Дисертації з теми "Ruissellement agricole"
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Augeard, Bénédicte. "Mécanismes de genèse du ruissellement sur sol agricole drainé sensible à la battance. Etudes expérimentales et modélisation." Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00085072.
Le premier axe est consacré à l'étude de l'évolution de la structure de l'horizon travaillé du sol au cours d'une pluie en présence de nappe superficielle, grâce à des simulations de pluie en laboratoire. Les profils de masse volumique mesurés par radiographie aux rayons X indiquent que l'effondrement et le changement de masse volumique lié à la croûte de battance sont plus marqués en conditions initiales très humides. Le modèle proposé d'évolution de la masse volumique avec la profondeur et au cours de la pluie, reproduit correctement cet effet.
Le deuxième axe a pour objectif de déterminer les propriétés hydrodynamiques de la croûte de battance à partir de données issues de nouvelles simulations de pluie associées à un modèle s'appuyant sur la distribution de la masse volumique du sol avec la profondeur. Les paramètres de ce modèle, estimés par méthode inverse, sont comparables aux mesures de masse volumique effectuées par rayons X, et permettent de correctement reproduire le comportement hydraulique du système, confirmant la forte baisse de la conductivité hydraulique en surface due à la croûte de battance.
Enfin, le troisième axe s'appuie sur le suivi expérimental d'une parcelle agricole drainée du bassin versant de Mélarchez (Seine et Marne) associé à une modélisation (logiciel HYDRUS 2D). Les observations durant l'hiver 2003-2004 confirment que le ruissellement est globalement limité en raison de la présence du drainage. L'affleurement de la nappe reste le facteur prédominant à l'origine du ruissellement, même si la croûte de battance, créée notamment par ce premier type de ruissellement, est susceptible d'augmenter les quantités ruisselées. La modélisation permet d'étudier le comportement du système sous d'autres conditions pluviométriques. En particulier, les périodes de retour des pluies conduisant à l'affleurement de la nappe et les conditions d'écoulement lors de ces affleurements sont analysées.
Augeard, Bénédicte. "Mécanismes de genèse du ruissellement sur sol agricole drainé sensible à la battance : études expérimentales et modélisation." Paris, ENGREF, 2006. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00085072.
This study aims at describing and organizing into a hierarchy the processes leading to surface runoff on artificially subsurface drained area, by considering not only the perched water table fluctuations, but also the possible soil surface sealing. Three complementary research issues have been developed. First, the evolution of the tilled layer structure during rainfall in the presence of a shallow water table was observed using laboratory rainfall simulation. Bulk density profiles measured by X-ray radiography show that the increase of bulk density due to sealing and slumping are more significant in the wettest conditions. The proposed bulk density evolution model correctly reproduces this effect. Second, seal hydraulic properties were determined from a model based on bulk density profiles using other simulated rainfall experiments. The estimation of model parameters by inverse method led to an accurate simulation of the measured flows and water pressures, and conformed to the measured bulk density profiles. Hydraulic conductivity greatly decreases at the soil surface due to sealing process. The third issue was based on a drained field investigation in Mélarchez watershed (Seine et Marne) associated to flow modelling (Hydrus 2D). Data recorded in winter 2003-2004 show that drainage limits surface runoff amount. Saturation excess runoff is the most frequent observed process, even if soil sealing, especially due to saturation excess surface runoff, increases runoff amount. Other rainfall conditions were tested using Hydrus 2D. The condition of water table reaching soil surface was particularly analysed in terms of infiltration-runoff flows and return time of the correspond
Smyth, Jill. "Utilisation des données RADARSAT pour l'observation de l'orientation des labours comme paramètre du ruissellement en milieu agricole." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2000. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2299.
Smyth, Jill. "Utilisation des données RADARSAT pour l'observation de l'orientation des labours comme paramètre du ruissellement en milieu agricole." Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 2001.
Sundborg, Maude. "Diagnostic d'érosion hydrique dans un bassin versant agricole au moyen d'indices topographiques dérivés d'un relevé lidar aéroporté." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2009. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2599.
Delahaye, géographe Daniel. "Approches spatialisées et analyses expérimentales des phénomènes de ruissellement et d'érosion des sols : Application aux systèmes de production agricole du Calvados." Caen, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992CAEN1099.
A research study conducted in northwest France, more precisely in the Calvados department, has permitted the identification of the principal types of erosion. The bocage is the principal region affected by the phenomenon. The development of these erosional processes has been induced by a reduction of the traditional types of cultivation. A spatial approach has been taken which uses a scale ranging from the micro-plot to the water shed. The results obtained permit the proposal of a range of simple anti-erosion techniques easily integrated into agricultural practices
Mansour, Rana. "Anthropisation d'un petit bassin versant sahélien : influence sur l'infiltration et le ruissellement." Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20185.
Phan, Ha Hai An. "Transfert d’eau et de matière sur un petit bassin versant agricole du Nord Vietnam : suivis à l’échelle pluriannuelle et à l’échelle de la crue." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066718.
Hallema, Dennis. "Modélisation de l'impact des terrasses agricoles et du réseau d'écoulement artificiel sur la réponse hydrologique des versants." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NSAM0022.
Terrace cultivation and artificial drainage were implemented on Mediterranean hillslopes for multiple reasons: agricultural terraces increase arable land surface and artificial drainage allows for better water management. Degradation of terraces and channels inevitably leads to an increase in flood risk, erosion and, eventually, crop damage. Little is known about their effect on hillslope hydrologic response, and therefore this thesis presents an integrated method where we compare different modelling approaches. We first simulated the hydrologic response of a Mediterranean catchment (0.91 km2) with terrace cultivation and artificial drainage using a physically-based, fully distributed storm flow model for agricultural catchments. Simulation performance is impressive for some storms, even though the model does not account for terraces. In order to model the effects of terrace cultivation and artificial drainage on hillslope hydrologic response explicitly, we subsequently developed a new distributed model with only geometric and flow velocity parameters, using a linear response time distribution combined with the hillslope geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph. Simulations on virtual hillslopes and catchments with a non-optimal channel network suggest that (i) drainage is faster and attains higher peak flows for longer interface lengths between agricultural fields and drainage channels; (ii) overland flow velocity has greater influence on peak flow than channel flow velocity; and (iii) the combined effect of increased drainage density and introduction of terrace cultivation is enhanced peak flow at the outlet, and a reduction of peak flow from upstream terraces
Song, Layheang. "Usage des terres, ruissellement de surface, érosion des sols : analyse multi-échelles de l'impact des plantations de teck dans un agro-écosystème montagneux tropical humide." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 3, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOU30188.
Soil erosion is yet known as one of the most concerning problems of the environment in the world. Soil erosion is particularly and increasingly driven by anthropogenic activities under the changing climate. In Lao PDR, a tropical country, soil erosion is significantly due to inappropriate land management on the sloping land. The Houay Pano, a cultivated catchment of the northern Lao PDR, is prone to soil erosion, particularly after the conversion from shifting cultivation to teak tree plantation. Land mismanagement by clearing the understory under the teak tree plantation is considered as an underlying cause of higher runoff coefficient (Rc) and soil erosion. Some mitigations such as understory and riparian vegetation are suggested for alleviating soil erosion. However, the mitigation measure of soil erosion and the effect of land use management on surface runoff (SR) and soil loss/sediment yield (Sl) on multiple scales in the teak tree plantation are not fully assessed. In this context, we hypothesize that understory and riparian grass mitigate the soil erosion in the teak tree plantation and that teak tree plantation impacts on SR and Sl driven by dominant processes (inter rill erosion, linear erosion, and deposition) on various spatial scales. Therefore, the objectives set out for this work are: (1) to assess the effect of understory management on SR and Sl in the teak tree plantation on the microplot scale; (2) to assess the ability of riparian grass buffers to mitigate SR and Sl, and to assess their water and sediment trapping efficiencies in the teak tree plantations with no understory on the hillslope scale; and (3) to assess the effect of teak tree plantation on SR and Sl on various spatial scales (microplot, hillslope including micro-catchment, and catchment scales) in a mixed land uses mountainous tropical catchment. In this study, Ban Kokngew village and Houay Pano catchment were selected as experimental study areas during the rainy season. Microplots, Gerlach traps, and weirs were used to estimate SR and Sl on each scale. We followed the TEST model developed for inter rill erosion, which requires a few parameters, to assess Sl on the microplot and upscale it to predict Sl on the hillslope and catchment scale. In a study performed in 2017 in the teak tree plantations of Ban Kokngew on the microplot scale, we showed that Rc and Sl (23%, 381 Mg·km-2, respectively) under teak tree with understory were less than those under teak tree with no understory (60% and 5455 Mg·km-2, respectively). Hence, soil erosion mitigation by keeping the understory under teak tree plantation reduces Sl by 14 times. In a study performed in 2014 in the teak tree plantations of Houay Pano on both the microplot and the hillslope scales, we showed that leaving the riparian grass buffer of at least 6 m could limit SR and Sl discharging downstream during small storms (24-hour rainfall < 54.8 mm) with the trapping efficiency up to 88%. Lastly, in a study performed in 2014 in the teak tree plantations of Houay Pano on various scales, we showed that SR and Sl were significantly higher (p-value < 0.05) in the teak-dominated micro-catchment than in the mixed-land-use micro-catchment. SR and Sl decreased from the microplot (122 - 196 mm, 275 - 1065 Mg·km-2, respectively) to the micro-catchment (24 - 188 mm, 95 - 3635 Mg·km-2, respectively) and catchment scale (33 mm, 236 Mg·km-2, respectively), except that Sl in teak tree plantation increased from the microplot (1065 Mg·km-2) to the micro-catchment scale (3635 Mg·km-2). [...]
Delestre, Olivier. "Simulation du ruissellement d'eau de pluie sur des surfaces agricoles." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00587197.
Jarry, François. "Le ruissellement sur les terres agricoles. Approche par simulation de pluie et par teledectetion." Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA070105.
Runoff generation on farmed lands has been studied from rainfall simulation measures made on various crops (silt-based soils of the brie plateau, paris basin). It has been showed that under heavy rains the most important factors of runoff generation were crop type and soil surface condition; however, pre-existing soil moisture was less useful to explain runoff variability. Several surface runoff prediction equations (on a square meter basis) are proposed; they account for more than the four fifth of the variance. Transposition of data obtained to lager areas is made through a remote sensing approach, in particular with microwaves. Data collected show that radar measurements allow hydrodynamic behaviour variability to be recorded for various plots, also, the average radar response from a watershed can be linked to runoff at the outlet
Jarry, François. "Le Ruissellement sur les terres agricoles approche par simulation de pluie et par télédétection /." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37606168q.
Tortrat, Florent. "Modélisation orientée décision des processus de transfert par ruissellement et subsurface des herbicides dans les bassins versants agricoles." Phd thesis, Agrocampus - Ecole nationale supérieure d'agronomie de rennes, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00012049.
Il existe un réel besoin d'outils opérationnels facilitant l'agrégation des processus de transferts au niveau des bassins versants à des fins de maîtrise des contaminations des eaux par les produits phytosanitaires. La plupart des outils opérationnels sont des indicateurs environnementaux, rapides et simples d'utilisation. Cependant, ils ne donnent que un niveau de risque et n'intègrent pas ou très peu l'incertitude liée à des critères spatiaux et temporels.
Cette thèse propose un modèle orienté décision des transferts par ruissellement et subsurface des herbicides. Il vise à produire une évaluation semi-quantitative de la contamination des eaux de rivière par les herbicides à l'échelle de petits bassins versants agricoles (quelques dizaines km²) au cours des quelques mois suivant les traitements. Une nouvelle représentation spatiale a été proposée. Elle est basée sur la spatialisation des pratiques agricoles et des processus physiques de transferts du bassin versant sous la forme d'un arbre d'exutoires de parcelles. Ce niveau de représentation permet une modélisation réaliste, opérationnelle et répondant aux besoins des acteurs locaux.
Le modèle intègre le réseau hydrographique, le réseau de fossés et le réseau de haies structurant l'espace du bassin versant. Les processus majeurs de transfert des herbicides dans les bassins sur socle sont le ruissellement et les écoulements de subsurface. Ces processus sont modélisés de manière simple mais explicite. Le ruissellement est calculé en fonction des états de surface du sol et le degré de contamination par subsurface est calculé en fonction de la profondeur de nappe.
Pour permettre de générer des scénarii réalistes d'itinéraires techniques de désherbage sur des bassins versants comprenant un nombre important de parcelles, un modèle décisionnel est développé et couplé au modèle de transfert. Ce modèle décisionnel simule les décisions des agriculteurs à différents niveaux d'organisation (parcelle, exploitation).
L'application du modèle porte sur le bassin versant du Frémeur, bassin versant du réseau Bretagne Eau Pure.
Tortrat, Florent. "Modèlisation orientée décision des processus de transfert par ruissellement et subsurface des herbicides dans les bassins versants agricoles." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00012049.
Tortrat, Florent. "Modélisation orientée, décision des processus de transfert par ruissellement et subsurface des herbicides dans les bassins versants agricoles /." Rennes : Éd. de Géosciences Rennes, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40085990m.
Vijayaraj, Vinita. "Understanding regime shifts in shallow lakes subject to multiple stresses : Individual and combined effects of agricultural runoff and climate warming on submerged macrophytes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0076.
Submerged macrophytes stabilize the clear-water status in shallow lakes, supporting many ecosystem services. Shallow lakes are exposed to agricultural runoff (ARO) containing pesticides and nutrients, which can affect macrophytes and threaten the clear-water state. Recent studies show that nitrate may affect macrophyte growth and species richness. Pesticides can also affect macrophytes directly or indirectly by disrupting biotic interactions. Climate warming is an additional stress to shallow lakes. lncreased temperatures may promote phytoplankton growth and nutrient release or can modify top-down control. The combined stressors may have additive, synergistic or reversed effects, and these effects are difficult to predict. The objectives of this thesis were to investigate (1) the individual and combined effects of nitrate, pesticides and climate warming on macrophytes (2) whether upscaling from micro- to mesocosms would preserve the response of macrophytes; and (3) whether the stressor effects could be detected in the macrophyte physiology. Several experiments integrating different functional groups (macrophytes, phytoplankton, periphyton and their respective consumers) were performed under controlled conditions (laboratory microcosms). These ecosystem models were exposed for several weeks to a simplified cocktail simulating an ARO (nitrates alone or mixed with 4 pesticides) at two temperatures (ambient and +4°C). Following this, more realistic ecosystems were studied using outdoor mesocosms exposed to ARO and simulating the same type of heating (semi-controlled conditions). ln all these experiments, the response of the macrophytes was documented by measuring their growth (biomass, size) and physiology (photosynthetic pigments, phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, elemental stoichiometry). Results from the microcosms showed that all functional groups were affected directly or indirectly by the tested stress factors. Pesticides alone but not nitrate reduced macrophyte biomass. Nitrate and pesticides in combination acted synergistically reducing the resilience of the macrophyte-dominated state. Warming marginally promoted macrophyte growth but together with ARO reduced macrophyte growth (objective 1). Results from the mesocosms showed that the strong negative effect of ARO on the growth of macrophytes was preserved in the outdoor mesocosms but only at ambient temperature. Warming enhanced macrophyte growth, similar to the microcosms, but also significantly buffered the ARO effect, highlighting different responses compared with the microcosms (objective 2). Complex biotic interactions along with invasions of invertebrate larvae may have reversed responses to the stressors. Besides their effects on growth, ARO and warming had a significant effect on the content of carotenoids, phenolic compounds and stoichiometry. These results need to be confirmed to determine their relevance as early warning signals of stress (objective 3). This thesis shows that the exposure of shallow lakes to ARO can induce regime shifts by tipping the system towards a degraded state dominated by phytoplankton. ln particular, the role of nitrate, which is much less studied compared to phosphorus, is clearly highlighted. Despite the positive effects of warming on macrophyte growth, the three stressors combined (pesticides, nitrates and warming) reversed the expected effect and led to a sharp decline in macrophyte biomass. The change in scale achieved confirms the need to better take into account the complexity of biotic interactions for a more reliable assessment of the environmental risks to which aquatic ecosystems are exposed
Gilbin, Rodolphe. "Caractérisation de l'exposition des écosystèmes aquatiques à des produits phytosanitaires : spéciation, biodisponibilité et toxicité : exemple du cuivre dans les eaux de ruissellement de parcelles viticoles (Roujan, Hérault, France)." Montpellier 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON13513.
Joannon, Alexandre. "Coordination spatiale des systèmes de culture pour la maîtrise de processus hydrologiques. Cas du ruissellement érosif dans les bassins versants agricoles du Pays de Caux, Haute Normandie." Phd thesis, INAPG (AgroParisTech), 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001257.
Joannon, Alexandre. "Coordination spatiale des systèmes de culture pour la maîtrise de processus écologiques : cas du ruissellement érosif dans les bassisn versants agricoles du Pays de Caux, Haute-Normandie." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2004. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001257.
Meite, Fatima. "Transformation et transport des pesticides inorganiques et de synthèse dans les sols de bassins versants agricoles." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAH003/document.
Despite homologation tests of pesticides and metals, alarming concentrations are measured in the environment. A better knowledge of the transformation processes undergone by these products in agrosystems is needed to predict and limit the pollution. This PhD. thesis allowed to understand the transformation and transport of pesticides and metals in agricultural soils during 200 days and with respect to different hydro-climatic conditions using sequential extraction and isotopic fractionation of pesticides (compound specific isotopic analyses, CSIA) and metals. This work revealed the relevant of soil organic matter on the speciation of pollutants, the relationship between hydro-climatic conditions, the dissipation and the transformation mechanisms of peticides, and how pollutant infiltration is controlled both by rainfall length and frequency. These resuls will improve the transport models of pesticides in agrosystems
Gaillard, David. "Gestion concertée du ruissellement-érosif dans les espaces agricoles des plateaux de grande culture : analyse spatiale, approche socio-économique et mise en place d'une dynamique collective d'aménagement : exemple de la Seine-Maritime." Rouen, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ROUEL490.
Peaty slide inundation in the Pays de Caux became a priority for regional development. The run-off is the most important factor that can explain the fact and frequency of this type of inundation. A space ans systemic approach at the scale of the elementary water-shed allows co-ordinated actions to appear, that have been decided and approved on a collective basis, which is a guaranty of effectiveness and efficiency. In addition to selective post corrective measures located right below vulnerable areas, efforts and reflections are made about the manner to reconsidering upper-water-shed practices. Mixing both significant scales ( elementary water-shed and farm), space analysis and modelling allow to suggest measures to fight run-off and erosion. Tese measures are individuals but with collective imperatives, which guatantees the homogenisation of devices on the area at risk, and implies a mediation and a dialogue aiming at reorganising the space of the farms. The socio-economic approach allows to adapt the erosive run-off limitation requirements to the financial and structural constraints of the agricultural company
Levavasseur, Florent. "Structure du paysage et fonctionnement hydrologique : application aux réseaux de fossés en zone viticole méditerranéenne." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NSAM0021/document.
The impact of ditch networks on runoff, soil erosion and pollutant transfer is well known at local scale. However, the spatio-temporal variability of ditch networks and the impact of this variability on hydrological processes has not been quantified. The aim of this thesis is thus to quantify the relation between the spatial configuration of ditch networks and the hydrological functioning of Mediterranean vineyards.First, the variability of ditch network density and the extent to which this density depends on the landscape attributes are analyzed. Then, a network simulator is used with a hydrological model to quantify the impact of ditch network density on runoff. In relation to the role of ditch networks in the interception of runoff on hillslopes, the protection against soil erosion procured by ditch networks is studied thanks to geomorphological indicators.Secondly, the spatio-temporal evolution of vegetation covers in ditch networks and its impact on the transfer of pesticides is analyzed. The ditch management regimes and their impact on ditch vegetation are simulated. Thanks to several indicators, it is shown that current management regimes are not optimal in view of pesticide retention.This thesis shows the interest in using a landscape structure model and a landscape functioning model. This allowed to quantify the impact of ditch networks on hydrological processes
Abas, Khalil. "Optimisation des marais filtrants pour l’abattement du pesticide chlorantraniliprole du ruissellement agricole." Thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25622.
Over the past decades, a wide variety of emergent pesticides, such as chlorantraniliprole (CAP), have been introduced despite the lack of in-depth knowledge of their ecotoxicological risk. Treatment wetlands (TWs) are environmentally friendly and sustainable technologies that have shown great potential to mitigate common agricultural pollutants, such as pesticides in runoff. The objective of this study was to optimize the use of the horizontal subsurface flow treatment wetlands (HSSF TWs) by determining a) the effect of biochar amendment to the substrate and b) the performance of three species of macrophytes (Phragmites australis subsp. americanus, Scirpus cyperinus and Sporobolus michauxianus) in CAP removal from agricultural runoff. The removal efficiency was calculated using the mass balance method in mature HSSF mesocosms fed with synthetic agricultural runoff containing CAP for a period of one month. Mesocosms with the addition of biochar were very effective in removing CAP (90-99%) and remained so throughout the experimental period. This efficiency is likely due to the high adsorption capacity of biochar, although this mechanism has not been directly measured. In contrast, CAP removal in mesocosms planted without biochar was low and limited and there was no difference between species, although there were differences in their above-ground biomass and their evapotranspiration (ET) rate. However, the planted mesocosms acted as buffer zones, reducing the CAP mass of the influent and slowly releasing it into the discharge. The ET rate of S. cyperinus and P. australis was higher than that of S. michauxianus, resulting in a better buffering effect. This study suggests that adding biochar to the HSSF TW substrate is promising for CAP attenuation in agricultural runoff, but their long-term effectiveness remains to be investigated. Nevertheless, TWs should be used as a complementary tool, as part of wider actions aimed at reducing the pressure of pollutants on aquatic ecosystems.