Статті в журналах: "Rural leadership pattern"

1

Panda, Snehalata. "Emerging Pattern of Leadership Among Rural Women in Orissa." Indian Journal of Public Administration 42, no. 4 (October 1996): 720–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556119960406.

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2

Sapkota, Mahendra. "Changing Nature of Power and Leadership: How do They Matter in Rural Nepal?" Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 14 (December 29, 2020): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v14i0.30545.

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Globally, power and leadership are considered as two unavoidable factors of social change and local development. In Nepal’s federal context, the nexus of power and leadership has been less addressed in academic research though most of the studies are focused on local governance. The present study attempts to analyze the nature of leadership and its power structure in the context of rural Nepal. It follows a critical ontological position of the development of power and leadership. Methodologically, a complete leadership of Dogana village in Suddhodhan Rural Municipality of Rupandehi district (Lumbini Province) was undertaken to assess the rural leadership. It is found that the most important factor for holding the rural leadership was ‘affiliation with the political party’, which was followed by ‘well-being ranking’ and ‘caste/ ethnic status’ of the leadership. The rural leaders used to change their policies and strategies to create and sustain power, such as doing multiple professions and building networks other than politics. The paper, therefore, concludes that a significant change occurred in leadership pattern and power structure of rural Nepal from informal to formal, and less inclusive to more inclusive and representative. Despite this, the changes are still elite-centric, politically vested, and economically favorable either to the upper-class people or middle-class mediators (bichauliyas). The study predicts that the contestations in leadership and power-sharing could be more critical in the days to come with the implementation of federalism in the rural context. The implication of this study largely relies on the context of local power structure and village politics in Nepal.

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3

Sapkota, Mahendra. "Changing Nature of Power and Leadership: How do They Matter in Rural Nepal?" Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 14 (December 29, 2020): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v14i0.30545.

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Анотація:

Globally, power and leadership are considered as two unavoidable factors of social change and local development. In Nepal’s federal context, the nexus of power and leadership has been less addressed in academic research though most of the studies are focused on local governance. The present study attempts to analyze the nature of leadership and its power structure in the context of rural Nepal. It follows a critical ontological position of the development of power and leadership. Methodologically, a complete leadership of Dogana village in Suddhodhan Rural Municipality of Rupandehi district (Lumbini Province) was undertaken to assess the rural leadership. It is found that the most important factor for holding the rural leadership was ‘affiliation with the political party’, which was followed by ‘well-being ranking’ and ‘caste/ ethnic status’ of the leadership. The rural leaders used to change their policies and strategies to create and sustain power, such as doing multiple professions and building networks other than politics. The paper, therefore, concludes that a significant change occurred in leadership pattern and power structure of rural Nepal from informal to formal, and less inclusive to more inclusive and representative. Despite this, the changes are still elite-centric, politically vested, and economically favorable either to the upper-class people or middle-class mediators (bichauliyas). The study predicts that the contestations in leadership and power-sharing could be more critical in the days to come with the implementation of federalism in the rural context. The implication of this study largely relies on the context of local power structure and village politics in Nepal.

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4

De Clercy, Cristine. "Rural Women's Leadership in Atlantic Canada: Firsthand Perspectives on Local Public Life and Participation in Electoral Politics." Canadian Journal of Political Science 41, no. 1 (March 2008): 226–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423908080232.

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Rural Women's Leadership in Atlantic Canada: Firsthand Perspectives on Local Public Life and Participation in Electoral Politics, Louise Carbert, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006, pp. 177, index.In her latest work, Louise Carbert peers beneath the surface of formal electoral processes to explore how rural, female community leaders in Atlantic Canada view politics. She focuses on this group to explain a curious pattern: rural women are much less likely to secure public office than women located in urban areas, and this holds true at all three levels of government. Through interviewing women representing the typical recruitment pool from which political parties draw candidates, the author aims to identify the presence of barriers to female electoral participation specifically salient to rural women. This is no easy task in part because such an objective necessitates sifting through the inconsequential details of grassroots politics to locate and interpret underlying patterns of power. Carbert's approach is innovative and provocative, and many scholars will appreciate this work's inductive method and rich anecdotal basis. At the same time, readers scouting for clear answers may be left frustrated by the work's complex set of conclusions concerning exactly why few rural women successfully navigate the “slushy intersections” of politics, family life and the economic environment in pursuit of a political career.

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5

Nguyễn, Hảo Thi, Philip Hallinger, and Chia Wen Chen. "Assessing and strengthening instructional leadership among primary school principals in Vietnam." International Journal of Educational Management 32, no. 3 (April 9, 2018): 396–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijem-02-2017-0046.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to add to an emerging literature on educational leadership and management in Vietnam by addressing several goals. First, the study sought to translate, adapt, and validate an existing measurement instrument, the Principal Instructional Management Rating Scale (PIMRS) Teacher Form, for use in Vietnam. Next, it aimed to describe patterns of instructional leadership evidenced among a sample of urban and rural primary school principals. Then, the researchers examined if these patterns of principal instructional leadership could be linked to one or more “antecedent variables”: school size, school location (urban/rural), principal’s gender and prior teaching experience. Finally, the paper sought insights from principals and teachers on how instructional leadership could be strengthened in the Vietnamese education context. Design/methodology/approach Both quantitative survey and qualitative methods were used in this study. The sample consisted of 569 teachers and 117 principals working in 117 primary schools located in Ho Chi Minh province of Vietnam. Data collection employed a translated and adapted Vietnamese language form of the PIMRS Teacher Form. An open-ended question posed to both teachers and principals was included in the survey instrument to gather recommendations for strengthening instructional leadership in Vietnam. The research used Rasch analysis, Cronbach’s test of internal consistency, confirmatory factor analysis, t-tests, and analysis of variance in data analysis. Findings The research achieved a preliminary validation of a Vietnamese language Teacher Form of the PIMRS. The analysis of PIMRS data gathered from teachers found that the primary school principals were perceived to be exercising instructional leadership at a surprisingly high level. Consistent with international research findings, selected evidence indicated stronger instructional leadership from the female principals, though the pattern was not strong. None of the other antecedents evidenced a significant relationship with patterns of principal instructional leadership. A number of overlapping recommendations were made by teachers and principals for strengthening instructional leadership in Vietnam. Research limitations/implications Although a Teacher Form of the PIMRS Vietnam was successfully validated, follow-up studies should be conducted with both the Teacher Form and Principal Form of this instrument. More broadly, the high scores on the PIMRS accorded to the principals in this study were deemed “surprising” in light of the lack of prior policy focus and training on this role of the principal in Vietnam. Thus, the authors recommend that this research be extended to a larger cross-level study of schools from different parts of Vietnam in order to provide additional confirmation of these preliminary findings. Practical implications Feedback from principals and teachers indicated a need for system leaders to articulate instructional leadership more explicitly as part of the principal’s role set in Vietnam. Only then will it become part of the formal expectations that shape principals’ practice and the preparation and professional development programs in which they participate. The principals also suggested that instructional leadership could be strengthened by enabling model principals to share instructional leadership practices with colleagues. Finally, teachers and principals highlighted the need to broaden, legitimate, and strengthen sources of instructional leadership within the school beyond the principal. These suggestions are not only consistent with policy actions taken in other societies, but are also grounded in the context of education in Vietnam. Originality/value The first internationally published study of educational leadership and management in Vietnam only appeared in 2012. In the succeeding years, several qualitative studies have emerged describing principal leadership practices in a handful of schools. The current study represents the first published quantitative study of school leadership from Vietnam. Although the results are preliminary in nature, the study provides both baseline data on principal instructional leadership and a validated instrument that can be used in future research.

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6

Zhang, Ziqi, Zhu Wang, and Zhi Qiu. "Unveiling the Evolution of Eldercare Facilities in Rural China: Tracing the Trajectory from Eldercare Support Pattern and Service to Facilities for the Aging Population." Healthcare 11, no. 18 (September 6, 2023): 2474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11182474.

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The phenomenon of population aging in rural China presents a compelling societal challenge, necessitating a growing demand for both the quantity and quality of facilities supporting the needs of older people. However, a lack of comprehensive understanding concerning the underlying mechanisms that drive the emergence of these facilities, coupled with the distinctive historical backdrop and social development stage of the nation, engenders complexities in achieving sustainable rural eldercare services. This paper endeavors to comprehensively elucidate diverse eldercare facility types in rural China, delineating their intrinsic characteristics and prerequisites for construction. Additionally, the research delves into the political and economic contexts and advancements in healthcare and eldercare services, culminating in the formulation of an integrated framework that interconnects eldercare support patterns with the political landscape and public service provisions. The implications derived from this nuanced framework provide insightful reflections on significant historical transitions, intricacies faced by rural eldercare facilities, and strategic pathways for fostering future eldercare service delivery systems and allied facilities. The paper’s findings furnish insights for bolstering the well-being of the aging population in rural China and lay a substantive foundation for addressing the evolving requisites of eldercare within this distinctive context.

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7

Lu, Peiyi, Chunyu Yang, Jun Yao, Mingxia Xian, and Mack Shelley. "Patterns of Outpatient Service Satisfaction among Low-Income Adults in Rural China: A Latent Class Analysis." Healthcare 10, no. 8 (July 25, 2022): 1380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10081380.

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(1) Background: Low-income rural residents in China are disadvantaged due to their financial vulnerability and insufficient access to resources, and this situation demands more research effort. This study examined the pattern of outpatient service satisfaction and its determinants among low-income adults in rural China. (2) Methods: Rural low-income respondents who used outpatient services in their local healthcare facilities in Jiangsu, China evaluated the access, cost, environment, doctor–patient interaction, and other topics during their outpatient visit (N = 662). Latent class analysis was used to identify the groups characterized by various dimensions of outpatient satisfaction. Multinomial logistic regression explored the determinants of class membership. (3) Results: Three latent classes were identified: 28.70% had low satisfaction, unsatisfied with every dimension; 20.69% reported medium satisfaction that valued doctor–patient relationships; and 50.60% had high satisfaction but thought that costs were high. Both low and medium satisfaction were associated with a higher proportion of self-paid fees. (4) Conclusions: Healthcare costs were an important determinant of outpatient service satisfaction. Medical social workers are suggested to be included in the medical team to help patients identify financial assistance. Special aid programs may be developed to help relieve rural low-income patients’ medical cost-related burden.

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8

Awang Besar, Junaidi, Ahmad Rizal Mohd Yusof, Amer Saifude Ghazali, Mazlan Ali, Nur Azuki Yusuff, Nasir Nayan, and Siti Noranizahhafizah Boyman. "TREND OF VOTING IN MALAYSIAN GENERAL ELECTION 2018 IN URBAN AND RURAL AREA." International Journal of Law, Government and Communication 5, no. 19 (June 11, 2020): 128–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijlgc.5190010.

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The results of the 2018 General Election in Malaysia show interesting and varied political dynamics based on issues, leadership, campaign strategies, winning and defeat factors, polling patterns, and also location. Hence the purpose of writing this article is to analyze the trend of polling in GE 2018 based on urban and rural areas according to 222 parliamentary constituencies in the country. The writing of this article is produced through the analysis of the GE13 2018 decision-making data for the Parliamentary constituencies as well as the in-depth analysis of secondary information from mainstream media and social media directly involved in the GE 2018. The findings show that almost all urban areas were won by Pakatan Harapan (PH) and some were won by PAS, in urban areas in the East Coast region of Peninsular Malaysia. The rural areas in the majority of Malays areas are dominated by UMNO/BN and PAS in Kelantan, Terengganu, and also rural parts of Kedah. There are also rural areas won by either BN, PAS, and PH with a slight majority because of the split of the three-party blocks. This is due to the different demographic segments of the voters either by local voters, young voters, outsiders, and even higher educated voters. Hence, the pattern of voting by geographical location in the GE 2018 is very interesting and compositing to be studied and deserves to be taken into account by the concerned parties, especially political parties, governments, and political researchers in order to be a solution to produce rational political thinking and to follow the current trends to care for the well-being of the common people.

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9

Amrita and Ram Babu Roy. "Who do the women trust for maternity care: A knowledge network–based study in rural India." Health Information Management Journal 48, no. 2 (October 1, 2018): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1833358318799368.

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Background: Knowledge about the causes of critical ailments and risks during a maternity episode is crucial for women’s health. Although maternity-care knowledge is present both in explicit and tacit forms, there is a lack of requisite knowledge among women. Rural women rely on their community for such knowledge. Objective: This article sought to analyse knowledge-sharing practices of rural women in India in relation to critical decisions during a maternity episode. Method: Primary data were gathered through interview of 306 married women, who had had at least one childbirth during the previous 5 years, and were collected using structured interviews conducted in 10 villages of two districts in West Bengal, India. Their knowledge level of risks and networks of communication was examined for four critical decisions: (i) general health, (ii) choice of delivery method, (iii) antenatal check-up visits and (iv) nutrition. Results: This empirical study using degree-centrality method demonstrated that the pattern of knowledge flow is not uniform for different types of decisions. Many women were not aware of critical danger signs during pregnancy episodes. Only 28% of participants could mention at least three danger signs during pregnancy episodes. For the purposes of this study, these women were considered “knowledgeable.” Discussion: Maternal health in the community could be improved by redesigning the knowledge network for sharing the maternity-care knowledge of risks and danger signs. This research highlights the influence of culture on maternity-related knowledge-sharing in rural India and uncovers structural holes in the knowledge network. Implications: Results of this research could be used to design policies and programs to create community-based knowledge networks for maternity care.

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Palma, Oscar Meza, José M. Díaz-Puente, and José L. Yagüe. "The Role of Coffee Organizations as Agents of Rural Governance: Evidence from Western Honduras." Land 9, no. 11 (November 4, 2020): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9110431.

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Territorial governance is the development strategy that encourages the integration of different actors in the rural environment around common interests. Producer organizations emerge as the appropriate means to unify leadership and consensus to overcome market barriers. These producer networks also influence other dimensions of development, to give way to true governance processes. This paper examines the notion of governance agents associated with the production fabric and the extent to which these agents impact the production efficiency and the level of well-being of those who inhabit the territory. For this purpose, the determinants of a governance model are analyzed in a coffee-growing territory made up of 92 municipalities, located in western Honduras. The analysis is based on a panel of data on the number of cooperatives, rural boards, production parameters, and endowments of public goods grouped into 16 indicators at the municipal level. The data set was subjected to structural equation modeling (SEM), given its statistical capacity to explain complex interrelated phenomena. The main result is the definition of a governance model associated with the coffee territory. This model describes an endogenous pattern of interactions between its four components. This statistical configuration broadens the understanding of the role that governance agents play in fostering a kind of virtuous circle in favor of rural development.

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Sabu, Stephiya, Abby Hodges, Cierra Buckman, Dmitry Tumin, and Shaundreal Jamison. "Primary care follow-up among children born with neonatal abstinence syndrome in a rural region in the United States." International Journal of Care Coordination 26, no. 3-4 (September 2023): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20534345231213729.

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Introduction Children born with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) have lower rates of preventive care utilization than children born without NAS, a pattern which is only partially explained by differences in social determinants of health (SDH). We sought to determine whether SDH and clinical characteristics were associated with well-child visit (WCV) attendance among children born with NAS in a rural academic health system. Methods Infants born at a single hospital in 2016–2018 were retrospectively included if they were diagnosed with non-iatrogenic NAS attributable to in utero opioid exposure and established care with an affiliated primary care clinic by 6 months of age. Healthcare utilization was tracked through the first 12 months of life. Independent variables included demographics, prenatal risk factors, insurance coverage, and SDH such as housing problems and food insecurity. Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) scores were extracted from the latest completed WCV during the first year of life. Results We identified 182 patients with NAS, of whom 80 established care with the primary care clinic, with a median of four WCVs (interquartile range: 2, 5) completed by 12 months of age. On unadjusted Poisson regression, none of the demographic, clinical, or SDH characteristics were associated with the number of completed WCVs. Among 44 patients with available ASQ data, the number of WCVs was not associated with ASQ scores at the latest WCV. Conclusions Within an academic rural health system, SDH and other infant or family characteristics did not predict WCV attendance among infants with NAS.

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Awang Besar, Junaidi. "GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE IN 2020 BY ELECTION IN THE AREA OF CHINI STATE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY, PEKAN, PAHANG." International Journal of Law, Government and Communication 7, no. 29 (September 15, 2022): 370–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijlgc.729026.

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The 2020 by election of Chini, Pahang is the first by election held in a situation where the COVID-19 pandemic is still going on but heading for recovery. This by election was held following the death of the incumbent Chini state assemblyman, Dato’ Sri Abu Bakar Harun on May 6, 2020 due to a heart attack. The Chini state constituency is included in the Pekan Parliament, Pahang which is an area represented by the former Prime Minister, Dato’ Seri Mohd Najib Tun Abdul Razak, which is one of the strongest BN/UMNO strongholds in Malaysia. This area has a demographic majority of Malay voters surrounded by rural areas including FELDA scheme areas, traditional Malay villages and traditional and modern Orang Asli villages. Therefore, the purpose of writing this article is to analyze the influence of geography in the Chini by election, Pahang 2020. Based on data analysis of Chini by election 2022 results, field observations and analysis of secondary sources such as journal articles and conference papers, the findings show that BN/UMNO victory in the by election, it is expected that the turnout is not much different between the 2018 GE and the 2020 by election. Geographical influence contributed to BN’s victory in terms of perception and political participation of rural voters. Thus, this election shows that the pattern of support of rural voters is still the same which is centered on the political factors of development and known and experienced leadership.

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Schumaker, Alice M. "Interorganizational Networks: Using a Theoretical Model to Predict Effectiveness of Rural Health Care Delivery Networks." Journal of Health and Human Services Administration 25, no. 3 (September 2002): 371–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107937390202500305.

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Interorganizational health care delivery networks have potential for sustaining health services delivery in rural areas faced with economic and demographic challenges. Four Nebraska rural health care delivery networks (Albion-Ord, Blue River Valley. Rural Partners. Inc., and Western Nebraska) were compared to an interorganizational model based on theories of interorganizational relations, exchange, population ecology, and synthesized collaboration. It assumes that outcomes, including effectiveness, are influenced by external and internal factors that are operationalized through external control, technology, structure, and operational process variables. Data were collected by a non-random, two-level cluster mail survey of network, members (45/59 = 76.3% response rate). All networks received technical assistance from the Nebraska Office of Rural Health. Networks have formal organization, strategic plans, and official coordinators. Hospital administrators hold most leadership positions; few doctors or citizens are involved. Correlation and multiple regression analysis show partial fit between the research model and study networks. Effectiveness, measure by the gap between best possible and actual practice, increased with network connectivity (r=.36, p<.05), group methods of administrative decisionmaking (r=.52, p<.001) and sequential pattern of service delivery (r=.39, p<.05). Greater dependence on vertical funding corresponds to greater external control (r=.43, p<.01). The prediction that, as scope narrows, task intensity (r=.56, p<.001). duration (r=.41, p<.01), and task volume (r=.50, p<01) increase is upheld. Centrality and network size decrease together (r=.43, p<01) where there is little reliance on vertical sources of funds (r=.36, p<.05). The integrated interorganizational model demonstrates some efficacy for testing potential effectiveness of networks.

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14

Li, Guofu, and Xiue Zhang. "The Spatial–Temporal Characteristics and Driving Forces of the Coupled and Coordinated Development between New Urbanization and Rural Revitalization." Sustainability 15, no. 23 (December 1, 2023): 16487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152316487.

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In the 21st century’s global push for sustainable development, strategies for new urbanization and rural revitalization in China have transitioned from traditional geographic expansion to a focus on high-quality integration across ecological, social, and economic dimensions. Employing advanced methods such as the entropy weight TOPSIS, coupling coordination model, kernel density estimation, Markov chain, and geographic detector, this study comprehensively explores the spatiotemporal dynamics and driving mechanisms of urban–rural integration in China from 2001 to 2022. Key findings reveal increasing coupling coordination degrees in each province, with significant spatial variations. Notably, during the 15th Five-Year Plan, all regions, including eastern, central, and western areas, exhibited low-level coupling coordination. However, a decreasing ladder-like distribution emerged during the 13th and 14th Five-Year Plans, forming a development pattern centered on eastern coastal regions and spreading inland. The central regions experienced significant changes in development kernel density, while the national eastern and western regions remained relatively stable. Looking ahead, highly coupled regions are expected to maintain leadership, positively influencing neighboring areas and propelling overall urban–rural development towards sustainable goals. Conversely, low-level coupled regions require deeper reforms for leap-frog development. The core driving forces behind spatiotemporal differences in coupling coordination degrees involve innovation within the environment, government capabilities, openness to the outside world, and population agglomeration. Secondary roles are played by factors like non-agricultural industrialization, per capita GDP, government investment, and market conditions, while education, healthcare, transportation, and natural resource levels act as bridges in spatiotemporal differentiation. Overall, this study provides a concise spatiotemporal interpretation and strategic recommendations for urban–rural sustainable integration development, advancing towards a more harmonious, green, and just future in alignment with the core principles of sustainable development.

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15

Hutchings, Paul, Mei Yee Chan, Lucie Cuadrado, Fatine Ezbakhe, Baptiste Mesa, Chiaki Tamekawa, and Richard Franceys. "A systematic review of success factors in the community management of rural water supplies over the past 30 years." Water Policy 17, no. 5 (March 14, 2015): 963–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2015.128.

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Community management is the accepted management model for rural water supplies in many low and middle-income countries. However, endemic problems in the sustainability and scalability of this model are leading many to conclude we have reached the limits of an approach that is too reliant on voluntarism and informality. Accepting this criticism but recognising that many cases of success have been reported over the past 30 years, this study systematically reviews and analyses the development pattern of 174 successful community management case studies. The synthesis confirms the premise that for community management to be sustained at scale, community institutions need a ‘plus’ that includes long-term external support, with the majority of high performing cases involving financial support, technical advice and managerial advice. Internal community characteristics were also found to be influential in terms of success, including collective initiative, strong leadership and institutional transparency. Through a meta-analysis of success in different regions, the paper also indicates an important finding on the direct relationship between success and the prevailing socio-economic wealth in a society. This holds implications for policy and programme design with a need to consider how broad structural conditions may dictate the relative success of different forms of community management.

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Tawil, Yulizar Pramudika, and Giska Mala Rahmarini. "Komunikasi, Keberagaman, dan Pariwisata: Strategi Warga Rama Agung menuju Desa Wisata Religius." Jurnal Ilmiah Syi'ar 20, no. 2 (January 17, 2021): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.29300/syr.v20i2.3993.

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Indonesia is experiencing an emergency communication between religious communities. The issue of division is easier to emerge and be consumed quickly by the community than the issue of togetherness. Interestingly, it is always the best practice of harmony between religious communities in rural areas which raises optimism that diversity in Indonesia continues. This study explains communication between religious communities in the success of the implementation of a religious tourism village in Rama Agung. A qualitative case study approach was carried out. Data were collected through interview techniques, observation, and search for relevant literature. Specifically for the interview data, we processed it through the transcript mechanism, keyword search, keyword categorization, and wording. Our findings include three important focuses: indicators of diversity, communication patterns in religious tourism villages, and forums for communication. We found three salient social capitals: the legacy of value systems brought by immigrant communities and the results of value processing in the environment, written rules or agreements between communities, and the leadership of religious leaders who were able to balance internal and external desires. Informal and formal communication forums have been used by the community to communicate their ideas. Then we present a communication pattern from the idea discussed, the development, to the execution stage. In the end, this study suggests a narrative approach to describe more clearly the way of communication in the village of religious tourism organized by religious diversity

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Yan, Yuqiao. "Analysis of the Requirements of Modernization of China's Social Governance System." BCP Social Sciences & Humanities 16 (March 26, 2022): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpssh.v16i.465.

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With the development of the Internet, the social governance model is changing from one-way management to two-way interaction, from offline to online-offline integration, and from simple government supervision to paying more attention to social collaborative governance, which requires the construction of a new pattern of grassroots social governance. Improve the institutionalized channels of mass participation in grass-roots social governance. We will improve the urban and rural grass-roots governance system that combines autonomy, rule of law and rule of virtue under the leadership of party organizations, improve the community management and service mechanism, implement grid management and service, give play to the role of mass organizations and social organizations, give play to the self-discipline function of trade associations and chambers of commerce, realize the benign interaction between government governance and social regulation, and residents' autonomy, and consolidate the foundation of grass-roots social governance. Accelerate the modernization of urban social governance. Promote social governance and service focus to the grassroots level, sink more resources to the grassroots level, and better provide accurate and refined services. Specifically, the requirements for the construction of governance system can be analyzed into four requirements: intelligent governance, participatory governance, municipal governance and media governance.

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Ozohu-Suleiman, Ph.D, Abdulhamid, and Marietu Ohunene Tenuche, Ph.D. "The National Security Debacle: Escalating the Bald Conversations on Rural Banditry in Northern Nigeria." Urban Studies and Public Administration 6, no. 4 (November 14, 2023): p67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/uspa.v6n4p67.

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Scholarly preoccupation with socio-political development in Nigeria appeared to have dwelt more on the fulfillment of great expectations and much less on the uncertainties of social change brought about by democratization in Africa. Thus, when Huntington reflected on the possibility of reversal following the onset of ‘Third wave’ in Africa, the emphasis on social conflict is very instructive in the democratization process of many states in Africa. Whereas some democracies have managed to consolidate or are still democratizing, a few others have relapsed into reverse wave or at best, are caught up in what Thomas Carothers described as “The gray zone”. In Nigeria for example, after almost half a century of democratization, there is rising wave of atavistic consciousness or what Engels described as the “Lowest instinct or passion in man”, where the political space is characterized by rampaging non-state actors. In specific terms, the new wave of dramatic reverses relates to terrorist attacks, ethnic violence, armed banditry, farmers-herders imbroglio, cattle rustling, kidnapping for ransom, and unknown gunmen. In the circumstance, marauders and brigands now reign supreme over what is described as ungoverned space, prompting a convergence of expert opinions that Nigeria is fast degenerating unto a failed state. Among the various descriptions of criminal enterprises in Nigeria, there is scholarly preoccupation with the nuances and pattern of armed banditry. This paper seeks to deepen this preoccupation by scoping the infamy of rural banditry in northern Nigeria. It argues that, beyond the much-touted ethno-religious sentiment and convoluted diversity, the worsening human condition occasioned by the increasing parlous governance situation in the country, are more persuasive in explaining the dramatic wave of criminal enterprises. The theoretical perspective of Cohen and Felson which treat crime as the consequence of the convergence of a motivated offender, a vulnerable target and the absence of capable guardian, comes close to a real-life connotation of rural banditry in northern Nigeria. The paper recommends among others, the urgent need to ups the quality of good governance in order to address the human condition, and that a collaboration among the leadership strata in the wider society must demonstrate sufficient commitment to compliment government efforts in a genuine governance project that seeks to emancipate Nigeria from her current sorry state.

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Sementsov, S. V. "Regularities of Creating in the XVIII - Mid XX Centuries a Regular Agglomeration of St. Petersburg - Leningrad and Problems of its Preservation as a World Heritage Object." Advanced Materials Research 1020 (October 2014): 651–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1020.651.

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Before the foundation of St. Petersburg in 1703, there had for centuries existed a developed system of rural settlements located on the flat valleys and areas along the Neva River and around the Ladoga Lake. Since 1703, under the leadership of Peter I and his followers, there was carried out a systematic creation of the capital St. Petersburg agglomeration (St. Petersburg and residential suburbs around it), which was done on the basis of purposefully introduced principles of regularity and harmony of architectural ensembles, by the methods of large-scale reconstruction of the previous irregular system of the population settlement distribution. The scale of this new agglomeration had no analogues in world town-planning practice of the XVIII century and united spaces with the total area over 200 square kilometers, which extended from the town of Sestroretsk in the North to the town of Novgorod in the South, from the town of Narva in the West to the Volkhov River in the East. The regularity and multi-center character of the central city formed according to the pattern of a mesh and cellular structure (with the dimensions of 10 km by 15 km), was supplemented with a regularity of suburban ensembles` layout and multi-kilometer rectilinear axes – roads connecting them. Some of the roads had the length of several hundred km (such as the road from Moscow to St. Petersburg built in 1706-1718, that was as long as nearly 700 km). Huge suburban forest-park and natural-landscape spaces between palace and park ensembles were united as star-patterned compositions. This historically created agglomeration is deservedly included in the List of Objects of the World Heritage, but so far it has not received a unambiguous understanding of its uniqueness and needs a considerable effort in searching new individual ways of the historical heritage preservation. On the basis of the archive records, the contribution presents an analysis of regularities of consecutive and purposeful transformation of the historical rural settlements system existing up to the foundation of St. Petersburg into the capital St. Petersburg agglomeration of regular type.

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Vasekha, M. V. ""Peasant literacy": educational program in Western Siberia and the construction of a new pattern of female behavior in the 1920’s." Archaeology and Ethnography 17, no. 5 (2018): 150–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2018-17-5-150-160.

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Purpose. The article analysis the mechanisms of inculcation for a new pattern of female behavior – «literate peasant women» and the peculiarities of the process of illiteracy elimination among Siberians in the first decade of Soviet authority. In the early 1920’s literate men in the cities of Siberia accounted for 61.2 %, and in rural areas – 26.7%, literate women – respectively 46.9 % and 9.2 %. In fact, 90.8 % of Siberian peasant women were illiterate. Women’s program consists not only the points illiteracy, but women’s clubs, organization of agricultural courses and Sunday schools. Paramount task was learning to write, read and count. It was assumed and the second stage of «Adult» education – schools of half-educated with basic subjects of primary education. The factor of female illiteracy has become one of the significant obstacles in the implementation of the early Soviet policy of building a «new way of life» («novyi byt») and emancipation of women. Teach women to read, write and count was the basic stage in the embodiment of the construct of the «new Soviet woman» within the framework of the Soviet utopia. In fact, after receiving these elementary skills, the following stages of Women policy may began: implementation of the thesis on gender equality, involvement in public and political life, work in leadership positions, atheistic campaign, a complex of work on maternity and infancy, and in general, to produce global transformations of women’s life strategies and values. Results. The early Soviet policy on eliminating illiteracy is a very popular topic among Russian historians. Most of the works were created during the Soviet period, which imposed certain restrictions on them: with extensive factual material, these studies bore a somewhat one-sided, ideologically biased interpretation of this process. An analysis of post-Soviet literature showed that today the problem is being worked out no less intensively. Regional studies, based on statistical information and archival materials, prevail. This study is based both on archival, statistical data, and on the materials of the Siberian press of the 1920’s. The originality of the work is given by the materials of field ethnographic research, which allows the author to supplement the historical picture, and, perhaps, see the dry report data and statistical data from a different angle. Conclusion. The author makes the assumption that the failure of the policy of education and the weak involvement of girls in school education in Western Siberia in the 1920’s became one of the key reasons that the image of a Russian peasant woman in Siberia during this period still largely corresponded to the notions of the role, functions and place of a woman in a «traditional» society.

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Karadeniz, Sıtkı. "An Urban/Modern Version of Tribe: “The Kalenderi/Hiyyi Association” / Aşiretin Kentsel/Modern Bir Versiyonu Olarak Kalenderi/Hiyyi Derneği." Journal of History Culture and Art Research 7, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.7596/taksad.v7i1.1433.

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This article focuses on an “existing tribe” (regarded as a pre-modern social organization representing rural society) to reorganize/transform itself as a civil society organization (the “ideal” organization of modern society and urban life). The efforts and strategies of tribes for reviving and sustaining themselves in urban life are analyzed over the narratives of the “well educated, skilled and urban” members of the Executive Board of “The Kalenderi/Hıyyi Association” (KHA). In big cities, the establishment of associations by the migrants coming from the same ethnic/religious community or the same locale is a common thing. But KHA is not a migrant solidarity association, it is located in its “homeland”. A well-educated group of tribesmen put a special emphasis on the preservation of former relations and traditions in modern urban life and establish the KHA. During the research, it is observed that other urban tribesmen (from all world) effectively uses cyber space, while respond the call for “unity” from their “relatives”. The association regards “all tribe, as a community of broader relatives” and utilizes technology effectively to contact these “broader relatives”. This type of organizational behavior brings a unique and effective perspective on organizational pattern of tribes. The article argues that new forms of tribes such as “cyber tribes” could emerge in future (for instance, tribes ruled by “elected” leaders or tribes reorganized in different modern forms ranging from solidarity associations, pressure groups, corporations or else). In all these “modern” forms, the prerequisite of membership will be “traditional” (being a “member” of “the tribe”). The cyber space also may give birth to its own leaders and these “cyber leaders” (especially of social online platforms) may gather new generation tribesmen around themselves and challenge the “traditional leadership”.

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Penman, Joy, Eddie L Robinson, and Wendy M Cross. "Remaining Connected with our Graduates: A Pilot Study." Interdisciplinary Journal of e-Skills and Lifelong Learning 15 (2019): 043–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4243.

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Aim/Purpose: This study aims to determine where nursing students from a metropolitan university subsequently work following graduation, identify the factors that influence decisions to pursue careers in particular locations, ascertain educational plans in the immediate future; and explore the factors that might attract students to pursue postgraduate study. Background: The global nursing shortage and high attrition of nursing students remain a challenge for the nursing profession. A recurrent pattern of maldistribution of nurses in clinical specialities and work locations has also occurred. It is imperative that institutions of learning examine their directions and priorities with the goal of meeting the mounting health needs of the wider community. Methodology: Qualitative and quantitative data were obtained through an online 21-item questionnaire. The questionnaire gathered data such as year of graduation, employment status, the location of main and secondary jobs, the principal area of nursing activity, and plans for postgraduate study. It sought graduates’ reasons for seeking employment in particular workplaces and the factors encouraging them to pursue postgraduate study. Contribution: This study is meaningful and relevant as it provided a window to see the gaps in higher education and nursing practice, and opportunities in research and collaboration. It conveys many insights that were informative, valuable and illuminating in the context of nurse shortage and nurse education. The partnership with hospitals and health services in providing education and support at the workplace is emphasized. Findings: Twenty-three students completed the online questionnaire. All respondents were employed, 22 were working in Australia on a permanent basis (96%), 19 in urban areas (83%) with three in regional/rural areas (13%), and one was working internationally (4%). This pilot study revealed that there were varied reasons for workplace decisions, but the most common answer was the opportunity provided to students to undertake their graduate year and subsequent employment offered. Moreover, the prevailing culture of the organization and high-quality clinical experiences afforded to students were significant contributory factors. Data analysis revealed their plans for postgraduate studies in the next five years (61%), with critical care nursing as the most popular specialty option. The majority of the respondents (78%) signified their interest in taking further courses, being familiar with the educational system and expressing high satisfaction with the university’s program delivery. Recommendations for Practitioners: The results of the pilot should be tested in a full study with validated instruments in the future. With a larger dataset, the conclusions about graduate destinations and postgraduate educational pursuits of graduates would be generalizable, valid and reliable. Recommendation for Researchers: Further research to explore how graduates might be encouraged to work in rural and regional areas, determine courses that meet the demand of the market, and how to better engage with clinical partners are recommended. Impact on Society: It is expected that the study will be extended in the future to benefit other academics, service managers, recruiters, and stakeholders to alert them of strategies that may be used to entice graduates to seek employment in various areas and plan for addressing the educational needs of postgraduate nursing students. The end goal is to help enhance the nursing workforce by focusing on leadership and retention. Future Research: Future directions for research will include canvassing a bigger sample of alumni students and continuously monitoring graduate destinations and educational aspirations. How graduates might be encouraged to work in rural and regional areas will be further explored. Further research will also be undertaken involving graduates from other universities and other countries in order to compare the work practice of graduates over the same time frame.

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Piyaman, Patnaree, Philip Hallinger, and Pongsin Viseshsiri. "Addressing the achievement gap." Journal of Educational Administration 55, no. 6 (September 4, 2017): 717–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jea-12-2016-0142.

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Purpose Developing countries in many parts of the world have experienced a disturbing trend in the differential pace of economic development among urban and rural communities. These inequities have been observed in education systems in Asia, Africa, and Latin America where researchers have documented differences not only in resource allocation but also in the academic performance among students in urban and rural schools. Recently researchers have shifted their focus from examining financial and physical resources to investigating the nature and impact of differences in human resources. The purpose of this paper is to examine differences in school organization processes associated with learning-centered leadership and teacher learning among urban and rural primary schools in Thailand. Teacher trust and teacher agency were proposed as possible mediators of leadership effects on teacher learning. Design/methodology/approach This study employed a cross-sectional survey design. The authors collected survey data from 1,011 teachers and 60 principals in 30 urban and 30 rural primary schools in Thailand. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modeling, and bootstrapping were used to analyze the proposed model of leadership and teacher professional learning. More specifically, data analysis was aimed at determining the nature of relationships among the constructs in the conceptual model and whether patterns of leadership and teacher learning differed in urban and rural primary schools. Findings The results affirmed a model whereby school leadership exerted significant indirect effects on teacher learning in both urban and rural primary schools. Data analyses determined that the path of leadership effects moved through trust to agency and then to teacher professional learning. Thus, while the authors found a strong direct effect of leadership on teacher trust, there were only small direct effects of leadership on teacher agency and no meaningful direct effects of leadership on teacher professional learning. Thus, the research affirmed a full mediation model of leadership effects on teacher learning. Finally, the study also affirmed that the measured variables were perceived as significantly stronger in the urban schools than in the rural schools. Social implications The research expands on prior research on the “achievement gap” in Thailand by demonstrating the existence of a similar “human resource gap” when comparing urban and rural school leaders and teachers. This study implies that addressing the gap in student achievement will require action aimed at building the capacity of the principals and teachers who work with the rural pupils. Originality/value These results suggest differences in the quality of human resources between urban and rural primary schools in Thailand. There may be potential benefit to be gained from providing training focused on “learning-centered leadership” for principals and middle level leaders, as well as expanding access to quality professional development opportunities for rural teachers.

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Mette, Ian, Catharine Biddle, Mark Congdon, Jr., and Andrea Mercado. "Parochialism or Pragmatic Resistance? The Role of Community-engaged Leadership, Activist Scholarship, and Vulnerable Rural Ecologies within School Reform." Australian and International Journal of Rural Education 29, no. 2 (July 24, 2022): 78–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.47381/aijre.v29i2.203.

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This study examines how rural school and community leaders in one of the most rural areas of the United States are able to collaboratively design a grassroots school reform initiative to address inequity issues related to childhood poverty and trauma. Through interviews conducted with advisory board members implementing the reform effort, as well as our own reflections as activist scholars, our work suggests a) the value of rural leaders protecting their vulnerable ecologies against reform initiatives 'from away' b) difficulty creating spaces to support the protection of vulnerable ecologies and address rural inequities; and c) the need for activist scholars to partner with communities for transformation. As such, we challenge the notion of rural resistance to reform efforts being parochial and reposition this work as pragmatic in response to decades of economic and spatial marginalization. Additionally, we highlight the importance of activist scholarship in rural school-community leadership to ensure development of resilient ecologies that do not perpetuate patterns of repeated exclusion.

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Hansen, Peter. "Bắc Di Cư: Catholic Refugees from the North of Vietnam, and Their Role in the Southern Republic, 1954––1959". Journal of Vietnamese Studies 4, № 3 (2009): 173–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/vs.2009.4.3.173.

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Northern Catholic refugees who resettled in the Republic of Vietnam during 1954 and 1955 in the aftermath of the Geneva Conference formed an identifiable, largely unassimilated cohort that was eventually (but not immediately) utilized by the government of Ngôô Đinh Diệm for nation-building purposes. In both their departure from the North and their resettlement in the South, the Bẳc di cư were largely responsive to their clerical leadership. These Catholic communities often replicated the patterns of organization, modes of leadership, and suspicion of the external world that had characterized their rural village communities in the North.

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Hesbol, Kristina A., Jennifer Sparkman Bartee, and Fayaz Amiri. "Activism in Practice: The Influence of a Rural School Leader’s Beliefs and Practices in Disrupting Historical Patterns of Underachievement in Traditionally Marginalized Students." Impacting Education: Journal on Transforming Professional Practice 5, no. 2 (July 17, 2020): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ie.2020.134.

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Despite the fact that rural communities across the United States are rapidly diversifying (Fusarelli & Militello, 2012), little research has examined the beliefs and practices of successful rural educational leaders, specifically in high poverty schools and districts where traditionally marginalized students demonstrate improving learning outcomes. The purpose of this study was to examine the beliefs and practices of a rural educational leader whose school or district met established study criteria for a high poverty, high performing school, in which traditionally marginalized students demonstrate increasingly productive learning outcomes. Interviews with the leader were conducted, and the data were coded and analyzed using a constant comparative method (Lincoln & Guba, 1985).The following research question guided the study:What impact do the beliefs and practices of a rural school district leader have on the learning outcomes of traditionally marginalized students in the Rocky Mountain West?The findings from this study contribute to the paucity of research on culturally responsive rural superintendent-principals. Identifying the rural leader’s beliefs and practices provides support for educational leaders who serve in that uniquely rural dual role, about which very little has been written. It informs leadership preparation programs, graduate students, researchers, and policy makers about the need for nuanced culturally responsive training for rural educational leaders.

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Atherly, Adam, John Kralewski, Christopher Johnson, and Michelle Brasure. "Developing Rural Primary Health Care Service Areas: An Analysis of Patient Migration Patterns." Health Care Management Review 28, no. 2 (April 2003): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004010-200304000-00009.

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Dhanakumar, V. G., and Boyd Rossing. "Staff decision making patterns, village leadership performance, and local institutionalization processes in agricultural and rural development programs." Agriculture and Human Values 11, no. 2-3 (March 1994): 168–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01530458.

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FINK, DEBORAH. ""Not to Intrude": A Danish Perspective on Gender and Class in Nineteenth-Century Dairying." Agricultural History 83, no. 4 (October 1, 2009): 446–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-83.4.446.

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Abstract This study follows the thread of gender divisions in dairying in Denmark and the American Midwest in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.Gender organization of dairying shifted at this time in diverse European and North American contexts. As agriculture mechanized and production scale increased, access to advanced education and international markets became critical. Women, who had been in the forefront of the development of dairying, ceded their leadership to men as these changes occurred. While some scholars see this shift as a strategic loss for women, this study finds that variables of class, marital status, rural demographics, and alternative occupations mediated the rural women’s experience of change. Not all women experienced the change as a loss. The question of which women were invested in dairying is critical to understanding the course of change. Increasingly, middle-class farm women were turning away from the hard work of dairying and investing themselves in new ways in the upward mobility of their family farms. Rural life shaped distinct gender patterns in European and American history, and the rural experience shaped the larger trajectory of women’s economic and political evolution, even though few rural women were involved in the organized women’s movement.

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Ngcamu, Bethuel Sibongiseni, and Felix Chari. "Drought Influences on Food Insecurity in Africa: A Systematic Literature Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 16 (August 14, 2020): 5897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165897.

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African countries continue to be prone to drought, caused mainly by unfavorable weather patterns and climatic variations which have an adverse impact on rural households and agricultural production. This literature review article accounted for the aforesaid drawbacks and attempted to assess the effect of drought on food insecurity in African countries. This article further sought to dissect the resilience and climate change adaptation strategies applied by African countries to mitigate the adverse effects of drought on food insecurity in rural livelihoods. The hermeneutic framework was adopted in this study, where the secondary data sources were searched from credible bibliographic and multidisciplinary databases and organizational websites. Thereafter, it was classified, mapped, and critically assessed using the qualitative data analysis software NVivo to generate patterns and themes. The NVivo program is a qualitative data analysis software package produced by QSR International and which helps qualitative researchers to organize, analyze, and find insights in qualitative data; for example, in journal articles where multilayered analysis on small or large volumes of data are required. This article has the potential to contribute in theory, concept, policy, and practice regarding best practices, resilience, and climate change adaptation strategies that can be harnessed by rural people. Furthermore, this article has the potential to shed light on the role played by traditional leadership and policy improvements in ensuring there is sufficient food during periods of drought.

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Vergara-Camus, Leandro. "This Land is Ours Now: Social Mobilization and the Meanings of Land in Brazil, Wendy Wolford, Durham, NC.: Duke University Press, 2010." Historical Materialism 21, no. 2 (2013): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569206x-12341293.

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Abstract In this review, I highlight the valuable contributions of Wendy Wolford’s latest book, which rest on her extensive understanding of the diversity of the Brazilian countryside and her acute ability to weave together the impact that land-tenure patterns, labour regimes and regional cultures have had upon settlers of the Landless Rural Workers’ Movement. It also assesses the central claim of the book which suggests that the MST is often unable to retain its membership because the leadership reproduces an understanding of peasant agriculture that is specific to the South of Brazil. The review argues that Wolford’s main argument falls foul of four shortcomings related to her methodology, her understanding of the MST’s ideology, her choice of not including the process of encampment and the MST’s commitment to radical social change in her analysis, and finally her problematic interpretation of the relationship between the grassroots membership and the leadership of the movement.

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Kinyanjui, Alfred. "INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION STRATEGIES ON RURAL LIVELIHOODS.A CRITICAL LITERATURE REVIEW." Journal of Environment 1, no. 1 (July 23, 2021): 30–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/je.617.

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Purpose: Climate change may reduce the availability of these local natural resources, limiting the options of rural households that depend on Natural resources for consumption or trade. The general objective of the study was to examine influence of climate change mitigation strategies on rural livelihoods Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps. Findings: The study found out that local communities are aware of the climatic changes taking place in their locality and have taken steps to discuss climate change issues within their neighborhood, through local leadership Chief Barazas and reports by environment stakeholders. The researcher also established that different adaptation strategies are encouraged by different organizations. Recommendations: The study recommends that scaling up and diversifying funding allocations for climate change response by both government and NGOs. This will ensure vibrant climate that climate change response activities that are at the same time enhancing rural livelihoods. Channeling of funds through grass root organizations like youth groups and women organizations will provide support of most preferred local adaptation strategies like change in crop patterns, agro-forestry and cross breeding of livestock

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Subanda, I. Nyoman, I. Nyoman Budiana, and A. A. Ngr Eddy Supriyadinata Gorda. "The Implications of Village Regulation toward the Dualism of Local Leadership Dynamics." Udayana Journal of Law and Culture 4, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ujlc.2020.v04.i01.p03.

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The transformation of local leadership in Bali has implications for the emergence of various phenomena of the relationship of desa dinas (the official administrative village) and desa adat (the customary village) which both have autonomous rights. The authority of desa adat and desa dinas coincides with each other. With these conditions, various potential conflicts, poor communication patterns, and overlapping authority are very likely to occur at the local level. In this study, several issues will be discussed, namely: What is the model and process of transformation in local leadership especially in desa adat in Bali? What is the process and form of negaranisasi in local leadership especially in desa adat in Bali? What are the competencies and roles of local leaders in the local leadership process in Bali? What are the roots, the causes and solutions in handling horizontal conflicts in local leadership in Bali? Data were collected by interview, documentation and focus group discussion method to obtain sufficient data variance and validity. Furthermore, the data were analyzed qualitatively using interactive models from Miles and Huberman. The results of the study can be described, that the synergy of two (2) types of local leadership is needed. The capacity and competence of village officials and prajuru adat (customary officials) are obliged to be enhanced, strengthened and empowered, so that they are able to adapt in handling various problems that arise in rural communities in the era of modernization and globalization. For this reason, it is needed to build a synergic relationship model and leadership coordination system between desa dinas and desa adat, a model for developing the capacity and competency of village officials and prajuru adat, and developing a model for handling conflicts that have increasingly intense.

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Madigan, Elizabeth A., Clareen A. Wiencek, and Ann L. Vander Schrier. "Patterns of Community-Based End-of-Life Care in Rural Areas of the United States." Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice 10, no. 1 (January 11, 2009): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527154409333861.

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Masoga, Mogomme Alpheus, and Allucia Lulu Shokane. "Sebata-Kgomo Basadi! Emerging indigenised women leadership patterns: Selected narratives from local rural women’s stokvels in Ga-Sekororo, South Africa." Agenda 33, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2019.1598777.

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Klotzbücher, Sascha. "“Embedded Research” in Collaborative Fieldwork." Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 43, no. 2 (June 2014): 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810261404300206.

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In the era of the “scientific development concept” of the Hu/Wen leadership, agents of knowledge transfer that eventually translates into policy comprise not only think tanks for policy formulation in central-state institutions but also researchers in universities supporting policy implementation at local levels. Well-established patterns of local scientific advisory frame collaborative fieldwork in Sino-Western scientific projects on local governance. However, there is a gap between our active integration into these patterns during fieldwork and our ability to clarify them as resources, reconstruct the selection of research topics and contextualize the research results within our academic discourses. Analysing site-finding, data collection, aggregation and dissemination of a research project with Chinese public health researchers on rural health service reform in Xinjiang between 2005 and 2010, I argue that fieldwork and the role performed as a scientific advisor for the political principal is the localized and daily interface where politics crosses into science.

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Aminudin, Achmad. "PELEMBAGAAN PROGRAM UNIT PENGELOLAAN KEUANGAN DESA (UPKD) BENGKULU REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (BRDP) DESA MUARA PAYANG KABUPATEN BENGKULU SELATAN." Jurnal Manajemen Publik & Kebijakan Publik (JMPKP) 2, no. 2 (February 21, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36085/jmpkp.v2i2.794.

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This research was done in Muara Payang village, District of South Bengkulu, predominantly inhabited by Serawai Tribe. A key informant composed of UPKD committee, POKJA members and 10 members of UPKD were the unit of analysis to reveal the phenomenon investigated using purposive random sampling. Information from the field was obtained through methods of in-depth interview, group discussion, and observation. Data were analysed descriptive and qualitatively. The objective of this research was to reveal the patterns of this rural economic self-sufficiency and sustainability of UPKD program of Muara Payang village in order to improve the self-sufficiency and Institutionalization of UPKD program of Muara Payang village in order to improve the self-sufficiency ability of the targeted group in rural areas and the possibility of empowering it in order to develop the self-sufficiency of the rural community. Field data has shown a fairly high level of institutionalization of the program, indicated by the democratic leadership of the UPKD chair and all administrators. Also, the ability of target group members to explore and utilize local resources, provide time, energy, funds and thoughts in the implementation and development of the UPKD program continuously. Also the process of Productive Economic Activities, the formation of Pokmas and Identification of Activities, Funds Revolving, and productive economic activities are in accordance with the implementation guidence.

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Gupta, Neeru, and Samuel R. Cookson. "Double Disparity of Sexual Minority Status and Rurality in Cardiometabolic Hospitalization Risk: A Secondary Analysis Using Linked Population-Based Data." Healthcare 11, no. 21 (October 30, 2023): 2854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11212854.

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Studies have shown separately that sexual minority populations generally experience poorer chronic health outcomes compared with those who identify as heterosexual, as do rural populations compared with urban dwellers. This Canadian national observational study explored healthcare patterns at the little-understood intersections of lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) identity with residence in rural and remote communities, beyond chronic disease status. The secondary analysis applied logistic regressions on multiple linked datasets from representative health surveys, administrative hospital records, and a geocoded index of community remoteness to examine differences in the risk of potentially avoidable cardiometabolic-related hospitalization among adults of working age. Among those with an underlying cardiometabolic condition and residing in more rural and remote communities, a significantly higher hospitalization risk was found for LGB-identified persons compared with their heterosexual peers (odds ratio: 4.2; 95% confidence interval: 1.5–11.7), adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, behavioral risk factors, and primary healthcare access. In models stratified by sex, the association remained significant among gay and bisexual men (5.6; CI: 1.3–24.4) but not among lesbian and bisexual women (3.5; CI: 0.9–13.6). More research is needed leveraging linkable datasets to better understand the complex and multiplicative influences of sexual minority status and rurality on cardiometabolic health to inform equity-enhancing preventive healthcare interventions.

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Covey, R. Alan, and Kylie E. Quave. "The Economic Transformation of the Inca Heartland (Cuzco, Peru) in the Late Sixteenth Century." Comparative Studies in Society and History 59, no. 2 (April 2017): 277–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417517000056.

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AbstractThis paper uses documents generated by the 1594–1595composiciones de tierrasin Cuzco, Peru, to discuss the economic transformation of the former heartland of the Inca Empire and the impact of Spanish administrative policies implemented in the early 1570s. The diverse social and environmental landscapes of rural areas lying to the west of Cuzco provide a range of local case studies that reveal how settlement and tribute policies of the viceroy Francisco de Toledo failed to produce sustainable colonial towns of Christian Indians. Detailed records of indigenous land repartition in the area show gender- and status-based patterns of individual allocations, as well as ecological differences in landholding between communities. The local records indicate the continuing importance of Inca-era community identities and local leadership for maintaining possession of community lands. By contrast, documents related to thecomposicionesamong private landowners reveal vast inequalities in land access, as well as the rapid growth in the demand for indigenous labor to produce important agrarian commodities. We argue that Spanish administrative policies accelerated the transformation of the means of production in rural Cuzco, creating peasants instead of Christian Indian subjects.

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Terry, Daniel, Blake Peck, and Kate Kloot. "Paediatric Emergency Asthma Presentations: Temporal Trends and Representations in Rural Australia." Healthcare 11, no. 24 (December 7, 2023): 3113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11243113.

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Asthma is a key illness driving children to present to emergency departments, and although paediatric emergency asthma presentations have been examined, the temporal trends remain somewhat elusive. The aim is to highlight, describe, and model the temporal trends of emergency paediatric asthma presentations, using comprehensive hospital emergency presentation data. A retrospective cross-sectional study examined de-identified paediatric (0 to 14 years) emergency asthma presentation data over a three-year period. Data were obtained from nine healthcare facilities in Victoria, Australia. Episode-level data were collected through RAHDaR, a comprehensive emergency data register which includes missing data (35.0%) among rural health facilities not currently captured elsewhere. Monthly presentation rates demonstrate a significant difference in presentations between fall/autumn and spring, and males had higher presentation rates in February and June–August. Emergency presentations were more likely to occur Sunday–Tuesday, peaking in the time periods of 8–9 a.m., 11 a.m.–12 p.m., and 8–9 p.m. Significant differences were noted between all age groups. Examining previously unavailable rural data has highlighted patterns among emergency asthma presentations for children 0–14 years of age. Knowledge of these by season, month, and day of the week, in combination with time of day, offers scope for more focused workforce education and planning, and nuanced referral pathways, particularly in resource-limited settings.

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41

Molepo, Mahlaga Johannes, and Linda M. Cloete. "Proposal for Improving Records Management Practices of Traditional Institutions in Ga Molepo, South Africa." Mousaion: South African Journal of Information Studies 35, no. 1 (November 3, 2017): 46–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2054.

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The way in which an institution treats its records is crucial for its survival in a rapidly changing society. The purpose of the study was to investigate the records management practices and challenges faced by traditional institutions of leadership and governance in Ga Molepo, Limpopo, South Africa. The researcher employed a cross-sectional survey in order to quantitatively examine the challenges faced by members of traditional councils. A researcher administered questionnaire was used as a data collection tool to study a stratified sample of 35 members from an estimated population of 350. The findings revealed patterns and trends of non-compliance with records management standards and guidelines. Although there were sporadic cases of record keeping, a greater number of respondents revealed that traditional institutions lack the facilities, equipment, education and trained/skilled personnel to apply correct records management procedures in their daily administration of their traditional communities. The main value of the study is to create awareness of records management as one of the neglected areas in traditional institutions â€“ which are by current legislative arrangement, the closest form of leadership and governance for rural communities in light of their relationship with local municipalities and the Department of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs.

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42

Garrard, John. "Urban Elites, 1850–1914: The Rule and Decline of a New Squirearchy?" Albion 27, no. 4 (1995): 583–621. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4052533.

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In recent decades, several historians, including myself, have argued that many nineteenth-century British urban elites were akin to a sort of new squirearchy. The intention of this article is to explore how far this idea enables us to better understand the role, power, and style of urban leadership, and the political, social, and economic context in which it existed. Given that the termination point is 1914, it also examines how much the notion has to say about political change in the rapidly expanding urban context after around 1850. The notion of a “new squirearchy” implies two things about nineteenth-century local leadership and the nature of its power: first, that urban elites aped and importantly resembled their rural “old” squirearchical counterparts in both substance and style; second, in so doing, such elites were calling up (whether intentionally or not) rural patterns of behavior to try to resolve problems of order, authority, legitimacy, and power in a situation where they did not naturally have easy and economical access to the means of producing any of these things. With this in mind, and after some preliminary clarification of terminology, the article will divide into three broad sections. In the first, it explores the utility of the squirearchical model to understanding the character and power of urban elites in the period up to around 1880 when local leadership in many industrial towns seemed most generously endowed with attributes to which the model might apply. The not very astonishing conclusion will be that the model is helpful in some ways, less so in others, all of which stem from the urban and industrial context in which leaders were operating. The second section will focus on the years up to around 1918 when “men (and women) of property and station” were withdrawing from active participation in the urban and industrial scene. Here, the argument will be that, at least in those northern towns under particular scrutiny, elements of the “new squirearchical” style proved remarkably resilient in spite of the withdrawal of many of those who practiced it—and may well have much to say about how the transition from one sort of leadership to another was managed, or at least took place. The final section will be concerned with the consequences of withdrawal for the power of urban leaders who remained. It will suggest that, just as property and station was no more than a partial predictor of power in the period when it was most abundantly in evidence, so its decline after 1880 was only one among many factors explaining what happened to the ability of local leaders to achieve intended effects. In fact, for various reasons, again heavily connected with the urban context in which leadership was exercised, the power at least of local political leaders in important respects increased.

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Alif, Muhammad, Selly Oktarina, and Anna Gustina Zainal. "Institutional Synergism as the Information Center for Agriculture Development (PIPP) in Indonesia." JASSP 1, no. 2 (October 29, 2021): 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jassp.v1i2.33.

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Institutional empowerment will push the improvement of farmer productivity which can affect the well-being of farmer life. The purpose of this article is to determine the role of institutions in the development of the Center for Agricultural Development Information in rural and the efforts that can be made to create synergy between institutions and PIPP. This paper uses a literature review by looking for relevant references according to existing problems. The data has been obtained are then analyzed using descriptive analysis methods. The results and discussion show that some of the institutions involved in the Agricultural Development Information Center (PIPP) are, universities, local governments, opinion leaders, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), farmer organizations (extension agents, farmer contacts, farmer group associations, (Gapoktan) and farmer groups). Empowering farmers through common perceptions and alignment of goals, strengthening institutions for the continuity and sustainability of resources and structuring institutional capacity, improving institutional management, improving leadership patterns, and transparency.

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Lu, Hongxia, Jianwei Zheng, and Yun Wang. "Geospatial Analysis of Opioid Dispensing Patterns in California: A 2021 Real-World Study." Healthcare 11, no. 12 (June 13, 2023): 1732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11121732.

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The misuse and abuse of opioids has become a serious public health threat in the United States. The state of California has been hit particularly hard by the opioid epidemic, with a noticeable increase in opioid-related fatalities and hospitalizations. This brief report paper aims to contribute to the growing literature by conducting a geospatial analysis of opioid dispensing patterns in California in 2021. The primary objective was to identify areas characterized by high-risk opioid dispending patterns and explore possible contributing factors. This retrospective study analyzed data from over 7 million records of opioid and benzodiazepine prescriptions dispensed by outpatient pharmacies in California in 2021. A series of generalized linear regression models was employed to assess the impact of neighborhood characteristics on opioid recipients and high-risk opioid dispensing. The study defined high-risk opioid dispensing behavior as: (1) multiple provider episodes, (2) overlapping opioid prescriptions for seven or more days, (3) overlapping opioid and benzodiazepine prescriptions for seven or more days, and (4) a high standardized dosage of opioid prescriptions per month. The study identified variables associated with high-risk opioid dispensing behaviors, including age, population density, income, and housing-related variables, as well as marital status and family-related variables. The study uncovered that there are noticeable disparities in opioid dispensing among different racial and ethnic groups within California. The findings indicated a correlation of high-risk dispensing indicators with certain demographic and socioeconomic factors. There was a substantial regional variation in opioid dispensing practices, with certain rural areas having higher rates of opioid prescriptions than urban areas.

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Hernandez, Alison, Anna-Karin Hurtig, Miguel San Sebastian, Fernando Jerez, and Walter Flores. "‘History obligates us to do it’: political capabilities of Indigenous grassroots leaders of health accountability initiatives in rural Guatemala." BMJ Global Health 7, no. 5 (May 2022): e008530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-008530.

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Growing interest in how marginalised citizens can leverage countervailing power to make health systems more inclusive and equitable points to the need for politicised frameworks for examining bottom-up accountability initiatives. This study explores how political capabilities are manifested in the actions and strategies of Indigenous grassroots leaders of health accountability initiatives in rural Guatemala. Qualitative data were gathered through group discussions and interviews with initiative leaders (called defenders of the right to health) and initiative collaborators in three municipalities. Analysis was oriented by three dimensions of political capabilities proposed for evaluating the longer-term value of participatory development initiatives: political learning, reshaping networks and patterns of representation. Our findings indicated that the defenders’ political learning began with actionable knowledge about defending the right to health and citizen participation. The defenders used their understanding of local norms to build trust with remote Indigenous communities and influence them to participate in monitoring to attempt to hold the state accountable for the discriminatory and deficient healthcare they received. Network reshaping was focused on broadening their base of support. Their leadership strategies enabled them to work with other grassroots leaders and access resources that would expand their reach in collective action and lend them more influence representing their problems beyond the local level. Patterns of representing their interests with a range of local and regional authorities indicated they had gained confidence and credibility through their evolving capability to navigate the political landscape and seek the right authority based on the situation. Our results affirm the critical importance of sustained, long-term processes of engagement with marginalised communities and representatives of the state to enable grassroots leaders of accountability initiatives to develop the capabilities needed to mobilise collective action, shift the terms of interaction with the state and build more equitable health systems.

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46

Dios-Aguado, Mercedes de, María Teresa Agulló-Ortuño, María Idoia Ugarte-Gurrutxaga, Benito Yañez-Araque, Brígida Molina-Gallego, and Sagrario Gómez-Cantarino. "Nutritional Health Education in Pregnant Women in a Rural Health Centre: Results in Spanish and Foreign Women." Healthcare 9, no. 10 (September 29, 2021): 1293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9101293.

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The dietary behaviour of pregnant women, as well as the socio-cultural conditions in which pregnancy takes place, influence obstetric outcomes. To analyse the influence of socioeconomic factors and dietary habits on obstetric outcomes in Spanish and foreign pregnant women living in a rural environment, a population-based, prospective-observational study in a cohort of Spanish and foreign pregnant women in the town of Yepes, in the province of Toledo, Spain was conducted. Foreign pregnant women are ecodependent on their partners, have secondary education and low socioeconomic level. Spanish pregnant women have secondary education, a medium socio-economic level, live with their partners and are economically independent. Moreover, 85% of Spanish pregnant women gave birth at term and reached a gestational age of 40 ± 1.83 weeks. However, only 55% of foreign pregnant women reached a gestational age of 39.72 ± 2.28 weeks. Through health education, pregnant women in this geographical area of Castilla la Mancha, Spain, adopted bicultural dietary patterns, thus reaching the prescribed diet of 2000 Kcal. Through this diet, both Spanish and foreign pregnant women maintained albumin and plasma protein levels within the established range, with no significant differences in obstetric outcomes among pregnant women in the study.

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47

Ambade, Preshit Nemdas, Joe Gerald, and Tauhidur Rahman. "Wealth Status and Health Insurance Enrollment in India: An Empirical Analysis." Healthcare 11, no. 9 (May 7, 2023): 1343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11091343.

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Since 2005, health insurance (HI) coverage in India has significantly increased, largely because of the introduction of government-funded pro-poor insurance programs. As a result, the determinants of HI enrollment and their relative importance may have changed. Using National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-4 data, collected in 2015–2016, and employing a Probit regression model, we re-examine the determinants of household HI enrollment. Then, using a multinomial logistic regression model, we estimate the relative risk ratio for enrollment in different HI schemes. In comparison to the results on the determinants of HI enrollment using the NFHS data collected in 2005–2006, we find a decrease in the wealth gap in public HI enrollment. Nonetheless, disparities in enrollment remain, with some changes in those patterns. Households with low assets have lower enrollments in private and community-based health insurance (CBHI) programs. Households with a higher number of dependents have a higher likelihood of HI enrollment, especially in rural areas. In rural areas, poor Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe households are more likely to be enrolled in public HI than the general Caste households. In urban areas, Muslim households have a lower likelihood of enrollment in any HI. The educational attainment of household heads is positively associated with enrollment in private HI, but it is negatively associated with enrollment in public HI. Since 2005–2006, while HI coverage has improved, disparities across social groups remain.

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48

Hirakawa, Yoshihisa, Chifa Chiang, Mayu Yasuda Uemura, and Atsuko Aoyama. "Job Satisfaction Among Japanese Home-Visit Care Workers." Home Health Care Management & Practice 31, no. 1 (October 6, 2018): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1084822318803861.

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The present qualitative study aims to shed light on the job satisfaction of home-visit care workers in Japan. A total of 19 participants were recruited from two rural, three suburban, and one urban area in and around Nagoya city. The qualitative data were collected through individual or group interviews from May to August of 2017. The interviews were conducted using an open-ended questionnaire concerning job satisfaction. Qualitative content analysis was used to systematically identify ideas and patterns emerging from the interview data. Three main themes emerged from the analysis: client–worker conflict, public opinion about the profession, and changing but rewarding work. Home-visit care workers enjoy working in an environment where communication is highly valued, and appreciate the diversity of their clients’ personalities.

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BRINKMAN, INGE. "WAR, WITCHES AND TRAITORS: CASES FROM THE MPLA'S EASTERN FRONT IN ANGOLA (1966–1975)." Journal of African History 44, no. 2 (July 2003): 303–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853702008368.

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Accusations, trials and executions of witches and sell-outs frequently occurred at the MPLA's Eastern Front in Angola (1966–75). These events do not fit the general self-portrayal of the MPLA as a socialist, secular movement that was supported by the Angolan population without recourse to force. The people interviewed, mostly rural civilians from south-east Angola who lived under MPLA control, suggested many links between treason and witchcraft, yet at the same time differentiated between these accusations. Witchcraft cases were often initiated by civilian families and the accused were mostly people who had a long-standing reputation of being a witch. While the MPLA leadership was often suspicious of the accusations of witchcraft, many civilians regarded the trials of witches as more legitimate than those of treason. Civilians held that the accusation of treason was often used by the guerrillas to get rid of political or personal rivals and/or to control the population. The accusations showed few patterns and cannot be interpreted as deliberate attempts to overcome structural forms of domination, of chiefs over followers, men over women or old over young.

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50

Deji, O. F., and O. T. Makinde. "Comparative Study of the Influence of Demographic and Socio-economic Characteristics of Men and Women Leaders on their Leadership Styles and Patterns in the Rural Areas of Nigeria." Journal of Comparative Social Welfare 22, no. 1 (April 2006): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17486830500523052.

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