Дисертації з теми "Rural-urban gap"
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1
Chapman, Heather Renee Brown. "THE STAKEHOLDER GAP LENS: TEACHER AND PARENTAL PERCEPTIONS OF THE ACHIEVEMENT GAP IN KENTUCKY'S PUBLIC SCHOOLS." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/stem_etds/12.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The research around the achievement gap is extensive. However, regardless that the term “achievement gap” is so widely used in academia today, there is often confusion surrounding what the achievement gap is. This study seeks to answer three research questions: (1) To what extent does an achievement gap exist among different subgroups of students in Kentucky’s K-12 public schools? (2) How do the perceptions of parents and teachers interact with decision-making? (3) How do the ideas of parents and teachers regarding closing the achievement gap compare?
This research examines perceptions of the existence of an achievement gap in Kentucky’s public schools from the perspectives of two groups of stakeholders: parents and teachers. This study aims to identify trends in thinking about the existence of an achievement gap, how information is communicated, and how stakeholders think gaps can be closed.
The results of this study indicate that stakeholders have a general understanding of the achievement gap; however, methods of communication with parents need strengthening. Findings show that Kentucky schools with gaps tend to have multiple subgroups, rather than a single group, performing lower than their peers, but stakeholders have mixed ideas on closing these gaps.
2
Bandara, Nirodha Anuththari. "Education, sectoral choice and the urban-rural welfare gap in Sri Lanka." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/42491/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis is centred on three core issues in the context of Sri Lanka - the rates of returns to education across individuals in different types of employment, the contributors towards the urban-rural welfare gap for the years 2002 and 2009/10, and finally the determinants of employment and earnings across sectors. First, the rates of returns to education are analysed using an Instrumental Variables approach in order to address the endogeneity bias associated with measuring education. Secondly, the returns to education are estimated at different levels; a convex relationship between education and earnings is observed. Finally, a production function is estimated for agricultural and non-agricultural self-employed households. Higher education shares a positive relationship with non-agricultural output, but a negative relationship with agricultural output. In the second part of the thesis, we first identify the determinants of urban and rural expenditure using an unconditional quantile regression. Next, we examine the urban-rural welfare gap in 2002 and 2009/10 using a variant of the threefold Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition; identifying the characteristics and returns to characteristics that contribute towards the welfare gap in both years, and across the expenditure distribution. At a given point in time, the welfare gap is larger between richer urban and rural households relative to poorer households. We find the gap to have fallen considerably between 2002 and 2009/10. The final part in the thesis examines the sectoral choices and earnings. The labour market is disaggregated into 5 sectors. This chapter controls for two forms of possible bias – sample selectivity and endogeneity of education in earnings. The determinants of sector choice are analysed using a multinomial logit. We observe that individuals with the highest levels of education get in to the public and formal private sectors, whereas the least educated are likely to join the informal and agricultural sectors. The earnings functions suggest that the returns to education vary greatly across the sectors.
3
Papo, Jacqueline Kim. "Exploring the Condom Gap : Condom access and use in a rural and an urban setting in Kilifi district, Kenya." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.514977.
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4
Huther, Claire Elisabeth. "The Digital Divide For Rural America: Decomposing Cost and Preferences." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1564331115811494.
Повний текст джерела
5
Hermansson, Erik, and Harald Enoksson. "Will income inequality in China reverse itself? : Testing the Kuznets hypothesis on Fujian Province 1991-2003." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7616.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Using 1991-2003 yearly statistical data from 66 counties in China’s Fujian province, we examine the relationship between GDP/capita levels and the rural-urban income gap, to see whether there exists any statistical relationship between these variables, and if such a relationship bears resemblance with the Kuznets’ “inverted U” hypothesis, predicting inequality to first rise, and then fall, as economic development proceeds. Our results point in the opposite direction; the income gap falls at the early stage of economic growth, but rises again as growth proceeds. This is the opposite of a Kuznets curve. In addition, the income gap is smaller in counties with access to coast, rivers, and highways and a higher proportion of illiterate. Moreover, the income gap is larger in counties with rugged terrain and a higher proportion of ethnic minorities.
6
Li, Dongdong. "A Preliminary Study of the Funding Gaps Between Urban and Rural Schools in Shanghai, China 2004-2011: Amartya Sen's Capability Approach." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1418343489.
Повний текст джерела
7
Praparpun, Yada. "Rural-urban income gap and trade strategies the case of Thailand /." 1990. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/22443320.html.
Повний текст джерела
8
Pan, Wei-wen, and 潘瑋雯. "The gap between the urban and rural areas of the students'' information literacy." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/24359458095512279256.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士南華大學
資訊管理學系
101
The purpose of this study aimed to investigate information literacy status of junior high school students in urban and rural areas, and to investigate whether different demographic variables would show different information literacy. Moreover,this study also compared the information literacy in rural areas with that in urban areas. This study surveyed the seventh, eighth and ninth grade students in two junior high schools in Taichung and Yunlin respectively. The result showed that students’information literacy in the rural areas demonstrated a significant difference when the students had computer books and magazines at home , participated in off-campus computer courses, played computer games at home and had someone for advice about information technology.In addition, the overall information literacy capabilities of the junior high school students in the rural areas were lower than those in the urban areas, including ‘the ability to identify problems’, ‘the ability to seek information’,‘the ability to retrieve information’,‘the ability to use information’,‘the ability to comprehend information’and‘the ability to assess and share information’. It is evident that a gap existed between urban and rural areas in terms of information literacy.
9
Huang, Hsiang Jen, and 黃湘荏. "Investigation of the Gap between Urban and Rural Area Parents’ Attitudes on Elementary School Children’s Computer Usage." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22264157875521175822.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士中華大學
資訊管理學系碩士班
101
There were many scholars had been studied in students’ attitudes of computer usage, digital games and digital learning. However, coparatively little research has focused on the differences of parents’ attitudes on elementary school children’s computer usage. Therefore, this study aimed to explore if there was any gap of parents’ attitudes on elementary school children’s computer usage between urban and rural area. The method to carry out this study was using a survey, which included six variables: basic population, personal behavior of computer usage, students’ background, students’ computer usage, students’ computer attitude and the parents ‘s attitudes on school children’s computer usage. Subjects were parents from a downtown elementary school in Tai-chung City and from three remote elementary schools in Dongshih District. Of the two-hundred questionnaires, one hundred and eighty-nine were valid. The analysis used the SPSS statistical software package, which included descriptive statistics, chi-square test and independent samples T test. The results showed that the attitudes of parents’ computer usage were significantly different between urban and rural area； the confidence and the usefulness of computer were significantly higher for downtown parents than for remote parents. Otherwise, in the attitudes of school children’s computer usage, there were three dependent variables. First, in the willingness of computer usage, there was a significant difference between urban and rural area parents. Downtown parents were much more willing to let children to use computers than remote area parents. In support and positive attitudes, there was no significant difference between urban and rural area parents. Finally, it is hoped that this study can served as a reference for the future educational policy.
10
Hu, Bo Wei, and 胡伯維. "Cluster Effect on Education Attainment: The Rural-Urban Gap under Educational Expansion and Tracking Trajectory in Taiwan, 1978-2007." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/82682v.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士國立清華大學
社會學研究所
103
Previous educational attainment research in the fields of educational stratification, urban sociology and educational tracking studies lacked an interdisciplinary approach, and hence was unable to explain the rural-urban gap in college attainment in Taiwan. Using data from the 1997, 2002 and 2007 Taiwan Social Change Surveys with multilevel logistic regression, this paper will analyze the influence of urbanization processes and the history of higher educational expansion. Following, the hypotheses of cluster effect and neighborhood effect will be examined to figure out the precise social mechanism forming the urban-rural gap, and the role of tracking in shaping this gap will be also analyzed. Statistical results show that the rural-urban gap had been persistent during the whole process of educational expansion from 1978 to 2007. Secondly, it will be shown that the rural-urban gap in college attainment is created by differences in population density in the area of residence of individuals rather than being a result of the higher percentage of highly-educated population in that area. The critical significance of population density is further supported by random effect examination. These results strongly argue in support of the cluster effect on college attainment rather than neighborhood effect. Lastly, compared to senior high students, vocational students will increase the likelihood of college attainment if they live in areas with a higher percentage of highly educated people. However, the educational expansion eliminated this effect by rapidly providing numerous educational opportunities for them. To sum up, the formation of the rural-urban gap in college attainment in Taiwan is persistently determined by cluster effect in spite of educational expansion. The unique effect on vocational students from the percentage of highly educated people had been removed under this expansion.
11
Lin, CHIEN-HUNG, and 林建宏. "Urban-Rural Gap and Digital Divide for Junior High SchoolStudents Face the Impact of Cognitive Load of e-Learning." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/30643832541515245162.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士義守大學
資訊管理學系
103
Now we put great emphasis on Information Technology Integrated into Instruction. The government in Taiwan has increased numbers of multimedia devices in the primary and secondary school ,and a various subjects of multimedia teaching materials is designed. Digital divide between urban and rural areas has been better than before because of the reasons following：First, students can get highly frequency to use various multimedia. Second, the government add more IT class for students so that they can get more opportunities to contact with multimedia and to learn how to use them. However, the gap between urban and rural areas leading to the cognitive load of student facing class with interactive whiteboard or presentation is not the same. To study how the urban-rural gap and digital divide affect students facing the courses performed by digital multimedia devices courses. We want to know if the cognitive load of the students is significant different after they learn information multimedia courses ? And to understand what is the relationship between learning results and the cognitive load of students after information multimedia courses. After analyzing the survey results, urban-rural gap does cause each group of students increased varying amounts of cognitive load. The rural group''s increments of extraneous and total cognitive load are greater than than the urban group''s. The digital divide does not influence on the cognitive load significantly. In addition, once the cognitive load exceeds the students can withstand ,students'' cognitive load that contain extraneous cognitive load or total cognitive load will become unfavorable to students learning.
12
HOU, CHEN-YING, and 侯辰穎. "A Study of the Gap Between Urban and Rural Affecting Elementary Schools' Science Teaching –A Case of Chiayi City." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00245591038306924241.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士中華大學
企業管理學系碩士班
100
ABSTRACT The main purpose of this study is to analyze whether there is a gap between urban and rural areas of Chiayi elementary schools in the teaching of science. We use statistical software to analyze the collected data by reliability analysis, factor analysis, and the tests of independence. The results show that school resource dimensions include inner resource, external resource, and geographical location of three factors. The student background dimensions also include three factors, family background, students’ willingness to learn, and school environment. The teacher background dimensions contain two factors which are teaching method and enthusiasm for teaching. We further explore the differences of the region of Chiayi County elementary school teachers in the various factors and find that: 1.There are significant differences between urban and rural areas in educational funding. The funding at Chiayi City Schools is more than that of Chiayi County Schools. 2.There are significant differences between urban and rural areas in educational equipment. The educational equipment at Chiayi City Schools is newer than that of Chiayi County Schools. 3.There are significant differences between urban and rural areas in curriculum design. Teachers at Chiayi City Schools spend more time on curriculum design than that of Chiayi County Schools. 4.There are significant differences between urban and rural areas in educational resources. The educational resources of each student at Chiayi City Schools are more than that of Chiayi County Schools because the size of class at most of Chiayi City Schools is small. 5.There are significant differences between urban and rural areas in progressive learning. Students at Chiayi City Schools are learning more progressively than that of Chiayi County Schools. The lower of progressive learning of rural area might be affected by the lower competition and less culture stimulation. 6.There are significant differences between urban and rural areas in learning outcome. The students of rural area schools have more opportunity to do field observations due to the teaching environmental factors. However,for urban area schools,this teaching environmental condition is not easy to obtain. Keywords: Urban and Rural Gap, Science Teaching
13
何欣穎. "A Study on the Happiness of Elderly Generation and the Gap Between Urban and Rural- A Case of Taiwan." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39wwsc.
Повний текст джерела
14
Pohlmann, Marcel. "The potential of technology to reduce the quality gap between rural and urban schools in India: a case study on Meghshala." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/69194.
Повний текст джерела
15
CHEN, JUN-YAO, and 陳俊堯. "Using Statistics and Big Data Analysis to Study the Performance of Northern Telecom Service Providers in Repairing Urban and Rural Gap Services." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/b6ks53.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士華夏科技大學
資訊管理系碩士在職專班
107
Performance review is the first priority of an enterprise. How to review and achieve the expected goals, a company usually uses performance review to measure relevant work performance, mostly based on personnel assessment, performance evaluation, etc. This paper takes the relationship between high performance workers and its impact among these workers. This research is based on the H company network business organization. We select employees in the northern branch of this company. All members belong to network department in northern branch and we choose top ten employees in each district to conduct data empirical analysis. This study uses ANOVA method and conduct pairwise comparison to discover the performance review in different groups. We use cluster analysis for verification and comparison of these multiple groups. The specific recommendations of the performance evaluation of H company are proposed by the research findings. After cross-analyzing through various research methods, this study obtained the reasons of the urban-rural gap, and why the number of Internet users is more preference towards Taipei City. This study discovers the reasons for the high performance of employees in New Taipei City. The research findings depict the performance review results for H company reverence.
16
TSAI, CHAO-JEN, and 蔡昭任. "A Case Study on the Gap Between Urban and Rural Areas of Chinese Medicine in Taiwan - Take Cerebrovascular Disease for Instance in Taichung." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/rw2jx2.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士世新大學
企業管理研究所(含碩專班)
106
Cerebral apoplexy was one of the major causes of death in our country. Medical technology and abroad just only be committed to prevention, and the experience and medical technology in this field are not inferior to western medicine, and it is quite invested in the way of healing. Traditional Chinese medicine is currently behind the western medicine in our country, especially in many remote areas, especially in the lack of medical service. Therefore, this paper, through the case study, uses the theory of resource dependence and the theory of path dependence to discuss the medical environment interaction, body competition, technology evolution and institutional change layer of Chinese medicine at present. Face and other problems. We found that the knowledge of Chinese medicine is generally inadequate in our country. There is also a competitive relationship with each other in the Chinese medicine industry, as well as the lack of proper coordination between the government and the uneven distribution of resources, which leads to a serious gap in the medical service of residents in the rural areas of our country. Therefore, this paper suggests that it should be divided into the public cognition and the cooperation of the industry., and the government's intervention and guidance to improve.
17
Zhao, Guochang. "Essays on the effects of parental education and private tutoring on children's education outcomes, and the rural-urban student achievement differential in China." Phd thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/9785.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis includes three empirical chapters, which are self-contained but all related to education inequality in China.
Chapter 2 aims to examine the causal effect (nurture effect) of parental education on children's education. Parents and their children share many common characteristics which are often unobserved -- this causes the omitted-variable bias. To eliminate this bias, this chapter uses school interruption during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (CR) as an instrument. The Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) significantly interrupted one generation's education, but has had no direct effect on the next generation. It naturally provides a valid instrument. The empirical results suggest that in urban China, an one year decrease in parent's schooling because of school interruption during the CR leads to a 0.27-0.38 year decrease in the child's schooling; if a parent did not obtain a university degree because of school interruption during the CR, the child is 35-53 percent less likely to obtain a university degree. The results also suggest that maternal education has a greater influence on children's education than paternal education. Overall, for the particular group whose parental education was changed by the CR, this chapter confirms a significant and sizable nurture effect. Chapter 3 estimates the causal effect of private tutoring on Chinese and mathematics test scores of primary school students in urban China. Because the unobserved determinants of schooling achievement often influence private tutoring expenditure, OLS cannot provide a consistent estimate. This chapter adopts a heteroskedasticity based identification strategy proposed by Lewbel (2012) to handle this problem. The estimation results show that, on average, private tutoring expenditure has a small but statistically significant effect on the mathematics test scores of primary school students, but has no statistically significant effect on the Chinese test scores. A 1000 yuan (about 55% of a standard deviation) increase in private tutoring expenditure raises the primary school students' mathematics test scores by 0.80-0.87 percentage point (about 11% of a standard deviation). The instrumental variable quantile regression combined with the Lewbel method suggests that private tutoring is more likely to improve student achievement at the bottom end of test score distribution. When moving upward to the top end, the effect becomes smaller and even negative, despite not being significant.
Chapter 4 measures and analyzes the rural-urban schooling achievement gap in primary education in China. Using the RUMiC 2010 data, this chapter finds that the test scores of urban children are on average about 5.7 percentage points higher than that of rural children. This is approximately equivalent to 54-56% and 65-72% of the standard deviations of urban and rural children's test scores, respectively. The regression analysis and Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition analysis suggest that urban children outperform their rural counterparts mainly because of their better socio-economic background (e.g. parental education and family income per capita), better school quality and higher government budgetary spending on education per student in cities.
18
HO, PEI-LUN, and 何佩倫. "A Study of the Gap Between Urban and Rural Areas, and the Effects of Teacher Self-Efficacy on Mathematics Academic Achievement : Using TIMSS 2015 Data." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/82q6j4.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士輔仁大學
統計資訊學系應用統計碩士在職專班
106
The study aims to investigate the influence factors of mathematics academic achievement of 8th graders in Taiwan by using the results of TIMSS 2015 mathematics achievement test, school questionnaire, teacher questionnaire and student questionnaire. The aspects of this study consisted of gap between urban and rural areas, family background and teachers' background. In this study, statistical analysis included Descriptive Statistics, Chi-Square test, Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient, t-test, One-Way ANOVA and Cross-Sectional Regression Techniques. The results of the study found the impact of each variable on the effectiveness of students' mathematics learning. The findings of this research were summarized as follows：In the effectiveness of students' mathematics learning, there was a significant variance between the gap of urban and rural areas. Furthermore, there was a significant variance in the students' mathematics learning between teachers' teaching confidence and teachers' self-feeling. However, teachers' teaching preparation have no significant variance in the students' mathematics learning. Moreover, family capital and family culture in the family background have significant variance in the students' mathematics learning. Besides, the degree of students' self-education expectations is the most predictive of the effectiveness of mathematics learning. Moreover, the gap between urban and rural areas only has significant variance in teachers' self-feeling in teacher self-efficacy, but it has no significant impact on teacher's education, teachers' teaching years, teachers' teaching confidence, and teachers' teaching preparation.
19
Chen, Chih-Yen, and 陳至言. "To explore the urban-rural gap between junior high school students for the use of mobile about their games motivation, satisfaction and leisure constraints –a case in Miaoli County." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83w7rr.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士中華大學
景觀建築學系碩士班
102
Mobile games emerged in recent years and quickly occupied a main position in people’s leisure. The rapid decline in the price of the smart phone makes even the junior high school students have their own one. This study aims to understand the factors and their effect to the motivation, satisfaction and leisure constraints of junior high school students who participate in mobile gaming. We try to figure out any gaps exist between urban and rural. This study adopted questionnaire survey for purposive sampling. A total of 309 questionnaires were recovered, 291 were valid questionnaires, and an effective rate was 94.17%. The methodologies were included descriptive statistics, independent sample t test and statisticla analysis, ANOVA for data processing and research analysis. The results were summarized below： I. The personal attributes of playing mobile games in the city students and the country students i. In “the experience of playing with the mobiles games”, the majority of the city students and the country students have one to three years’ experience. ii. In “the type of the mobile phones that the city students and the country students have”, up to 70-80 percent of them both have smartphones. iii. In “the mobile platform mostly used”, up to 70-80 percent of them both use Google Android. II. The involvement level of the mobile games in the city students and the country students i. “The involvement time” shows that city students play mobile games averagely less than an hour every week; the country students one to three hours. ii.“The expense level” indicates that both the city students and the country students averagely spend no money on the mobile games every month. iii.“The place where the students play with their smartphone” says both the city students and the country students mostly play the mobile games at home. iv.“The recent greatest expense” reveals both aspects of the students spend no money on mobile games. v.“The request of a new smartphone” displays most of the city stunned and country students won’t ask for a new smartphone just in order to play the mobile games. vi.“The way to get online” describes both aspects of the students mostly get online through Wi-Fi. vii.“The way to get the information about the mobile games” proves both aspects of the students mostly get the information about the mobile games from the Internet. viii.“The time to get a smartphone” demonstrates both aspects of the students mostly get a smartphone at the 7th grade. ix.“The number of the mobile phones the roommates have, not including himself/herself” illustrates the city students averagely have three mobiles; the country students have four. III. The differneces of the involvement motivation, satisfaction and leisure constraints in the city students and country students who have diffentes attributes are partly sustained.
20
Nguyen, Giang. "Essays on Economic Development in Southeast Asia." Phd thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/154837.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis contains three essays on economic development in
Southeast Asia. The broad objective of the thesis is to study
different aspects of economic development in the region. The
first essay examines the determinants of the consumption gap
between migrant and urban households in Vietnam, paying
particular attention to the role of the household registration
(ho khau) system in shaping consumption of migrant households.
Our findings indicate: (1) migrant households exhibit
significantly lower consumption levels than comparable urban
households and the observed gap is mainly driven by differences
in non-food consumption; (2) the restrictions imposed by the ho
khau system contribute significantly to the gap; (3) remittances
of migrant households to family members in rural regions are
responsible for a considerable part of the gap; and (4) the
consumption gap declines with the duration of residence of
migrant households in their destination cities. The second essay
examines the effect of fertility on women's labor market outcomes
in Indonesia using an instrumental variable approach. Parental
preferences for a mixed sibling-sex composition are used to
construct an instrumental variable to identify the causal effect
of fertility on a range of outcome variables, including labor
force participation, full-time employment, employment in the
formal sector and occupational choices. Our findings indicate
that childbearing of women whose fertility was affected by the
sex composition of their offspring reduces labor force
participation, formal employment and employment in occupations
that are physically demanding and require a high level of
commitment. The effect is stronger for women aged 21-35 years and
ambiguous for women aged 36-49 years. The third essay
investigates fertility differentials between rural and urban
areas in Cambodia, Indonesia and the Philippines. A decomposition
analysis based on both linear and count data models shows: (1)
differences in individual and family characteristics between
rural and urban areas have the largest contribution to the gap,
although the contribution varies across countries; (2)
differences in women's educational attainment have the strongest
effect in Indonesia and Cambodia, while the wealth effect is
largest in the Philippines; (3) husband's education differentials
also contribute to a significant part of the gap; and (4) women's
education appears to be more important for young women in
reducing the gap than for older women, while the contribution of
differences in the use of contraceptives is only significant for
young women.