est consacrée a l'évolution des relations sociales et économiques au Mali dans le cadre des rapports Nord-Sud. L'étude a pour support une opération de développement rurale: l'opération N'Dama (une opération d'élevage). La première partie est consacrée à l'analyse de la corrélation existant entre l'alimentation et le sous-développement. L'influence de l'environnement sanitaire sur le régime nutritionnel est un facteur non négligeable. Nous notons dans cette partie, la richesse de la ration alimentaire des citadins par rapport à celle des ruraux. La deuxième partie montre l'évolution acquise dans le développement pastoral à travers l'exemple de l'opération n'dama: l'alimentation, la santé animale, etc. . . Cette méthode nouvelle est encouragée pour permettre l'augmentation du bétail, qui a accusé une forte baisse (90 à 60%) lors de la grande sécheresse de 1972-1973. Dans la troisième partie, notre objectif est d'appréhender et de comprendre les rapports Nord-Sud et leur problématique. La complexité des relations économiques entre les pays riches et pays pauvres, est mis en évidence. L'interdépendance du Sud et du Nord, soulève d'énormes problèmes, entrainant des retombées sur les politiques et les systèmes. Ses incidences sur les perspectives de développement sont remarquables. L'analyse des problèmes techniques, économiques et sociaux de l'aide, demeure indispensable

China has achieved unprecedented economic growth and consequent successes in poverty alleviation over the past three decades of economic liberalization and market-oriented reforms. Yet, in order to continue its progress in poverty reduction, while addressing pressing environmental and sociopolitical concerns, it is crucial for China’s leaders to achieve and sustain green, equitable, and robust economic performance in all parts of China. This thesis argues that a reconceptualized and strengthened rural industrialization program would enable China to maintain economic growth and assist with the transition to a domestically driven consumer economy. Moreover, rural industrialization, coupled with targeted administrative and institutional policy modifications, will enable the Chinese government to provide support to millions of its rural poor, thus avoiding social instability and potentially severe internal conflicts. Such a program would also lessen pollution and its associated costs on China’s densely populated cities, by shifting heavy urban industries to relatively less contaminated areas while adopting cleaner, environmentally sustainable technologies, introduced in a participatory manner in consultation with local communities. This approach would concurrently address regional, rural-to-urban, and intra-communal disparities, provide opportunity for “green growth” initiatives, and better equip rural populations to address growing vulnerabilities as a result of climate change.

The purpose of this study was to determine the reasons high-quality rural veteran educators choose to remain in small, rural district settings and to identify common factors among small rural school districts that have high numbers of highly qualified veteran teachers. The study is relevant to school leaders and school boards within small rural communities seeking to develop policies and encourage strategies to keep high-quality educators from leaving districts. The motivation-hygiene theory of job satisfaction developed by Herzberg, Mausner, and Snyderman (1993), coupled with Rosenholtz’s (1989) 10 essential components for working together were utilized throughout the study to evaluate the motivations of high-quality veteran rural educators. A self-administered survey and telephone interviews were utilized to gather data, which revealed high-quality veteran teachers choose to remain in the small, rural school setting due to intrinsic motivators. It was learned strong support from fellow educators and the community contributed to the desire of rural educators to remain employed within their districts. Data revealed educators were interested in autonomy within the classroom and support from administrators. Research indicated small, rural schools with high numbers of highly qualified veteran teachers have high levels of administrative support. These educators have a sense of belonging within their districts and high levels of job satisfaction. Opportunities for educators to collaborate are readily available and support is given through teacher evaluations. Additionally, these educators feel connections within their school communities, which enable them to better teach the district's students. Lastly, educators voiced school climate played a large role in their decisions to stay in the small, rural setting.

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Cuida a respeito do penhor rural a partir de alguns dos seus aspectos mais relevantes e suas vicissitudes. Como tema inserido no direito civil, o trabalho se inicia tratando das fontes do direito civil e cláusulas gerais do sistema moderno, tais como a dignidade da pessoa humana, autonomia privada, boa-fé objetiva, função social da propriedade e dos contratos. Diante da natureza jurídica do penhor rural trata em seguida dos direitos reais e peculiaridades desses direitos como garantia de outras obrigações, suas espécies e objeto. Propriamente no penhor rural, que engloba o penhor rural e o pecuário, tratou-se de seus requisitos (subjetivos, objetivos, formais e de conteúdo), formas de constituição, modificação e extinção, bem como ocorrências nas obrigações e seus reflexos no penhor. Foram abordadas as obrigações garantidas por penhor rural a partir de seus títulos de constituição, tratando do contrato e dos títulos de crédito garantidos pela espécie, dando-se especial ênfase à Cédula de Produto Rural, em razão da sua larga ocorrência e do parco tratamento doutrinário. Após, foram abordados alguns temas processuais, como forma de proteção, a medida cautelar para proteção da garantia e, para satisfação do crédito, a medida executiva. Por fim, cuidou-se de verificar alguns aspectos penais do desvio de bens objeto de penhor, tanto na esfera civil, a questão do depositário infiel, e, no âmbito penal procurou-se esclarecer a respeito do tipo penal de defraudação do penhor.

Over the last four decades Sierra Leone established several credit schemes to help farmers increase production, productivity and incomes. This was motivated by several factors including the high proportion of the population in agriculture, the relative poverty of farmers and their subsistencele vel of production. Cheap credit was seen as the appropriate instrument to achieve market-oriented production. But these schemes failed due mainly to concessionary interest rates, high default, lack of savings mobilisation, mismanagement and poor economic policies. In March, 1985, a rural banking scheme was launched to replace these failed schemes; and by 1994, eight rural banks were in operation. The main objectives were to mobilise savings and to provide credit to agriculture and other rural enterprises. In early 1990, it was realised that these banks were far from achieving these objectives. This study examines and identifies the factors responsible for their low levels of achievement. The study reveals that huge losses were made due to several reasons among which are low interest rates for savings and loans which were typically below market rates and inflation suggesting negative returns on interest income, high default, poor economic environment and poor market infrastructure. These factors made rural banks unsustainable and highly subsidy dependent. The study further reveals that informal financial sources (i. e. moneylenders and osusu clubs) have been rendering services for which rural banks were not designed, In addition, rural banks and their clients were incurring relatively higher transaction costs compared to the informal sources and their clients. The study therefore recommends a restructuring of rural banks and suggests policies to improve their operations. In the main, institution-building is recommended, and that the operational flexibility of the informal financial sector be incorporated into the policies of rural banks. We recognise that Sierra Leone is going through a period of internal conflict. But these recommendations need to be urgently implemented to forestall the collapse of these rural banks.

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The main objective of this research is to identify and analyse the rural extension projects, developed since 2003 by the Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco (IPA), for the youth of the rural way, of the community Brejinho da Serra, from the borough of Petrolândia, in Pernambuco. Specific, was intend to analyse the Rural politics Extension of the rural youth in the context of non agricultural activities, on the perspective of local development. Where consider vector of this analyses the as Catani and Gilioli (2008) considerations, Bourdieu (1983) and Cordeiro (2009) concerning the plurality and diversity of the youth; Figueiredo (1981) and Silva (2002) regarding the history of the Rural Extension in Brazil and their activities with the rural youth; Campanhola and Silva (2000), Del Grossi (2002) and Pires (2005) on the current analyses of the Brazilian rural way and the meaning that the no agricultures activities take part in this scenario; Oliveira (2001), Barth and Brose (2002) and Santos (2005) with the perspective of the Local Development. We have worked with the Rural Extension Projects from IPA for represent the main governamental organization responsable for the politics extensions in the State of Pernambuco, according Complementary Law 049/2003. Eight persons from 14 an 29 years were interviewed, with the purpose of analyse the reading of the youth regarding the Rural Extension projects from IPA, well as to know a little bit more the rural youth reality, therefore their potentials, their demands and their perspectives of the future. The study showed that the rural youth has not being considerate as main target specific by the Rural Extension from IPA politics, being insert in the projects only as benefit from certain programs and restrict at agricultural activities. We notice that the revivifications from the de Brejinho da Serra youth are about the demands from the public services, the leisure and the activities that can generate money for the community agricultural and non agricultural. Those complain seems to be a necessary condition for the youth remain in their environment and practice as protagonist in the social and economic development in their locality.
O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é identificar e analisar os projetos de Extensão Rural, desenvolvidos a partir de 2003, pelo Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco (IPA), para os jovens do meio rural, na comunidade Brejinho da Serra, no município de Petrolândia, em Pernambuco. Especificamente, pretendemos analisar as políticas de Extensão Rural do IPA para a juventude rural no âmbito das atividades não agrícolas, na perspectiva do desenvolvimento local. Considerou-se como vetores desta análise as considerações de Catani e Gilioli (2008), Bourdieu (1983) e Cordeiro (2009) acerca a pluralidade e diversidade da juventude; Figueiredo (1981) e Silva (2002) na relação da história da Extensão Rural no Brasil e suas atividades com a juventude rural; Campanhola e Silva (2000), Del Grossi (2002) e Pires (2005) nas análises do meio rural brasileiro na atualidade e a importância que assumem as atividades não agrícolas neste cenário; Oliveira (2001), Barth e Brose (2002) e Santos (2005) com a perspectiva do Desenvolvimento Local. Trabalhamos com os projetos de Extensão Rural do IPA por representar a principal organização governamental responsável pelas políticas extensionistas no estado de Pernambuco, conforme Lei Complementar 049/2003. Foram entrevistados oito jovens entre 14 a 29 anos de idade, tendo como objetivo analisar a leitura que os jovens fazem em relação aos projetos de Extensão Rural do IPA, bem como conhecer um pouco da realidade da juventude rural, isto é, suas potencialidades, suas demandas e suas perspectivas de futuro. O estudo mostrou que a juventude rural não vem sendo considerada como público-alvo específico pelas políticas de Extensão Rural do IPA, estando inserida nos projetos apenas como beneficiária de determinados programas e restrita às atividades agrícolas. Observamos que as reivindicações dos jovens de Brejinho da Serra dizem respeito às demandas pelos serviços públicos, pelo lazer e pelas atividades que possam gerar renda na comunidade, tanto agrícolas quanto não agrícolas. Essas reivindicações parecem ser as condições necessárias para que os jovens permaneçam em seus ambientes e exerçam um papel de protagonismo no desenvolvimento social e econômico de sua localidade.