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Статті в журналах з теми "Runoff Victoria"
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Holland, J. E., T. H. Johnston, R. E. White, and B. A. Orchard. "An investigation of runoff from raised beds and other tillage methods in the high rainfall zone of south-western Victoria, Australia." Soil Research 50, no. 5 (2012): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr11200.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
For many years, the poor physical and hydraulic properties of the soils in south-western Victoria have restricted crop production due to waterlogging. In this region of predominantly winter rainfall, raised beds have become popular with farmers to overcome these difficulties; however, little has been reported on the hydrology of raised beds compared with other tillage systems for cropping in the rain-fed environment of south-western Victoria. This study measured rainfall characteristics, runoff volumes, and soil properties such as the soil water content, bulk density, and hydraulic conductivity for three tillage treatments (raised beds, conventional cultivation, and deep cultivation) over 6 years on a Sodosol at a field site near Geelong, Victoria. Runoff was regressed against rainfall variables such as the amount per event, hours of rainfall, rainfall intensity, and maximum rainfall intensity to determine the significance of any differences between the treatments. The relationship between runoff and rainfall amount was best described with an exponential model. Raised beds significantly increased the amount of runoff relative to the other treatments when above-average rainfall was received, but there was little difference in runoff in years of below-average rainfall. No consistent effect of runoff on crop biomass was detected nor could any differences in runoff be attributed to differences in soil water content, hydraulic conductivity, and bulk density between treatments. The most important factor appeared to be the furrows between the raised beds, which acted as conduits for the flow of surface water during the larger storm events. During such events, runoff is an important hydrological process in cropping land in south-western Victoria.
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van, Rees H., and RC Boston. "Evaluation of Factors Affecting Surface Runoff on Alpine Rangeland in Victoria." Rangeland Journal 8, no. 2 (1986): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9860097.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A 'portable' rainfall simulator was used on alpine soils on the Bogong High Plains in Victoria, to determine the relationship of surface runoff to soil moisture, rainfall intensity, slope and the percentage of the area lacking vegetation cover (bare ground). A strong inverse relationship (R' = 0.64) existed between total runoff and antecedent soil moisture conditions. The other factors, within the range evaluated in these experiments (bare ground 0 to 33'70, rainfall intensity 37 to 97 mm/hr and slope 6 to 23%) had no significant influence on runoff. Time to runoff initiation was influenced by antecedent soil moisture, slope and rainfall intensity ( ~ ~ ~ 0 . 7 1 ) . It was found that time to runoff decreased as the soils dried, and the slope and rainfall intensity increased. The percentage of bare ground had little influence on the time to runoff initiation. These results show that differences in grassland condition, including large differences in the percentage of bare ground, had little influence on either surface runoff or on the time to runoff initiation. The single most important factor influencing runoff rates was the antecedent moisture content of the soil. This factor is generally outside management control.
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Charles, Stephen P., Francis H. S. Chiew, Nicholas J. Potter, Hongxing Zheng, Guobin Fu, and Lu Zhang. "Impact of downscaled rainfall biases on projected runoff changes." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 6 (June 8, 2020): 2981–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2981-2020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Realistic projections of changes to daily rainfall frequency and magnitude, at catchment scales, are required to assess the potential impacts of climate change on regional water supply. We show that quantile–quantile mapping (QQM) bias-corrected daily rainfall from dynamically downscaled WRF simulations of current climate produce biased hydrological simulations, in a case study for the state of Victoria, Australia (237 629 km2). While the QQM bias correction can remove bias in daily rainfall distributions at each 10 km × 10 km grid point across Victoria, the GR4J rainfall–runoff model underestimates runoff when driven with QQM bias-corrected daily rainfall. We compare simulated runoff differences using bias-corrected and empirically scaled rainfall for several key water supply catchments across Victoria and discuss the implications for confidence in the magnitude of projected changes for mid-century. Our results highlight the imperative for methods that can correct for temporal and spatial biases in dynamically downscaled daily rainfall if they are to be suitable for hydrological projection.
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Rwetabula, J., F. De Smedt, and M. Rebhun. "Prediction of runoff and discharge in the Simiyu River (tributary of Lake Victoria, Tanzania) using the WetSpa model." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4, no. 2 (April 23, 2007): 881–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-4-881-2007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. A spatially distributed hydrologic model (WetSpa) is used to estimate daily river water discharge in the Simiyu river a tributary of Lake Victoria, Tanzania. The model combines topography, landuse and soil maps, and observed daily meteorological time series to predict discharge hydrographs and the spatial distribution of hydrological parameters in the catchment. The elevations in the catchment range from 2000 to 1100 m at the outlet, with average slope of 1.4%. The dominant landuse types are, wasteland, grassland, bushland, cultivated land, and a very small area is covered by surface water. The dominant soil types are sandy loam, followed by sandy clay loam, clay loam, clay, loam and sandy clay. There are two distinctive seasons in the Simiyu catchment. Short rains mainly in November, December and January, and long rains in March to May, resulting in a total average annual precipitation of 700 to 1000 mm. The annual potential evapotranspiration is about 1300 mm, and the river discharge at the catchment outlet ranges from 0 to about 200 m3/s. Global parameters of the model are calibrated using three years of daily observed discharge values measured at the mouth of the river at Lake Victoria. The estimated average travel time of the runoff to the outlet of the catchment is about 2.4 d and maximum 8 d for the most remote areas. The model results also show that the surface runoff and interflow provide respectively 38.6% and 61.4% of the total runoff, while the contribution of groundwater drainage is nil. The absence of groundwater drainage is probably due to the high evaporation demand of the atmosphere, which accounts for about 90% of the total precipitation being lost by evapotranspiration. The annual water balance estimated with the model reveals that the total outflow to Lake Victoria is about 500×106 m3 per year, which occurs mainly in the wet seasons, i.e. from March to May and from November to January. The volume of runoff produced by agricultural land amounts to about 9% of the total runoff annually.
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Khan, S. I., P. Adhikari, Y. Hong, H. Vergara, R. F Adler, F. Policelli, D. Irwin, T. Korme, and L. Okello. "Hydroclimatology of Lake Victoria region using hydrologic model and satellite remote sensing data." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 1 (January 14, 2011): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-107-2011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Study of hydro-climatology at a range of temporal scales is important in understanding and ultimately mitigating the potential severe impacts of hydrological extreme events such as floods and droughts. Using daily in-situ data over the last two decades combined with the recently available multiple-years satellite remote sensing data, we analyzed and simulated, with a distributed hydrologic model, the hydro-climatology in Nzoia, one of the major contributing sub-basins of Lake Victoria in the East African highlands. The basin, with a semi arid climate, has no sustained base flow contribution to Lake Victoria. The short spell of high discharge showed that rain is the prime cause of floods in the basin. There is only a marginal increase in annual mean discharge over the last 21 years. The 2-, 5- and 10- year peak discharges, for the entire study period showed that more years since the mid 1990's have had high peak discharges despite having relatively less annual rain. The study also presents the hydrologic model calibration and validation results over the Nzoia basin. The spatiotemporal variability of the water cycle components were quantified using a hydrologic model, with in-situ and multi-satellite remote sensing datasets. The model is calibrated using daily observed discharge data for the period between 1985 and 1999, for which model performance is estimated with a Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSCE) of 0.87 and 0.23% bias. The model validation showed an error metrics with NSCE of 0.65 and 1.04% bias. Moreover, the hydrologic capability of satellite precipitation (TRMM-3B42 V6) is evaluated. In terms of reconstruction of the water cycle components the spatial distribution and time series of modeling results for precipitation and runoff showed considerable agreement with the monthly model runoff estimates and gauge observations. Runoff values responded to precipitation events that occurred across the catchment during the wet season from March to early June. The spatially distributed model inputs, states, and outputs, were found to be useful for understanding the hydrologic behavior at the catchment scale. The monthly peak runoff is observed in the months of April, May and November. The analysis revealed a linear relationship between rainfall and runoff for both wet and dry seasons. Satellite precipitation forcing data showed the potential to be used not only for the investigation of water balance but also for addressing issues pertaining to sustainability of the resources at the catchment scale.
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Hughes, JMR, and B. James. "A hydrological regionalization of streams in Victoria, Australia, with implications for stream Ecology." Marine and Freshwater Research 40, no. 3 (1989): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9890303.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Annual, monthly, low and peak flow data were used to classify and ordinate 138 stream gauges in Victoria. Sixteen hydrological variables were used and low-flow and entire-flow regionalizations were derived. The low-flow regionalization was spatially indistinct and therefore unusable, but the entire-flow regionalization produced five distinctive and spatially significant regions. Least-squares relationships were calculated between mean annual runoff, catchment area and coefficient of variation of annual flows, and the 16 variables. Rivers in the dry western districts of Victoria exhibit high variability of annual, monthly and peak flows, and low specific low flows. The converse is true for rivers in the western highlands of Victoria. Stream regionalizations are a useful tool for stream ecologists, and may be used for generating hypotheses, for detecting representative rivers and for producing baseline stream surveys.
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Cooke, JW. "Effect of fallowing practices on runoff and soil erosion in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 3 (1985): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850628.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The effect on runoff and soil loss of four methods of preparation of fallow was investigated at each of three sites in north-central Victoria. There was a chemical fallow treatment (uncultivated) and three scarified treatments (smooth, medium and rough cultivation). When the results from the three sites were combined, there was 10.7 mm runoff from the uncultivated treatment, 5.1 mm from the smooth, 0.8 mm from the medium and 0.3 mm from the rough scarified treatments. Soil loss from the uncultivated treatment was 103 g/m2 compared with 87 g/m2 from the smooth, 22 g/m2 from the medium and 13 g/m2 from the rough treatment. The concentration of sediment in the runoff was negatively correlated (R2 = -0.56 to -0.98) with runoff. It ranged from 1.21% (w/w) for the uncultivated to 5.06% (w/w) for the rough scarified treatment. The results show that a regimen of minimum scarification to produce a rough surface, and then use of herbicides to control weeds, reduces soil loss compared with either an uncultivated or a smoothly cultivated soil surface.
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Weatherley, A. J., B. F. Quin, K. B. Dassanayake, and J. S. Rowarth. "Runoff losses from irrigated dairy pastures treated with phosphorus fertilisers of differing solubility in south-eastern Australia." Soil Research 49, no. 7 (2011): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr11156.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In response to increasing concern about environmental quality, water authorities in many countries are imposing legislation limiting phosphorus (P) concentrations in water, which is having an impact on farming practice. This experiment investigated the agronomic effects and runoff losses associated with different forms of P fertiliser applied to an irrigated dairy pasture (soils were Vertic Calcic Red Chromosols; average Olsen P, 50 mg P/kg) in north-central Victoria, Australia. Single superphosphate (SSP), a sulfurised diammonium phosphate, or partially acidulated phosphate rock was surface-applied at 50 kg P/ha in March 2005 to a border-check, flood-irrigated dairy pasture (ryegrass–white clover) ten days before a scheduled irrigation. Dissolved reactive P (DRP) and total P (TP) were measured in runoff from whole bays on one replicate and from microplots on all three replicates for a period of 9 weeks. In all runoff events and all treatments, concentrations of DRP and TP in runoff greatly exceeded water quality guidelines for acceptable limits (0.045 mg P/L). The SSP resulted in significantly higher concentrations of P in runoff than the less water-soluble fertilisers. Even after the fifth irrigation, runoff from all fertilisers still exceeded the control. These results suggest that: (i) P fertilisers should not be applied in high-risk situations as insurance against yield loss; (ii) the current recommendation of withholding irrigation for 3 days after fertiliser application is insufficient to prevent potentially significant losses occurring; and (iii) runoff losses were dependent on the type of fertiliser applied, with a smaller proportion of P applied as sulfurised DAP lost in runoff.
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Saffarpour, Shabnam, Andrew W. Western, Russell Adams, and Jeffrey J. McDonnell. "Multiple runoff processes and multiple thresholds control agricultural runoff generation." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 11 (November 11, 2016): 4525–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4525-2016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Thresholds and hydrologic connectivity associated with runoff processes are a critical concept for understanding catchment hydrologic response at the event timescale. To date, most attention has focused on single runoff response types, and the role of multiple thresholds and flow path connectivities has not been made explicit. Here we first summarise existing knowledge on the interplay between thresholds, connectivity and runoff processes at the hillslope–small catchment scale into a single figure and use it in examining how runoff response and the catchment threshold response to rainfall affect a suite of runoff generation mechanisms in a small agricultural catchment. A 1.37 ha catchment in the Lang Lang River catchment, Victoria, Australia, was instrumented and hourly data of rainfall, runoff, shallow groundwater level and isotope water samples were collected. The rainfall, runoff and antecedent soil moisture data together with water levels at several shallow piezometers are used to identify runoff processes in the study site. We use isotope and major ion results to further support the findings of the hydrometric data. We analyse 60 rainfall events that produced 38 runoff events over two runoff seasons. Our results show that the catchment hydrologic response was typically controlled by the Antecedent Soil Moisture Index and rainfall characteristics. There was a strong seasonal effect in the antecedent moisture conditions that led to marked seasonal-scale changes in runoff response. Analysis of shallow well data revealed that streamflows early in the runoff season were dominated primarily by saturation excess overland flow from the riparian area. As the runoff season progressed, the catchment soil water storage increased and the hillslopes connected to the riparian area. The hillslopes transferred a significant amount of water to the riparian zone during and following events. Then, during a particularly wet period, this connectivity to the riparian zone, and ultimately to the stream, persisted between events for a period of 1 month. These findings are supported by isotope results which showed the dominance of pre-event water, together with significant contributions of event water early (rising limb and peak) in the event hydrograph. Based on a combination of various hydrometric analyses and some isotope and major ion data, we conclude that event runoff at this site is typically a combination of subsurface event flow and saturation excess overland flow. However, during high intensity rainfall events, flashy catchment flow was observed even though the soil moisture threshold for activation of subsurface flow was not exceeded. We hypothesise that this was due to the activation of infiltration excess overland flow and/or fast lateral flow through preferential pathways on the hillslope and saturation overland flow from the riparian zone.
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Schreider, S. Yu, P. H. Whetton, A. J. Jakeman, and A. B. Pittock. "Runoff modelling for snow-affected catchments in the Australian alpine region, eastern Victoria." Journal of Hydrology 200, no. 1-4 (December 1997): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1694(97)00006-1.
Повний текст джерелаДисертації з теми "Runoff Victoria"
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Winter-Billington, Alexandra. "The hydrological system and climate of Brewster Glacier, Tititea Mt Aspiring National Park, Southern Alps, Aotearoa New Zealand, in the context of climate change : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Physical Geography /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/670.
Повний текст джерела
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Mason, Bram. "The study of pollutant removal from urban stormwater using a constructed wetland." Thesis, 1994. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/32998/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this investigation was to examine the Shankland Valley Wetland
for its ability to treat urban stormwater pollutants. Monitoring was conducted
during two moderate storm events and two non-storm events. Pollutant
concentration was measured at 24 hour intervals over periods of approximately
one week.
Книги з теми "Runoff Victoria"
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Urban Stormwater. CSIRO Publishing, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643100596.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The intense concentration of human activity in urban areas leads to changes in both the quantity and quality of runoff that eventually reaches our streams, lakes, wetlands, estuaries and coasts. The increasing use of impervious surfaces designed to provide smooth and direct pathways for stormwater run-off, has led to greater runoff volumes and flow velocities in urban waterways. Unmanaged, these changes in the quantity and quality of stormwater can result in considerable damage to the environment.
Improved environmental performance is needed to ensure that the environmental values and beneficial uses of receiving waters are sustained or enhanced.
Urban Stormwater - Best-Practice Environmental Management Guidelines resulted from a collaboration between State government agencies, local government and leading research institutions. The guidelines have been designed to meet the needs of people involved in the planning, design or management of urban land uses or stormwater drainage systems. They provide guidance in ten key areas: Environmental performance objectives; Stormwater management planning; Land use planning; Water sensitive urban design; Construction site management; Business surveys; Education and awareness; Enforcement; Structural treatment measures; and Flow management.
Engineers and planners within local government, along with consultants to the development industry, should find the guidelines especially useful. Government agencies should also find them helpful in assessing the performance of stormwater managers.
While developed specifically for application in Victoria, Australia, the information will be of value to stormwater managers everywhere.
Частини книг з теми "Runoff Victoria"
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Bullock, Charles S., Susan A. MacManus, Jeremy D. Mayer, and Mark J. Rozell. "Raphael Warnock." In African American Statewide Candidates in the New South, 163–92. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197607428.003.0006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter recounts how Raphael Warnock won a runoff election in January 2021 to become Georgia’s first African American US senator and how the 2020 election cycle culminating with the 2021 Senate runoffs demonstrates that Georgia has become a competitive state. As the chapter shows, if the trends identified in this chapter continue, Democratic strength will increase during the decade: coupled with support for Stacey Abrams, who came within 55,000 votes of the governorship in 2018, Warnock’s victory, suggests that other Black candidates will follow him to the victory stand. Though statewide wins for Democrats depend in part on the degree to which recent successes were driven by distasted for Donald Trump. But, as the chapter concludes, Warnock and Abrams’s results show that the penalty that Black candidates previously paid no longer need apply in Georgia. Abrams led the Democratic ticket in 2018 with 48.8 percent of the vote. A second African American, Otha Thornton, who ran for state school superintendent, received 47 percent of the vote, clustered with several other Democrats competing for positions that attract little attention. When he runs for a full term in 2022, Warnock will likely share the spotlight and perhaps be eclipsed by Stacey Abrams making a second bid for governor.
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Bullock, Charles S., Susan A. MacManus, Jeremy D. Mayer, and Mark J. Rozell. "Georgia." In African American Statewide Candidates in the New South, 29–68. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197607428.003.0002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter reviews the recent campaign by Georgia’s Stacey Abrams (D) for governor. Had she succeeded, Abrams would have become the nation’s first Black, female governor. Abrams secured the Democratic nomination easily. On the other side, her general election opponent, Brian Kemp, had to come from far behind to get the Republican nomination. Key to Kemp’s runoff election victory was President Donald Trump’s endorsement. The issues each candidate emphasized during the course of the general election campaign are reviewed with special emphasis given Abrams’s claims that Kemp engaged in voter suppression. Kemp, who ran to the right in his pursuit of the nomination in the Republican primary and runoff, sought to soften his image in the general election. Results from exit polls identify the bases of strength for Abrams and Kemp. The Abrams—Kemp election is examined in the context of changes taking place in Georgia elections with comparisons made between this contest and previous, recent elections. While Abrams lost, her margin of defeat was smaller than that of other Democrats competing in two decades as she erased about three-fourths of the advantage Republican candidates had enjoyed.
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Brennan, James P. "Epilogue." In Argentina's Missing Bones. University of California Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520297913.003.0010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The victory of the Center-Right alliance that supported candidate Mauricio Macri in the November 2015 presidential runoff elections ushered in a new era in the human rights movement in Argentina. The welter of bills crafted and passed by the kirchnerista legislative majority in the weeks between the election and the December 10, 2015, inauguration of the new president included a little-noticed law creating a bicameral committee to investigate those business accomplices of the dictatorship who had thrived under military rule and cooperated with the activities of the security forces whose murderous tactics fell disproportionately hard on labor activists and the working class generally. Opposed for diverse reasons by the Unión Cívica Radical, dissident Peronists not aligned with ...
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Russell, Cristine. "Risk Reporting." In A Field Guide for Science Writers. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195174991.003.0044.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Over the past three decades, the media has bombarded the public with a seemingly endless array of risks, from the familiar to the exotic: hormone replacement therapy, anthrax, mad cow disease, SARS, West Nile virus, radon, vaccine-associated autism, childhood obesity, medical errors, secondhand smoke, lead, asbestos, even HIV in the porn industry. A drumbeat of risks to worry about, big and small, with new studies often contradicting earlier ones and creating further confusion. It's gotten so bad that some people feel like they're taking their lives in their hands just trying to order a meal at a restaurant. “Will it be the mad cow beef, the hormone chicken, or the mercury fish?” asks an imperious waiter in one of my favorite cartoons from the Washington Post. “Urn ... I think I'll go with the vegetarian dish,” the hesitant diner responds. “Pesticide or hepatitis?” the waiter asks. The diner, growing ever more fearful, asks for water. The waiter persists: “Point source, or agricultural runoff?” Perhaps it's time for the media to become part of the solution rather than continuing to be part of the problem. Ideally, science journalists could lead the way toward improved risk coverage that moves beyond case-by-case alarms—and easy hype—to a more consistent, balanced approach that puts the hazard du jour in broader perspective. The challenge is to create stories with chiaroscuro, painting in more subtle shades of gray rather than extremes of black and white. Too often, as my late Washington Post colleague Victor Cohn once said, journalists (and their editors) gravitate toward stories at either extreme, emphasizing either “no hope” or “new hope.” Unfortunately, today's “new hope” often becomes tomorrow's “no hope” (which is a good reason for avoiding words like “breakthrough” or “cure” in the first place). Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is a classic example of this yo-yo coverage. In the '60s and '70s, the media helped overpromote hormones as wonder drugs for women, promising everlasting youth as well as a cure for hot flashes. Concerns rose, however, with reports of possible links to cancers of the breast and uterus. Later, when the uterine cancer risk was shown to return to normal by adding an additional hormone, the publicity about HRT became mostly positive again, emphasizing its potential to protect against bone loss and heart disease.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Runoff Victoria"
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"Observation based gridded annual runoff estimates over Victoria, Australia." In 24th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2021.k11.weligamage.
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Kundu, P. M., and L. O. Olang. "The impact of land use change on runoff and peak flood discharges for the Nyando River in Lake Victoria drainage basin, Kenya." In WATER AND SOCIETY 2011. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ws110081.
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