Статті в журналах: "Rural development (Iran)"

1

McLachlan, Keith, and Abdolali Lahsaeizadeh. "Contemporary Rural Iran." Geographical Journal 163, no. 2 (July 1997): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3060189.

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2

Badri, Seyed Ali, Nasrin Kazemi, Parvin Khodadadi, and Ali Mohammadnejad. "Why rural development policies have not contributed to rural development in Iran." Rural Society 30, no. 2-3 (September 2, 2021): 84–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10371656.2021.1997423.

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3

Shakoori, Ali. "Rural Development in Iran: A Survey of Policies and Outcomes." Journal of Developing Societies 35, no. 3 (September 2019): 346–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x19868316.

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This article examines secular changes in post-revolutionary rural Iran by focusing on rural social attitudes, social stratification, demography, morphology, and architecture. Offering a review of major rural reforms, it contends that although in the first two decades after the revolution, rural communities were primarily affected by state policies, they have been chiefly influenced by macro developments since then, nationally or globally. Rural change has been associated with the integration of the rural structure into the modern structure rather than adhering to the state-specific rural reforms and/or its ideological imperatives. The article concludes that such developments have resulted in greater access to modern amenities and paved the way for rural communities to adopt modern changes that were not necessarily on the government’s ideological agenda. Hence, the revolutionary objectives of an equal distribution of rural development benefits and combating rural poverty remain elusive.

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4

Afsharzade, Nashmil, Abdolhamid Papzan, Mehdi Ashjaee, Sohrab Delangizan, Steven Van Passel, and Hossein Azadi. "Renewable energy development in rural areas of Iran." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 65 (November 2016): 743–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.07.042.

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5

Orishev, Aleksandr B., Azer A. Mamedov, Igor Yu Zalysin, Dmitry V. Kotusov, and Sergey L. Grigoriev. "The Development of Travel and Tourism Industry in Iran." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 9 (December 27, 2020): 2173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2020.09.257.

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The article presents the results of scientific research devoted to the study of tourism in the countries of the Far East, obtained at one of its stages. The purpose of the article is to characterize the state of rural tourism in Iran. The article shows how the attitude to tourism has changed in this country, uncovering the main reasons for the growth of domestic and international tourist flows in recent years. There are several areas of rural tourism in Iran, which include visits to historical villages and free trade zones, camping in nomad tents, recreation in parks and natural resorts, and trips to the desert. The main research findings of the authors demonstrate the problems facing rural tourism in Iran and identify the risks that arise in this sector of the economy.

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6

Mahmoudi, Vahid. "Poverty Changes during the Three Recent Development Plans in Iran (1995-2007)." African and Asian Studies 10, no. 2-3 (2011): 157–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156921011x587013.

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AbstractThe purpose of this study is to analyse the degree of poverty in Iran and how it changed over time during the second, third and fourth (first three years) five-year national development plans (1995-2007). It does this by documenting overall poverty levels and poverty within regional subgroups, using the micro-level data set of household expenditure survey conducted by the Statistical Centre of Iran (SCI) in 1995, 1999, 2004 and 2007. I have found an increase in all poverty measures in rural regions and a decrease in urban areas during the second development plan (1995-1999). The country as a whole also experienced a considerable poverty reduction over the third development plan (1999-2004) under Khatami’s presidency. However, all poverty measures suggest that during Ahmadinejad Administration (2004-2007) poverty has risen. This paper also examines the distribution of poverty breakdown by the regional status of households in Iran. The incidence, intensity and severity of poverty are higher in rural than urban areas in Iran. Regional decompositions show that although poverty was spread throughout the country, the intensity of poverty in some provinces such as Systan-Balochestan, Kermanshah, Kordestan, Hamadan and Ilam was more pronounced. The results also suggest that the contribution of the “southeast” and “west” regions (including above mentioned provinces) to the national poverty were increased during the second, third and fourth plans. This might be attributed to the fact that these provinces were more affected by eight-year long Iran-Iraq war, immigration of refuges from neighbours countries and drought.

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7

Dadvar-Khani, Fazileh. "Participation of rural community and tourism development in Iran." Community Development 43, no. 2 (May 2012): 259–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15575330.2011.604423.

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8

Pranger, R. J. "The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran." Mediterranean Quarterly 13, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10474552-13-2-126.

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9

Sadeghloo, Tahereh, Hamdollah Sojasi Qeidari, Mahdi Salehi, and Amin Faal Jalali. "Obstacles and methods of financing for the development of local entrepreneurship in Iran." International Journal of Development Issues 17, no. 1 (April 3, 2018): 114–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-05-2017-0046.

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Purpose The purpose of the current study is to investigate the public and private financing obstacles to medium- and small-scale entrepreneurs in rural areas in Iran. Design/methodology/approach Descriptive analytic research method is used for collecting field data among 5,770 owners of entrepreneurial businesses located in rural areas of Mashhad in 2015. Findings The results showed that there are numerous public and private obstacles in rural entrepreneurship financing in Iran, which are the main factors for short-term loan repayment in public sector, and in the private sector, they result in entrepreneurs’ lack of access to the source of financing. Moreover, there are a variety of financing methods for entrepreneurship in rural areas, among which personal resources and borrowings are the most important ones. Thus, lack of serious and persistent governmental support from local entrepreneurs causes many entrepreneurial failures at the early stages of entrepreneurial activity in villages of Iran. Originality/value So far, few studies have been conducted on the subject of the study; hence, the results of the current study may be helpful to the developing nations.

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10

Najafi, Bahaeddin. "Rural service centres in Iran: a case study." Journal of Rural Studies 7, no. 3 (January 1991): 327–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0743-0167(91)90094-9.

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11

AliAkbari, Masood Safari, and Hamdollah Pishroo. "Evaluate the Capabilities and Limitations Sustainable Rural Development in the Kermanshah District." International Journal of Geography and Geology 3, no. 7 (June 17, 2014): 86–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.10/2014.3.7/10.7.86.100.

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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the capabilities and limitations sustainable rural development in the Kermanshah district, is. Kermanshah district is, the one of Kermanshah city in the Kermanshah Province, located in the West of Iran. Province with an area of 24,640 square kilometers, the seventeenth province of Iran, the extent of. Reviews features and capabilities of the rural Kermanshah district, in order to achieve sustainable development goals of the study is considered. To assess the capabilities and limitations of sustainable rural development, Kermanshah district, the Model " driving force ( pressure), - the status quo - Response " (PSR), with emphasis on economic factors, is employed. In order to sustain economic factors are the factors that leads to rural development in a period of sustained economic terms, and the amount of economic and social prosperity for farmers and villagers to create. In the model used, studied over 10 indicators, such as access to water resources, food security, adequate income and permanent farmer’s share of manufactured exports, etc. have been studied. To calculate the index, data from the Statistical Center of Iran and the Ministry of Agriculture has been used. The results of the model used, the indicators used, show that stability, rural development, agricultural activities down to reliance has been, and continues to the present situation cannot be sustainable development for rural areas surveyed have. One of the main reasons for this instability, the increasing cost of agricultural production, on the one hand, and the low prices of the other party, which has caused the value added of this sector was low and income from agricultural activities 30 percent of total rural income ), not sustainable rural development, to be held.

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12

Keshavarz, Marzieh. "Agricultural water vulnerability in rural Iran." Water Policy 18, no. 3 (November 25, 2015): 586–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2015.175.

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Water is an important factor of production and livelihood support in rural communities. Meanwhile, water shortage is a virtually common feature in many arid and semi-arid countries. It is also projected that water stress will be exacerbated in such regions because of climate change. The cumulative effects of these stressors can potentially increase agricultural water vulnerability (AWV). Therefore, assessing AWV is essential as the first step in identifying water management strategies and maintaining a stable water supply. Water vulnerability studies have mainly focused on the national scale and little is known about the farm level agricultural water vulnerabilities. Adopting a principal component analysis/fuzzy logic-based method, this study investigates the AWV of farmers. A survey of 335 farmers of Firuzabad County, selected through a simple random sampling technique, revealed different levels of water vulnerability, i.e. the least, intermediate and the most water vulnerable. The agricultural water vulnerable farmers were principally distinguished by various degrees of water resources, economics, social characteristics and institutions. Promotion of irrigation efficiency, financial support for vulnerable farmers, increasing farmers' capacity to participate in social activities, enhancing communication infrastructure and considering new governance structures and planning processes are offered to reduce AWV.

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13

Anabestani, Aliakbar, and Mahdi Javanshiri. "Factors Affecting the formation of Smart Rural Development in Iran." Journal of Rural Development 37, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.25175/jrd/2018/v37/i1/122692.

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14

Jalali, Ali Akbar, Mohammad Reza Okhovvat, and Morteza Okhovvat. "A new applicable model of Iran rural e-commerce development." Procedia Computer Science 3 (2011): 1157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2010.12.187.

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15

Ardehali, M. M. "Rural energy development in Iran: Non-renewable and renewable resources." Renewable Energy 31, no. 5 (April 2006): 655–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2005.08.002.

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16

Aref, Abrisham. "The barriers of educational development in rural areas of Iran." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 5, no. 2 (February 20, 2012): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2012/v5i2.34.

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17

Abdollahzadeh, Gholamhosssein, and Abolqasem Sharifzadeh. "Rural Residents' Perceptions Toward Tourism Development: a Study from Iran." International Journal of Tourism Research 16, no. 2 (March 2014): 126–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jtr.1906.

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18

Khalili, Soroush, Pegah Moridsadat, and Hamid Soltaninejad. "Toward Sustainable Rural Ecotourism Evolution: The Case Of Kiskan, Iran." GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY 13, no. 3 (October 2, 2020): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2019-133.

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In Iran, due to the multiplicity, diversity and cultural-natural potential of rural areas, developing ecotourism is accepted as a key solution to sustainable rural development. The government putting strong emphasis on analysing the capacities and obstacles of promoting rural tourism in order to making effective strategies. Kiskan Rural District (KRD) in Kerman Province has great potential for ecotourism development to diversify rural economy, employment and income generation. So the purpose of this study is to investigate the rural ecotourism situation of KRD through SWOT analysis. It is an applied research that uses documentary and field methods including observation, unstructured interview and a questionnaire to data gathering. A group of local managers, counting Village Council Members and Rural Mayors, were selected by snowball sampling method. To this end, the status of rural ecotourism in KRD is determined and the weight of each of the four SWOT factors is measured. Results show that KRD ecotourism development strategy is «SO» (aggressive), which should exploit the strengths to take advantage of the available opportunities.

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19

Sheykhi, Dr Mohammad Taghi. "SOCIO- AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF RURAL - URBAN BALANCE IN IRAN." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE 7, no. 4 (November 19, 2017): 1171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v7i4.6424.

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The article assesses how socio-agricultural development will sustain as a result of a balanced scale of rural-urban equality. However, increasing migration from rural to urban areas highly affects productivity and the infrastructure of the productivity in urban sectors. The process of modernization is highly responsible for the change, and a motivator for rural-urban migration not only in Iran, but in China, India and many other developing countries. The emerging scenario is contributing to increasing issues. The article concludes that rural and urban, or so to say, agriculture and industry benefit each other. The paper reaches the point that rural-urban balance optimistically leads to socio-economic development and sustainable growth. On the other hand, increasing and unbridled urbanization leads to declining raw materials needed for industrial development and urban productivity. The article reflects the merits, demerits and the challenges of the current transformation.

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20

Mahmoodi, Maryam, Michał Roman, and Piotr Prus. "Features and Challenges of Agritourism: Evidence from Iran and Poland." Sustainability 14, no. 8 (April 11, 2022): 4555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084555.

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In recent decades, agritourism has been suggested as one of the strategies for sustainable development of rural areas and diversification of the rural economy. The main purpose of this research was to review the situation, opportunities and challenges of agritourism in Iran and Poland to create an understanding of the agritourism situation in both countries. The systematic literature review (SLR) was used as the instrument in this study to access the number of possible papers and to understand the literature regarding the history, current states, support policies, developments and challenges of agritourism in Iran and Poland. Published research studies on entrepreneurship and agritourism in Iran and Poland between 2000 and 2022 were assessed. The results of this study showed that the development of agritourism in Poland has a longer history and is more developed compared to Iran and the Iranian authorities should take more measures in managing and developing agritourism. This study provides a major contribution to knowledge by being among the very first studies that examines and compares the situation of agritourism development in Iran and Poland. Practically, this research provides useful understanding of agritourism services and the areas need to be developed in the two countries for the development of agritourism. The article presents the index of positioning a competitive farm and gaining an advantage on the market of agritourism services.

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21

Kheiri, Jamal, and Banafsheh Nasihatkon. "The Effects of Rural Tourism on Sustainable Livelihoods (Case Study: Lavij Rural, Iran)." Modern Applied Science 10, no. 10 (June 5, 2016): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v10n10p10.

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Using a quantitative methodology and questionnaire, this study sought to evaluate the impacts of tourism on sustainable livelihoods of local people of Lavij rural in Iran. Data collected from 230 local residents of the study area were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation and linear regression. The results show that rural tourism has been able to play an effective role in sustainable livelihoods of people and there is a significant relationship between the development of rural tourism and sustainable livelihoods in Lavij. Rural tourism can predict a high percentage of changes in people’s livelihoods sustainability. Therefore, with a proper planning, rural tourism can be used to development of sustainable livelihoods, quality of people's lives, job opportunities and poverty reduction.

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22

Hajimirrahimi, Seyed, Elham Esfahani, Veronique Van Acker, and Frank Witlox. "Rural Second Homes and Their Impacts on Rural Development: A Case Study in East Iran." Sustainability 9, no. 4 (March 31, 2017): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su9040531.

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23

Stirling, Paul, and Grace E. Goodell. "The Elementary Structures of Political Life: Rural Development in Pahlevi Iran." Man 24, no. 4 (December 1989): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2804320.

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24

Kamali, Bagher. "Critical reflections on participatory action research for rural development in Iran." Action Research 5, no. 2 (June 2007): 103–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1476750307077323.

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25

Gran, Guy. "The elementary structures of political life: Rural development in Pahlavi Iran." World Development 15, no. 9 (September 1987): 1245–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(87)90208-7.

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26

Karimzadeh, Majid. "Investigating and Prioritising Rural Development Barriers in Iran: Case Study of Saravan." Journal of Rural Development 40, no. 4 (March 31, 2022): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.25175/jrd/2021/v40/i4/144465.

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27

Asadi, Alireza, Naser Bayat, Saeed Zanganeh Shahraki, Narges Ahmadifard, Stefano Poponi, and Luca Salvati. "Challenges toward Sustainability? Experiences and Approaches to Literary Tourism from Iran." Sustainability 14, no. 18 (September 18, 2022): 11709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811709.

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Interdisciplinary narrative studies are of great importance in several disciplines, especially in the humanities and social sciences. Cultural tourism and its sub-disciplines, including the complex issue of ‘literary tourism’, is an interdisciplinary field of investigation, positioned in between geography and urban–rural studies. In Iran, this form of tourism has been neglected so far—with no distinction between urban and rural areas—despite a particularly rich literary heritage. The present study recognizes the challenge of literary tourism in Iran, delineating some possible actions to develop it as a future engine of economic growth, especially in rural districts. As a contribution to a refined comprehension of literary tourism development paths, a content analysis was run collecting views and textual data on literary tourism in Iran. The empirical results of this study indicate that the mentioned challenges can be classified into several main dimensions and a broader set of sub-themes. The possible actions responding to such challenges can be classified into more dimensions and a vast number of sub-themes. Actions reducing territorial disparities and fueling entrepreneurship in local communities are appropriate to stimulate the emergence (and, possibly, consolidation) of literary tourism districts in Iran, giving an original contribution to sustainable development especially—but not exclusively—in rural settlements.

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28

Anabestani, Aliakbar. "Effects of second home tourism on rural settlements development in Iran (case study: Shirin-Dareh Region)." International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research 8, no. 1 (February 25, 2014): 58–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcthr-11-2012-0084.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the different effects of second home tourism development and its comparative analysis from the view of owners and residents in Shirin- Dareh Region of Iran. Design/methodology/approach – Applied methodology is based on empirical studies and descriptive-analytical methods. In order to do this, seven rural areas were selected with 1,188 households as the volume of sample society by Cochran formula, and 218 questionnaires were distributed between them in two groups of owners and residents. Findings – There is a strong correlation between second home tourism development and changes in social, economic, physical and environmental dimensions. The impact of the variable of the second home tourism development on changes in rural life was approximately 0.449 which reveals the average impact of second home tourism in the study area. Investments by none-indigenous with a co-efficient of 41.8 per cent have had the greatest role in different changes in rural life. Research limitations/implications – The generalizability of results to other countries is limited. Practical implications – This study and studies similar to it have led to adopted comprehensive approaches to tourism and second homes in Iran and other Third World countries. Originality/value – This paper contributes to the literature by including socio-economic variables in the domestic tourism and second home model. So this paper has a new subject and in practical aspects it tries to take a general solution to second home tourism on rural settlements development in Iran.

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29

EMBRY, JESSIE. "Point Four, Utah State University Technicians, and Rural Development in Iran, 1950–64." Rural History 14, no. 1 (March 10, 2003): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793303000050.

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In 1950 Iran and the United States signed the first Point Four agreement, establishing a program now known as USAID. It fulfilled President Harry S. Truman's desire to control the Soviet bloc and to share technology with third world countries. Utah State University contracted with the U.S. Point Four program to provide technicians in agriculture from 1951 to 1954. This paper examines the successes and the frustrations that the Utahns felt in transporting technology to Iran. While there were some successes, the cultural and economic difficulties were hard to overcome. As a result, the technicians in the 1960s experienced the same problems faced by those in the 1950s. These included a negative reaction to farm machinery in a land with many laborers, problems training machinery operators, and language barriers.

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30

Toutakhane, Ali Majnouni, Mohammad Zaheri, and Ahmad Fahmi. "Evaluating the Resiliency of Rural Settlements around Urmia Lake in Iran against Drought." Journal of Rural Development 39, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.25175/jrd/2020/v39/i1/122337.

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Garakani, Seyed Amirhossein, Azadeh Lak, and Masoomeh Niyasati. "Toward sustainable development in post-flood relocation of rural settlements in Iran." International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 11, no. 3 (January 31, 2020): 359–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-05-2019-0020.

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Purpose Man has always faced natural hazards and thus attempted to reduce their financial and loss-of-life damages. Assuring sustainable development in the post-disaster reconstruction of areas requires predictive measurements (i.e. vulnerability assessment). This study aims to assess the outcomes of relocating villages after the 2005 flood in the east of Golestan Province in Iran through sustainable development. Design/methodology/approach This study is an applied research combining qualitative content analysis and quantitative cross-sectional surveys. The statistical population comprises the inhabitants of Faraghi New Town (formed by aggregating 11 villages) and the villagers returning to their former rural settlement. The independent samples t-test was used to compare the outcomes of reconstruction for the samples. Data were collected using a questionnaire and in-depth interviews with the residents. The gathered data were analyzed by content analysis. Findings The results indicate that building new settlements – while reducing physical vulnerability – cannot be classified as a step toward sustainable development in economic and social aspects because the increasing trend of migration to urban areas, return to former villages, tribal disparities, reduced production, increased bank debts and increased urban insecurity are among the primary adverse social and economic consequences of rural relocations. This finding helps to assist planners and post-disaster designers to reconstruct more sustainable societies. Originality/value This study tries to investigate the effects of post-disaster reconstruction in rural settlement in Iran through sustainable development aspects for the first time. It would benefit for policymaking and urban planners and designers to make more resilient societies after disasters.

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Mehdipour Ghazi, Javad, Mahsa Hamdollahi, and Mohssen Moazzen. "Geotourism of mining sites in Iran: An opportunity for sustainable rural development." International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks 9, no. 1 (March 2021): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgeop.2021.02.004.

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33

Abedi, Mohammad, Mohammad Sadegh Allahyari, and Masoud Goldoost Azari. "Analysis of barriers against development of rural entrepreneurship in Guilan province, Iran." World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development 13, no. 2/3 (2017): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/wremsd.2017.10003414.

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Hashemi, Niloofar, and Gholamreza Ghaffary. "A Proposed Sustainable Rural Development Index (SRDI): Lessons from Hajij village, Iran." Tourism Management 59 (April 2017): 130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.07.021.

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35

Taleshi, Mustafa, Mohsen Shaterian, and Mahmoud Ganjipour. "State Investment and Empowerment of Local Communities, An Approach to Sustainable Rural Development (Experience of Kashan Rural Area in Central Iran)." Journal of Sustainable Rural Development 4, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 229–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jsrd.4.2.10.

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Empowerment approach is considered as one of the efficient approaches in rural development activities in Iran through the rural planning system within the framework of five-year programs with government investment in order to achieve sustainable rural development. In this study, it was investigated the role of government investments in empowering villagers, How its effectiveness in the rural area of Kashan was studied. Descriptive-analytical research method and sample population were selected using three-dimensional matrix method of government investment, village location and rural population of 12 villages and 316 rural households. To explain the relationships between independent and dependent variables, Pearson correlation in appropriate statistical environments and for modeling effects, the structural equation model (SEM) in AMOS software was used. Findings indicate a strong, positive and direct relationship between the two variables of investment and rural empowerment (P = 0.000). As the amount of investment increases, the empowerment of the villagers increases. The structural equation model showed that government investment with a factor load of 0.072 has an effect on rural empowerment (RMSEA = 0.036). Following these results in achieving sustainable rural development, the empowerment approach should be considered as a goal and not as a tool. In the experience of government investment in the rural area of Kashan in Central Iran, the investment process was relatively effective and in the future the investment process and implementation of rural projects in general and in arid and semi-arid areas in particular, empowerment and institutionalization approach in Villages are essential.

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36

Ira, Abdorahim, Mostafa Farrokhfal, and Zohreh Mali. "The nutritious price index and food security of urban and rural households in Iran." Statistical Journal of the IAOS 36, no. 4 (November 25, 2020): 963–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/sji-200751.

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High food inflation rate in Iran in recent years places many low-income households at risk of malnutrition. Since food security and nutrition are essential dimensions of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), this paper aims to create a reliable measure of food security in Iran among different income decile groups and urban and rural areas. The paper also attempts for the first time, to extract health-related indicators from the consumer price index (CPI) and the Household Income and Expenditure (HIES) surveys historically conducted by the Statistical Center of Iran (SCI). This study reaggregates CPI price data to calculate the nutritious food price index (NPI) for urban and rural households in Iran. Moreover, the “Cost of a Recommended Diet (CoRD)” method is used to measure the trends and spatial variations in the costs of nutrition. The paper presents the results of using the CoRD method for regional levels and decile income groups. Results show that the cost of a healthy diet increased in recent years. Likewise, the healthy food price index is higher than the overall food price index. Finally, the results indicate that the NPIs in urban areas are higher than in rural areas.

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37

Di Pucchio, Yasmine. "Microfinance in Iran: a Case Study of the Rural Microfinance Support Project." Oriente Moderno 95, no. 1-2 (August 7, 2015): 211–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340070.

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Microfinance programs in Iran began to be implemented at the end of the 1990s thanks to both the local government and international organizations’ efforts to eradicate poverty. Today microfinance is a growing sector in the country and has been officially recognized by the Iranian government, which included its development as one of the main points of the last Five Year Development Plan. A number of efficient microfinance programs are active in Iran among which the Rural Microfinance Support Project, promoted by the Iranian Agricultural Bank and ifad, stands out. The following study is an attempt to identify the impact of this program on women empowerment and poverty reduction through a research conducted on a sample of one hundred women clients of the program in the province of Šabestar, East Azerbaijan.

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38

Hojat, Sadeghi, Arezoumandan Raziyeh, and Nejati Behnaz. "The role of women in rural development: A cooperative development approach, a case study on Iran." Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development 7, no. 9 (September 30, 2015): 272–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jaerd2015.0699.

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39

Eftekhari, Abdoreza R., Ali Asgary, and Mehdi Taherkhani. "Industrial Districs and Rural Development: A Case Study of Markazi Province in Iran." Asia-Pacific Journal of Rural Development 12, no. 2 (December 2002): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1018529120020204.

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40

Ehsani, Kaveh. "Rural Society and Agricultural Development in Post-Revolution Iran: The First Two Decades." Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies 15, no. 1 (March 2006): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10669920500515143.

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41

Afsharipour, Ali, Hamid Barghi, and Yosef Ghanbari. "Appropriate policy-making for rural regions management in Iran." Land Use Policy 109 (October 2021): 105669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105669.

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42

Bahrami, Rahmatoolah, and Kamran Noori. "Life Expectancy in Rural Areas of Kurdistan Province, Iran in 2013." Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research 9, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 117–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jaehr.9.3.1180.

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Life expectancy at birth is one of the most important indicators of the social, economic, cultural, and health development in any society. This descriptive epidemiological study aims to measure life expectancy by age and gender in rural areas of Kurdistan Province, Iran. Data were collected directly using mortality information obtained from the health center of Kurdistan Province and the registered population in 2013. The findings showed that life expectancy is different in rural areas of Kurdistan Province. Life expectancy at birth in rural areas of the Province was estimated at 70.6 years on average, where it was 72 years for women and 69.3 years for men. The highest life expectancy of men is in Saqez city with 70.6 and the lowest in Kamyaran and Devandarah city with 68.6 years. The highest life expectancy is estimated in rural women with 74 years in Baneh city and the lowest in Dehgolan city with 69.9 years, respectively. The results showed different years of life expectancy in terms of gender in rural areas of Kurdistan Province. The national average life expectancy is about 2 years higher than that in rural areas of Kurdistan Province. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the life expectancy in these Province via fair distribution of facilities and services and prioritizing its rural areas in health planning.

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43

Lob, Eric. "THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN'S FOREIGN POLICY AND CONSTRUCTION JIHAD'S DEVELOPMENTAL ACTIVITIES IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA." International Journal of Middle East Studies 48, no. 2 (April 7, 2016): 313–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743816000064.

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AbstractThis article adopts the theoretical framework of complex realism to trace the evolution of the Islamic Republic of Iran's foreign policy and developmental activities in Africa between the 1980s and the 2000s. Contrary to common assumptions, the deradicalization of the Islamic Republic's foreign policy in Africa began not under the moderates in the early 1990s, but under the conservatives in the mid-1980s. This period marked the first time that the Islamic Republic instrumentalized development to advance its strategic interests in Africa—a policy that has continued despite the factionalization of Iran's political elite. Based on one year of archival research and interviews in Iran, this article is the first to investigate the history and activities of the Islamic Republic's rural development organization, Construction Jihad, in Africa. It posits that development, instead of arms or ideology, has enabled Iran to make the farthest inroads into the continent due to Africa's sizeable agrarian economies, widespread rural poverty, and formidable developmental challenges.

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44

Majnouni-Toutakhane, Ali, Mohammad Ebrahim Ramazani, and Sepehr Sheikholeslam. "Recognition and Analysis of The Key Factors of Rural Development in Iran with Futures Studies Approach." Journal of Rural Development 39, no. 4 (May 13, 2021): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.25175/jrd/2020/v39/i4/141885.

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45

Shahraki, Hassan. "Three-Dimensional Paradigm of Rural Prosperity: A Feast of Rural Embodiment, Post-Neoliberalism, and Sustainability." World 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 146–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/world3010008.

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Each practical action in rural areas should be based on a comprehensive, new, and innovative theoretical paradigm. For nearly three decades, the global economic system has embraced rural entrepreneurship as a “productive” and innovative strategy in rural development in many countries, including both underdeveloped and developed countries. At present, we have large companies, which due to government development interventions, are replaced with small- and medium-sized businesses under inflexible and extreme entrepreneurialism. The purpose of this conceptual paper is to shed light on the prevailing entrepreneurship practice and discourse, criticize them, and finally introduce a new paradigm known as “paradigm of rural prosperity” (PRP). In this work, Aram Ziai’s theory of skeptical post-development was used, along with Campbell Jones and André Spicer’s critical theory of entrepreneurship and Rosenqvist’s theory of the conceptualization of rurality and rural environment called “hermeneutical realism”. The present paper attempts to base the paradigm of rural prosperity on three pillars of analysis and explanation: (a) rural embodiment, (b) neoliberalism, and (c) concept of sustainability. Although some case studies in Iran have been used as empirical evidence, this paper argues that the paradigm of rural prosperity is universal in nature and can be used in any geographical and cultural context to provide new rural development.

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46

Aghajanian, A., A. H. Mehryar, S. Ahmadnia, and S. Kazemipour. "Impact of rural health development programme in the Islamic Republic of Iran on rural-urban disparities in health indicators." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 13, no. 6 (November 1, 2007): 1466–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2007.13.6.1466.

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47

Rabiee, Fatimeh, and Catherine Geissler. "The Impact of Maternal Workload on Child Nutrition in Rural Iran." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 14, no. 1 (March 1992): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482659201400101.

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48

Ebrahimzadeh, Issa, Najmeh Tayyebi, and Yousef Shafei. "Functional Analysis of Small Towns Economic Role in Rural Development, Case Study: Zahedshahr, Iran." Journal of Service Science and Management 05, no. 03 (2012): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jssm.2012.53032.

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49

Beck, Lois. ": The Elementary Structures of Political Life: Rural Development in Pahlavi Iran . Grace E. Goodell." American Anthropologist 89, no. 3 (September 1987): 744–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1987.89.3.02a00430.

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50

Shafiei Sabet, Naser, and Shahryar Azharianfar. "Urban-rural reciprocal interaction potential to develop weekly markets and regional development in Iran." Habitat International 61 (March 2017): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2017.01.003.

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