Дисертації з теми "Rotation accuracy"

Over the past few decades there has been a strong effort towards the development of Smoothness-Increasing Accuracy-Conserving (SIAC) filters for Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods, designed to increase the smoothness and improve the convergence rate of the DG solution through this post-processor. The applications of these filters in multidimension have traditionally employed a tensor product kernel, allowing a natural extension of the theory developed for one-dimensional problems. In addition, the tensor product has always been done along the Cartesian axis, resulting in a filter whose support has fixed shape and orientation. This thesis has challenged these assumptions, leading to the investigation of rotated filters: tensor product filters with variable orientation. Combining this approach with previous experiments on lower-dimension filtering, a new and computationally efficient subfamily for post-processing multidimensional data has been developed: SIAC Line filters. These filters transform the integral of the convolution into a line integral. Hence, the computational advantages are immediate: the simulation times become significantly shorter and the complexity of the algorithm design reduces to a one-dimensional problem. In the thesis, a solid theoretical background for SIAC Line filters has been established. Theoretical error estimates have been developed, showing how Line filtering preserves the properties of traditional tensor product filtering, including smoothness recovery and improvement in the convergence rate. Furthermore, different numerical experiments were performed, exhibiting how these filters achieve the same accuracy at significantly lower computational costs. This affords great advantages towards the applications of these filters during flow visualization; one important limiting factor of a tensor product structure is that the filter grows in support as the field dimension increases, becoming computationally expensive. SIAC Line filters have proven efficiency in computational performance, thus overcoming the limitations presented by the tensor product filter. The experiments carried out on streamline visualization suggest that these filters are a promising tool in scientific visualisation.

This thesis provides a standardized method to measure accuracy for engine and gearbox sensors. Accuracy is defined by ISO 5725, which states that trueness and precision need to be known to provide a metric for accuracy. However, obtaining and processing the data required for this is not straight forward. In this thesis, a method is presented that consists of two main parts: data acquisition and data analysis. The data acquisition part shows how to connect all of the equipment used and how to sample and store all the raw data from the sensors. The data analysis part shows how to process that raw data into statistical data, such as trueness, repeatability and reproducibility for the sensors. Once repeatability and reproducibility are known, the total precision can be determined. Accuracy can then be obtained by using information from trueness and precision. Besides, this thesis shows that measurement error can be separated into error caused by the sensors and error caused by the measurand. This is useful information, because it can be used to assess which type of error is the greatest, whether or not it can be compensated for, and if it is economically viable to compensate for such error.  The results are then shown, where it is possible to gain information about the sensors’ performance from various graphs. Between Hall and inductive sensors, there were no superior winner, since they both have their strengths and weaknesses. The thesis ends by making recommendations on how to compensate for some of the errors, and how to improve upon the method to make it more automatic in the future.

Accurate theoretical predictions of optical rotation are of substantial utility to the chemical community enabling the determination of absolute configuration without the need for poten- tially lengthy total synthesis. The requirements for robust calculation of gas-phase optical rotation are well understood, but too expensive for routine use. In an effort to reduce this cost we have examined the performance of the LPol and ORP basis sets, created for use in density functional theory calculations of optical rotation, finding that at the coupled cluster level of theory they perform the same or better than comparably sized general basis sets that are often used. We have also examined the performance of a perturbational approach to inclusion of explicit solvent molecules in an effort to extend the calculation of response properties from the gas phase to the condensed phase. This N-body approach performs admirably for interaction energies and even dipole moments but breaks down for optical rotation, exhibiting large basis set superposition errors and requiring higher-order terms in the expansion to provide reasonable accuracy. In addition, we have begun the process of implementing a gauge invariant version of coupled cluster response properties to address the fundamentally unphysical lack of gauge invariance in coupled cluster optical rotations. Correcting this problem, which arises from the non- variational nature of the coupled cluster wavefunction, involves reformulating the response amplitude and function expressions and solving for all necessary amplitudes simultaneously.
Ph. D.

The resolution of the complex physics of rotating configurations is critical for any engineering analysis that requires multiple frames of reference. Two well-known applications are in the rotorcraft and wind energy industries. Rotor wake impingement from rotor-fuselage and wind turbine-tower interactions impact structural and acoustic characteristics. Additionally, parasite drag resulting from rotorcraft hubs may result in severe limitations on forward flight vehicle performance. Complex turbulent wakes from rotors and hubs impinging on downstream empennage can create adverse aeroelastic behavior and can affect handling qualities. Numerical simulations of these flows require state-of-the-art Navier Stokes methods using dynamic overset grids. However, many current methods typically used in industry result in wakes that dissipate essential features. In order to address these concerns, two advancements are introduced in this thesis. Feature-based grid adaptation on dynamic overset grids has been developed and demonstrated with an unstructured Navier Stokes solver. The unique feature of the adaptation technique is that it is applied globally on the overset grid system except within the boundary layer. In concert with grid adaptation, an efficient parallelized search algorithm for solution interpolation over massively distributed systems has been created. This results in cost-effective interpolation that retains the numerical order of accuracy and has been verified in both space and time. The improvements have been demonstrated for rotor-fuselage interaction and a generic rotating hub. Detailed analysis of convergence of the methodology and sensitivity of the results to relevant parameters have also been included.

Purpose: This study evaluates the accuracy and reliability of clinical examination for knee laxity in degrees and millimetres when compared to movement measured by computer-assisted navigation. Methods: A cadaver lower limb was connected to a computer assisted knee surgery system (CAS) and calibrated through a mini medial parapatellar arthrotomy. Examiners estimated millimetres of sagittal and degrees of rotational laxity of the knee at 30º and 90º of knee flexion. This examination was done in the ligamentous intact knee and again after sequential release of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and anterolateral ligament (ALL). The clinical assessments were compared with measurements produced by CAS. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), correlation coefficient (CC) and Bland Altman plots were used to compare and summarize the data. Results: At least 21 participants assessed the knee after each sequence of ligament sectioning. The reliability of clinical examination when correlated with the CAS measurements was poor for all examination groups. The ICC was poor for sagittal laxity at 30º (R=0.02; p=0.04), rotational laxity at 30º and 90º (R=0.17; p=0.04) (R=0.3; p=0.04) respectively and sagittal laxity at 90º(R=0.47; p=0.04). The correlation coefficients were very weak for sagittal laxity at 30º (R=0.09; p=0.46), weak for rotational laxity at 30º (R=0.24; p=0.06) and 90º (R=0.3; p=0.01) and moderately weak for sagittal laxity at 90º(R=0.4; p=0.001). Clinical examination was only accurate in the detection of sagittal laxity greater than 11.6mm at 30°, and greater than 9.4mm at 90°. Clinical examination for rotational laxity was only accurate for rotational instability greater than 27.7° at 30°flexion, and 28.9° rotation at 90°. Conclusions: There was poor reliability and weak correlation between clinician estimated sagittal and rotational laxity and measurements produced by CAS. This study showed that participants could not accurately estimate laxity in degrees and millimetres and supports the need for accurate objective knee laxity measurements.

The dissertation thesis is used as a methodology for prediction of selected parameters of rotational kinematic pairs of machine tools. The motivation for its writing has been continually increasing requirements for parameters (performance, accuracy, static and dynamic stiffness) of machine tools. The methodology takes into account the availability of suitable measuring devices and description of the design of rotary kinematic pairs. It will be useable for predicting the behavior of rotational kinematic pairs, even at the design stage by applying results to the machine design. The work is processed so that first is used a system approach to suggest methodology for prediction of the behavior of rotary kinematic pair in CNC machine tools, planning measurement strategy and verifying the results, including applications for specific kinematic chain of the selected machine. Based on this system approach and the resulting methodology, the measurement of the rotary kinematic pair was performed. The results of the system approach and measurement are generalized in the form of recommendations for designers of machining centers, allowing to increase the accuracy of the rotational kinematic pair.

Цель работы – разработка, исследование точности и конструирование измерительной станции для контроля биения сферического торца ролика радиального двухрядного сферического подшипника качения на базе существующего автомата (А-2292-М) для контроля гранности бочкообразных роликов. В ходе работы была предложена метрологическая схема, необходимая для контроля сферического торца ролика, исследована её точность, разработана конструкция измерительной станции. Показана реализация измерительной системы в конструкции автомата для контроля гранности с двумя вариантами источников вращения ролика в процессе измерения. Проведен расчет экономической эффективности от повышения качества роликов и увеличения межремонтных периодов. В основу измерительного узла положено использование индуктивного (автогенераторного) датчика и элемента посредника совместно с метрологической схемой, представленной в работе.
The aim of the work is to develop, study the accuracy and design of a measuring station for monitoring the runout of a spherical roller end of a radial two-row spherical rolling bearing based on an existing machine (A-2292-M) to control the granularity of barrel rollers. In the course of the work, a metrological scheme was proposed, which was necessary to control the spherical end of the roller, its accuracy was investigated, and the design of the measuring station was developed. The implementation of the measuring system in the design of the automatic machine for control of granularity with two options for sources of rotation of the roller in the measurement process is shown. The calculation of economic efficiency from improving the quality of rollers and increasing the period between repairs is carried out. The basis of the measuring node is the use of an inductive (auto-oscillating) sensor and an intermediary element in conjunction with the metrological scheme presented in the work.

У дисертаційній роботі отримано нові науково обґрунтовані результати вирішення актуальної для технології машинобудування науково-прикладної проблеми забезпечення параметрів якості робочих поверхонь деталей машин у вигляді тіл обертання з урахуванням комплексного підходу та умов експлуатації шляхом оптимізації структури технологічних процесів за параметрами якості та забезпеченні прогресивних режимів обробки. При цьому параметри якості поверхонь, які забезпечують їх експлуатаційні властивості, запропоновано забезпечувати недорогою операцією ППД із формуванням регулярних мікрорельєфів, що дозволить усунути зі структури ТП вартісні фінішні технологічні операції. Запропоновано метод визначення впливу технологічної спадковості на точність форми поперечних перерізів циліндричних поверхонь отриманих на операціях технологічного процесу, а також метод імовірнісного оцінювання впливу подачі на мікрогеометрію поверхні, сформованої точінням. Встановлено основні закономірності впливу форм та розмірів циліндричних поверхонь на параметр шорсткості. Розроблено нову математичну модель динамічного процесу формування регулярного мікрорельєфу шляхом віброобкочування на внутрішній циліндричній поверхні з урахуванням силових характеристик процесу та кінематику руху деформуючого інструменту. Використовуючи блочний підхід, отримано множину варіантів нових математичних моделей та розроблено класифікацію частково регулярних мікрорельєфів, сформованих на торцевих поверхнях деталей класу «тіла обертання», які враховують їх геометричні характеристики. Розроблено спосіб формування частково регулярного мікрорельєфу на торцевих поверхнях деталей класу «тіла обертання», який забезпечує його однакову відносну площу на різній відстані від центра обертання та запропоновано аналітичні залежності визначення амплітуди канавок V-подібної форми для мікрорельєфів І і ІІ виду. Запропоновано конструкції інструментів для обробки різанням внутрішніх циліндричних поверхонь та формування регулярних мікрорельєфів. Розроблено програмне забезпечення для побудови математичної моделі профілю шорсткості поверхні на основі параметрів профілограми. Матеріали досліджень, методики розрахунків передані для використання машинобудівними підприємствами. A very important mechanical engineering scientific-applied problem of complex assurance of the quality parameters of bodies-of- rotation-type machine parts working surfaces has been solved in the thesis under discussion on the basis of the obtained new scientifically substantiated results taking into account the operating conditions due to the technological processes structure optimization by the quality parameters and the machining progressive modes assurance by means of statistical methods of assessment. Therefore, the physical-mechanical parameters of quality providing the surface performance characteristics have been proposed to achieve by means of SPD (surface plastic deformation) operations with regular microreliefs formation. The analysis of technological methods and facilities providing the high-quality parameters of the surfaces of machine parts of “bodies of rotation” type has been made on the basis of literature sources review. The results of the research have been analysed aimed at formation of high-quality parameters of the machine parts surfaces. Some methods of regular microrelief formation on the surfaces of bodies of rotation of machine parts have been taken into consideration. The procedure of conducting the study of high-quality parameters formation of bodies-of-rotation-type machine parts cylindrical surfaces has been described. For this purpose the technological heredity and the shape accuracy of cylindrical surfaces cross sections of the object of investigation has been taken into consideration. The analysis and optimization of the technological process of internal cylindrical surface formation of a hydraulic cylinder barrel have been made based on the analysis of topography and microrelief formed in different technological operations. The probabilistic-statistical method of feeding impact assessment on the surface roughness formed by turning and the probabilistic-statistical method of flexure impact assessment on the surface roughness formed by turning have been developed. Moreover, the technique of analytical description of the surface contour has been developed which made possible to describe the surface roughness in the form of a mathematical model. The investigation has been carried out and some mathematical model of dynamic process of regular microrelief formation on the machine part internal cylindric surface has been developed. The peculiarity of the study under discussion is that the formation process is taking place under concentrated (point) force conditions whose point of application varies in radial and axial directions relative to the workpiece. The action under study has been proposed to be simulated by means of linear and time variables of Dirac delta functions using both the method of the above mentioned features regularization and the conventional methods of integrating the appropriate nonlinear mathematical models of longitudinal and lateral vibrations of the part as well. The partially regular microreliefs (PRM) formed on the end surfaces of the bodies of rotation have been classified in the form of a multistage system: class – classification criteria – subcriterion – characteristics of these subcriteria structured on the basis of kinematics of the technological process of the partially regular microreliefs (PRM) formation. The following classification criteria have been proposed to be accepted: ways of PRM formation; form of CRM (continuous regular microroughness) center line; relative position of adjacent grooves; relative position of CRM center lines; forms of grooves. Some partially regular microreliefs formed on the end surfaces of bodies of rotation have been simulated by means of block principle where each characteristic feature of the microrelief groove is described by the system of separate mathematical dependencies. The analytical dependencies to find the area of grooves of triangular shape of the partially regular microrelief formed on the end surfaces of bodies of rotation have been obtained. The optimal parameters of the grooves of partially regular microrelief of I and II type formed on the end surfaces of bodies of rotation have been determined. The dependencies and the range of their existence to find the grooves overlapped area of the PRM of III type have been derived. The results of experimental studies of partially regular microrelief formation on the end surfaces of bodies of rotation have been given. In this connection the equipment used, special tools and software to calculate the target points coordinates of the microrelief have been described, the shape and size of the test sample have been substantiated. The process of the test sample surface preparation for the full factorial experiment carrying out, namely the sample division into sectors and areas, has been described. The program and the technique of the experimental research have been developed. The impact of deformation effort, feeding speed and the groove axial pitch on the average value of the groove width of the formed partially regular microrelief formed on the end surface of the body of rotation has been determined on the basis of the results of the full factorial experiment. Some regression dependencies, response surfaces and their two-dimensional cross sections have been obtained which describe the influence of these parameters on the groove width whithin the boundaries of variable factors levels of variation determined by the conducted experiment. The design and calculation procedure of main design parameters of a twin-cutter adaptive boring head have been developed. The design of the tool for regular microrelief formation on internal cylindric surfaces of some long cylindric workpieces by vibration burnishing and the calculation procedure of main design parameters of the tool have been developed.

Des calculs ab initio basés sur des méthodes hautement corrélées ont été utilisés pour étudier la structure rovibronique et la spectroscopie des radicaux de 2 à 4 atomes. Pour les molécules CaO, OH, CaH, CaO+ et CaO-, les constantes spectroscopiques calculées sont en accord avec les données expérimentales. L'étude de ces fragments diatomiques est essentielle pour comprendre la structure électronique des isomères du monohydroxyde de calcium (CaOH-HCaO). Le système le plus complexe, parmi ces radicaux diatomiques, est le monoxyde de calcium CaO en raison de la densité élevée des premiers états électroniques. Les énergies rovibrationnelles de ces états ont été calculées sur la base des énergies potentielles obtenues avec un niveau élevé de précision, en tenant compte des couplages entre les moments angulaires et du couplage spin-orbite. Nos résultats sont très proches des résultats expérimentaux. La complexité de l'étude d'un tel système est aussi présente dans le radical ketenyl HCCO à cause de l'effet Renner-Teller qui couple l'état fondamental et le premier état excité. L'effet Renner-Teller dans HCCO a été étudié à l'aide d'une approche variationnelle traitant tous les degrés de liberté. Les coordonnées de valence ont été utilisées pour construire les deux surfaces d'énergie potentielle à six dimensions. Les niveaux rovibroniques les plus bas ont été obtenus pour différentes valeurs du moment angulaire total
Highly correlated ab initio methodologies were used to investigate the rovibronic structure and the spectroscopy of 2 to 4 atoms radicals. For the CaO, OH, CaH, CaO+ and CaO− molecules, our computed spectroscopic constants are in good agreement with the experimental ones. The study of these diatomic fragments is essential to investigate the calcium monohydroxide isomers (CaOH-HCaO). The most complex system among these diatomic radicals is the calcium monoxide radical CaO due to high density low lying electronic states. The rovibrational energies of these states have been calculated, based on the potential energies obtained at high level of accuracy, taking into account the angular momentum and spin orbit couplings and found to be in a very good agreement with the experimental results. The complexity in studying such a system is again present in the ketenyl radical HCCO with highly coupled ground and first excited states. The Renner-Teller effect of HCCO is studied using a variational approach including all degrees of freedom. Valence coordinates have been used to fit both potential energy surfaces varying the six degrees of freedom. The low-lying rovibronic levels have been determined for different values of the total angular momentum

INTRODUCÃO: A acurácia da ressonância magnetica (RM) para a detecção de rotura do subescapular apresenta ampla variação na literatura. Existem poucos estudos prospectivos e grande variação metodológica. Acredita-se que estas roturas sejam mais dificilmente diagnosticadas do que as posterossuperiores. O tendão do subescapular apresenta importância na biomecânica no ombro e sua rotura leva a prejuízo funcional. Uma ferramenta diagnóstica de boa acurácia é fundamental na prática clínica, influenciando o prognóstico e o planejamento cirúrgico. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a validade da RM pre-operatória na identificação das roturas do subescapular, comparando os achados de imagem com os dados intra-operatórios de cirurgia artroscó pica. Como objetivo secundário, avaliamos a confiabilidade do método, por meio da concordância interobservador e intraobservador. MÈTODOS: Realizamos um estudo de acurácia diagnóstica comparando os achados da RM (teste índice) com os da artroscopia (teste de referência), em uma coorte prospectiva. Foram incluídos pacientes submetidos a artroscopia para tratamento de roturas do manguito rotador que houvessem realizado RM de alto campo magnético, sem uso de contraste. Foram excluídos casos de manipulacão cirúrgica pregressa no ombro, exames com artefatos de movimentação, indicação cirurgia por via aberta e intervalo entre a RM e procedimento cirúrgico superior a um ano. As imagens foram avaliadas por um cirurgião de ombro e dois radiologistas musculoesqueleticos, de maneira independente e cegos em relacão aos resultados da artroscopia, sendo reavaliadas apos 3 meses pelo cirurgião. Calculamos a validade (sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo e acurácia) e confiabilidade (concordancia inter e intraobservador) da RM em detectar roturas do subescapular. RESULTADOS: Avaliamos 200 ombros. A incidencia de roturas do subescapular foi de 69,5% (41,5% parciais e 28,0% transfixantes). O cirurgião de ombro apresentou sensibilidade de 51,1 a 59,0% e especificidade de 91,7% a 94,4%. Os radiologistas, 83,5 a 87,1% de sensibilidade e 41 a 45,9% de especificidade. A acura?cia variou de 60,5 a 73,0%. Os valores médios de sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia foram 70,2%, 61,9% e 67,6%, respectivamente. A concordância interobservador foi moderada para a deteccao de roturas do subescapular (coeficiente kappa 0,463, IC 95% 0,383- 0,534, p < 0,001), assim como a intraobservador (coeficiente kappa 0,546, IC 95% 0,430-0,662, p < 0,001). Os pacientes com rotura do subescapular apresentaram maior incidencia de rotura e instabilidade do bíceps, maior degeneração gordurosa do subescapular e média de idade superior. As demais variáveis nao apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significantes. CONCLUSAO: A RM de alto campo magneético sem contraste apresentou valores médios de sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia de 70,2%, 61,9% e 67,6%, respectivamente. A sensibilidade foi superior nos radiologistas enquanto a especificidade no cirurgião de ombro. A concordância interobservador e intraobservador foi moderada
INTRODUCTION: The accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the detection of subscapularis tear presents wide variation in the literature. There are few prospective studies and great methodological variation. It is believed that these tears are more difficult to diagnose than the posterosuperiores rotator cuff injuries. The subscapularis tendon has importance in the biomechanics in the shoulder and its rupture leads to functional impairment. A diagnostic tool of good accuracy is fundamental in clinical practice, influencing prognosis and surgical planning. The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of preoperative MRI in the identification of the subscapularis tears, comparing the imaging findings with the intraoperative data of arthroscopic surgery. As a secondary objective, we evaluated the reliability of the method through interobserver and intraobserver agreement. METHODS: We performed a diagnostic accuracy study comparing MRI findings (index test) with those of arthroscopy (reference test), in a prospective cohort. We included patients submitted to arthroscopy for the treatment of rotator cuff tears that had undergone high magnetic field MRI without using contrast. Cases of previous surgical manipulation in the shoulder, exams with moving artifacts, indication for open surgery and interval between MRI and surgical procedure of more than one year were excluded. The images were evaluated by a shoulder surgeon and two musculoskeletal radiologists, independently and blinded to the results of arthroscopy, being reassessed after 3 months by the surgeon. We calculated the validity (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy) and reliability (inter- and intraobserver agreement) of MR in detecting subscapularis tears. RESULTS: We evaluated 200 shoulders. The incidence of subscapularis tears was 69.5% (41.5% partial and 28.0% transfixing). The shoulder surgeon showed sensitivity from 51.1 to 59.0% and specificity from 91.7% to 94.4%. The radiologists, 83.5 to 87.1% of sensitivity and 41 to 45.9% of specificity. Accuracy ranged from 60.5 to 73.0%. The mean values of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 70.2%, 61.9% and 67.6%, respectively. Interobserver agreement was moderate for the detection of subscapular tears (kappa coefficient 0.463, 95% CI 0.383-0.534, p < 0.001), as well as intraobserver agreement (kappa coefficient 0.546, 95% CI 0.430-0.662, p < 0.001). Patients with subscapular rupture had a higher incidence of biceps rupture and instability, greater fat subscapular degeneration, and higher mean age. The other variables did not present statistically significant differences. CONCLUSION: MRI of high magnetic field without contrast showed mean values of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 70.2%, 61.9% and 67.6%, respectively. Sensitivity was higher in radiologists while specificity in the shoulder surgeon. Interobserver and intraobserver agreement was moderate

Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第21374号
農博第2298号
新制||農||1066(附属図書館)
学位論文||H30||N5147(農学部図書室)
京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻
(主査)教授 村上 章, 教授 藤原 正幸, 教授 渦岡 良介
学位規則第4条第1項該当

Today, the main research field for the automotive industry is to find solutions for active safety. In order to perceive the surrounding environment, tracking nearby traffic objects plays an important role. Validation of the tracking performance is often done in staged traffic scenarios, where additional sensors, mounted on the vehicles, are used to obtain their true positions and velocities. The difficulty of evaluating the tracking performance complicates its development. An alternative approach studied in this thesis, is to record sequences and use non-causal algorithms, such as smoothing, instead of filtering to estimate the true target states. With this method, validation data for online, causal, target tracking algorithms can be obtained for all traffic scenarios without the need of extra sensors. We investigate how non-causal algorithms affects the target tracking performance using multiple sensors and dynamic models of different complexity. This is done to evaluate real-time methods against estimates obtained from non-causal filtering. Two different measurement units, a monocular camera and a LIDAR sensor, and two dynamic models are evaluated and compared using both causal and non-causal methods. The system is tested in two single object scenarios where ground truth is available and in three multi object scenarios without ground truth. Results from the two single object scenarios shows that tracking using only a monocular camera performs poorly since it is unable to measure the distance to objects. Here, a complementary LIDAR sensor improves the tracking performance significantly. The dynamic models are shown to have a small impact on the tracking performance, while the non-causal application gives a distinct improvement when tracking objects at large distances. Since the sequence can be reversed, the non-causal estimates are propagated from more certain states when the target is closer to the ego vehicle. For multiple object tracking, we find that correct associations between measurements and tracks are crucial for improving the tracking performance with non-causal algorithms.

Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Estatística e Gestão de Informação
In market research, with regard to measuring customer satisfaction, it is necessary to translate clearly and concisely the respondent's perception in which concerns the different questions under consideration. Therefore, problems relating to the questions presented in questionnaires are quite frequent, both regarding to the characteristics of the question itself, like the type of scale to be used or the number of scale items, and the position of the question in the questionnaire like sequence of the questions or grouping questions. The main goal of studying the items rotation in the questionnaire is to understand behaviors that can reduce the response accuracy. In this study, it was used the effect of rotating questions in a questionnaire with view to conclude how this can or cannot influence the answers of the respondents. To perform this analysis it was used the survey “ECSI-Index National Customer Satisfaction” (area of telecommunications), which was divided into two blocks to check for differences in responses depending on the question’s rotation in the questionnaire. We conclude that there are no significant differences between the responses given in both circumstances: with item rotation and without rotation.

碩士
國立勤益科技大學
機械工程系
105
The main purpose of this paper is to explore the axial positioning accuracy of the five-axis tooling machine. Firstly, the effects of different tool length, tool diameter, C-axis center distance and Kinematic correction distance on the accuracy of rotation axial positioning accuracy are discussed. Under different cutting conditions, the difference in the junction of the finished product is compared, and it is expected that there will be further understanding of the rotational axial positioning accuracy, and then the experiment is planned by the Taguchi method to obtain the optimization of the rotational axial positioning accuracy Processing conditions, the signal by noise analysis data, and by statistical analysis of variance to understand the contribution of each factor. Rotation axial positioning accuracy The experimental results show that the longer the tool, the greater the diameter of the tool or the distance from the mechanical origin of the greater the error will be greater, the processing of the broken will be more obvious, the rotation of the axial positioning accuracy in the shorter the length of the tool , The smaller the diameter of the knife, from the mechanical origin of the way under the experiment, the smaller the finished product defect, that knife length is short, knife radius is small, from the mechanical origin of the best cutting mode. The results of Taguchi show that the distance between A-axis rotation angle and distance from C-axis center is the main factor affecting machining failure. In experiment 2, the A-axis rotation angle and Kinematic correction distance are the main factors influencing machining failure. The results of the previous two groups show that the distance between the center of the C axis, Kinematic correction distance and A axis rotation angle are the most significant influencing factors, and the tool length and tool diameter have little effect. The experimental results show that the average error is 0.05mm, which is in accordance with the requirement of the axial positioning accuracy of the five-axis machine.

博士
國立成功大學
機械工程學系
87
This paper elaborates the deviation of rotation based on dynamic mechanics, establishes the mathematical model of rotation through the concept of geometric accuracy, and constructs the measurement principle of spindle rotation for machine tools. For instance, the radial, axial and tilt errors are used to evaluate the accuracy of spindle rotation of single-point cutting machine tools; the concept of cylindrical error is used to evaluate the accuracy of spindle rotation of multi-point cutting machine tools. To separate motion errors of machine tool parts, the three-point measuring method is used. This method can separate the errors of the straight-line motion of the slide track from those of the motional parts of the machine tools. The method is modified to separate the roundness errors of the rotational parts of spindle by changing its initial measuring point. The cylindrical error of the rotational spindle is the extension of roundness error. It can be obtained by evaluating the roundness error of each cross section projected onto the perpendicular basal plane according to the measurement of straight-line error. The mathematical model of the cone and the sphere can be constructed by using the concept of the minimum circumscribed cone, the least-square method, and residual-error principle. This measurement principle has proved effective through the use of standard bar, sensor, transducer, amplify, control interface and computer to measure the radial, axial and tilt errors of spindle rotation of single-point cutting machine tools.

碩士
國立體育學院
教練研究所
90
The purpose of this study was to first verify the position of the rotation center during golf swing to be the central area of cervical curvature C-7 and then examine the correlation between the rotation center and the accuracy of hitting the golf ball. In this study, the position of the rotation center was defined as the “top spot” because it happens to be the apex of the rotation axis, and it was assumed to be the steady point during golf swing. Under this assumption, there are two main factors that control the accuracy of hitting the ball right on the sweet spot of the club face. One is the stability of shoulder and trunk rotation indicated by the displacement of the top spot, and the other is the correct height of the top spot when the club hits the ball. Four golf athletes and four beginners participated in the study and each of them performed forty golf swings. All the swings were recorded by digital cameras（1/120 sec） to catch the image of each golfer’s body movements from views above the golfer’s head as well as behind the back. Then the computer software Ariel Dynamics system was used to digitize the images in order to observe the stability of the rotation center, i.e., the least displacement of the top spot in the horizontal direction, and the height difference of the top spot, i.e., the least displacement in the vertical direction. In addition, three coordinates, with horizontal axes X1, X2, X3, and vertical axes Y1, Y2, and Y3, were established to mark the sweet spot and to locate each ball’s exact impact position on the club face. The statistical software SPSS for Windows was used to calculate and compare the rotation stability and height difference of the top spot between hits inside and outside the sweet spot. Results of the Pearson’s correlation analysis showed a statistically significant (p<.05) relationship between the stability of the rotation center and hitting accuracy as well as between the height difference of the top spot and hitting accuracy.

碩士
中原大學
機械工程研究所
103
CNC 5-axis machine tools play a very important role in high-precision machining applications. Because assembly accuracy influences the final accuracy of a a-axis machine tool, calibration technology for assembly accuracy between the 2-DOF rotation axes and 3-DOF translation axes is very necessary for manufacturing a 5-axis machine tool, which is also the first threshold to maintain the accuracy of the machine. Per the request of the industry, this study will integrate error analysis, DH-rule, error model development, coordinates homogeneous transformation, measurement trajectory design, on-machine separation measurement, bilateral-communication with CNC controller, ICT, and NC program/human-machine interface development to develop a low-cost and high-efficiency assembly accuracy measurement/calibration method and system for a TTTRR 5-axis machine tool. With use of a low-cost measurement device, the method can measure the geometry errors between the 2-DOF rotation axes and the 3-DOF translation axes, and the location errors of the centers of the 2-DOF rotation axes. Considering measurement efficiency and convenience, a calibration measurement system with function of graphic display for error analysis and a convenient human-machine interface will be built in Visual C# language. The system can also automatically generate a measurement report to hele the user to quickly understand the calibration results and the characteristics of the measured errors. Practical data collection for measurement method development and verification experiments will be conducted on a TTTRR 5-axis machine tool provided by Da-Lih machinery Co.

碩士
國立虎尾科技大學
光電與材料科技研究所
100
A procedure is an electro optical measurement rotary accuracy and position accuracy of five-axis machine tools, it is designed to replace the contact type system and light interference measurement system, this system is divided into two parts, first part is rotary axis accuracy measurement system which uses laser diode as system light source and quadrant photo diode to receive light single that can detect the three-dimensional position of cat''s eye reflector . The Second part is cat''s eye reflector which uses ball lens of n=2 with coating aluminum to hemispherical that is used to convey message of the table position on the machine tool. This measurement system will be detected the rotary accuracy and position accuracy of the five-axis machine tools, and use tip tracking for machine tools. The advantage of this system is low price without expensive optical components, the installation process of it is convenient and quickly, erection of it is sample and reduces the measurement time significantly. This system has low-cost and the components are very small, high measurement accuracy, and position error of system about +/-1μm, system resolution can be measured to 50nm.

碩士
國立虎尾科技大學
光電與材料科技研究所
98
A new system of optical measurement of rotary rotational error is developed in this research. Displacement error of radial and axial rotation and tilt error of axial angular are two parts in this system. First part is the measurement system, by using a ball lens and two laser diodes that are perpendicular to each other, it determine displacement error of radial rotation. This study is applied in measurement of rotary rotational error of Direct Drive Motor, the rotary rotational error is 12μm and standard deviation is 0.8μm. Second part is angular measurement system, by DVD pickup, it is evaluated rotation of tilt error of axial angular, and then the real error values for rotational tilt error of radial and axial is determined by mathematical model. The rotary tilt error of axial angular of Direct Drive Motor is 40 arc-sec and standard deviation is 0.3 arc-sec. The advantages of this measurement system are that it doesn''t need expensive standard sample, the setting and operating is easier, the overall set up stuff is cheaper, elements size is small, and measuring accuracy is higher. The analyzable is 15nm in this measurement system.

碩士
國立彰化師範大學
機電工程學系
102
The purpose of this article is aim to discuss about the geometric accuracy and errors analysis/difference before making compensation on a bridge type milling machine installed with a 90 degree rotating axis and after making compensation. It’s tested by making a ISO 10791-7 test piece cutting to make comparison in between. The test piece has a hole with diameter of 125mm on the right and left sides. We made a boring on both sides without compensation and made concentricity measurement by CMM instrument. Then make an analysis through the CMM measured data and the accuracy/tolerance difference of the workpiece before compensation. The accuracy/tolerance of the wokpiece might be changed after installing the gear type of manual 90 degree head, and affect/ change the tool center point. Therefore, we made the tool center point compensation while converting vertical machining to horizontal machining. The research result appeared that the CMM measured concentricity before compensation is about 0.03~0.05mm. However, the concentricity was improved to 0.02mm after compensation.