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1
Sinha, Ranjit. "Rural leadership, Panchayat raj and rural development." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/318.
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2
Furat, Mina. "Rural Development And Women." Phd thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615576/index.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This Dissertation analyzes the conditions, problems and potential of rural women&rsquos empowerment through a sample of rural women&rsquo
s organizations (two women&rsquo
s cooperative, seven rural development cooperative and one village women associaton) with interpreting DAWN iniative and GAD approach with a socialist feminist perspective. In this study, it is stated that the agricultural sector policies and rural development policy were constructed in relation with the conditions of underdevelopment and thus, in relation with the agreements with IMF, WTO and IPARD Programme of EU which enforced the decreasing of agricultural sector subsidies. It is notable that these policies are formulated with an aim of increasing the influence and significance of capitalist relations in agricultural sector and rural areas without taking precautions for the survival of small sized farming households in rural areas. Despite these general influences of underdevelopment to Turkish Agricultural Sector and patriarchal gender assumptions, these women&rsquo
s organizations could be successful to some extent empowering their members with the recognized dimensions of empowerment such as
psychological, economical, social, organizational and political. All these dimensions are interrelated with each other. In this study, it was observed that while economic empowerment and psychological empowerment is the base of all other dimensions of empowerment, social empowerment and organizational empowerment are the most dynamic processes of empowerment and political empowerment is hardest dimension or outcome to achieve.
3
Yadav, Renu <1987>. "Rural Development and Entrepreneurship." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/16838.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The dissertation examines rural entrepreneurship as a potential vehicle for facilitating local and regional development. Development of the rural areas is one of the top priorities of European Union. Consequently, the phenomenon of Rural entrepreneurship is also gaining importance in the European context, where for the purpose of cohesion of urban and rural area a substantial amount of resources is deployed on the annual basis. In this paper we analyze the role of entrepreneurship in the creation of wealth and employment in the peripheral context. The overall research questions revolve around: How rural context affects the entrepreneurship in highly marginalized areas and the interplay between them. What are the most appropriate regional development and growth theories present for this purpose? How entrepreneurs discover new business opportunity? And, What mental schemes and strategies are deployed in doing so? And finally, What is the role that various institutions play to facilitate entrepreneurship in such areas?
4
Sadler, Anna Jarita. "Rural character in the Hilltowns understanding attitudes about planning in the context of attachment to place /." Connect to this title, 2008. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/218/.
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5
Wong, Siu-mee. "Rural upgrading in Hong Kong : a case study of rural Tai Po /." [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B14803264.
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6
Lee, Kin-ki Chesterfield. "Sustainable development in the rural New Territories /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21041891.
Повний текст джерела
7
Stilwell, Ted, and Doreen Atkinson. "The economic rationale and modalities for rural infrastructure development: developmental local government in rural service delivery." Development Bank of Southern Africa, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/73841.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Policy Unit of the Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA) has developed a number of strategic themes embracing many cross-cutting issues. The main thrust of the Unit’s work, however, focuses on the core mandate of the Bank - infrastructure. In order to provide for a coherent whole, rural infrastructure must fit into a broader policy framework. Globally, the goals set for the first two decades of the next millennium are to address poverty and achieve food security. The DBSA can contribute to South Africa’s position on these global themes by addressing the issue of rural infrastructure delivery, taking cognisance of the South African government’s Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR) programme. This discussion document will specifically address the local economic development activities of farm production and rural livelihoods in order to achieve food security, address poverty and foster economic growth in the marginalised, infrastructure-deprived rural areas of the country. It is assumed that additional entrepreneurial economic opportunities will arise at village and town level as producers become nett surplus producers, eg in small grain milling, cottage industry, village markets, processing (value adding), etc. In contrast to urban development, where economic activity is assumed by investing in infrastructure, the DBSA will actively have to support the transformation of economic activity in the rural scenario. One of the past successes of the DBSA has been the introduction of the Farmer Support Programme (FSP). The FSP’s provision of services and support, based on the needs of existing smallholders, is embedded in participatory planning and action. Without local initiatives, rural infrastructure cannot be delivered effectively to bolster economic growth, create jobs and redistribute income. Most of the country’s poor live in rural areas, and without rural development there can be no GEAR. Life in these areas needs to be made liveable by encouraging entrepreneurial development, which includes facilitating agriculture, creating jobs and increasing rural income through appropriate government actions for improving the welfare of rural households. One of the ways in which national, provincial and local government could have a broad-based impact is by providing rural economic infrastructure and, to this end, local government, including regional and district councils, has been mandated to develop integrated development plans. These plans have to include economic development plans, and entrepreneurial development has been singled out as important in this regard. From this it follows that district councils and municipalities have a prime responsibility for developing entrepreneurs, including farmers in their rural constituency.
8
Williams, Dale. "A participatory approach to evaluating voluntary rural community-based organizations is an effective tool from organizational learning and ensuing rural community development, as evidenced in the participative evaluation of the Southern Riverina Rural Advisory Service /." View thesis View thesis, 1995. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030603.110449/index.html.
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9
Van, Oss Eric J. "Sustaining Rural Economies with Wind Development." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2010. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/56.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper discusses the effects of wind development in rural areas. Areas of focus include: direct job creation, indirect job creation, tax revenue and government policies. The effects of state and federal renewable energy policies are discussed and well as the impacts to rural economies.
10
Hewitt, Sally. "Regionalisation and rural development in England." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1319.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This is a study of the discourses of regionalisation and rural development in England. The thesis examines the impact of New Labour's period of regionalisation from 1997 to 2008 on the policy and practice of rural development. A Foucauldian inspired discourse analysis reveals the patterns of power relations between national, regional and local actors, networks and governance structures, contributing to our understanding of political change. Regionalisation has resulted in changes both to rural policy and the practices of governing. Previous studies have emphasised the contrast between the rhetoric of devolution and the extent to which the state retains control by extending its power to the devolved scale. A framework of four discourses combines these contrasting notions to form four discourses of the region – 'participatory development', 'administrative regionalism', 'participatory regionalism' and 'regional autonomy'. Non-government actors express their choices, captured in three discourses of response – 'buying into regionalism', 'reluctant regionalism' and 'local autonomy' – highlighting the complexity of regional/local power relations. The discourses illustrate regional difference and shed light on how and why divergence has taken place. The research was conducted through documentary analysis, and interviews in two case study regions of the North West and East of England. The discourses are drawn from the language of rural actors in each region. Employment as a rural development practitioner gave the researcher 'insider' knowledge and understanding, whilst the discipline of an academic and reflexive approach aided an 'outsider' view, with both identities contributing to the research. The research found some differences between English regions and between regional government agencies, as a consequence of devolution. Nevertheless, the discursive practices centre on realising state plans. Furthermore, regionalisation restricts the choices available to the local level, compromising capacity building and participation in rural development, long recognised by researchers as critical aspects of successful rural development. Local plans were formulated on the basis of a generic, homogenous territory, marking a fundamental change from previous territorial rural programmes.
11
Lowndes, Theresa Maria. "Privatisation, rural railways and community development." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2178.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis examines two separate, but interrelated, issues, namely rail privatisation and rural dependency on the availability of rail transport. The thesis was based on the proposition that rural accessibility permits the development and sustainability of the social and economic lives of a community and that this interrelationship is currently threatened by rail privatisation and the associated risks of line closures or service cutbacks. To test this proposition a thorough investigation into the theory and practice of privatisation was completed, together with a comprehensive survey of the travel arrangements of people living in rural communities served by branch line railways. A variety of research methods were employed, including desk-top studies involving literature searches, qualitative investigations to assist questionnaire design and the use of self-administered questionnaires by sample populations. The empirical results are presented and discussed against the background of introductory chapters which review the policy of privatisation, the evolution of rail privatisation and the role of the rural branch line. The concluding chapters present three different scenarios for the future of rural branch lines, ranging from closure to revitalisation, and outline areas where future research may be carried out. The main findings were that a substantial number of people depend on the branch lines to enable them to carry out a wide variety of journeys and it was concluded that branch line railways do indeed play a vital role in the development and sustainability of the rural community. Furthermore, it was concluded that rail privatisation may indeed pose a threat to the future provision of branch line services and as such could have far-reaching impacts on the future well-being of the rural community.
12
Tambovceva, Т. Т. "Sustainable rural tourism development in Latvia." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/25786.
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13
Berger, Guy. "Social structure and rural economic development." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007643.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
New concepts and a synthesis of existing theories may assist in studying the relationship between social structure, development and rural development. The concept of social structure encompasses the concept of economic structure which may be analysed in terms of three "Moments" of production. On this basis, one can distinguish between heterogeneous and homogeneous relations of production structures. "Homogeneous relations" together with "system dynamics" and ''reproduction", define the concept of a mode of production. "Development" refers to the expansion of total productive capacity, premissed on advanced means of production, and corresponding to the particular relations and forces of production in an economic system. The capitalist mode of production has both tendencies and countertendencies to development. The latter prevail in the Third World due to the admixture and heterogeneity of production relations there, and to their subordinate articulation within an international capitalist economic system. In this context, underdevelopment is the result of the specific factors of monopoly competition, dependence-extraversion, disarticulation-unevenness, the three-tier structure of the peripheral economy, surplus transfer, and class structures and struggles. Rural development can be understood in terms of the specific contribution of agriculture to development, theorized as the "Agrarian Question". Agrarian capitalism has been slow to develop in the Third World, and the state of agriculture remains a problem there. "Rural development" has emerged as a deliberate and interventionist state strategy designed to restructure agrarian relations for development. This has contributed to the formation of particular heterogeneous relations of production articulated to the capitalist mode. In this context, the character of the associated classes has left the Agrarian Question unresolved. "Rural development" continues because it has an important~ and even primary, political significance - although this is not without contradictions.
14
Devine, Jonathan Hugh. "Rural Community Attitudes Towards Tourism." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2006. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/DevineJH2006.pdf.
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15
D'Amato, Ilario. "Bringing electricity to rural India." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23549.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In today’s Development environment, characterised by a scarcity of resources for projects and interventions, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) must fiercely compete for funds. This has led NGOs to adhere to the donor’s narrative, language and Neoliberal values – with storytelling assuming a prominent position – potentially creating stereotyping issues in their communication outputs – while also facing the contrasting forces of market, state and communities. This thesis focuses on the case-study of the Bijli project, an energy access initiative for rural villages in India, created by The Climate Group – an important actor in the field and the charity where the author of this thesis still works. After a quick analysis of how the energy issue has shaped development in India, this work uses the academic tools of Discourse Analysis and Representation to examine the issues of stereotypes and marginalisation in the video produced by The Climate Group at the end of the Bijli program. Then, the ‘lessons learned’ have been applied to the video script for a new, potential video for a similar project that The Climate Group is now developing. Finally, such empirical application has shown how the issues arisen in the analysis relate to the modern debate in the Communication for Development field and how these new partnerships both challenge and reinforce the existing power relationships in the current Neoliberal climate. A more participatory, inclusive model could help the Global North audience better understand the reality in which it wants to intervene, but at the same time state and market are two powerful, useful actors to bring a more equitable development.
16
Huang, Yang. "Microfinance commercialization in rural China /." View abstract or full-text, 2006. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?SOSC%202006%20HUANGY.
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17
Wallace, Gary E. "Governance for sustainable rural development : a critique of the ARMCANZ - DPIE structures and policy cycles /." [Richmond, N.S.W.] : Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Western Sydney - Hawkesbury, 1998. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030520.162146/index.html.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (MSc. (Honours)) -- University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 1998."A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a degree of Master of Science (Honours), Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Western Sydney - Hawkesbury." "January 1998" Bibliography: leaves 207 - 227.
18
Che, Yi. "Land rental market development in Rural China /." View abstract or full-text, 2009. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?SOSC%202009%20CHE.
Повний текст джерела
19
Cadoná, Luís Alberto. "Índice de desenvolvimento rural sustentável." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-10092013-172602/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
O Índice de Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável (IDRS) foi elaborado com o objetivo de caracterizar, no espaço rural (local predominantemente ocupado pela agricultura e pecuária), o desenvolvimento econômico (IDE), social (IDS) e ambiental (IDA) por intermédio de três índices primários, sete índices secundários e sete parâmetros. Os índices secundários foram calculados utilizando os valores médios dos diferentes parâmetros, por município, por intermédio de variáveis normalizadas. O índice de desenvolvimento econômico utilizou as seguintes variáveis normalizadas (variando de 0 a 1): produto interno bruto (R$.município-1.ano-1) (parâmetro 1) relativo, renda per capita relativa (R$.pessoa-1.ano- 1) (parâmetro 2) (em relação aos valores máximos de um dado município). O social utilizou a relação entre a escolaridade (número de anos) (parâmetro 3), a expectativa de vida (anos) (parâmetro 4) e o nível de emprego (%)(parâmetro 5) e os respectivos valores máximos de um dado município. O ambiental utilizou a relação entre as áreas de reserva legal (ha) (parâmetro 6), bem como as áreas de preservação permanente (ha) (parâmetro 7), atualmente usadas pelos agricultores e as correspondentes áreas mínimas exigidas pela lei 12.651 (publicada no Diário Oficial da União em 25 de maio de 2012). O modelo universal, de crescimento tipicamente exponencial, foi proposto para o cálculo do índice secundário (variável dependente) utilizando a variável normalizada como variável independente. Aplicando essa metodologia de caracterização especificamente para o CODEMAU (Conselho de Desenvolvimento Regional do Médio Alto Uruguai), localizado na região norte do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, verificou-se que: (i) Rodeio Bonito e Dois Irmãos das Missões, Alpestre e Frederico Westphalen, e Vicente Dutra e Taquaruçu do Sul foram os municípios que apresentaram, respectivamente, os menores e maiores valores de IDE, IDS e IDA; porém, (ii) Vicente Dutra e Dois Irmãos das Missões foram os municípios que apresentaram, respectivamente, os menores e maiores valores de IDRS. O índice de desenvolvimento rural sustentável apresenta-se como uma excelente ferramenta para comparar regiões (propriedades rurais, municípios, estados e países, por exemplo).The Sustainable Rural Development Index (IDRS) was elaborated with the purpose of characterizing, in the rural space (predominantly occupied by agriculture and livestock), the economical (IDE), social (IDS) and environmental (IDA) development through three primary indexes, seven secondary indexes and seven parameters. The secondary indexes were computed using the mean values of different parameters, by county, trough normalized variables (range from 0 to 1). The economical index used the following normalized variables: Gross Income Product (R$.county-1.year-1) (first parameter), per capita income (R$.person-1.year-1) (second parameter) (in relation to their maximum values for a specific county). The social index used relative values of scholarity (number of years) (third parameter), life expectance (years) (fourth parameter) and employment level (%) (fifth parameter) (also in relation to their maximum values for a specific county). The environmental index used relative values of Legal Reserve area (ha) (sixth parameter), as well as the Permanent Preservation Area (ha) (seventh parameter), actually used by farmers and the correspondent minimum areas required by the law 12.651 (published at DOU in 25 May 2012). The universal model, that typically presents exponential growth, was proposed for computing the secondary index (dependent variable) using a normalized variable as independent variable. This methodology was applied for characterizing the CODEMAU (Association for Developing the \'Médio Alto Uruguai\' region) area (23 counties), located at North region of \'Rio Grande do Sul\' State. It was verified that: (i) \'Rodeio Bonito\' and \'Dois Irmãos das Missões\', \'Alpestre\' and \'Frederico Westphalen\', and \'Vicente Dutra\' and \'Taquaruçu do Sul\' were the counties that presented, respectively, the lowest and highest values of IDE, IDS and IDA; but, (ii) \'Vicente Dutra\' and \'Dois Irmãos das Missões\' were the counties that presented, respectively, the lowest and highest values of IDRS. The sustainable rural development index presents as an excellent tool for comparing regions (rural properties, counties, states and countries, for example).
20
Offord, Matthew. "Rural governance and economic development : the changing landscape of rural local government." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.724449.
Повний текст джерела
21
Conteh, Bob Karankay. "Institutions in rural development : the case of rural banks in Sierra Leone." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1995. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/633/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Over the last four decades Sierra Leone established several credit schemes to help farmers increase production, productivity and incomes. This was motivated by several factors including the high proportion of the population in agriculture, the relative poverty of farmers and their subsistencele vel of production. Cheap credit was seen as the appropriate instrument to achieve market-oriented production. But these schemes failed due mainly to concessionary interest rates, high default, lack of savings mobilisation, mismanagement and poor economic policies. In March, 1985, a rural banking scheme was launched to replace these failed schemes; and by 1994, eight rural banks were in operation. The main objectives were to mobilise savings and to provide credit to agriculture and other rural enterprises. In early 1990, it was realised that these banks were far from achieving these objectives. This study examines and identifies the factors responsible for their low levels of achievement. The study reveals that huge losses were made due to several reasons among which are low interest rates for savings and loans which were typically below market rates and inflation suggesting negative returns on interest income, high default, poor economic environment and poor market infrastructure. These factors made rural banks unsustainable and highly subsidy dependent. The study further reveals that informal financial sources (i. e. moneylenders and osusu clubs) have been rendering services for which rural banks were not designed, In addition, rural banks and their clients were incurring relatively higher transaction costs compared to the informal sources and their clients. The study therefore recommends a restructuring of rural banks and suggests policies to improve their operations. In the main, institution-building is recommended, and that the operational flexibility of the informal financial sector be incorporated into the policies of rural banks. We recognise that Sierra Leone is going through a period of internal conflict. But these recommendations need to be urgently implemented to forestall the collapse of these rural banks.
22
Ben-Ayed, Morched. "People's participation in a rural development program in Tunisia : a case study /." MU online access free, to others for fee Free online access, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/preview?3052144.
Повний текст джерела
23
Bagchi, Ballari. "Urban-rural interaction and its reflection on rural development : a study of selected towns of West Bengal." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/168.
Повний текст джерела
24
Becker, David A. "Manitoba's regional development corporations : lessons for locally-based rural development." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31228.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Over the last century the Prairie region has undergone a transition from predominantly rural to predominantly urban settlement. By the early 1900s emphasis began to shift from rural-based primary activities to urban-based industrial activity. One product of this transition was the marginalization of rural communities.
An examination of literature pertinent to Canadian development policy reveals no single solution to rural decline. Instead there are numerous theories and recommendations which communities can adopt. One such strategy has been locally-based development. The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to knowledge concerning what locally-based organizations can do to mitigate the impact of decline in rural communities. As a case study, Manitoba's Regional Development Corporations (RDCs) are analyzed within the context of the provincial government's overall approach for rural development in order to investigate their effectiveness in contributing to locally-based rural development. This effectiveness is measured in goals, strategies and processes of an RDC as they changed over three periods: (1) 1963/73, (2)1973/83, (3) 1983/90. In each period the following questions were asked:
1. What priorities or objectives were emphasized in provincial development policy?
2. What strategies were used by the province and RDCs to achieve rural development?
3. What role was established for locally-based participation?
Throughout the three study periods the province's regional policies remained based on laissez-faire economic principles, while the RDC approach was oriented to regional-national integration (i.e., merging of regional economic activity with national and international markets). The conclusion is that RDCs affected rural development by enhancing the abilities of local businesses participating in the provincial marketplace.
RDCs have concentrated on supporting a process for adapting to rural transition, rather than reversing forces impinging on rural communities. Lessons extended from the RDC study suggest that if efforts to enhance a rural area's competitive position in national or international markets become the principal objective for local development, the unique qualities associated with rural life may be difficult to maintain.Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate
25
Sommai, Prijasilpa Baker Paul J. "Perceptions of human resources development by accelerated rural development administrators." Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 1994. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p9510430.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 1994.Title from title page screen, viewed March 30, 2006. Dissertation Committee: Paul J. Baker (chair), John R. McCarthy, Larry D. Kennedy, Kenneth H. Strand. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 127-131) and abstract. Also available in print.
26
Shrestha, B. C. "Arable land development programme (ALDEP) and rural development in Botswana." Thesis, Brunel University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370477.
Повний текст джерела
27
Wihtol, Robert. "The Asian Development Bank and rural development : policy and practice." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.236142.
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28
Makgamatho, Kedibone Grace. "Funding rural development in South African municipalities." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95596.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.The main purpose of this research paper is to reveal the importance of rural development with the aim of making municipalities the main drivers of rural development - this in an effort to stimulate and increase economic participation for rural people. The study seeks to understand the intervention by municipalities in accelerating rural development, how municipalities are currently implementing and funding development programmes to improve the lives of rural people. Rural development has been a key strategy to develop the lives of rural people in many countries around the globe. The concept has somewhat been paired in other countries with the achievement of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). In the new South Africa, the rural development concept has been revived through the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP), which intended to eliminate the inequality that was brought by the apartheid system. Many other programmes of development or rather, rural development, were introduced to bridge the gap between the poverty-stricken areas/individual and those who have access to resources for the betterment of their lives. The signs of poverty are, however, still visible in many parts of South Africa, with insignificant signs of improved lives, mostly for rural areas, regardless of the programmes that have been initiated by government since the democratic elections took place in 1994. Thus, the effectiveness of rural development policies and implementation of associated programmes are still questionable. Municipalities are mandated to implement the rural development programmes by default, as they are closer to beneficiaries and communities on the ground. Thus, enabling municipalities to steer these development programmes is a good bottom-up approach to development as opposed to national level undertaking to implement these programmes from the top. However, municipalities have also proved to have their challenges, including challenges of sourcing funding, which then make the drive and implementation of these development ideas difficult to carry out. The study reveals that funding of rural services or anything that is rural in nature, has become very difficult. Thus, this study investigated how municipalities strive to raise funding for rural development in an effort to improve rural people’s lives. The related factor that has been investigated is the capabilities and capacity of municipalities to implement the development programmes. The study also explored the current development situation on how municipalities have been able to carry out the development mandates and what has been the impact of rural development programmes/policies since they have been developed to breach the gap of inequality in the country. Indication by municipalities is that most of their funding is from the government through the Municipal Infrastructure Grants (MIG) and Equitable Share. However, this funding does not necessarily encompass funding for rural development programmes but rather is for normal capital expenditure, operational expenditure to enable basic service delivery projects, such as water and electricity. The results have indicated that rural development projects are not specifically or necessarily budgeted for, but they are dealt with on a case-by-case basis or as and when rural development ideas are thought of. Regarding the institutional capacity of municipalities, most of the municipalities within the sample (72%) indicated that there is lack of adequate and skilled labour to address the challenges and priorities of rural development. The above challenges have led to municipalities realising a minimal impact for rural development and the inability to prove and point out in any way, the improvement of rural people’s lives. Perhaps some of this depends on how municipalities and communities understand rural development. The study revealed that most municipalities understand rural development as improvement of rural people’s lives and understood rural development as the provision of rural services and infrastructure. This thought is correct regarding rural development, however, the challenges of minimal impact experienced by municipalities could be linked to the limited funding that is being provided for rural development. The consensus is that funding of rural development has been minimal and there has to be more interaction to ensure it is as a priority like other programmes planned and budgeted for by government. There is a need for municipalities to be properly capacitated with skills and technical assistance to take forward the rural development mandate. In the process, municipalities should be able to allocate funds provided either by government or by private sector institutions to avoid rural development projects being funded by chance. To reduce the poverty lines that are visible in most rural areas, rural communities also need to be given training to allow them the mobility to grow those rural development programmes being introduced by government and municipalities, thus sustaining their lives in the long term. Collaboration is of importance, thus different stakeholders should be involved to assist municipalities in accelerating the rural development agenda.
29
Mukozho, Delight. "Prospects and challenges of the rural non-farm economy in Zimbabwe: a case of Seke rural district." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/568.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Rural Non-Farm Economy (RNFE) is a concept that has gained significance quite recently. Its significance has been prompted by the realisation that agriculture alone cannot sustain the poor subsistence farmers in Zimbabwe. This realisation comes amid the growing concern over increased hunger and poverty in the country‟s rural areas due to a decline in agricultural production. Drawing on the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA) this study postulates that RNFE is a livelihood strategy that can address rural poverty and social transformation in Zimbabwe. Such an approach to rural development can take up the slack and provide the much needed income for the rural communities to survive. However, RNFE has not yet been used as a social mechanism for poverty alleviation in Zimbabwe. Therefore, this study was undertaken with the objective of investigating the prospects and challenges of the RNFE in Seke District. Although the study is focusing on Zimbabwe, the study may also address the problem of rural development in other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study revealed that only a few household heads in Sekewere engaged in both traditional and non-traditional activities. However, the study noted that the household heads encountered many challenges which include; poor market, low income obtained, shortage of inputs, no access to credit and no support from government or other development agencies.Overall, it was recognised that the household heads engaged in RNFE were not realizing the full benefits of RNFE. Therefore, in order to promote the growth of RNFE and make it more productive, the study posits the following key points to be take into consideration by the various stakeholders in rural development; agricultural development, infrastructural development, rural town development, improving access to financial services, facilitating rural-urban linkages and the implementation of development projects aimed at promoting self-employment in the non-farm sector.
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Nelson, Peter Birger. "Hegemony and the rural : economic and cultural perspectives on restructuring in the rural west /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5656.
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Wong, Chi-kwong Patrick. "Economic changes in rural China." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B15967487.
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Molopa, Mamatsheu Bernard. "An evaluation of the development of rural sanitation at Eisleben Village in Limpopo Province, South Africa." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1376.
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Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2008Rural sanitation researchers, particularly in the Limpopo Province, have not offered theories in relation to the patterns of the development of rural sanitation. Several researchers have concerned themselves with the need for the solution of water supply but not sanitation services. The present study seeks to enhance the understanding of the dynamics of the patterns of the development of rural sanitation in the Capricorn District Municipality, in particular at the Eisleben Village. This research paper applied an evaluative methodology to assess the impact of VIP sanitation technology at Eisleben Village at Ramokgopa under Capricorn District Municipality in Limpopo Province in comparison to dry sanitation. Supportive cases studies on sanitation delivery in South Africa have also been cited to where both technologies have been applied to assess their impact to the health and dignity of the communities, the environmental impacts. Examples of such case studies included examples of the Mosvold Hospital Sanitation Programme, the Northern Cape Household Sanitation Programme, the eThekwini Water and Sanitation Programme and the Dry sanitation in an urban environment at Weiler’s Farm in Johannesburg. The following five major findings emerged from the study: 1. Sanitation development should be community driven in terms of information, knowledge and decision making. 2. There is need for the vision of health, hygiene and education strategy for water and sanitation. Efficient and effective hygiene education is urgently needed. 3. There is resounding evidence from previous sanitation projects done in various places in South Africa that dry or waterless sanitation has been found to be an adequate sanitation technology that best suits urban, peri-urban and rural areas. 4. There is need to replace VIP with a better technology such as dry sanitation as a matter of urgency to avoid unhygienic and unhealthy conditions due to inadequate VIP sanitation technology. 5. Sanitation solution and technology should comply with the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) policies of adequate sustainable water and adequate sustainable sanitation solution, Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the German Helmhotz Association HFG’s “concept of integrated sustainable development”. In the main, the study suggests possible strategies and mechanisms to overcome the challenges that are identified in the research, with the idea in mind of contributing in improving sanitation, not only in the Eisleben Village, but rather to all rural communities in the Limpopo Province, South Africa.
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Tusting, L. "Agriculture, development and malaria in rural Uganda." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2016. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/2572615/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
While malaria remains a major global public health problem, total annual incidence fell by 30% during 2000–2013, largely due to the scale–up of long–lasting insecticide–treated nets and indoor residual spraying. In the future, sustainable methods of control and elimination are needed to maintain this progress. Since malaria is associated with poverty, malaria control and economic development can be mutually supportive. This thesis tests specific hypotheses relating to the causal pathways between poverty and malaria, to identify potential routes to controlling malaria alongside development. Two systematic reviews found that in sub-Saharan Africa: (1) parasite prevalence and clinical malaria incidence are on average halved in the wealthiest children, compared to the poorest within a community and (2) parasite prevalence and clinical malaria incidence are on average halved in residents of modern housing, compared to traditional housing. In-depth interviews and cross-sectional surveys collected socioeconomic information for all children aged six months to 10 years living in 100 households, who were followed for 36 months in Nagongera, an agrarian and highly endemic setting in rural Uganda. Analyses of the relationships between socioeconomic position (SEP), potential determinants of SEP and malaria found that: (3) relative success in smallholder agriculture was associated with higher SEP, (4) human biting rate (HBR) and parasite prevalence were approximately halved in children of highest SEP, compared to the poorest, (5) wealth indices, income and education were more sensitive indicators of socioeconomic inequalities in malaria risk than occupation, (6) HBR and parasite prevalence were halved in modern housing, compared to traditional housing and (7) house quality may partly explain the association between SEP and malaria. Together, these studies indicate that housing improvements and agricultural development interventions to reduce poverty merit further investigation as ‘intersectoral’ interventions against malaria.
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Cobbinah, J. E. "Barriers in community participation and rural development." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5263.
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The concept of participation seems to reflect in most development programmes that involve people at the grassroots level. In Ghana, the introduction of the decentralization programme in the late 1980s that aimed at promoting effective, comprehensive and rapid development, more especially in the rural areas also adopted participatory approach. The approach led to the introductory of district assembly system which was to enhance the involvement of people at the grassroots in participatory activities. However, since the introduction of the decentralisation system to promote grassroots level participation, the people are still inactive and the level of involvement in development decision-making still remains weak. To clearly understand these problems, the thesis has aimed at answering the following research questions; how are rural people involved in participatory practice in the development activities in their area; what barriers affect and hinder the active participation of rural people and how could these be addressed? Answers to those questions helped to examine the nature of participation at the grassroots level; understand how the district assembly adopt participatory practice and to ascertain the nature of barriers that hinder effective participatory practice. Using a case study approach for the investigation, an interpretivists and constructivists were the philosophical underpinnings of the investigation. The data was gathered through the use of focus group discussions and one-to-one informal interviews. It was observed that, participation continues to reflect in most rural development programmes, but there are key barriers that still continue to hamper the effectiveness of participatory practice. Power relations, threats, intimidations and more especially the use of juju and witchcraft which never featured in most development literature are among the major barriers that continue to weaken local people readiness to actively participate. Most rural people feel threaten to participate for the fear of being bewitched or killed through the use of juju, witchcraft or black magical powers. Without critically and effectively addressing those bottlenecks and barriers, and put community members at the pivot of decision-making, the use of outsiders' knowledge and ideas alone to address the problems of participation with the hope of improving the lives of the rural people will not yield any significant result.
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Herman, Edyanto C. B. "Rural development in North Central Java, Indonesia." Thesis, University of Salford, 1989. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/14674/.
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This study is concerned with the development of coastal rural areas in Northern Central Java-Indonesia. It examines some aspects of rural development processes, including physical and socio-economic factors. The main objectives are 1.to determine the factors significant in coastal rural development; and 2.to specify the kecamatans (sub-districts) most suitable for development purposes based on the evaluation of those factors. Rich in natural resources, coastal rural areas have a high potential for development but this needs to be properly managed for development. The significant factors for this were identified using factor analysis Regional development in Central Java needs to be broken down into more detail programmes, especially if rural development is the object of the study. As in many rural areas in Indonesia, agriculture is the basic predominant activity in the coastal rural area together with fisheries. Therefore, rural development is often concerned with agricultural development. Discussion of the main problems in the specific area is important. This may include consideration of physical, social and economic and cultural problems. Several problems have, therefore, been recognized, namely: the unsatisfactory nature of agriculture development programmes in accelerating rural development, the 5carcity of capital, and the lack of explicit programmes of coastal rural development. Identification of some potential sectors for development, however,can help the planners to overcome such problems. Thus, physical, social and economic sectors should be examined. This leads to the definition of the significant factors for coastal rural development. This study has identified that commercial factors can accelerate development in rural areas; rural development needs adequate investment so that rational allocation measures should be devised. The distribution of development subsidies to rural areas can not be carried out effectively in the indiscriminate way hitherto used by the Government. Therefore the allocation of funds to development should be concentrated on selected kecamatans. Thus to develop these coastal areas an appropriate selection strategy must be evolved. By identifying the critical factors, the kecaniatans best suited for development can be identified based on the appropriate strategy.
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Lee, Kin-ki Chesterfield, and 李建基. "Sustainable development in the rural New Territories." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31259960.
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Maghimbi, Samuel Joseph. "Rural development policy and planning in Tanzania." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.495951.
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The thesis examin~ rural development in Tanzania from the precolonial period to~present time. The work is a historical study. It is shown that the pre-colonial rural economies were prosperous in crops and animals. Disruption and decline of these economies commenced towards the end of the last century. Depopulation, war and disease contributed to the decline. Colonial agricultural, trading and trades licensing policies are shown to have contributed to the process of creating rural backwardness. Rural backwardness manifests itself basically as rural poverty. Colonial marketing policies which helped to marginalize the peasant economy are analysed. A description of land alienation policies and their consequences on the rural economy is made. Measures by the authorities to stimulate rapid economic change in rural areas by bypassing the peasants are investigated. The crisis of large scale mechanized farming is outlined. Attempts by the policy makers and planners to rediscover the peasant in the transformation approach to rural planning are examined. The attempts by the peasants to organize themselves to promote rural development and the problems associated with this organization are critically explored in relationship to the policy maker~ attempts to control and patronize the peasant economy. Government policies and plans including grand plans aimed at the peasant to bring rapid economic and social development in the countryside are critically evaluated. The level of development of the peasant economy is elaborated empirically. The theory is advanced that the backwardness of the peasant economy is a result of bad policies and plans and exploitation and misunderstanding of the peasant by other agencies like the state and marketing institutions. The family farm is investigated in comparison to the large scale mechanized state farm. The superiority of the family farm in organization and capacity to survive harsh market and technical conditions and to create jobs is demonstrated. A theory on peasant farming in Tanzania is constructed and a theory on the causes of rural backwardness is tested. The nature of the Tanzanian state and its relevance to rural development are investigated. The failure by the state to formulate and execute sound policies and plans on rural development is demonstrated. The conclusion is reached that in rural development the work of actual production at the farm level should be left to the peasant himself because he can do the job best and at lower costs and that the government should only concern itself with improving rural transport and marketing.
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Zhang, Cheng Liang. "Rural industry and economic development in China." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387241.
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Huq, Naznin Afrose. "Rural accessibility and agricultural development in Bangladesh." Thesis, University of Salford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.238789.
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Пушкар, К. С. "Modern development of rural tourism in Ukraine." Thesis, Київський національний університет технологій та дизайну, 2018. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/10774.
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Pushkar, Kateryna Serhiivna. "Modern development of rural tourism in Ukraine." Thesis, Київський національний університет технологій та дизайну, 2019. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/13152.
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Чумак, Лариса Федорівна, Лариса Федоровна Чумак, Larysa Fedorivna Chumak, Наталія Миколаївна Дудченко, Наталия Николаевна Дудченко, and Nataliia Mykolaivna Dudchenko. "Rural tourism: problems and perspective of development." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2004. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/22971.
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Jahan, Ishrat. "Development in rural Bangladesh : a critical ethnography." Thesis, Durham University, 2015. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11431/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis contests the scope of the Women in Development (WID) perspective in understanding women's position in rural Bangladesh. It critically investigates how women perceive work and examines the effects of paid work on their lives. It discusses local women's engagement with globalization, modernization and neo-liberal capitalism, manifested in the proliferation of garment factories, modern farming, labour migration and microcredit interventions. The central question is whether, being influenced by such external forces, participation in paid work brings benefits to all women. The thesis examines how local women's understanding of work and the good life is not uniform but varies according to age, and social status (i.e. class and caste). It also highlights that by failing to recognize women's multiple interpretations of these issues, WID policies, such as the National Women’s Policy of Bangladesh (2011), may adversely affect the lives of some poor as well as affluent women. It is common for many poor, and some affluent women in riverine char land villages to participate in paid work along with doing household chores. They do not think of such work as an expression of gender equality, but as 'cooperation' necessary for the welfare, even the basic survival of their households. This thesis argues that by encouraging poor women to take part in income earning work, the National Women’s Policy of Bangladesh (2011), guided by the WID perspective, often increases women's daily burden albeit they benefit some women. Also, earning an income does not always improve women’s status within their households and the wider community. Microcredit organizations are part of women’s engagement in income generating activities. Though they encourage poor women to become entrepreneurs, not all women possess the necessary skills to be successful. They overlook that some poor women are involved in small enterprises without credit interventions, and participate in enterprising work as part of their household responsibilities. By focusing on the profit making demands of microcredit agencies, the thesis argues for the attention to the varied effects that access to microcredit and participation in market oriented enterprising work have on women. In a similar vein, it highlights how women's experiences of labour migration, both local and overseas, are also varied and have ambiguous impacts on women’s lives. While for some women it is a source of social mobility, increased independence and improved lifestyle, for others it causes conflict, exploitation and loss of honour. The thesis questions the potential of the economic growth model of development, modeled after the Western capitalism and identifies accommodation of the variation of women’s understanding of work and the good life as one of the main challenges for further women’s development. It stresses the need to acknowledge women’s multiple realities and their own interpretations of being in the world to ensure improvements in their lives.
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Iglesias, Adam. "Ethnic Identity Development among Rural Adolescent Youth." VCU Scholars Compass, 2010. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2308.
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The current study evaluated the factor analytic structure and developmental trajectory of ethnic identity, as measured by the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure, (MEIM) among early rural adolescents. The convergent validity of the measure for rural youth was also examined. The sample for this study was drawn from a larger longitudinal study focusing on violence prevention efforts with an early adolescent sample residing in rural Florida. The final sample size for these secondary analyses was 5,695 participants. The sample was 53 % Caucasian, 24% Latino, 15% African American, and 8% Other. The mean age of the students was 11.3 years. Data were collected at seven time points. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted with the entire sample to determine whether a two-factor model was a satisfactory fit for the entire sample at Times 1-7. Individual growth curve modeling was used to determine ethnic identity trajectories. This study demonstrated that the MEIM taps into two factors (Exploration and Commitment) for rural adolescents. Moreover, the findings demonstrated multigroup equivalence across waves 1-7 of data collection for the Caucasian, African American, and Latino groups. Further, results from the growth curve modeling procedures indicated that Caucasian participants demonstrated a greater increase in Exploration relative to Latino and African American participants. Lastly, results from the convergent validity analyses indicated that Commitment was negatively related to attitudes towards violence and positively related towards attitudes towards nonviolence. Implications for future research and prevention programs that incorporate ethnic identity constructs are discussed.
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Slack, Rebecca A. "Open space preservation in rural residential development." Thesis, This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-12172008-063233/.
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Gabel, Kim Elizabeth 1955. "Perceptions of extension functions for rural development." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277162.
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The purpose of this study was to ascertain the perceptions of the University of Arizona College of Agriculture graduate students on the importance of Extension functions for rural development. In this study graduate students were grouped into: (1) American and international graduate students; and (2) graduate students with and without previous professional work experience. A questionnaire was mailed to 200 graduate students for the assessment of the importance of 34 Extension functions for rural development. The total response rate was 58%. To analyze the responses two statistical tests were used: the Student's t-test and the Spearman's rank order correlation (rs). It was found that the American and international graduate students perceived a majority of the Extension functions alike, but the international students gave them greater importance. Overall, these students ranked the functions similarly. The graduate students with previous professional work experience gave greater importance to the Extension functions than those without such experience, but their rankings were similar.
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Tsa, Tak-yan Dane. "A comparative study of the woodfuel crisis and rural energy planning in India and China." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1992. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13288635.
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Lam, Hong-ki Connie. "Transformation of Tai O." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25950058.
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Ha, Thi Kim Anh. "Spontaneous rural to urban migration and its link to rural development in Vietnam." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0028/MQ33843.pdf.
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Luo, Yi Louis. "Regional economic development and the establishment of the rural financial system a case study of rural credit cooperations in the Pearl River Delta /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36545648.
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