Книги з теми "Rule-based agents"
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Improving Association Rule based Data Mining Algorithms with Agents Technology in Distributed Environment. India: Association of Scientists, Developers and Faculties, 2014.
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Thomas, Krebs. Ch.2 Formation and authority of agents, s.2: Authority of agents, Art.2.2.8. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0047.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This commentary focuses on Article 2.2.8 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning sub-agency. In most countries, the default rule is that the agent is not permitted to delegate its authority. This rule is generally based on the confidential nature of the agency relationship. Art 2.2.8 stipulates that an agent has implied authority to appoint a sub-agent to perform acts which it is not reasonable to expect the agent to perform itself. This commentary discusses the requirements of sub-agency, the consequences of delegation of authority, cases where the sub-agent affects the legal relations of the third party, and burden of proof relating to sub-agency.
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Building Intelligent .NET Applications: Agents, Data Mining, Rule-Based Systems, and Speech Processing (The Addison-Wesley Microsoft Technology Series). Addison-Wesley Professional, 2005.
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Laver, Michael, and Ernest Sergenti. Modeling Multiparty Competition. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691139036.003.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter begins with a brief discussion of the need for a new approach to modeling party competition. It then makes a case for the use of agent-based modeling to study multiparty competition in an evolving dynamic party system, given the analytical intractability of the decision-making environment, and the resulting need for real politicians to rely on informal decision rules. Agent-based models (ABMs) are “bottom-up” models that typically assume settings with a fairly large number of autonomous decision-making agents. Each agent uses some well-specified decision rule to choose actions, and there may be considerable diversity in the decision rules used by different agents. Given the analytical intractability of the decision-making environment, the decision rules that are specified and investigated in ABMs are typically based on adaptive learning rather than forward-looking strategic analysis, and agents are assumed to have bounded rather than perfect rationality. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
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Ye, Victor. A rule-based approach to animating multi-agent environments. 1996.
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Ming-kin, Chu. The Politics of Higher Education. Hong Kong University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888528196.001.0001.
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This book addresses the politics of higher education in Imperial China during the Northern Song period (960-1127). How did different political agents -- namely emperors, scholar-officials, teachers and students -- interact in shaping the Imperial University and compete over different agendas? Earlier studies often conceived the Imperial University as a static institution and framed questions within the context of institutional and social history. Building on recent insights/developments in new political history, this book is distinctive for its emphasis on the fluid political processes shaping institutional changes and the interaction of the people involved. Based on a close reading of the surviving records of court archives, chronological accounts and biographical materials of individual agents, the author shows the agendas behind the structures and regulations of the Imperial University and the ways in which they actually functioned, among them the assertion of autocratic rule, the elimination of political opposition, and the imposition of strict morality. Competitions and negotiations over these agenda, the author proposes, lead to changes in educational policies, which did not occur in a linear or progressive fashion, but rather back-and-forth due to ongoing resistance.
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A Comparison of Computational Cognitive Models: Agent-Based Systems Versus Rule-Based Architectures. Storming Media, 2003.
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Bonnet, Francis, Marc E. Gentili, and Christophe Aveline. Post-surgical analgesia and acute pain management. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0046.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Postoperative and acute pain remains uncontrolled in many instances, leading to the risk of development of chronic pain syndromes. After tissue damage, activation of postsynaptic NMDA receptors, also induced by opioid administration, plays a key role in postoperative pain sensitization, allodynia, and hyperalgesia. Pain intensity may depend on sex, age, anxiety, and genetic factors but in clinical practice, surgical procedure is the main determinant of pain, although pain may vary from one patient to one another. Serial pain measurements are mandatory to assess pain intensity and to guide pain treatment. They are based on unidimensional simple pain scales. Multimodal analgesia combining opioid and non-opioid agent and regional block or infiltration is the rule postoperatively, although evidence is sometimes lacking to support all the combinations commonly used. Opioids should be used on demand while other agents are administered systematically. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs decrease opioid demand as well as paracetamol although to a less extend. Antihyperalgesic agents including NMDA blockers (ketamine) and α2-δ ligands (gabapentin, pregabalin) have an opioid-sparing effect and may prevent the occurrence of chronic pain syndrome after surgery. Regional blocks and infiltration provide good quality analgesia but the balance between advantages and drawbacks of central block need to be evaluated carefully for each surgical procedure.
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A, Shlapak David, and United States. Dept. of Defense. Director of Net Assessment, eds. The Mark III scenario agent: A rule-based model of third-country behavior in superpower crises and conflict. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1985.
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The Mark III Scenario Agent: A Rule-Based Model of Third-Country Behavior in Superpower Crises and Conflict. RAND Corporation, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.7249/n2363.
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Brown, Alexander. Deontological Grounds for the Principles of Administrative Justice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812753.003.0007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Section I invokes the ideal of the rule of law as another possible source of normative support or grounding for my principles of administrative justice for the management of legitimate expectations. Following on from this, Section II looks into the Kantian principle that agents ought to be treated never purely as means but always as ends in themselves. Section III turns to Ronald Dworkin’s idea that governments have a fundamental duty to treat citizens with equal concern and respect, as yet another potential normative ground for my principles of administrative justice. Finally, Section IV puts onto the table but ultimately rejects a possible objection to both the Liability Precept and the Secondary Duties Principle based on the deontological values of democratic majoritarianism and equality.
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Knezevic, Nebojsa Nick, Benjamin Cantu, Ivana Knezevic, and Kenneth D. Candido. Chronic Back Pain in the Elderly: Spinal Stenosis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190271787.003.0022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a common reason for physician office visits among the elderly. Predictive factors for CLBP are female sex, social isolation, hypertension, and joint pain. In the elderly, CLBP may be related to degenerative spinal stenosis with disk degeneration and overall spondylosis. A detailed medical history and a targeted, comprehensive physical examination are the initial approaches to rule out underlying disease that requires urgent attention. Clinical and evidence-based approaches to management suggest avoiding early MRI or CT, as imaging in elderly patients has proven both impractical and uneconomical. Instead, good clinical judgment should be used for making diagnoses. Consensus on the best initial approaches for managing CLBP has not yet been achieved, and conservative therapy is suggested, varying from use of pharmacologic agents, physical therapy, electrical stimulation, and physical manipulations to epidural injections. Surgical alternatives are avoided due to confounding and multiple comorbidities in older patients.
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Svensson, Isak, Daniel Finnbogason, Dino Krause, Luís Martínez Lorenzo, and Nanar Hawach. Confronting the Caliphate. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197605608.001.0001.
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Abstract When jihadist groups establish their own governance and proto-states, they, to some extent, rely on the acquiescence of the civilians under their control. Therefore, civilians are not only victims of coercive control but are also agents of change, sometimes providing fundamental challenges to the jihadists’ governance attempts. Civilians in Mali, Iraq, Algeria, and Syria have engaged in various forms of civil resistance against jihadist groups: refusal to cooperate, participation in public protests, and various forms of more covert everyday resistance. Exploring civil resistance against jihadist groups, the book not only studies the conditions under which it occurs but also the forms it takes. It explores who chooses to resist and the conditions under which such resistance can be successful. Confronting the Caliphate is a comprehensive study of this topic, based on original research from surveys in Mosul; disaggregated data on protests across communities in Syria; a comparative analysis of Mali, Iraq, and Yemen; and accounts of resistance in Algeria. It clearly shows that civil resistance is not only possible but is much more prevalent than previously assumed. The rule of jihadist groups presents civilians with some of the most difficult and dangerous circumstances for engaging in civil resistance, but the book demonstrates how they can nonviolently and successfully resist.
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Winter, Jaap. A Behavioral Perspective on Corporate Law and Corporate Governance. Edited by Jeffrey N. Gordon and Wolf-Georg Ringe. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743682.013.17.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter examines corporate law and governance from a behavioral perspective. It begins with an overview of the growing body of behavioral knowledge and its impact on the core assumptions of the agency theory. It then goes on to consider a number of specific areas of corporate law and governance where behavioral perspectives are particularly relevant, with particular emphasis on rule making. The chapter also explores how the board of directors performs, along with modern executive compensation systems, often in the form of performance-based pay. Finally, the chapter turns to the interaction between executives, non-executives, and (institutional) investors in corporate governance.
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Ryan, Eileen. Crafting an Italian Approach to Colonial Rule. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190673796.003.0003.
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In the years leading up to the Italian invasion of Libya in 1911, a variety of Italian imperialists considered the possibilities of negotiating a positive relationship with Sanusi elites to facilitate Italian expansion. One of the most vocal proponents of an Italo-Sanusi relationship was Enrico Insabato, an eccentric secret agent of the Italian state police stationed in Cairo starting in 1902. Insabato advocated the projection of a traditionalist Catholic identity in Italian expansionism based on the assumption that Sanusi elites would welcome Italian rule as the antithesis of the secularizing reforms of England and Istanbul. Insabato’s pro-Islamic approach faced fierce opposition within the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and among officers in the Italian military, but the idea of celebrating religious traditionalism fit with an interest in encouraging Catholic participation in national politics after decades of acrimonious church-state relations in Italy.
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Li, Yu-wai Vic. Power Plays from the Fringe. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190864576.003.0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Implementation of global derivatives reforms and the extraterritorial application of US and EU regulations in East Asia have generated political interplays unfolded at inter-state and domestic levels. Leading jurisdictions such as Japan, Singapore, and Hong Kong have exercised “power-as-autonomy” in an attempt to push back and delay the reform agendas spearheaded by global standard-setting bodies and the leading powers. Through leveraging the influence of Asian-based foreign dealers and exploiting the transatlantic disagreements, the Asian authorities have gained some rule-making autonomy in introducing derivatives reforms in local markets. This, however, was also driven by a competitive dynamic between individual Asian jurisdictions to promote the growth of domestic derivatives markets, which experienced dramatic growth in the post-crisis years. This resulted in market rules that do not reconcile and are somewhat inconsistent with each other, making the Asian regulatory landscape more uneven and fragmented along jurisdictional lines.
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Kenny, Paul D. Populism and Patronage. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807872.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Populist rule is bad for democracy, yet in country after country, populists are being voted into office. Populism and Patronage shows that the populists such as Indira Gandhi and Narendra Modi win elections when the institutionalized ties between non-populist parties and voters decay. Yet, the explanations for this decay differ across different types of party system. Populism and Patronage focuses on the particular vulnerability of patronage-based party systems to populism. Patronage-based systems are ones in which parties depend on the distribution of patronage through a network of brokers to mobilize voters. Drawing on principal agent theory and social network theory, this book argues that an increase in broker autonomy weakens the ties between patronage parties and voters, making the latter available for direct mobilization by populists. Decentralization is thus a major factor behind populist success in patronage democracies. Populists exploit the breakdown in national patronage networks by connecting directly with the people through the media and mass rallies, avoiding or minimizing the use of deeply institutionalized party structures. Mrs Gandhi herself famously promised to go “once more direct to the people” in her populist election campaign of 1971. This book not only reinterprets the recurrent appeal of populism in India, but also offers a more general theory of populist electoral support that is tested using qualitative and quantitative data on cases from across Asia and around the world, including Indonesia, Japan, Venezuela, and Peru.
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Graf, Sinja. The Humanity of Universal Crime. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197535707.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The international crime of “crimes against humanity” has become integral to contemporary political and legal discourse. However, the conceptual core of the term—an act offending against all of mankind—runs deep in the history of international political thought. In an original excavation of this history, The Humanity of Universal Crime examines theoretical mobilizations of the idea of “universal crime” in colonial and post-colonial contexts. The book demonstrates the overlooked centrality of humanity and criminality to political liberalism’s historical engagement with world politics, thereby breaking with the exhaustively studied status of individual rights in liberal thought. It is argued that invocations of universal crime project humanity as a normatively integrated yet minimally inclusive and hierarchically structured subject. Such visions of humanity have in turn underwritten justifications of foreign rule and outsider intervention based on claims to an injury universally suffered by all mankind. The study foregrounds the political productivity of the notion of universal crime that entails distinct figures, relationships, and forms of authority and agency. The book traces this argument through European political theorists’ deployments of universal crime in assessing the legitimacy of colonial rule and foreign intervention in non-European societies. Analyzing John Locke’s notion of universal crime in the context of English colonialism, the concept’s retooled circulation during the nineteenth century, and contemporary cosmopolitanism’s reliance on crimes against humanity, it identifies an “inclusionary Eurocentrism” that subtends the authorizing and coercive dimensions of universal crime. Unlike much-studied “exclusionary Eurocentrist” thinking, “inclusionary Eurocentrist” arguments have historically extended an unequal, repressive “recognition via liability” to non-European peoples.
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Chatterji, Angana P., Thomas Blom Hansen, and Christophe Jaffrelot, eds. Majoritarian State. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190078171.001.0001.
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Majoritarian State traces the ascendance of Hindu nationalism in contemporary India. Led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, the BJP administration has established an ethno-religious and populist style of rule since 2014. Its agenda is also pursued beyond the formal branches of government, as the new dispensation portrays conventional social hierarchies as intrinsic to Indian culture while condoning communal and caste- and gender-based violence. The contributors explore how Hindutva ideology has permeated the state apparatus and formal institutions, and how Hindutva activists exert control over civil society via vigilante groups, cultural policing and violence. Groups and regions portrayed as ‘enemies’ of the Indian state are the losers in a new order promoting the interests of the urban middle class and business elites. As this majoritarian ideology pervades the media and public discourse, it also affects the judiciary, universities and cultural institutions, increasingly captured by Hindu nationalists. Dissent and difference are silenced and debate increasingly side-lined as the press is muzzled or intimidated in the courts. Internationally, the BJP government has emphasized hard power and a fast-expanding security state. This collection of essays offers rich empirical analysis and documentation to investigate the causes and consequences of the illiberal turn taken by the world’s largest democracy.
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Pai, Sudha, and Sajjan Kumar. Everyday Communalism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199466290.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The authors analyse the reasons underlying the resurgence of communalism in the 2000s in Uttar Pradesh (UP) leading to riots in Mau in 2005, Gorakhpur in 2007, and Muzaffarnagar in 2013, but more importantly move beyond riots to analyse the new ways and means whereby communalism in the present phase is being manufactured by the Hindu right. They argue that UP is experiencing a post-Ayodhya phase of communalism markedly different from the late 1980s/early 1990s. The book employs a model of institutionalized everyday communalism whose defining feature is that rather than initiating major, state-wide riots, the strategy of the BJP–RSS currently is to create and sustain constant, low-key communal tension together with frequent, small, low-intensity incidents out of petty everyday issues that institutionalize communalism at the grassroots. The use of this strategy is examined based on extensive fieldwork in the districts of eastern and western UP that experienced major riots. A fusion of rising cultural aspirations and deep economic anxieties in UP, which remains an economically backward state, and where a deepening agrarian crisis, unemployment, poverty, and inequalities are widespread, has created fertile ground for the new kind of communal mobilization. The agenda of the BJP–RSS is political to establish majoritarian rule, but equally important cultural, because India is viewed as fundamentally ‘Hindu’ in a civilizational sense in which Muslims will remain alien. It is through this lens of the new ‘avatar’ of the BJP, its ideology and strategies, and its impact on society and polity that an attempt is made to understand the current round of communalism in UP.