Статті в журналах: "Routing - D2D Communication"

1

Yang, BaoPing, and Kun Jiang. "Automatic Repair Method for D2D Communication Routing Buffer Overflow Vulnerability in Cellular Network." Scientific Programming 2021 (December 20, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3963574.

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Repairing D2D communication routing buffer overflow in a cellular network is of great significance in improving communication quality and security. Due to the increase of user usage, the communication data are easy to exceed the boundary of the buffer, resulting in the reduction of covered data information. The traditional repair methods mainly repair through the characteristics of covered data information, ignoring the impact of network topology information transmission delay and packet loss during calculation, resulting in the problem of low communication security. A cellular network routing buffer overflow repair algorithm based on the homomorphic analysis of node residual energy is proposed; the cellular network D2D communication routing protocol is designed; the cellular network D2D communication protocol path index is determined; then, the cellular network D2D communication routing protocol is designed by analyzing node residual energy; and the cellular network D2D communication network routing optimization method based on AHP is designed. Big constructs the energy model of cellular network D2D communication network, solves and sets the routing optimization objective function, realizes the control of network routing, and repairs the buffer overflow. The experiment results show that the improved method can effectively reduce the packet loss rate of communication data, improve the anti-interference ability of the system, and ensure the security of network communication.

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2

M. Balakrishna, Yashoda, and Vrinda Shivashetty. "Energy-efficient device-to-device communication in internet of things using hybrid optimization technique." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 13, no. 5 (October 1, 2023): 5418. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i5.pp5418-5430.

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Device-to-device (D2D) communication has grown into notoriety as a critical component of the internet of things (IoT). One of the primary limitations of IoT devices is restricted battery source. D2D communication is the direct contact between the participating devices that improves the data rate and delivers the data quickly by consuming less battery. An energy-efficient communication method is required to enhance the communication lifetime of the network by reducing the node energy dissipation. The clustering-based D2D communication method is maximally acceptable to boom the durability of a network. The oscillating spider monkey optimization (OSMO) and oscillating particle swarm optimization (OPSO) algorithms are used in this study to improve the selection of cluster heads (CHs) and routing paths for D2D communication. The CHs and D2D communication paths are selected depending on the parameters such as energy consumption, distance, end-to-end delay, link quality and hop count. A simulation environment is designed to evaluate and test the performance of the OSMO-OPSO algorithm with existing D2D communication algorithms (such as the GAPSO-H algorithm, adaptive resource-aware split-learning (ARES), bio-inspired cluster-based routing scheme (Bi-CRS), and European society for medical oncology (ESMO) algorithm). The results proved that the proposed technique outperformed with respect to traditional routing strategies regarding latency, packet delivery, energy efficiency, and network lifetime.

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3

Li, Jiatong, Zhibo Li, Xuanying Li, and Cheng Wang. "Energy-Saving D2D Wireless Networking Based on ACO and AIA Fusion Algorithm." Security and Communication Networks 2021 (September 6, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5781166.

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Lower energy consumption and higher data rate have been becoming the key factors of modern wireless mobile communication for the improvement of user experiences. At present, the commercialization of 5G communications is gradually promoting the development of Internet of things (IoT) techniques. Due to the limited coverage capability of direct wireless communications, the indirect device-to-device (D2D) communications using information relay, in addition to the single 5G base station deployment, have been introduced. Along with the increase of information nodes, the relay devices have to undertake the nonnegligible extra data traffic. In order to adjust and optimize the information routing in D2D services, we present an algorithmic investigation referring to the ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm and the artificial immune algorithm (AIA). By analyzing the characteristics of these algorithms, we propose a combined algorithm that enables the improved the iterative convergence speed and the calculation robustness of routing path determination. Meanwhile, the D2D optimization pursuing energy saving is numerically demonstrated to be improved than the original algorithms. Based on the simulation results under a typical architecture of 5G cellular network including various information nodes (devices), we show that the algorithmic optimization of D2D routing is potentially valid for the realization of primitive wireless IoT networks.

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4

Rakhimov, Adel F., and Anna A. Bukharina. "Increasing the Throughput of LTE Using Device-to-Device Communication by Reducing Intra-System Interference Flow." SYNCHROINFO JOURNAL 6, no. 4 (2020): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36724/2664-066x-2020-6-4-31-35.

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This article focuses on the using collective dynamic route method for D2D LTE networks. It provides algorithms for the analysis stage, taking into account the availability of D2D users and the routing stage, as well as their implementation. The dependencies of the D2D communication routes quantity fraction for various cases of user location are shown.

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5

Tilwari, Valmik, Taewon Song, and Sangheon Pack. "An Improved Routing Approach for Enhancing QoS Performance for D2D Communication in B5G Networks." Electronics 11, no. 24 (December 10, 2022): 4118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11244118.

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Device-to-device (D2D) communication is one of the eminent promising technologies in Beyond Fifth Generation (B5G) wireless networks. It promises high data rates and ubiquitous coverage with low latency, energy, and spectral efficiency among peer-to-peer users. These advantages enable D2D communication to be fully realized in a multi-hop communication scenario. However, to ideally implement multi-hop D2D communication networks, the routing aspect should be thoroughly addressed since a multi-hop network can perform worse than a conventional mobile system if wrong routing decisions are made without proper mechanisms. Thus, routing in multi-hop networks needs to consider device mobility, battery, link quality, and fairness, which issues do not exist in orthodox cellular networking. Therefore, this paper proposed a mobility, battery, link quality, and contention window size-aware routing (MBLCR) approach to boost the overall network performance. In addition, a multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) method is applied to the relay devices for optimal path establishment, which provides weights according to the evaluated values of the devices. Extensive simulation results under various device speed scenarios show the advantages of the MBLCR compared to conventional algorithms in terms of throughput, packet delivery ratio, latency, and energy efficiency.

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6

Tilwari, Valmik, MHD Hindia, Kaharudin Dimyati, Dushantha Jayakody, Sourabh Solanki, Rashmi Sinha, and Effariza Hanafi. "MBMQA: A Multicriteria-Aware Routing Approach for the IoT 5G Network Based on D2D Communication." Electronics 10, no. 23 (November 26, 2021): 2937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10232937.

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With the rapid development of future wireless networks, device-to-device (D2D) technology is widely used as the communication system in the Internet of Things (IoT) fifth generation (5G) network. The IoT 5G network based on D2D communication technology provides pervasive intelligent applications. However, to realize this reliable technology, several issues need to be critically addressed. Firstly, the device’s energy is constrained during its vital operations due to limited battery power; thereby, the connectivity will suffer from link failures when the device’s energy is exhausted. Similarly, the device’s mobility alters the network topology in an arbitrary manner, which affects the stability of established routes. Meanwhile, traffic congestion occurs in the network due to the backlog packet in the queue of devices. This paper presents a Mobility, Battery, and Queue length Multipath-Aware (MBMQA) routing scheme for the IoT 5G network based on D2D communication to cope with these key challenges. The back-pressure algorithm strategy is employed to divert packet flow and illuminate the device selection’s estimated value. Furthermore, a Multiple-Attributes Route Selection (MARS) metric is applied for the optimal route selection with load balancing in the D2D-based IoT 5G network. Overall, the obtained simulation results demonstrate that the proposed MBMQA routing scheme significantly improves the network performance and quality of service (QoS) as compared with the other existing routing schemes.

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7

Raja, S., J. Logeshwaran, S. Venkatasubramanian, M. Jayalakshmi, N. Rajeswari, N. G. Olaiya, and Wubishet Degife Mammo. "OCHSA: Designing Energy-Efficient Lifetime-Aware Leisure Degree Adaptive Routing Protocol with Optimal Cluster Head Selection for 5G Communication Network Disaster Management." Scientific Programming 2022 (August 25, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5424356.

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As an underlayment to cellular 5G communication network, device-to-device (D2D) communications will not only boost capacity utilization and power efficiency but also provide public health and public safety services. One of the most important requirements for these businesses is to have alternate access to cellular networks in the event that they are partially or completely disrupted as a result of a natural disaster. Despite limited communication coverage and bandwidth scarcity, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) must have developed a new device-to-device (D2D) communication method fundamental enhanced mobile that can strengthen spectral efficiencies besides allowing direct communication of gadgets in close propinquity devoid of transitory by elevated-node B (eNB). Unfortunately, enabling data transmission on a cellular connection offers a challenge in terms of two-way radio source administration, because D2D associates recycle cellular users’ uplink radio resources, which might create interference to D2D user equipment’s (DUE) receiving channels. In this study, we concentrate on optimal cluster head selection using the binary flower pollination optimization algorithm by designing an energy-efficient lifetime-aware leisure degree adaptive routing protocol named OptCH_L-LDAR. This topology is constructed with a multi-hop obliging communication system, instructed on the way to wrap an extensive remoteness connecting source and destination. The proposed OptCH_L-LDAR is compared with three state-of-art methods such as binary flower pollination (BFP) algorithm, time division multiple access (TDMA), and data-driven technique (DDT). As a result, the proposed OptCH_L-LDAR achieves 96% of energy efficiency, 89% of lifetime, 97% of outage probability, and 98% of spectral efficiency.

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8

Bulashenko, А. V. "COMBINED CRITERION FOR THE CHOICE OF ROUTING BASED ON D2D TECHNOLOGY." Radio Electronics, Computer Science, Control 1, no. 1 (March 23, 2021): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15588/1607-3274-2021-1-1.

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Context. 5G network is able to improve existing services and provide a new quality of services. 5G communication networks combine various radio technologies and technologies of fixed communication networks, therefore they are often called heterogeneous, which emphasizes their difference from other networks. One of the main features of such networks is over-density and ultra-low latency. It is the Internet of things that is the basic component of the concept of super dense networks. 3GPP suggests planning 5G networks based on the condition that 1 million devices is 1 km2. Also, ultra-low latency communications networks have a big impact on networking methods, especially for the tactile Internet concept. Such networks require decentralization through 1 ms delay requirements. This requires new approaches to building a new generation of networks, which is the reason for the development of new technologies. One such technology is D2D (device-to-device) technology. This technology allows you to reduce the load on the core of the network due to the use of a significant proportion of the traffic directly between devices and reduces the delay in providing services. Objective. The goal of the work is to create an optimal combined criterion for choosing effective traffic routes in a wireless network based on D2D technology. Method. Many modern works are devoted to the study of D2D technology, but they are not exhaustive in the study of routing in such networks. It is objective enough to study networks built on the basis of the interaction of devices with each other using D2D technology, since such interactions have proven to be effective technologies. This, in turn, involves the development of appropriate routing methods in networks using D2D technology, especially taking into account the property of over-density 5G networks. The paper proposes a criterion for selecting routes, taking into account interference within the channels forming the network nodes. This criterion combines the choice of routes according to the length criteria and the criterion of maximum throughput. Results. A developed combined criterion for selecting traffic routing in a wireless network that uses D2D technology. The results of the study are shown in graphic data. Conclusions. The experiments confirmed the efficiency and effectiveness of the developed method and allow us to recommend this method for practical use as a result of route selection, taking into account those network properties that are more likely to affect the quality of the route.

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9

Kim, Sungwook. "A New Cooperative Dual-Level Game Approach for Operator-Controlled Multihop D2D Communications." Mobile Information Systems 2019 (July 4, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6276872.

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With the development of wireless communications and the intellectualization of mobile devices, device-to-device (D2D) communications are considered as a standard part of future 5G networks. This new paradigm can provide better user experiences while improving the system performance such as network throughput, latency, fairness, and energy efficiency. In this study, we investigate a new dual-level D2D communication scheme consisting of multiple D2D operators and a group of mobile devices. To model the interaction among D2D operators and devices, we adopt two cooperative game approaches based on the incentive mechanism design and r-egalitarian Shapley value. At the upper level, routing paths and incentive payments for multihop relay services are decided using the incentive mechanism. At the lower level, mobile devices share the given incentive based on the r-egalitarian Shapley value. Both level control procedures are mutually dependent on each other by the proper coordination and collaboration. According to the main features of two cooperative game models, the proposed scheme takes various benefits in a fair-efficient way. Through the derived simulation results, we can verify the superiority of our proposed scheme comparing to the existing protocols. Finally, we propose further challenges and future opportunities in the research area of operator-controlled multihop D2D communications.

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10

Wang, Tong, Yongzhe Zhou, Yunfeng Wang, and Mengbo Tang. "Novel Opportunistic Network Routing Based on Social Rank for Device-to-Device Communication." Journal of Computer Networks and Communications 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2717403.

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In recent years, there has been dramatic proliferation of research concerned with fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication networks, among which device-to-device (D2D) communication is one of the key technologies. Due to the intermittent connection of nodes, the D2D network topology may be disconnected frequently, which will lead to failure in transmission of large data files. In opportunistic networks, in case of encountering nodes which never meet before a flood message blindly to cause tremendous network overhead, a novel opportunistic network routing protocol based on social rank and intermeeting time (SRIT) is proposed in this paper. An improved utility approach applied in utility replication based on encounter durations and intermeeting time is put forward to enhance the routing efficiency. Meanwhile, in order to select better candidate nodes in the network, a social graph among people is established when they socially relate to each other in social rank replication. The results under the scenario show an advantage of the proposed opportunistic network routing based on social rank and intermeeting time (SRIT) over the compared algorithms in terms of delivery ratio, average delivery latency, and overhead ratio.

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11

Rong, Huigui, Zhenqian Wang, Hongbo Jiang, Zhu Xiao, and Fanzi Zeng. "Energy-Aware Clustering and Routing in Infrastructure Failure Areas With D2D Communication." IEEE Internet of Things Journal 6, no. 5 (October 2019): 8645–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2019.2922202.

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12

Gupta, Divya, Shalli Rani, Aman Singh, and Juan Luis Vidal Mazon. "Towards Security Mechanism in D2D Wireless Communication: A 5G Network Approach." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (July 22, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6983655.

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Device-to-device (D2D) communication has attracted many researchers, cellular operators, and equipment makers as mobile traffic and bandwidth demands have increased. It supports direct communication within devices with no need for any intermediate node and, therefore, offers advantage in 5G network while providing wide cell coverage range and frequency reuse. However, establishing acceptable and secure mechanism for D2D communication which ensures confidentiality, integrity, and availability is an issue encountered in this situation. Furthermore, in a resource-constrained IoT environment, these security challenges are more critical and difficult to mitigate, especially during emergence of IoT with 5G network application scenarios. To address these issues, this paper proposed a security mechanism in 5G network for D2D wireless communication dependent on lightweight modified elliptic curve cryptography (LMECC). The proposed scheme follows a proactive routing protocol to discover services, managing link setup, and for data transfer with the aim to reduce communication overhead during user authentication. The proposed approach has been compared against Diffie–Hellman (DH) and ElGamal (ELG) schemes to evaluate the protocol overhead and security enhancement at network edge. Results proved the outstanding performance of the proposed LMECC for strengthening data secrecy with approximate 13% and 22.5% lower overhead than DH and ELG schemes.

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13

Farhan, Marwa K., and Muayad S. Croock. "Optimized routing algorithm for maximizing transmission rate in D2D network." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 23, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v23.i1.pp575-582.

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Wireless devices have been equiping extensive services over recent years. Since most of these devices are randomly distributed, a fundamental trade-off to be addressed is the transmission rate, latency, and packet loss of the ad hoc route selection in device to device (D2D) networks. Therefore, this paper introduces a notion of weighted transmission rate and total delay, as well as the probability of packet loss. By designing optimal transmission algorithms, this proposed algorithm aims to select the best path for device-to-device communication that maximizes the transmission rate while maintaining minimum delay and packet loss. Using the Lagrange optimization method, the lagrangian optimization of rate, delay, and the probability of packet loss algorithm (LORDP) is modeled. For practical designation, we consider the fading effect of the wireless channels scenario. The proposed optimal algorithm is modeled to compute the optimal cost objective function and represents the best possible solution for the corresponding path. Moreover, a simulation for the optimized algorithm is presented based on optimal cost objective function. Simulation results establish the efficiency of the proposed LORDP algorithm.Wireless devices have been equiping extensive services over recent years. Since most of these devices are randomly distributed, a fundamental trade-off to be addressed is the transmission rate, latency, and packet loss of the ad hoc route selection in device to device (D2D) networks. Therefore, this paper introduces a notion of weighted transmission rate and total delay, as well as the probability of packet loss. By designing optimal transmission algorithms, this proposed algorithm aims to select the best path for device-to-device communication that maximizes the transmission rate while maintaining minimum delay and packet loss. Using the Lagrange optimization method, the lagrangian optimization of rate, delay, and the probability of packet loss algorithm (LORDP) is modeled. For practical designation, we consider the fading effect of the wireless channels scenario. The proposed optimal algorithm is modeled to compute the optimal cost objective function and represents the best possible solution for the corresponding path. Moreover, a simulation for the optimized algorithm is presented based on optimal cost objective function. Simulation results establish the efficiency of the proposed LORDP algorithm

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14

Lai, Wei Kuang, Chin-Shiuh Shieh, and Chao-Ping Yang. "A D2D Group Communication Scheme Using Bidirectional and InCremental A-Star Search to Configure Paths." Mathematics 10, no. 18 (September 13, 2022): 3321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10183321.

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The Device-to-Device (D2D) communication introduced in 3GPP’s Release 12 is a promising option for the accommodation of increasing traffic demand and the alleviation of core networks’ loading. The D2D communication mode prevails in scenarios where mobile users in proximity form a communication group sharing the same interest in digital content. A user can download intended content from peers in the same communication group rather than from the Internet via the base station. This article addresses the routing issue within D2D communication groups. It is, in effect, a path selection problem. We define a utility function considering both delay and throughput. The path selection problem can be formulated as an NP-hard optimization problem. A Bidirectional and InCremental A-star (BICA*) algorithm incorporating the concept of bidirectional search and lifelong planning is developed to tackle the NP-hard optimization problem. Simulations reveal that the proposed approach outperforms existing ones in terms of less delay, higher throughput, and higher satisfaction ratio. The Greedy approach, Two-Stage Relay Selection (TSRS), and the standard A* algorithm were included in the comparative study. The throughput improvements of the proposed scheme are up to 23% and 46.5% compared to TSRS and Greedy, respectively. The proposed scheme possesses the lowest delay and the highest satisfaction rate, among others. With less computational time, the proposed BICA* is more responsive than the standard A* in dynamic environments.

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15

Qu, Huijie, and Zhi Zhao. "Research on routing method of Multipath D2D Communication based on forward cellular network." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1693 (December 2020): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1693/1/012010.

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16

BASTOS, A. V., C. M. da SILVA, and D. C. da SILVA Junior. "NARA: Network Assisted Routing and Allocation Algorithm for D2D Communication in 5G Cellular Networks." Advances in Electrical and Computer Engineering 21, no. 4 (2021): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4316/aece.2021.04005.

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17

Alghamdi, Saleh A. "Emperor based resource allocation for D2D communication and QoF based routing over cellular V2X in urban environment (ERA-D2Q)." Wireless Networks 26, no. 5 (February 10, 2020): 3419–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11276-020-02273-8.

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18

Haque, Khandaker Foysal, Ahmed Abdelgawad, Venkata Prasanth Yanambaka, and Kumar Yelamarthi. "LoRa Architecture for V2X Communication: An Experimental Evaluation with Vehicles on the Move." Sensors 20, no. 23 (December 1, 2020): 6876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20236876.

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The industrial development of the last few decades has prompted an increase in the number of vehicles by multiple folds. With the increased number of vehicles on the road, safety has become one of the primary concerns. Inter vehicular communication, specially Vehicle to Everything (V2X) communication can address these pressing issues including autonomous traffic systems and autonomous driving. The reliability and effectiveness of V2X communication greatly depends on communication architecture and the associated wireless technology. Addressing this challenge, a device-to-device (D2D)-based reliable, robust, and energy-efficient V2X communication architecture is proposed with LoRa wireless technology. The proposed system takes a D2D communication approach to reduce the latency by offering direct vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication, rather than routing the data via the LoRa WAN server. Additionally, the proposed architecture offers modularity and compact design, making it ideal for legacy systems without requiring any additional hardware. Testing and analysis suggest the proposed system can communicate reliably with roadside infrastructures and other vehicles at speeds ranging from 15–50 km per hour (kmph). The data packet consists of 12 bytes of metadata and 28 bytes of payload. At 15 kmph, a vehicle sends one data packet every 25.9 m, and at 50 kmph, it sends the same data packet every 53.34 m with reliable transitions.

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19

Farah Saad Al-Mukhtar, Zahraa A. Jaaz, and Aws H. Hamad. "Reliable Fuzzy-Based Multi-Path Routing Protocol Based on Whale Optimization Algorithm to Improve QOS in 5G Networks for IOMT Applications." International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) 17, no. 06 (March 21, 2023): 139–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v17i06.38801.

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The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) faces stiff competition from the 5th Generation (5G) communication standard, which includes attributes like short and long transmission ranges, Device to Device (D2D) connectivity, low latency, and high node density. To function in the linked ecosystem, IoMT based on 5G is anticipated to have a diversity of energy and mobility. It is currently difficult to create an IoMT routing system based on 5G that maximizes energy efficiency, lowers transmission latency, and increases network lifespan. The "Quality of Services (QoS)" in 5G-based IoMT is improved by the Reliable Fuzzy-based Multi-path routing system shown in this study. The Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) enhances the routing protocol performance. The residual energy-based Cluster Head (CH) selection strategy rotates the CH location among nodes with greater energy levels than the others. The method chooses the following set of CHs for the network that is suitable for IoMT applications by considering initial energy, residual energy, and an ideal value of CHs. According to the simulation results, our suggested routing technique enhances QoS in comparison to current approaches.

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20

Tuithung, Themrichon, R. Kumar, and Lithungo K. Murry. "Disaster management using D2D communication with ANFIS genetic algorithm-based CH selection and efficient routing by seagull optimisation." International Journal of Computational Science and Engineering 24, no. 4 (2021): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijcse.2021.10039966.

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21

Murry, Lithungo K., R. Kumar, and Themrichon Tuithung. "Disaster management using D2D communication with ANFIS genetic algorithm-based CH selection and efficient routing by seagull optimisation." International Journal of Computational Science and Engineering 24, no. 4 (2021): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijcse.2021.117017.

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22

Ahad, Abdul, Mohammad Tahir, Muhammad Aman Sheikh, Kazi Istiaque Ahmed, and Amna Mughees. "An Intelligent Clustering-Based Routing Protocol (CRP-GR) for 5G-Based Smart Healthcare Using Game Theory and Reinforcement Learning." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (October 26, 2021): 9993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11219993.

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With advantages such as short and long transmission ranges, D2D communication, low latency, and high node density, the 5G communication standard is a strong contender for smart healthcare. Smart healthcare networks based on 5G are expected to have heterogeneous energy and mobility, requiring them to adapt to the connected environment. As a result, in 5G-based smart healthcare, building a routing protocol that optimizes energy consumption, reduces transmission delay, and extends network lifetime remains a challenge. This paper presents a clustering-based routing protocol to improve the Quality of services (QoS) and energy optimization in 5G-based smart healthcare. QoS and energy optimization are achieved by selecting an energy-efficient clustering head (CH) with the help of game theory (GT) and best multipath route selection with reinforcement learning (RL). The cluster head selection is modeled as a clustering game with a mixed strategy considering various attributes to find equilibrium conditions. The parameters such as distance between nodes, the distance between nodes and base station, the remaining energy and speed of mobility of the nodes were used for cluster head (CH) selection probability. An energy-efficient multipath routing based on reinforcement learning (RL) having (Q-learning) is proposed. The simulation result shows that our proposed clustering-based routing approach improves the QoS and energy optimization compared to existing approaches. The average performances of the proposed schemes CRP-GR and CRP-G are 78% and 71%, respectively, while the existing schemes, such as FBCFP, TEEN and LEACH have average performances of 63%, 48% and 35% accordingly.

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23

Khatri, Kajol, and Anand Sharma. "Energy Harvesting based Mobile Cloud Network in Latency and QoS Improvement using 5G Systems by Energy Routing Optimization." International Journal on Future Revolution in Computer Science & Communication Engineering 8, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijfrcsce.v8i2.2099.

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D2D communication technology enables the User Equipment (UE) in 5G networks to instantly connect with other UEs, with or without partial infrastructure involvement. In a Cloud Assisted energy harvesting system, it has improved user numbers and data transmission between mobile nodes. This research propose energy harvesting for mobile cloud computing in enhancing the QoS and latency of the network. The main aim of this research is to enhance energy optimization using discrete energy efficient offloading algorithm. The routing has been optimized using fuzzy logic cognitive Bellman-Ford routing algorithm. To identify the failing node and find an alternative node to deliver the seamless services, an unique weight-based approach has been presented. The method relies on two working node parameters: execution time and failure rate. Threshold values are specified for the parameters of the chosen master node. By contrasting the values with the threshold values, the alternative node is chosen. The experimental results shows comparative analysis in terms of throughput of 96%, QoS of 96%, latency of 28%, energy consumption of 51%, end-end delay of 41%, average power consumption of 41% and PDR of 85%

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24

Ben Halima, Nadhir, and Hatem Boujemâa. "Routing Protocols for D2D Communications with Adaptive Transmit Power." Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 44, no. 8 (November 28, 2018): 6841–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13369-018-3655-7.

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25

Tilwari, Valmik, Kaharudin Dimyati, MHD Hindia, Tengku Mohmed Noor Izam, and Iraj Amiri. "EMBLR: A High-Performance Optimal Routing Approach for D2D Communications in Large-scale IoT 5G Network." Symmetry 12, no. 3 (March 9, 2020): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12030438.

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Coping with the skyrocketing needs for massive amounts of data for the future Fifth Generation (5G) network, Device-to-Device (D2D) communications technology will provide seamless connectivity, high data rates, extended network coverage, and spectral efficiency. The D2D communications are a prevalent emerging technology to achieve the vision of symmetry in the Internet of Things (IoT) services. However, energy resource constraints, network stability, traffic congestion, and link failure of the devices are the crucial impediments to establish an optimal route in the D2D communications based IoT 5G network. These obstacles induced packet drop, rapid energy depletion, higher end-to-end delay, and unfairness across the network, leading to significant route and network performance degradation. Therefore, in this paper, an energy, mobility, queue length, and link quality-aware routing (EMBLR) approach is proposed to overcome the challenges and boost network performance. Moreover, a multicriteria decision making (MCDM) technique is utilized for the selection of the intermediate device in an optimal route. Extensive simulation has been conducted and proven that the proposed routing approach significantly enhances network performance. Overall, results have been carried out in Quality of Service (QoS) performance metrics and compared with other well-known routing approaches.

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26

Huang, Jianhui, Shengling Wang, Xiuzhen Cheng, and Jingping Bi. "Big data routing in D2D communications with cognitive radio capability." IEEE Wireless Communications 23, no. 4 (August 2016): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mwc.2016.7553025.

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Wang, Siyi, Weisi Guo, Zhenyu Zhou, Yue Wu, and Xiaoli Chu. "Outage Probability for Multi-Hop D2D Communications With Shortest Path Routing." IEEE Communications Letters 19, no. 11 (November 2015): 1997–2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2015.2475428.

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Ben Halima, Nadhir, and Hatem Boujemâa. "Optimal routing and one hop routing for D2D communications in the presence of mutual interference." Telecommunication Systems 71, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11235-018-0512-7.

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Chen, Gaojie, Jinchuan Tang, and Justin P. Coon. "Optimal Routing for Multihop Social-Based D2D Communications in the Internet of Things." IEEE Internet of Things Journal 5, no. 3 (June 2018): 1880–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2018.2817024.

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30

Basak, Surajit, and Tamaghna Acharya. "On energy efficient secure routing in multi-hop underlay D2D communications for IoT applications." Ad Hoc Networks 108 (November 2020): 102275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2020.102275.

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Li, Jiatong, Menglin Li, Jiawei He, Wen Shi, and Cheng Wang. "D2D routing aided networking for efficient energy consumption management of wireless IoT." Ad Hoc Networks 123 (December 2021): 102636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2021.102636.

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Alghamdi, Saleh A. "Cellular V2X With D2D Communications for Emergency Message Dissemination and QoS Assured Routing in 5G Environment." IEEE Access 9 (2021): 56049–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3071349.

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Istikmal, Adit Kurniawan, and Hendrawan. "Selective Route Based on SNR with Cross-Layer Scheme in Wireless Ad Hoc Network." Journal of Computer Networks and Communications 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1378374.

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In this study, we developed network and throughput formulation models and proposed new method of the routing protocol algorithm with a cross-layer scheme based on signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This method is an enhancement of routing protocol ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV). This proposed scheme uses selective route based on the SNR threshold in the reverse route mechanism. We developed AODV SNR-selective route (AODV SNR-SR) for a mechanism better than AODV SNR, that is, the routing protocol that used average or sum of path SNR, and also better than AODV which is hop-count-based. We also used selective reverse route based on SNR mechanism, replacing the earlier method to avoid routing overhead. The simulation results show that AODV SNR-SR outperforms AODV SNR and AODV in terms of throughput, end-to-end delay, and routing overhead. This proposed method is expected to support Device-to-Device (D2D) communications that are concerned with the quality of the channel awareness in the development of the future Fifth Generation (5G).

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Vu Khanh, Quy, Ban Nguyen Tien, Quy Nguyen Minh, and Van-Hau Nguyen. "A Multi-Constraints Routing Scheme for MANET-assisted IoT in Smart Cities." EAI Endorsed Transactions on Industrial Networks and Intelligent Systems 10, no. 2 (August 17, 2023): e5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eetinis.v10i2.3388.

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The fifth-generation mobile network (5G) provides extreme throughput and extremely low latency, which enables the Internet of Things (IoT) era and a series of smart IoT ecosystems. The widespread equipping of Device-to-Device (D2D) modules for vehiculars allows transmitting directly between devices without relying on central devices such as access points or base stations. This is the foundation for the shaping of mobile ad hoc communications, so-called MANETs. The combination of MANETs and IoT technology has led to the development of MANET-assisted IoT applications, which offer unprecedented capabilities. However, due to the mobility of network nodes, routing is one of the main challenges in these networks. To address this problem, we propose a multi-constraints routing schema to enhance the performance of MANET-assisted IoT systems. Our simulation experiments show that the proposed solution significantly outperforms traditional routing solutions in terms of performance such as latency, packet delivery ratio, and throughput.

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Ahmed, Rana E. "A Low-Overhead Multi-Hop Routing Protocol for D2D Communications in 5G." Journal of Communications, 2021, 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.12720/jcm.16.5.191-197.

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Device-to-Device (D2D) communication is designed to offload the traffic on the 5G core networks and backhaul links in an effort to deal with the high volume and variety of data traffic anticipated in 5G networks. D2D communications provide faster and energy-efficient access to the devices within a cell. However, efficient provision of D2D communication presents several challenges, including multi-hop routing to the devices that are not immediate neighbours to each other. Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) is a popular protocol commonly applied to Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET); however, its direct application in 5G D2D environment is not straightforward. In this paper, a new multi-hop routing protocol for D2D communications in 5G network is proposed. The protocol modifies the conventional DSR protocol and takes advantages of 5G cellular infrastructure to make routing decisions faster. The proposed protocol offers low overhead over the conventional DSR, in terms of the number of control messages exchanged in the D2D communication, thus saving time and energy for the devices during the route discovery process. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol also achieves better results in terms of D2D routing success probability.

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Celik, Aslihan, Jessica Tetzner, Koushik Sinha, and John Matta. "5G device-to-device communication security and multipath routing solutions." Applied Network Science 4, no. 1 (November 8, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41109-019-0220-6.

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Abstract Through direct communication, device-to-device (D2D) technology can increase the overall throughput, enhance the coverage, and reduce the power consumption of cellular communications. Security will be of paramount importance in 5G, because 5G devices will directly affect our safety, such as by steering self-driving vehicles and controlling health care applications. 5G will be supporting millions of existing devices without adequate built-in security, as well as new devices whose extreme computing power will make them attractive targets for hackers.This paper presents a survey of the literature on security problems relating to D2D communications in mobile 5G networks. Issues include eavesdropping, jamming, primary user emulation attack, and injecting attack. Because multipath routing emerges as a strategy that can help combat many security problems, particularly eavesdropping, the paper contains an extensive discussion of the security implications of multipath routing. Finally, the paper describes results of a simulation that tests three path selection techniques inspired by the literature. The simulation reveals that routing information through interference disjoint paths most effectively inhibits eavesdropping.

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Mulyadi, Rasheed Abdurrahman, and Uke Kurniawan Usman. "Komunikasi Device-to-Device pada Jaringan Seluler 5G menggunakan mmWave." AVITEC 2, no. 1 (February 4, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.28989/avitec.v2i1.614.

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This article discusses about device-to-device communication on 5G cellular networks using mmWave. Device-to-device communication will support 5G cellular technology, because it can be a solution to overcome the limitations of cellular coverage and service capacity. D2D can be used in a variety of applications. The main problem in D2D is that interference between signals in one cell will be very vulnerable to occur, so that effective resource management is needed. In addition, the use of D2D will also increase the complexity of a cellular system, in terms of resource management, interference, and also the routing required. Several studies have been carried out to create D2D communication that can be implemented effectively on 5G. One of them is research to perfect the load balancing scheme which is one of the functions obtained from D2D communication. Load balancing is the distribution of cellular traffic loads, using D2D the traffic load is channeled to communication between devices and reduces the burden on the main network.

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38

Pratiwi, Salma, Arfianto Fahmi, and Vinsensius Sigit Widhi Prabowo. "Perfomance Comparison of Genetic and Greedy Algorithms in Underlay Device-to-Device Communication." EMITTER International Journal of Engineering Technology, December 29, 2020, 459–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24003/emitter.v8i2.566.

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The number of cellular users (CU) continues to increase in Indonesia. This impacts a large network load for the number of devices connected to the main network so it will have an impact on the quality of service. Device-to-Device (D2D) communication as components for LTE-A technology enabling a direct wireless link between the CUs without routing the data via the evolved Node B (eNB) signal or the core network. The need for algorithm and power control used to allocate radio resources so it can get a good quality of service because of communications technology D2D. In this study, we analyze and compare the performance parameters of D2D communication systems, including system interference, system sum-rate, system spectral efficiency, total energy system, and system energy efficiency based on Genetic and Greedy Algorithms in allocating radio resources and controlling the power of users. The genetic algorithm works with three operators in allocating resource block (RB), including proportional selection, crossover, and mutation. This process is repeated many times to produce several generations so that the best allocation can be got. The genetic algorithm has a flexible number of D2D and cellular communications in several RBs, minimum signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) also considered for mobile communication in ensuring the quality of its services. Numerical evaluations demonstrate the superior performance of the Genetic Algorithm in terms of system power, energy efﬁciency, and interference mitigation. As repetition gets larger, the Genetic algorithm results in better spectral efficiency.

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Gupta, Rajesh, Sudeep Tanwar, and Neeraj Kumar. "B-IoMV: Blockchain-based onion routing protocol for D2D communication in an IoMV environment beyond 5G." Vehicular Communications, August 2021, 100401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vehcom.2021.100401.

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40

"Grid based Bio-Inspired Energy Efficient Trusted Hybrid Routing Protocol for MANET." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 6856–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.c5831.098319.

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Device to device (D2D) data communication in cellular wireless network can be done either directly from source equipment (SE) to destination equipment (DE) or through relay equipment (RE). This type of network mainly known as Wireless ad hoc networks. Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) have constraints such as such as limited power, route failure, bandwidth allocation, and computational complexity. The major impact on the performance of network depends on routing strategy. Routing strategy for matching the multi constraints of network is so far challenge in conventional network. MANETs suffers from dynamic movement of node, power, dynamic routing and storage complexity. Dynamic movement force the computation of re-routing, which act as extra computational burden on the system. In this paper, we propose the Grid Cluster based Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm for Energy Efficient Trusted Network (gCMOGAEETN) algorithm for finding optimal routes from a given SE to a given DE. Our simulation results show that gCMOGAEETN algorithms are efficient in solving these routing problems and are capable of finding the optimal solutions at lower complexity than the ’brute-force’ exhaustive search, when the number of user equipment (UEs) is higher than or equal to 50. The analytical and simulation result shows that proposed method exhibit significantly higher performance than optimal adaptive forwarding strategy (OAFS), sub-optimal adaptive forwarding strategy (SAFS), memory enhanced genetic algorithm (MEGA), Elitism-based Immigrants Genetic algorithm (EIGA), dynamic load-balanced clustering problem (DLBCP) and Genetic Algorithm Based Optimization of Clustering (GABOC)..

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41

Pourmoslemi, Alireza, Siavash Rajabi, Mehdi Salimi, and Ali Ahmadian. "Fuzzy Routing Protocol for D2D Communications Based on Probabilistic Normed Spaces." Wireless Personal Communications, September 1, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-021-09009-7.

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Anh, Dang Van, Nguyen Duy Tan, Cong-Doan Truong, Nguyen Van Hau, and Vu Khanh Quy. "Performance Analysis of Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks in Urban Scenarios." Journal of Communications, 2021, 545–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12720/jcm.16.12.545-552.

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Device-to-Device (D2D) is one of the emerging technologies expected to have significant contributions to the future of the Internet. The combination of personal mobile devices and D2D communications forms the Mobile Ad-hoc Network architecture, called MANETs. Nowadays, due to the flexibility and simplicity of establishing data transmission, MANETs are applied in various areas such as healthcare, intelligent transportation systems, tactical, smart retail, and smart agriculture. In practice, due to the mobility of network nodes, the network structure often changes, and the performance of MANETs is relatively low. Routing is one of the significant challenges of MANETs. In this study, we perform a comprehensive analysis of the traditional routing protocols for MANETs. Based on the analysis results, we obtained a common framework for designing routing protocols for MANETs. To visualize the efficiencies of protocols under variable network traffic, we performed a simulation to compare the performance of typical protocols, including AODV, DSR, and OLSR. The obtained results again demonstrated that on-demand-based routing protocols are suitable for dynamic topology networks. We hope that this work will be an essential guide in researching and proposing energy-saving, secure, and QoS routing protocols for MANETs in the future.

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"Secure and Energy Efficient Trust Aware Routing Protocol in IoT using the Optimized Artificial Neural Network: SEETA-IoT." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 8, no. 6 (August 30, 2019): 4341–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.f8928.088619.

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Nowadays, Internet of Things (IoT) has been widely used in many areas such as surveillance of battlefield, controlling of industry, pipeline monitoring, ecological monitoring, healthcare and medical science, defense and military affairs, etc. To make better IoT based applications, secure routing plays an imperative responsibility for Device-to-Device (D2D) data packet transmission. The most essential inventiveness behind this research is to design a Secure and Energy Efficient Trust Aware (SEETA) routing protocol in terms of detecting the fail/malicious nodes by utilizing the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Algorithm. To discover a secure and energy-efficient route, the trust-based approach is integrated with GOA and ANN. Therefore, this research focuses on the security enhancement of the IoT network using the concept of trust-based route maintenance mechanism. In IoT networks, communicating sensor nodes have limited energy resources and a rapid energy reduction of communicating nodes leads to the creation of energy holes in the network. To overcome this problem, an energy-efficient mechanism of trust aware approach is also one of the essential objectives of IoT routing protocols. To avoid unnecessary network failure and extra energy consumption rate, we had designed a model using the concept of PSO based ANN with a novel fitness function and for involvement in the routing process, sensor nodes should fulfill the fitness criteria; otherwise, the system considers as affected communicating nodes. From the experiments conducted, it is proved that the proposed SEETA routing protocol using the PSO and ANN, achieves significant performance improvement over the existing schemes in terms of security, energy efficiency and packet transmission rate. Besides, SEETA routing protocol also reduces the number of intermediates nodes in D2D route discovery mechanism for IoT networks which helps to decrease the energy consumption rate and also offers a proficient approach to discover secure routing support with maximum routing capacity and end to end data transmission rate. The QoS performance parameter of our routing protocol is analyzed with standard and existing work with several routing protocols and the experimental results validating the concept of optimized ANN. The experimental results indicate that the introduced SEETA routing protocol provides 8.74% less energy consumption rate and high data delivery rate and data delivery rate is improved by 92% as compare to exiting works

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Zhang, Di, Yujian Fang, Yuezhi Zhou, Junyi He, and Yaoxue Zhang. "Game Theoretic Multihop D2D Content Sharing: Joint Participants Selection, Routing, and Pricing." IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 2020, 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2020.3033536.

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